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{{Short description|British anti-fascist organisation}}
⚫ {{Refimprove|date=May 2007}}
⚫ {{About|the UK organisation Anti-Fascist Action|other organisations with similar names in other languages|Anti-Fascist Action (disambiguation)}}
]]]
⚫ {{More citations needed|date=May 2007}}
⚫ :''This article is about the UK organisation Anti-Fascist Action. For other organisations with similar names in other languages, see ].
{{Infobox organization
'''Anti-Fascist Action''' ('''AFA''') was a ] organisation founded by ] and other ] groups in the ] in 1985.<ref>http://libcom.org/history/1985-2001-anti-fascist-action-afa</ref>
⚫ | name = Anti-Fascist Action
| formation = {{start date|1985}}
| dissolved = {{end date|2001}}
| image = File:Anti-Fascist Action.png
| caption =
⚫ | type = Militant ]
| purpose =
| location = ], England, UK
⚫ | affiliations = ] and ]
}}
{{anti-fascism sidebar}}


'''Anti-Fascist Action''' ('''AFA''') was a militant ] organisation, founded in the UK in 1985 by a wide range of anti-racist and anti-fascist organisations.
It was active in fighting organisations it claimed were ] or ], such as the ] and ]. AFA had what they called a "twin-track" strategy: physical confrontation of fascists on the streets and ideological struggle against fascism in ] communities. {{Fact|date=January 2008}} While mainstream ] ] groups often focus their attention on ] and other racial minorities as the victims of discrimination, AFA focused its efforts on the ] working class, which it saw as the fascist movement's main recruiting ground. AFA's physical confrontation approach was more visible than their ideological work, and their tactics were criticised for their ] and use of violence.

It was active in fighting far-right organisations, particularly the ] and ]. It was notable in significantly reducing fascist street activity in Britain in the 1990s.<ref name="Fascists 2010">Birchall, Sean, ''Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action'' (London: ], 2010).</ref> AFA had what they called a "twin-track" strategy: physical confrontation of fascists on the streets and ideological struggle against fascism in ] communities.<ref name="libcom.org">{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/history/1985-2001-anti-fascist-action-afa|title=1985-2001: A short history of Anti-Fascist Action (AFA)|website=libcom.org}}</ref><ref>Steve Greenfield and Guy Osborn in ''Marquette Sports Law Review'' 1996</ref>
]'s Anti-Fascist Action appears to be modelled on the British group, but its website implies that it has a greater emphasis on ].<ref>http://www.geocities.com/irishafa/</ref>

Among its more notable mobilisations were violent confrontations such as the "Battle of Waterloo" at ] in 1992 and non-violent events such as the Unity Carnivals of the early 1990s.


==History== ==History==
AFA was launched in ] in 1985 by members of ] and the ]. It was partly a reaction to the perceived inadequacies of the original ] (ANL), which at the time had wound up its operations. AFA members accused ANL of failing to directly confront fascists, of allying with moderates who were complicit in racism, and of being a ] front for the ] (SWP). Although many ] groups, independent ], ]s and members of the ] were active in AFA in the 1980s, the main members were always from ], a group founded by disillusioned ] SWP members who had criticised perceived ] or ] politics of the ANL. Affiliated organisations in the early history of AFA included Newham Monitoring Project and '']'' magazine. AFA was launched in ] in 1985 at a large public meeting representing a wide range of anti-fascist and ] organisations and individuals, including ] and the ], ], the ], and the ].<ref name="libcom.org"/> It was partly a reaction to the perceived inadequacies of the original ] (ANL), which had recently wound up its operations. AFA members accused ANL of failing to directly confront fascists, of allying with moderates who were complicit in racism, and of being a ] front for the ] (SWP).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter Barberis|author2=John McHugh|author3=Mike Tyldesley|title=Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC&pg=PA107|access-date=22 August 2017|date=26 July 2005|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-5814-8|page=107}}</ref> ] was either national secretary or honorary president of this first incarnation of AFA in 1985.<ref name="Crossing Borders">Copsey, Nigel. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721091327/https://tees.openrepository.com/tees/bitstream/10149/615958/2/615958.pdf |date=21 July 2018 }} ''Contemporary European History'' 25.4 (2016): 707-727.</ref><ref>Copsey, Nigel (4 October 2016). ''Anti-Fascism in Britain''. Taylor & Francis. p. 158.</ref> However, according to historian Nigel Copsey, "this original AFA unravelled due to internal tensions between militant anti-fascists and more moderate anti-racists... By 1988, fractured by in-house sectarianism, AFA had all but collapsed." In 1989, though, it "was resurrected as a militant, physical force anti-fascist group."<ref name="Crossing Borders"/> Although many ] groups, independent ], ]s and members of the ] were active in AFA in the 1980s, after its relaunch in 1989 the main members were from various anarchist groups and ], a group founded by disillusioned ] ex-SWP members who had criticised perceived ] or ] politics of the ANL.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter Barberis|author2=John McHugh|author3=Mike Tyldesley|title=Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC&pg=PA107|access-date=22 August 2017|date=26 July 2005|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-5814-8|pages=107, 158}}</ref>


Thousands of people took part in AFA mobilisations such as the ] demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, and a mobilisation against ] in May 1987. In 1988, AFA formed a musical arm, Cable Street Beat, on similar principles to the Anti-Nazi League’s ]. In 1989, there was a split in AFA between militant anti-fascists and members whose views were closer to ]. The militant groups relaunched AFA that year, with the affiliates Direct Action Movement and ], as well as several ]s. Thousands of people took part in AFA mobilisations such as the ] demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, and a mobilisation against a ] gig, "the Main Event", in May 1989.<ref> ''Fighting Talk''</ref> In 1988, AFA formed a musical arm, Cable Street Beat (named after the ], a 1936 confrontation between fascists and anti-fascists), on similar principles to the Anti-Nazi League's ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antifascistarchive.com/2012/03/01/cable-street-beat/|title=Ant-Fascist Archive}}</ref> Cable Street Beat launched a magazine, ''Cable Street Beat Review'', in early 1989.<ref>.</ref> Among the artists who performed for early Cable Street Beat events were ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>.</ref>


In 1989, there was a split in AFA between militant anti-fascists and other members, such as the Newham Monitoring Group, whose views were closer to ]. The militant groups relaunched AFA that year, with the affiliates Direct Action Movement and ], as well as several ]s.
⚫ ===1990s===
In 1990, three AFA members were jailed for attacking a fascist. In 1991, AFA held a Unity Carnival in ], with 10,000 participants, and a demonstration in ], with 4,000 participants (under the slogan “Beating the Fascists: An old ] tradition”). A long street battle between AFA and Blood and Honour supporters in October 1992 was dubbed the ''Battle of Waterloo'' because it was centred around ].<ref>http://www.redaction.org/anti-fascism/it_woz_afa.html</ref><ref>http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html</ref> In 1993, ], a candidate from the British National Party (BNP), won a council seat on the ] in ], East London; under the slogan of "Rights for Whites." This signalled a turn in the BNP's policy from confrontation on the streets to a bid for electoral respectability. AFA responded with its ''Filling the Vacuum'' strategy, which involved offering a positive political alternative in these communities instead of concentrating on challenging the fascist presence on the streets.


⚫ ===Early 1990s===
⚫ After 1995, some anti-fascist mobilisations still occurred, such as ones against the National Front in ] in 1997 and 1998. A new AFA National Coordinating Committee was set up, and in 1997, an official AFA statement forbid members from associating with Searchlight. In 1998 the committee expelled ] and ] AFA for ignoring this policy. There were some local relaunches of AFA groups, such as in ] in 2000. By 2001, AFA barely existed as a national organisation. Most AFA and Red Action activists have consequently devoted their energies to the ].<ref>http://libcom.org/history/1985-2001-anti-fascist-action-afa</ref><ref>http://www.stagebottles.de/blaggers.html</ref>
In the early 1990s, AFA continued the pattern of twin-track physical and ideological confrontations with fascism. Examples of the former include the first Unity Carnival in east London in 1991, with 10,000 participants, and a demonstration in ], with 4,000 participants (under the slogan “Beating the Fascists: An old ] tradition”). In September 1991, AFA launched its magazine ''Fighting Talk'', of which 25 issues were published between 1991 and April 1999; the magazine incorporated ''Cable Street Beat Review''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/library/anti-fascist-action-magazine-fighting-talk|title=Fighting Talk magazine - Anti Fascist Action|website=libcom.org}}</ref> The first issue reported the recent launch of a Dublin branch and a Glasgow branch, the latter with the support of Red Action, Class War, Direct Action Movement, ], ] and the ].<ref>, p.6</ref>


Cable Street Beat continued in the early 1990s, with the involvement of bands including the reformed ],<ref>, p.13</ref> ] and ].{{cn|date=June 2021}}
⚫ == See also ==

*]
Physical resistance to fascism also continued. In 1990, three AFA members were jailed for a total of 11 years following an attack on a neo-Nazi activist.<ref>Birchall, Sean, ''Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action'' (London: Freedom Press, 2010) p. 195</ref> AFA's militant approach to anti-fascism was given media airing in May 1992, when the ] screened a documentary, ''Fighting Talk'', as part of its Open Space series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beatingthefascists.org/fighting-talk-part-1/|title=Beating the Fascists » Fighting Talk – Part 1|website=beatingthefascists.org|access-date=2013-03-05|archive-date=2012-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025232247/http://beatingthefascists.org/fighting-talk-part-1/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫ *]

⚫ *]
A long street battle between AFA against ] supporters, ]s, ] and far-right groups on 11 September 1992, was dubbed the Battle of Waterloo as it was centred on ]. There were stabbings, and 36 people were arrested.<ref>Birchall, Sean, ''Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action'' (London: Freedom Press, 2010) pp.291-302; ''Red Action'' Vol 3, Issue 6, April/May 1999</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/station-closed-in-skinhead-battle-1551122.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/station-closed-in-skinhead-battle-1551122.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Station closed in skinhead battle|date=13 September 1992|work=The Independent|access-date=16 July 2017|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*]

By this time, there were 21 branches of AFA listed in ''Fighting Talk'', in locations including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref> no.3], p.19</ref>

==="Filling the Vacuum" strategy===
In 1993, ], a candidate from the ] (BNP), won a council seat in ] on the ] in ], under the slogan of "Rights for Whites".<ref name="auto">Copsey, Nigel (2004). ''Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 53–54.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Diane |title=Isle of prejudice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/nov/20/raceineducation.schools |access-date=20 August 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=20 November 2001 }}</ref> This signalled a turn in the BNP's policy from confrontation on the streets to a bid for electoral respectability, partly as a response to their defeat on the streets by AFA.<ref name="auto"/> In 1994, BNP activist ] announced this turn in tactics with a statement to the press that there would be "no more meetings, marches, punch-ups".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redactionarchive.org/2012/03/new-leader-new-danger.html|title=New Leader : New Danger|website=www.redactionarchive.org}}</ref><ref>Jon Kelly "", ''BBC News Magazine'' 6 December 2013</ref> In 1995 London AFA responded with its ''Filling the Vacuum'' strategy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/library/filling-vacuum-london-afa|title=Filling The vacuum - London AFA|website=libcom.org}}</ref> which involved offering a political alternative in these communities instead of concentrating on challenging the fascist presence on the streets. Red Action and its allies campaigned within the AFA Network after 1995 for AFA as an organisation to adopt the "Filling the Vacuum" strategy. However, given that AFA contained a number of political groups, with differing political programmes, this, and the decline of street action by the BNP as it embraced "respectable electoralism", contributed to the breakup of much of the AFA network, with much internal recrimination.<ref>''Physical Resistance''. 2013 by Dave Hann</ref>

⚫ Anti-fascist mobilisations still occurred after 1995, such as ones against the National Front in ] in 1997 and 1998. The number of AFA branches across the UK peaked at 38 in the mid-1990s, with regular national conferences and an active Northern Network. A new AFA National Coordinating Committee was set up, and in 1997, an official AFA statement forbade members from associating with Searchlight.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In 1998 the committee expelled ] and ] AFA for ignoring this policy.{{dubious|date=March 2013}} There were some local relaunches of AFA groups, such as in ] in 2000, but by 2001, AFA barely existed as a national organisation.

Red Action and other AFA activists followed the logic of providing a political alternative to fascism in setting up the ] (IWCA) in 1995, which became the sole focus of Red Action activity after 2001. Others formerly involved in AFA, predominantly ]s, have maintained militant, street-focused tactics, initially in the group No Platform, then Antifa UK.<ref name="libcom.org"/> Some of these groups re-formed in the Anti-Fascist Network in 2011, which aims to recreate the "two-track" approach of AFA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antifascistnetwork.wordpress.com/about/|title=About us|date=8 August 2013}}</ref>

==Politics==
Critics argue that AFA's physical confrontation approach was often more visible than their ideological work, and their tactics were criticised for their ] and use of violence.<ref>Dave Hann "Physical Resistance" Zero Books, 2013</ref> However, supporters of AFA's approach cite its involvement in the youth music scene and successful propaganda events like the 1986 and 1987 Remembrance Day "Remember the victims of Fascism" marches as evidence of this wider agenda.<ref name="Fascists 2010"/>

⚫ ==See also==
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== Notes == ==Notes==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}}


== Further reading == ==Further reading==
*Birchall, Sean, ''Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action'' (London: Freedom Press, 2010) {{ISBN|978-1-904491-12-5}}
* {{cite book|last = Bullstreet|first= K. |title=Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984-1993 |id=ISBN 1-873605-87-0}} * {{cite book|last = Bullstreet|first= K. |title=Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984-1993 |year= 2001 |isbn=1-873605-87-0}}
*''Anti-Fascist Action – an Anarchist perspective'' by an ex-Liverpool AFA member, 2007, Kate Sharpley Library, ISBN 9781873605493 *''Anti-Fascist Action: an Anarchist Perspective'' (Kate Sharpley Library, 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-873605-49-3}}
*''No Retreat'' by Dave Hann and Steve Tilzey, 2003, Milo Books, ISBN 1903854229 ()
*Hann, Dave and Steve Tilzey, ''No Retreat'' (Milo Books, 2003) {{ISBN|1-903854-22-9}}
** in ''Spike Magazine''
*Hann, Dave, ''A Hundred Years of Anti Fascism'' (Zero Books, 2013) {{ISBN|978-1780991771}}
*Mark Hayes and Paul Aylward ''soundings'' issue 14 Spring 2000
*Testa, M., ''Militant Anti-Fascism: A Hundred Years of Resistance'' (AK Press, 2015) {{ISBN|978-1-84935-203-1}}


== External links == ==External links==
*
* * on ]
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*{{YouTube|RuC5KDhhZYI|Beating The Fascists Video}}
*
*
*
⚫ * (archived)
*
*


{{Racism topics}} {{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 21:14, 23 July 2024

British anti-fascist organisation This article is about the UK organisation Anti-Fascist Action. For other organisations with similar names in other languages, see Anti-Fascist Action (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Anti-Fascist Action
Formation1985 (1985)
Dissolved2001 (2001)
TypeMilitant anti-fascism
Location
AffiliationsRed Action and Direct Action Movement
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See also

Anti-Fascist Action (AFA) was a militant anti-fascist organisation, founded in the UK in 1985 by a wide range of anti-racist and anti-fascist organisations.

It was active in fighting far-right organisations, particularly the National Front and British National Party. It was notable in significantly reducing fascist street activity in Britain in the 1990s. AFA had what they called a "twin-track" strategy: physical confrontation of fascists on the streets and ideological struggle against fascism in working class communities.

Among its more notable mobilisations were violent confrontations such as the "Battle of Waterloo" at London Waterloo station in 1992 and non-violent events such as the Unity Carnivals of the early 1990s.

History

AFA was launched in London in 1985 at a large public meeting representing a wide range of anti-fascist and anti-racist organisations and individuals, including Red Action and the Direct Action Movement, Searchlight, the Newham Monitoring Project, and the Jewish Socialist Group. It was partly a reaction to the perceived inadequacies of the original Anti-Nazi League (ANL), which had recently wound up its operations. AFA members accused ANL of failing to directly confront fascists, of allying with moderates who were complicit in racism, and of being a vanguardist front for the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). Jeremy Corbyn was either national secretary or honorary president of this first incarnation of AFA in 1985. However, according to historian Nigel Copsey, "this original AFA unravelled due to internal tensions between militant anti-fascists and more moderate anti-racists... By 1988, fractured by in-house sectarianism, AFA had all but collapsed." In 1989, though, it "was resurrected as a militant, physical force anti-fascist group." Although many Trotskyist groups, independent socialists, anarchists and members of the Labour Party were active in AFA in the 1980s, after its relaunch in 1989 the main members were from various anarchist groups and Red Action, a group founded by disillusioned militant anti-fascist ex-SWP members who had criticised perceived populist or popular front politics of the ANL.

Thousands of people took part in AFA mobilisations such as the Remembrance Day demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, and a mobilisation against a Blood and Honour gig, "the Main Event", in May 1989. In 1988, AFA formed a musical arm, Cable Street Beat (named after the Battle of Cable Street, a 1936 confrontation between fascists and anti-fascists), on similar principles to the Anti-Nazi League's Rock Against Racism. Cable Street Beat launched a magazine, Cable Street Beat Review, in early 1989. Among the artists who performed for early Cable Street Beat events were Blaggers ITA, Angelic Upstarts, Attila the Stockbroker, The Men They Couldn't Hang, Forgotten Sons and Blyth Power.

In 1989, there was a split in AFA between militant anti-fascists and other members, such as the Newham Monitoring Group, whose views were closer to liberal anti-fascism. The militant groups relaunched AFA that year, with the affiliates Direct Action Movement and Workers' Power, as well as several trade unions.

Early 1990s

In the early 1990s, AFA continued the pattern of twin-track physical and ideological confrontations with fascism. Examples of the former include the first Unity Carnival in east London in 1991, with 10,000 participants, and a demonstration in Bethnal Green, with 4,000 participants (under the slogan “Beating the Fascists: An old East End tradition”). In September 1991, AFA launched its magazine Fighting Talk, of which 25 issues were published between 1991 and April 1999; the magazine incorporated Cable Street Beat Review. The first issue reported the recent launch of a Dublin branch and a Glasgow branch, the latter with the support of Red Action, Class War, Direct Action Movement, Workers Party Scotland, Scottish Anti-Racist Movement and the Republican Bands Alliance.

Cable Street Beat continued in the early 1990s, with the involvement of bands including the reformed The Selecter, Bad Manners and Gary Clail.

Physical resistance to fascism also continued. In 1990, three AFA members were jailed for a total of 11 years following an attack on a neo-Nazi activist. AFA's militant approach to anti-fascism was given media airing in May 1992, when the BBC screened a documentary, Fighting Talk, as part of its Open Space series.

A long street battle between AFA against Blood and Honour supporters, skinheads, hooligan firms and far-right groups on 11 September 1992, was dubbed the Battle of Waterloo as it was centred on Waterloo station. There were stabbings, and 36 people were arrested.

By this time, there were 21 branches of AFA listed in Fighting Talk, in locations including Birmingham, Brighton, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Bristol, Cardiff, Oxford, Exeter, Leicester, Liverpool, Manchester and Norwich.

"Filling the Vacuum" strategy

In 1993, Derek Beackon, a candidate from the British National Party (BNP), won a council seat in Millwall on the Isle of Dogs in Tower Hamlets, under the slogan of "Rights for Whites". This signalled a turn in the BNP's policy from confrontation on the streets to a bid for electoral respectability, partly as a response to their defeat on the streets by AFA. In 1994, BNP activist Tony Lecomber announced this turn in tactics with a statement to the press that there would be "no more meetings, marches, punch-ups". In 1995 London AFA responded with its Filling the Vacuum strategy, which involved offering a political alternative in these communities instead of concentrating on challenging the fascist presence on the streets. Red Action and its allies campaigned within the AFA Network after 1995 for AFA as an organisation to adopt the "Filling the Vacuum" strategy. However, given that AFA contained a number of political groups, with differing political programmes, this, and the decline of street action by the BNP as it embraced "respectable electoralism", contributed to the breakup of much of the AFA network, with much internal recrimination.

Anti-fascist mobilisations still occurred after 1995, such as ones against the National Front in Dover in 1997 and 1998. The number of AFA branches across the UK peaked at 38 in the mid-1990s, with regular national conferences and an active Northern Network. A new AFA National Coordinating Committee was set up, and in 1997, an official AFA statement forbade members from associating with Searchlight. In 1998 the committee expelled Leeds and Huddersfield AFA for ignoring this policy. There were some local relaunches of AFA groups, such as in Liverpool in 2000, but by 2001, AFA barely existed as a national organisation.

Red Action and other AFA activists followed the logic of providing a political alternative to fascism in setting up the Independent Working Class Association (IWCA) in 1995, which became the sole focus of Red Action activity after 2001. Others formerly involved in AFA, predominantly anarchists, have maintained militant, street-focused tactics, initially in the group No Platform, then Antifa UK. Some of these groups re-formed in the Anti-Fascist Network in 2011, which aims to recreate the "two-track" approach of AFA.

Politics

Critics argue that AFA's physical confrontation approach was often more visible than their ideological work, and their tactics were criticised for their squadism and use of violence. However, supporters of AFA's approach cite its involvement in the youth music scene and successful propaganda events like the 1986 and 1987 Remembrance Day "Remember the victims of Fascism" marches as evidence of this wider agenda.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Birchall, Sean, Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action (London: Freedom Press, 2010).
  2. ^ "1985-2001: A short history of Anti-Fascist Action (AFA)". libcom.org.
  3. Steve Greenfield and Guy Osborn When the Whites Go Marching In? Racism and Resistances in English Football in Marquette Sports Law Review 1996
  4. Peter Barberis; John McHugh; Mike Tyldesley (26 July 2005). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8264-5814-8. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  5. ^ Copsey, Nigel. "Crossing Borders: Anti-Fascist Action (UK) and Transnational Anti-Fascist Militancy in the 1990s." Archived 21 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Contemporary European History 25.4 (2016): 707-727.
  6. Copsey, Nigel (4 October 2016). Anti-Fascism in Britain. Taylor & Francis. p. 158.
  7. Peter Barberis; John McHugh; Mike Tyldesley (26 July 2005). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 107, 158. ISBN 978-0-8264-5814-8. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  8. "Cable Street Beat: A Brief History" Fighting Talk
  9. "Ant-Fascist Archive".
  10. Cable Street Beat Review no.1, 1989.
  11. Cable Street Beat Review no.5.
  12. "Fighting Talk magazine - Anti Fascist Action". libcom.org.
  13. Fighting Talk no.1, p.6
  14. Fighting Talk no.1, p.13
  15. Birchall, Sean, Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action (London: Freedom Press, 2010) p. 195
  16. "Beating the Fascists » Fighting Talk – Part 1". beatingthefascists.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  17. Birchall, Sean, Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action (London: Freedom Press, 2010) pp.291-302;"It Woz AFA Wot Done It!" Red Action Vol 3, Issue 6, April/May 1999
  18. "Station closed in skinhead battle". The Independent. 13 September 1992. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  19. Fighting Talk no.3], p.19
  20. ^ Copsey, Nigel (2004). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 53–54.
  21. Taylor, Diane (20 November 2001). "Isle of prejudice". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  22. "New Leader : New Danger". www.redactionarchive.org.
  23. Jon Kelly "Nicky Crane: The secret double life of a gay neo-Nazi", BBC News Magazine 6 December 2013
  24. "Filling The vacuum - London AFA". libcom.org.
  25. Physical Resistance. 2013 by Dave Hann
  26. "About us". 8 August 2013.
  27. Dave Hann "Physical Resistance" Zero Books, 2013

Further reading

External links

Categories: