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{{Short description|Political pressure group in the UK}}
The '''Conservative Monday Club''' (widely known as the '''Monday Club''') is a British pressure-group with its origins in the ]. It was founded in the early 1960s during the party's internal debate over ]. Its published aims state that "The Monday Club stands for traditional Tory principles". The club is notable for having promoted a policy of voluntary, or assisted, ] for non-white immigrants<ref></ref><ref></ref> which mirrored the pledge made in the Conservative Party's General Election Manifesto of 1970.
{{Infobox organization
| name = Conservative Monday Club
| image = MondayClub_logo.jpg
| caption = Header of the Monday Club from the 1970s
| formation = {{start date and age|1961|01|01|df=y}}
| founders = Paul Bristol <br /> Ian Grieg <br /> Cedric Gunnery <br /> Anthony Maclaren
| purpose = ]<br />]ism<br />]<br />]
| headquarters today = Southmill Trading Centre <br /> ] <br /> CM23 3DY
| location_country = ]
}}{{Conservatism UK|Organisations}}
The '''Conservative Monday Club''' (usually known as the '''Monday Club''') was a British political pressure group, aligned with the ], though no longer endorsed by it. It also had links to the ] (DUP) and ] (UUP) in ].


Founded in 1961, in reaction to ]'s opposition to ] in ], the club became embroiled in the ] and ] debate, inevitably highlighting the controversial issue of ], which has dominated its image ever since. The club was known for its fierce opposition to non-white immigration to Britain and its support for ]-era ] and ]. By 1971, the club had 35 MPs, six of them ministers, and 35 ]s, with membership (including branches) totaling about 10,000.
After the 1997 General Election defeat, the Conservative Party began decisive moves towards becoming more centrist; its chairman, ], stated that it had been perceived by voters as "the nasty party". The then party leader ] subsequently 'suspended' the Monday Club's longstanding links with the party in October 2001<ref></ref> saying his party would have nothing to do with the organisation unless it stopped making "distasteful" remarks on race and immigration <ref></ref> even though the Club's policies had remained unchanged since the 1960s.


In 1982, the constitution was re-written, with more emphasis on support for the Conservative Party, but it remained autonomous from the party. In-fighting over the club's traditional Tory agenda led to many resignations in 1991. In 2001, the Conservative Party formally severed relations with the club, which had ceased to exercise significant influence, with full membership below 600.
New full members of the club must be members of the Conservative Party, the ] or the ] (DUP) though there is no such requirement for associate membership<ref></ref>. Monday Club observers, such as ] have attended DUP Party conferences.


Following a vote of the Executive Council, the organisation was formally disbanded in July 2024.
Part of the club's agenda stresses support for what it claims are "traditional Conservative values", including "resistance to ']'". Most traditionalists who left or lapsed after 1992 have been refused re-entry to the Club and even to its occasional meetings.


==History== ==History==

===Foundation and early years=== ===Foundation and early years===
The club was founded on ] ], by four young Conservative Party members, Paul Bristol (the first Chairman - who left the Club in 1968), Ian Greig (Membership Secretary until 1969), Cedric Gunnery (Treasurer until 1992) and Anthony Maclaren. The club was formed as a reaction to ]'s ']' speech made at ], ], which many Tories saw as the last straw. The club stated that Macmillan had "turned the Party Left", and their first pamphlet opposed these policies, as indicative of the Conservative Party's move towards liberalism.<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 5</ref>. The club was founded on 1 January 1961, by four young Conservative Party members, Paul Bristol (a 24-year-old ] and the club's first chairman,<ref>Seyd, Patrick, ''Factionalism within the Conservative Party: The Monday Club'' in ''Government and Opposition'', volume 7, no. 4., 1972.</ref> who left the club in 1968), Ian Greig (Membership Secretary until 1969), Cedric Gunnery (Treasurer until 1992; died 16 Mar 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/263304/gunnery | title=GUNNERY - Deaths Announcements - Telegraph Announcements }}</ref>), and Anthony Maclaren. The club was formed "to force local party associations to discuss and debate party policy". Its first general policy statement deplored the tendency of recent Conservative governments to adopt policies based upon expediency and demanded that instead Tory principles should be the guiding influence. It believed that the principles needing to be reasserted included the preservation of the constitution and existing institutions, the freedom of the individual, the private ownership of property, and the need for Britain to play a leading part in world affairs.<ref>''Policy and Aims''. The Monday Club, December 1961.</ref>


The club disliked what it regarded as the expediency, cynicism and materialism which motivated ]'s government. In addition it was concerned that during this period "the left wing of the Party (had) gained a predominant influence over policy" and that as a result the Conservative Party had shifted to the left, so that "the floating voter could not detect, as he should, major differences between it and the Socialists" and, furthermore, "loyal Conservatives had become disillusioned and dispirited".<ref>''The Aims of the Monday Club'', Executive Council publication, Monday Club, 1970, p. 1.</ref> The club's published aims stated that it "seeks to evolve a dynamic application of traditional Tory principles".<ref>''The Monday Club - Organization & Membership'' published on the back cover of the Club's 1968 booklet ''Student Power'' by ] MC MP.</ref>
The ] (d.1972), who had resigned from Macmillan's Cabinet over the Prime Minister's liberal direction, became its first president in January 1962, when he stated "there was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today" <ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 5</ref>. By the end of 1963 there were eleven Members of Parliament in the Club, which then only had an overall membership of about 300.<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 7</ref>.


The group brought together supporters of ] and ]; the main impetus for the group's formation was the Conservatives' new ] policies, in particular as a general reaction to Macmillan's ']' speech made in South Africa. The club stated that Macmillan had "turned the Party Left", and its first pamphlet opposed these policies as indicative of the Conservative Party's move towards liberalism.<ref>Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 5.</ref> The club is notable for having promoted a policy of voluntary, or assisted, repatriation for Commonwealth immigrants, a policy subsequently adopted in the 1970 Conservative Party manifesto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/oct/19/uk.race|title=Tories cut Monday Club link over race policies|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|work=]|date=19 October 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/five-more-names-go-in-purge-of-tory-right-9140344.html|title=Five more names go in purge of Tory right|last=Woolf|first=Marie|date=29 August 2001|work=]|access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref>
The Club was courted by many Tory politicians, not least the Conservative Party leader ] who was guest-of-honour at the Club's annual dinners of 1964 and 1969, and ], in a speech in 1968, claimed that "it was due to the Monday Club that many are brought within the Conservative Party who might otherwise be estranged from it"<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 26</ref>.


] (1893–1972), who had resigned from Macmillan's Cabinet over the Prime Minister's liberal direction, became its first president in January 1962, when he stated "there was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today".<ref>Copping, 1972, p. 5.</ref> By the end of 1963 there were eleven Members of Parliament in the Club, which then had an overall membership of about 300.<ref>Copping, 1972, p. 7.</ref><ref>Thurlow, Richard, ''Fascism in Britain'', London, 1st edition 1987, revised reprint 2006, p.246, {{ISBN|1-86064-337-X}} where the author also refers to "traditional party supporters feeling intensely alienated by the Heath administration and made their opposition felt through their support of ]".</ref> The club was courted by many Conservative politicians, including the Conservative Party leader ] who was guest-of-honour at the club's annual dinners of 1964 and 1969, and ], who, in a speech in 1968, said that "it was due to the Monday Club that many are brought within the Conservative Party who might otherwise be estranged from it".<ref name="Copping, 1972 p.26">Copping, 1972, p. 26.</ref>
By 1970 sixteen Members of Parliament were Club members<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 21</ref>:
* ], (Hexham)
* ], (Brighton Pavilion)
* ], Q.C., (S. Bucks)
* ], (Selly Oak)
* ], (Glasgow Cathcart)
* ], (Yeovil)
* ], (Pudsey)
* ], (Chigwell)
* ], M.C., (Mid-Bedfordshire)
* ], (St. Albans)
* W.H.K. Baker, T.D., (Banff)
* ], D.L., (Ludlow)
* ], M.B.E., (Edgbaston)
* ], M.C., (Haltemprice)
* Mark Woodnutt, (Isle of Wight)
* ], (Weston-super-Mare)


That year ] joined the club and was soon chairman of its Wiltshire branch.<ref name="Trewin, Ion 2009">], ''Alan Clark – The Biography'', London, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-297-85073-1}}, pps: 230 & 246-7.</ref> Under its chairman from 1964 to 1969, ], who until 1964 had been MP for Sunderland South, the club enjoyed significant growth and influence. Some argued that the club had a disproportionate influence within Conservative circles, especially after six of its members who were MPs joined the Cabinet in 1970.<ref name = "Messina 1989">Messina, Anthony M., ''Race and Party Competition in Britain'', Clarendon Press, 1989, {{ISBN|0-19-827534-X}}</ref>{{rp|138}}
In the 1970 Conservative Party election victory, six club ] (MPs) were given government positions . In addition, the following club members were elected that year<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 21</ref>:
* ], (Belper)
* ], (Cannock)
* ], (Yarmouth)
* ], (Wells)
* ], (Ormskirk)
* ], (Buckingham)
* ], (Gravesend)
* ], (Derbyshire, S.E.)
* ], (Epping)
* ], (Truro)
* ], (North Dorset).


], twice ] ], described the club as "the guardian of the Tory conscience".<ref name="Copping, 1972 p.26"/> Oxford political scholar ] referred to the club as practicing an anti-] and elitist form of conservatism.<ref>], ''The Nature of Fascism'', London, 1991, p. 161, {{ISBN|0-86187-112-X}}</ref>
Among sitting M.P.s who joined the Club after the election were:
* ], (Southend East)
* ], (Holland & Boston)
* ], (Oldbury & Halesowen)
* ], (Wembley South)
* ], (Croydon, N.W.)


===Membership===
A number of other Monday Club members contested socialist-held seats, some of which had large majorities, and although the challenge was unsuccessful the majorities were reduced. These included Tim Keigwin, who almost unseated the Liberal leader ] at North Devon, and David Clarke who failed by only 76 votes at Watford.<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 22</ref>.
By 1970, eighteen Members of Parliament were club members:<ref name="Copping, 1972 p.21">Copping, 1972, p. 21.</ref>
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])<ref name="ReferenceA">Copping, Robert, ''The Story of the Monday Club - The First Decade'', London: Current Affairs Information Service, April 1972</ref>
* ] (])<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])


In the ], six MPs who were club members were given Cabinet positions.<ref name = "Messina 1989"/>{{rp|138)}} In addition, the following club members were elected that year:<ref name="Copping, 1972 p.21"/>
By 1971, the Club "undoubtedly had the largest membership of any conservative group and included 55 different groups in universities and colleges, 35 Members of Parliament with six in the government, and 35 Peers". <ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 22</ref>.] was a constant supporter of the club until his death, although he never took up membership.
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])

Among sitting MPs who joined the club after that and other elections, along with those who became MPs were:
* ] (] and ])<ref name="Trewin, Ion 2009"/>
* ] (])
* ] (])<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ] (])<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ] (])<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ] (])<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])
* ] (])<ref name="Copping, Robert 1975, page 34">Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club—Crisis and After'' May 1975, page 34, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).</ref>
* ] (])<ref name="Copping, Robert 1975, page 34"/>
* ] (])<ref>Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club—Crisis and After'' May 1975, page 43, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
</ref>
* ] (])
*] (])
*] (])

Peers of the ] who were Monday Club members:
*]<ref>Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club—Crisis and After'' May 1975, page 25, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
</ref>
*]<ref name="Copping, Robert 1975, page 28">Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club—Crisis and After'' May 1975, page 28, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).</ref>
*]<ref name="Copping, Robert 1975, page 28"/>
*]<ref name="Copping, Robert 1975, page 46">Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club—Crisis and After'' May 1975, page 46, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).</ref>
*]<ref name="Copping, Robert 1975, page 46"/>
*]<ref name="Copping, Robert 1972">Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Service, London, April 1972, (P/B)</ref>
*]<ref name="Copping, Robert 1972"/>
*]<ref name="Copping, Robert 1972"/><ref name="Dod p.172">''Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1991'', 172nd edition, Hurst Green, Sussex, p.172.</ref>
*]<ref>Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club—Crisis and After'' May 1975, page 50, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
</ref>
*]<ref name="ReferenceB">Amery, Julian, et al., Rhodesia and the Threat to the West, Monday Club, London, 1976 (P/B)</ref>
*]<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
*]<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
*]<ref name="Copping 1975 25">{{cite book|last=Copping|first=Robert|title=The Monday Club - Crisis and After|year=1975|page=25|publisher=Current Affairs Information Service|location=Ilford}}</ref>
*]<ref name="Copping 1975 25"/>
*]<ref>''Monday Club Newsletter'', July/August 1970, p.7.</ref>
*]<ref name="Copping 1975 25"/>

Other notable members:
*] ]<ref name="ReferenceC">Amery, Julian, "Facing up to Soviet Imperialism", in the Monday Club's October 1985 Conservative Party Conference issue of its newspaper, ''Right Ahead''</ref>
*]<ref>Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', London, April 1972, p.6, and 14,</ref>
*] – Leader of ] from 1977 to 1981
*]<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
*], former Conservative MP for ] (1931–1957)<ref name = "Messina 1989"/>{{rp|95}}
*] ], former Conservative MP for ] (1959–1966)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=388&inst_id=21|title=AIM25 collection description|website=www.aim25.ac.uk}}</ref>

A number of other Monday Club members contested Labour-held seats, some of which had large majorities, and although the challenge was unsuccessful, their majorities were reduced. These included: Tim Keigwin, who almost unseated the Liberal leader ] at ], Councillor John Pritchard of ], who contested Wrexham and Norwood, and David Clarke, whose personal campaign assistant was the chairman of the club's Young Members' Group, Christopher Horne, and who failed by only 76 votes at ].<ref name="Copping, 1972 p.22">Copping, 1972, p. 22.</ref>

By 1971, the club "undoubtedly had the largest membership of any conservative group and included 55 different groups in universities and colleges, 35 Members of Parliament with six in the government, and 35 Peers". At the club's Annual General Meeting on 26 April 1971, in ], the chairman, George Pole, announced that "our membership, including national, branches and universities is around 10,000."<ref>Monday Club 'Newsletter'. May/June 1971.</ref>

MP ], in his foreword to Robert Copping's second book on the history of the club,<ref>Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club - Crisis and After'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, May 1975</ref> stated that "by its principles has kept alive true Tory beliefs and held within its ranks many who contemplated defecting from the Conservative and Unionist Party". The club's chairman in June 1981, David Storey, described it as "an anchor to a ship", referring to the Conservative Party.


], MP, in his Foreword to Robert Copping's second book on the history of the club<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club - Crisis and After'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, May 1975</ref>, stated that "by its principles has kept alive true Tory beliefs and held within its ranks many who contemplated defecting from the Conservative and Unionist Party". ], twice Labour ], described the club as "the guardian of the Tory conscience" <ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 26</ref>.. The club's Chairman, David Storey, described it in June 1981 as "an anchor to a ship", referring to the Conservative Party.
===The Thatcher years=== ===The Thatcher years===
], 1980: ] (YMG Chairman), Richard Turnbull and Gregory Lauder-Frost.]]
The club's revised Constitution (] ]) stated that "the objects of the Club are to support the Conservative & Unionist Party in policies designed
The club's revised constitution (21 May 1984) stated that "the objects of the Club are to support the Conservative & Unionist Party in those policies designed:
* to maintain loyalty to the Crown and to uphold the sovereignty of Parliament, the security of the realm, and defence of the nation against external aggression and internal subversion; * to maintain loyalty to the Crown and to uphold the sovereignty of Parliament, the security of the realm, and defence of the nation against external aggression and internal subversion;
* to safeguard the liberty of the subject and integrity of the family in accordance with the customs, traditions, and character of the British people; * to safeguard the liberty of the subject and integrity of the family in accordance with the customs, traditions, and character of the British people;
* to maintain the British constitution in obedience and respect for the laws of the land, freedom of worship and our national heritage; * to maintain the British constitution in obedience and respect for the laws of the land, freedom of worship and our national heritage;
* to promote an economy consistent with national aspirations and Tory ideals. * to promote an economy consistent with national aspirations and Tory ideals;
* to encourage members of the club to play an active part, at all levels, in the affairs of the Conservative and Unionist Party." * to encourage members of the club to play an active part, at all levels, in the affairs of the Conservative and Unionist Party."


]
During the period that ] led the Conservative Party, the Monday Club were prolific publishers of booklets, pamphlets, policy papers, an occasional newspaper, ''Right Ahead'', and a magazine, ''Monday World'' edited for some years by ], Sam Swerling, and later, Eleanor Dodd. The September 1984 edition of ''Monday News'' carried the headline 'Kinnock Talks to Terrorists', quoting former ] leader ]'s declaration to the South African ]'s ] that the ANC in South Africa could expect financial and material assistance from a future Labour government. Other attacks were made upon then-] leader ] inviting ] leader ] to visit London in 1982.
During the period that ] led the Conservative Party, the Monday Club were prolific publishers of booklets, pamphlets, policy papers, an occasional newspaper, ''Right Ahead'', and a magazine ''Monday World'' edited for some years by ], Sam Swerling, and later, Eleanor Dodd. In the October 1982 edition, MP ] called for the scrapping of the ], Sir ] commented on the ], ] had an article "What Future for Ulster", and Dr. ] had an article on "Zimbabwe Today". The September 1984 edition of ''Monday News'' carried the headline "Kinnock Talks to Terrorists", quoting former ] leader ]'s declaration to the ]'s ] that the ] in South Africa could expect financial and material assistance from a future Labour government. Other attacks were made upon then-] leader ] inviting ] leader ] to visit ] in 1982.
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] -->


An early member, in his ''Diaries'', ] describes speaking later to a county-branch of the Monday Club in 1982: "I really cannot bear the Monday Club. They are all mad, quite different from its heyday, when it was a right-wing pressure group at the time of Ted Heath's Government. Now they are a prickly residue in the body politic, a nasty sort of gallstone."<ref>], ''Diaries: Into Politics'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, p. 337, {{ISBN|0-297-64402-5}}</ref>
Due to slack administration, inertia in recruiting, and the continuing Conservative Party government, national club membership (as opposed to branch membership) plummeted in the mid-1980s, reaching just under 600 in 1987. Among them was Derek Laud, said to have been the only black member of the club, although in 1988 the Students' Group Chairman was Sanwar Ali.


The playwright ] described the Monday Club, in 1986, as "proselytis the ancient and venerable conservative traditions of ], ] and ]."<ref>], (editor), ''The Ideology of the New Right'', Cambridge, 1986, p. 60, {{ISBN|0-7456-0190-1}}</ref>
===Change of direction===
], ], the Grand Duke Wladimir of Russia, pretender to the Imperial throne, being the guest-of-honour.<ref> ''The Daily Telegraph'', January 12, 1990, p.16</ref><ref> ''The Independent'', January 13, 1990, article: ''Tsar's heir plans for day of Restoration".</ref>]]
In 1988-9, a group of longstanding members led by Gregory Lauder-Frost, the club's Foreign Affairs Committee chairman, succeeded in getting elected to the key posts on the Executive Council, with Dr. Mark Mayall as Deputy Chairman, and Gregory Lauder-Frost as the Political Secretary. By 1992, the membership was over 1600 again.
]


===Old Guard departs===
At the beginning of January 1991, the ''Monday Club News'' announced the abolition of the only salaried position, that of Director, (then held by the Club's Treasurer, Cedric Gunnery, one of the Club's founders). Although this was entirely due to the Club's precarious financial state, some felt more sinister moves afoot. Negative news stories began emerging<ref> ''Mail on Sunday'', ], ]</ref><ref> '']'', ], ], major article by David Rose.</ref> and resignations followed. An internal investigation followed. The chairman, David Storey, lost an almost unanimous vote of no confidence on ] ], and his membership was terminated by the Club's Executive Council on February 11th on the grounds that "he has engaged in behaviour prejudiced to the best interests, reputation, objects, and other members of the Monday Club; by abusing his position as Chairman in encouraging members to leave the Monday Club and to join a new political group".<ref> ''Searchlight'' (magazine), March & June 1991 editions</ref><ref> Club Minutes</ref>
], pretender to the Imperial throne, being the guest-of-honour.<ref>'''']'''', 12 January 1990, p. 16.</ref><ref>'']'', 13 January 1990, article: "Tsar's heir plans for day of Restoration".</ref>]]
In 1988–89, a group of longstanding members, led by Gregory Lauder-Frost, the club's Foreign Affairs Committee chairman, succeeded in getting elected to the key posts on the Executive Council, with Dr. Mark Mayall as deputy chairman, and Lauder-Frost as the Political Secretary.


<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: ] -->
Personal legal problems forced Lauder-Frost's departure on ] ] and subsequently the Club descended into in-fighting, with more departures and failed expulsion attempts resulting in huge legal bills. Dr. Mark Mayall's term as Chairman expired in April 1993 and he left the group. Control passed effectively into the hands of ], a former Minister for Education in the Rhodesian government. He changed the role of the club from a pressure group to a Conservative Party support group, bringing in a rule that all members must firstly be members of the party, something that prior to 1992 had been constantly and unanimously opposed.
At the beginning of January 1991, the ''Monday Club News'' announced the abolition of the only salaried position, that of Director (then held by the club's Treasurer, Cedric Gunnery, one of the club's founders). Although this was due to the club's precarious financial state,<ref>''Monday Club News'', January 1991 (circular)</ref> some felt more sinister moves afoot. Negative news stories began emerging<ref>'']'', 24 February 1991, major article by ].</ref> and resignations followed. An internal investigation followed. The chairman, David Storey, lost an almost unanimous vote of no confidence on 17 January 1991, and his membership was terminated by the club's Executive Council on 11 February on the grounds that "he has engaged in behaviour prejudicial to the best interests, reputation, objects, and other members of the Monday Club; by abusing his position as Chairman in encouraging members to leave the Monday Club and to join a new political group".<ref>Club Minutes</ref> Dr. Mayall became Acting Chairman until the May AGM when he was confirmed in that post by election. By 1992, the new team had the national (as opposed to branches) membership over 1600 again.


Lauder-Frost's resignation on 31 May 1992 saw the club descend into faction fighting and to a period of instability, with more departures and a resulting loss of membership and the club's influence declined. Subsequent failed expulsion attempts resulted in huge legal bills, and when Dr. Mark Mayall's term as chairman expired in April 1993 he left the group. Control passed effectively into the hands of ], a former Methodist missionary, and later Minister for Education in the Rhodesian government. He changed the role of the club from a pressure group to a Conservative Party support group, bringing in a rule that all members must firstly be members of the party, something that prior to 1992 had been opposed.
===Suspension of links by the Conservative party (2001)===
Regardless of the fact that the Monday Club was a completely autonomous pressure-group and not part of the Conservative Party organisation, in 2001, Conservative Party chairman ] informed the club's National Executive that links between it and the party were being severed until it stopped promoting several of its long-held and established policies such as the voluntary repatriation of ethnic minorities. Davis later told the media: "I have told them that until a number of things are concluded - particularly some concerns about the membership of the club, and a review of the club's constitution and a requirement that the club will not promulgate or discuss policies relating to race - the club is suspended from any association with the Conservative party"<ref></ref>. Three MPs ], ] and ], were ordered to resign from the club.

On the ] ], the ] reported that the club sought to restore its links with the Conservative Party,<ref></ref>. '']'' reported (] ]) that as the club "is now slowly nudging back into the mainstream many members feel that it is time to return to the fold".

At the following Club Annual General meeting in April 2002 members approved two motions proposed by ], (also Chairman of the ]), one reaffirming the Club's opposition to mass immigration, and another empowering Club officers to institute legal action against the Conservative Party following the Club's 'suspension' by them. A third motion, calling for the sacking of ], then shadow Chief Secretary, and former Monday Club member, for his "hypocrisy" was defeated. (Refer: ''The Independent'', ] ]).

The Monday Club, now having changed its original ''raison d'être'' as a pressure group, and whose membership is now said to be back below 600, now has very little influence on the agenda of the Conservative Party. Many of its former members are now in the ].


==Organisation== ==Organisation==
{{Conservatism UK}}
===Premises=== ===Premises===
The national club established itself in offices at 51-53 Victoria Street, a few minutes walk from ]. The club was, however, always a pressure group, remaining separate from the Conservative Party organisation. Around 1980, the Victoria Street building was cleared for demolition, and the club moved its offices to 122 Newgate Street, London, EC1, opposite the ]. High rents forced another move to 4 Orlando Road, Clapham Common, and finally, in 1991, the club's office was moved to an office belonging to W. ], opposite ] railway station, with new telephone numbers, and a new Post Office Box number in central London. The newsletter stated that "it is our long-term aim to relocate back to the very heart of London". The national club established its offices at 51–53 Victoria Street, a few minutes' walk from the ]. The club was, however, always a pressure group, remaining separate from the Conservative Party organisation. Around 1980, the Victoria Street building was cleared for demolition, and the club moved its offices to 122 Newgate Street, London, EC1, opposite the ]. High rents forced another move to 4 Orlando Road, Clapham Common. In 1991 the club's office was moved to an office belonging to W. ], opposite ] in ], east London, with new telephone numbers, and a new Post Office Box number in central London. The newsletter stated that "it is our long-term aim to relocate back to the very heart of London". Since then the club office has moved to the premises of other companies associated with Walker, at 65 Chapel Hill, ], CM23 3XR<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Details|url=https://www.conservativeuk.com/contact/|website=The Conservative Monday Club|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> and Southmill Trading Centre, Bishop's Stortford, CM23 3DY, which according to ]<ref>{{cite web|title= ASPENCHASE ENTERPRISES LIMITED|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/01776882/officers|website=Companies House|access-date=10 January 2023|date=31 December 2021}}</ref> is the current address as of Jan 2023.


===Branches=== ===Branches===
In addition to the national club, which operated through an elected Executive Council and numerous policy groups or committees, there were semi-autonomous county branches, a Young Members Monday Club, and numerous university Monday Clubs, the most prominent and active being at ]. In addition to the national club, which operated through an elected Executive Council and numerous policy groups or committees, there were semi-autonomous county branches, a Young Members Monday Club, and numerous university Monday Clubs, the most prominent and active being at the ].


===Policy committees=== ===Policy committees===
The Monday Club had various study groups (later renamed policy committees) including: The Monday Club had various study groups (later renamed policy committees) including:
* Immigration and Repatriation: notable chairmen being ], ], and ], MP; (], now an MP, was committee secretary 1981-82); * Immigration and Repatriation: notable chairmen being ] <small>], ]</small>; ] MP; ] ]; ], later an MP and former ], was committee secretary 1981–82;
* Africa and Rhodesia: ], MP; * Africa and Rhodesia: ] MP
* Home Affairs; * Home Affairs;
* Aviation; * Aviation;
* Economics: ] <small>], ]</small>; Geoffrey Baber, ] MP<ref>Monday Club Newsletter, July 1968, p.6.</ref>
* Economics: ]
* Taxation: David Rowell, LL.B.
* Ulster;
* Universities Group; Graham Webster-Gardiner,<ref>Graham Webster-Gardiner was elected Chairman of the club's Universities Group in 1969; he was later the ] Candidate for Epsom and Ewell in the 2001 General Election.</ref> Richard Turnbull, Michael Clack<ref>Monday Club Newsletters, 1990-91</ref>
* Taxation: David Rowell
* Young Members Group; Christopher Horne, the Conservative Party candidate in both 1974 General Elections in the Manchester Central and Meriden Constituencies, Dr. ], David Rowell, Eleanor Dodd, ], AVR Smith, Rod Morris.
* Universities Group;
* Defence: The Hon. ], MP, ], MP, and Commander Anthony Courteney (former MP for ]); and * Defence: ] ] MP; ] ] MP <small>], ], ]</small>; Commander ] MP <small>]</small>; ] Martin Wemyss <small>]</small>
* Foreign Affairs: ], MP (joined Club 1964), ], MP, and Gregory Lauder-Frost. * Foreign Affairs: ] MP; ],<ref name="Dod p.172"/> ] MP and Gregory Lauder-Frost.

==Foreign affairs==
===Anti-communism===
]'s El Salvador Dinner, London, 25 September 1989. L to R: ], ], ]'s Foreign Minister, Andrew Smith (yellow tie), Dr ]]]
The club was ] and had an active Defence Committee chaired for over 15 years by Sir ] MP MC and produced much literature on the perceived threat posed by Soviets and communists everywhere.

When it appeared that communism was failing in the ], the club's Foreign Affairs Committee in 1990 called upon Members of Parliament to be ready and to argue for the German borders to be restored to the position they stood at on 1 January 1938, saying there must be no gains for communism.<ref>'']'', 4 March 1990.</ref> By challenging the ], the club was arguing that Germany should take back all of the parts of Poland and the Soviet Union that been part of Germany in 1938, through what was to happen to the Poles living in such cites as ] (formerly the German city of Breslau), ] (formerly the German city of Stettin), and the Russians living in ] (formerly the German city of Königsberg) was left unexplained.

Club officers, including Gregory Lauder-Frost, ], and Lord Sudeley, attended a ] dinner in September 1989 in honour of ] president ], whose military was at the time fighting the ].<ref>'']'' and '']'', Court & Social pages, both on 26 September 1989.</ref>

The club also took a hard line on the return of White Russians by the British Army to Joseph Stalin's Red Army in 1945–46, who executed nearly all of them. In this respect it gave its support to Count ], historian and author of '']'' and '']'', who was then being sued for libel, by holding a dinner for him at London's ] on 26 October 1988.<ref>'']'', Court & Social columns, 27 October 1988.</ref>


==Foreign affairs==
===Africa=== ===Africa===
] makes a point at a dinner organised in his honour by The Hon. ] (far left) at ], Kent, 23 July 1990. Smith is flanked by ] and ], both MPs, and Rhodesian flags.]]
The club opposed what it described as the "premature" independence of ], and the breakup of the ], which was the subject of its first major public meeting in September 1961 <ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 6</ref>. It was fundamentally opposed to decolonisation, and defended ] in South Africa and ].
The club opposed what it described as the "premature" independence of ], and the breakup of the ], which was the subject of its first major public meeting in September 1961.<ref>Copping, 1972 p.6</ref> It was fundamentally opposed to decolonisation, and defended ] in ] and ].
], ]: L to R: ], M.P., ], MP, Count ], President ], ], The Hon. ], Rod Morris.]]
] & ] MP on the Croatia-Serbia front line as part of the Monday Club delegation, 12 Oct 1991]]
During the ] (UDI) period in ], the club strongly backed the government of ] and the ], being seen as its strongest supporters in Britain. In November 1963, the club had hosted a large reception for Smith at the Howard Hotel in London. That was followed the next year by receptions for ]
and ]. The Club continued its support for European rule in South Africa and held a large dinner in central London, on ], ], for their guest-of-honour Dr. ], Leader of the Conservative Party of South Africa, and his delegation. ], MP, and the Lord Sudeley were amongst those present from parliament.<ref> '']'' and '']'', Court & Social columns, June 6, 1989.</ref>


During the ] (UDI) period in ], the club strongly backed the White minority government of ] and the ], being seen as its strongest supporters in Britain. In November 1963, the club had hosted a large reception for Smith at the Howard Hotel in London. That was followed the next year by receptions for ] and ]. The club continued its support for white minority rule in South Africa, with Lauder-Frost organising a large dinner in central London, on 5 June 1989, for its guest-of-honour Dr ], leader of the pro-apartheid ], and his delegation. ] MP and the Lord Sudeley were amongst those present from Parliament.<ref>'']'' and '']'', Court & Social columns, 6 June 1989.</ref>
===Northern Ireland===
Following a ] (IRA) bombing at ], ], in February 1972, club member and MP ] called for legislation to outlaw the IRA and its political wing, ]. The club was opposed to the dismantling of the Stormont government in Northern Ireland and the imposition of direct rule.<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club - Crisis and After'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, May 1975: 5,6,9</ref> On ] ], Lauder-Frost, on behalf of the Club, denounced "the disgraceful ]" in '']''.


===Croatia=== ===Croatia===
] MP, ] MP, Count ], President ], Gregory Lauder-Frost, The Hon. ], Rod Morris.]]
The governing party in Croatia invited the Monday Club to send a delegation to observe their conflict with Serbia, in October 1991, when the latter was attempting by violence to stop Croatia from leaving the Yugoslav federation. It was the first British political delegation to go to Croatia during the conflict.<ref> ''Times'', ], ], carried a letter from Gregory Lauder-Frost on behalf of the Club about this delegation and its findings.</ref>
The government of ] in ] invited the Monday Club to send a delegation to observe its conflict with ], in October 1991, when the war for Croatian independence from the tottering ] was at its height, with the armies of both sides engaged in serious fighting. The club delegation arrived just days after the Yugoslav Air Force bombing of the historic upper city in ].<ref>Almond, Mark, ''Europe's Backyard War - The War in the ]'', Heinemann, London, 1994, pps:223-9.</ref> It was the first British political delegation to go to Croatia during the conflict.<ref>'']'', 5 May 1992, carried a letter from Gregory Lauder-Frost on behalf of the club about this delegation and its findings.</ref>
] and ] MP on the Croatia-Serbia front line as part of the Monday Club delegation, 12 October 1991]]
{{Clear}}


===Immigration=== ===European Union===
Debate within the club was intense on the ]. In the early days of the ] (EEC) one of the club's MPs, ], was so pro-EEC that he was known as "Mr. Europe". Because of the divisions within the club on this issue the decision was taken not to have a policy on it. However, by 1980 the mood had changed. A club discussion paper in October 1980 was entitled ''Do Tories Really want to Scrap 80% of Britain's Fishing Fleet'', and the club adopted a firm anti-] (EU) position. ], an anti-EEC MP, became chairman of the club's EEC Affairs Policy Committee and authored a club policy paper in December 1982 entitled ''Proposals to Rescue the British Fishing Industry''. The club's Scottish branch's newspaper, ''The Challenger'', carried a further article against the EEC by Taylor in September 1985 entitled "Swallowing the Nation".
In September 1972, the club held a "Halt Immigration Now!" public meeting in Westminster Central Hall, opposite Parliament, at which the speakers, ], QC, MP, ], MP, Harold Soref, MP, and ], MP, (all club members) called on the government to halt all immigration, repeal the Race Relations Act (1968 Commonwealth Immigration Act), and start a full repatriation scheme. A resolution was drafted, approved by the meeting, and delivered to the Prime Minister, ], who replied that "the government had no intention of repealing the Race Relations Act". When ] resigned from the Cabinet, the Liberal leader, ], commented that "Mr. Heath has been left to wrestle with the Monday Club single-handed."<ref> Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club - Crisis and After'', Current Affairs Information Unit, London, May 1975: 6 - 7</ref>,


] also spoke against the EEC at one of the Monday Club's fringe meetings at the Conservative Party Conference at Blackpool on 8 October 1991, with Lauder-Frost presiding, which was filmed and broadcast on ]'s '']'' that night. In 1992, the chairman, Dr. Mark Mayall, authored another club booklet entitled: ''Maastricht: The High Tide of European Federalism'', a fierce attack on the EEC.
In October 1982, the Monday Club published its latest, slightly revised, policy on immigration. It called for:

==Immigration==
In September 1972, the club held a "Halt Immigration Now!" public meeting in ], opposite Parliament, at which the speakers ] QC MP, ] MP, ] MP, and ] MP (all club members) called on the government to halt all immigration, repeal the ], (not the separate ]), and start a full repatriation scheme. A resolution was drafted, approved by the meeting, and delivered to the Prime Minister, ], who replied that "the government had no intention of repealing the Race Relations Act". When ] resigned from the Cabinet, the ] leader, ], commented that "Mr. Heath has been left to wrestle with the Monday Club single-handed."<ref>Copping, 1975, pp. 6–7.</ref>

In October 1982, the Monday Club published a slightly revised, policy on immigration. It called for:
# Scrapping of the ] and Community Relations Councils. # Scrapping of the ] and Community Relations Councils.
# Repeal of the race relations laws. # Repeal of the race relations laws.
# An end to the use of race or colour as criteria for the distribution of state benefits & loans. # An end to the use of race or colour as criteria for the distribution of state benefits and loans.
# An end to positive discrimination and all special treatment based upon race or colour. # An end to positive discrimination.
# An end to all further large-scale permanent immigration from the ] and ]. # To bring an end to large-scale permanent immigration from the ].
# An improved repatriation scheme with generous resettlement grants for all those from the NCWP countries who wish to take advantage of them. # An improved repatriation scheme with generous resettlement grants for all those who wish to take advantage of them.
# The redesignation of the Ministry of Overseas Aid as a Ministry for Overseas Resettlement.


Although more explicit in detail, the general thrust of policy accorded with that found in the ] manifesto published ahead of the general election ].
The Club's position on immigration was reiterated in a letter in ''The Times'' from Lauder-Frost on the Club's behalf in October 1991 where he stated that the annual levels of immigration "were unacceptable" and called for "the strictest possible entry to Britain for those of other cultures."<ref> '']'' (letters) ], ].</ref>

The club's position on immigration was reiterated in a letter in '']'' from Lauder-Frost on the club's behalf in October 1991, in which he stated that the annual levels of immigration "were unacceptable".<ref>'']'' (letters), 9 October 1991.</ref>

==Northern Ireland==
Following an ] (IRA) bombing at ], ], in February 1972, club member and MP ] called for legislation to outlaw the Official IRA and its political wing, ]. The club was opposed to the dismantling of the ] in Northern Ireland and the imposition of direct rule.<ref>Copping, 1975, pp. 5, 6, 9.</ref>


==Controversies and criticism== ==Controversies and criticism==
{{criticism section|section|date=March 2021}}
The club has frequently been described in the media as "far-right"<ref>
''The Guardian'' claimed back in 1968 that the organisation was "probably the nearest British equivalent to the American ]".<ref>''Powell and His Allies'', Labour Research Department, (p. 12) 1969.</ref> It was claimed by opponents that the ] had started an active programme of entryism into the organisation, mainly via the growing number of regional branches. Throughout the early part of the 1970s the leadership stepped up its efforts considerably to try to address this issue. A new standardised set of rules and procedures were instituted which sought to institute a far greater level of centralised control over the growth and activity of the regional branches. There were a number of expulsions, and some branches were forced to disband.
</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>. and, in 2002, as a "bastion on the Tory hard right" by the ]<ref></ref>. However, the club for decades had campaigned against what they said was bias at the ]. Gregory Lauder-Frost was interviewed by ] in '']'' on ] ] when he stated, on behalf of the Club, that "the BBC does not support the British people" and of "history being rewritten by left-wing trendies". The playwright ] described the Monday Club in an academic essay as "proselytis the ancient and venerable conservative traditions of ], ] and ]." . ] refers to the Club as practising an anti-socialist and ] form of ].


On 24 February 1991, '']'' ran a lengthy article entitled "Far Right takes over the Monday Club", stating that a number of senior members had tendered their resignations in protest at the club's "takeover" by "extreme right-wingers." The club's solicitors, Rubenstein, Callingham & Gale, sent a formal letter of protest to the editor of ''The Observer'' about the article, and demanded a right of reply for the club. The editor agreed and Lauder-Frost, writing on behalf of the club, subsequently challenged the article's accusations in a ], which was published the following Sunday. He denied that a takeover had occurred, said that none of the club's policies had changed and that its direction was consistent with its aims and historical principles. Faction fighting within the club following Lauder-Frost's departure at the end of May 1992 led to a period of instability and a resulting loss of membership. The club's influence declined.
It was claimed by opponents of the club that many members had drawn closer to the ], it being reported as early as 1973 that NF members were moving to take over branches of the club<ref></ref>.


==Suspension of links by the Conservative Party (2001)==
On ] ], '']'' ran a lengthy article entitled "Far Right takes over the Monday Club", stating that a number of senior members had tendered their resignations in protest at the Club's "takeover" by "extreme right-wingers" some of whom were associated with the ]. The Club's solicitors, Rubenstein, Callingham & Gale, sent a formal letter of protest to the editor of the ''Observer'' about the article, and demanded a right-of-reply for the Club. The editor agreed and Lauder-Frost, writing on behalf of the Club, subsequently challenged the article's accusations in a ], which was published the following Sunday. He denied that a takeover had occurred, and claimed that none of the Club's policies had changed and that its direction was consistent with its aims and historical principles.
After the defeats in the ] and ], the Conservative Party began decisive moves towards becoming more centrist; the 2002–2003 party chairman and future Prime Minister, ], would later state that it had been perceived by voters as the "Nasty Party". The then party leader, ], suspended the Monday Club's longstanding links with the party in October 2001,<ref>"." ''BBC News''. 18 October 2001.</ref> saying his party would have nothing to do with the organisation unless it stopped making "distasteful" remarks on race and immigration.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">." ''BBC News''. 10 May 2002.</ref>

Although the Monday Club was a completely autonomous pressure-group and not part of the Conservative Party organisation, Conservative Party chairman ] then informed the club's National Executive that links between it and the party were being severed until it stopped promoting several of its (long-held and established<ref name = "Messina 1989"/>{{rp|138}}) policies such as the voluntary repatriation of ethnic minorities.<ref name=TGraph>{{cite news|last=Sparrow|first=Andrew| author-link = Andrew Sparrow |title=Duncan Smith orders Monday Club to suspend Tory links|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1359863/Duncan-Smith-orders-Monday-Club-to-suspend-Tory-links.html|access-date=16 November 2013|newspaper=]|date=19 October 2001|location=London}}</ref> Davis later told the media: "I have told them that until a number of things are concluded&mdash;particularly some concerns about the membership of the club, and a review of the club's constitution and a requirement that the club will not promulgate or discuss policies relating to race&mdash;the club is suspended from any association with the Conservative party".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/oct/19/uk.race|title=Tories cut Monday Club link over race policies|first=Nicholas|last=Watt|date=19 October 2001|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Three MPs, ], ] and ], were ordered to resign from the club.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==The club's later years==
From 1993, new full members of the club had to be members of the Conservative Party, though there was no such requirement for associate membership.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125537/http://www.conservativeuk.com/mcapp.pdf |date=2016-04-12 }}.</ref> Monday Club observers, such as ], have attended ] conferences.

In 2002, the club was described as a "bastion on the Tory hard right" by ].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1978846.stm | work=BBC News | title=Right-wing club appeals for Tory return | date=10 May 2002}}</ref> The club's agenda stresses support for what it calls "traditional Conservative values", including "resistance to ']{{'"}}.<ref name="Britain1">{{cite news|title=Welcome to the Monday Club|url=https://www.conservativeuk.com/|access-date=8 June 2019|website=Monday Club|date=March 2016|location= Bishop's Stortford}}</ref>

On 10 May 2002, the ] reported that the club sought to restore its links with the Conservative Party.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" />

'']'' reported on 2 June 2006 that, as the club "is now slowly nudging back into the mainstream, many members feel that it is time to return to the fold". Having returned to being a much smaller organisation, the Club continues to lobby Parliamentarians, to publish comment pieces and an annual journal. It also organises occasional meetings and hosts dinners in London. Recent{{when|date=July 2022}} speakers have included Sir ] MP, ], ] MP, ] and ] MP.

The group's website listed its priorities as the maintenance of the monarchy and the Union; protecting the "family unit"; restoring law and order; opposition to Britain's membership in the EU; promoting a "sound economy" and a "robust defence capability"; opposition to "political correctness" and maintaining traditional values.<ref name="Britain1"/>

With the emergence of groups such as Conservative Alliance for Britain and Popular Conservatives; the Club's place as the flag bearer of the traditional right tendency had largely been superseded. For this reason, coupled with a declining membership and increasingly straightened finances, the Club's Executive reluctantly came to the decision to disband the organisation in July 2024.

== Monday Club publications ==
{{Further|List of Conservative Monday Club publications}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}


==References== ==References==
* Copping, Robert, ''No Punches Pulled - Britain Today'', Current Affairs Information Service (CAIS), Ilford, Essex, n/d but probably circa 1970 (P/B). * Copping, Robert, ''No Punches Pulled - Britain Today'', Current Affairs Information Service (CAIS), Ilford, Essex, n/d but probably circa 1970 (P/B).
* Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', (i) (Foreword by ]), Current Affairs Information Service, ], Essex, April 1972 (P/B). * Copping, Robert, ''The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade'', (i) (Foreword by ]), Current Affairs Information Service, ], Essex, April 1972 (P/B).
* Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club - Crisis and After'', (foreword by ], MP), (ii) CAIS, Ilford, May 1975 (P/B). * Copping, Robert, ''The Monday Club - Crisis and After'', (foreword by ] MP), (ii) CAIS, Ilford, May 1975 (P/B).
* Rose, Professor Richard, ''Politics in England - Persistence and Change'', London, 1st published 1965. 4th edition 1985, p.301, ISBN 0-571-13830-6 * Rose, Professor Richard, ''Politics in England - Persistence and Change'', London, 1st published 1965. 4th edition 1985, p.&nbsp;301, {{ISBN|0-571-13830-6}}
* ], (editor), ''The Ideology of the New Right'', Cambridge, 1986, ISBN 0-7456-0190-1 * ], '']'', London, 1998, {{ISBN|0-297-84286-2}} (many references to the Monday Club).
* Coxall, Bill, and Lynton Robins, ''Contemporary British Politics'', Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 1993 reprint, (P/B), Monday Club profile on p.&nbsp;239. {{ISBN|0-333-34046-9}}
* Messina, Anthony M., ''Race and Party Competition in Britain'', Clarendon Press, 1989, p.138, ISBN 0-19-827534-X
* ], ''The Nature of Fascism'', London, 1991, p.161. ISBN 0-86187-112-X
* ], ''Like the Roman - The Life of ]'', London, 1998, ISBN 0-297-84286-2 (many references to the Monday Club).
* Coxall, Bill, and Lynton Robins, ''Contemporary British Politics'', Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 1993 reprint, (P/B), Monday Club profile on p.239. ISBN 0-333-34046-9

== Monday Club publications==
* See ].


==External links== ==External links==
*
*
*{{Official website|http://www.conservativeuk.com}}

{{Conservative Party (UK)}}
== Notes ==
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Latest revision as of 12:56, 23 November 2024

Political pressure group in the UK
Conservative Monday Club
Header of the Monday Club from the 1970s
Formation1 January 1961; 63 years ago (1961-01-01)
FoundersPaul Bristol
Ian Grieg
Cedric Gunnery
Anthony Maclaren
PurposeBritish conservatism
High Toryism
Anti-communism
Anti-immigration
Location
This article is part of a series on
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in the United Kingdom
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The Conservative Monday Club (usually known as the Monday Club) was a British political pressure group, aligned with the Conservative Party, though no longer endorsed by it. It also had links to the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) in Northern Ireland.

Founded in 1961, in reaction to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's opposition to white minority rule in Southern Rhodesia, the club became embroiled in the decolonisation and immigration debate, inevitably highlighting the controversial issue of race, which has dominated its image ever since. The club was known for its fierce opposition to non-white immigration to Britain and its support for apartheid-era South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. By 1971, the club had 35 MPs, six of them ministers, and 35 peers, with membership (including branches) totaling about 10,000.

In 1982, the constitution was re-written, with more emphasis on support for the Conservative Party, but it remained autonomous from the party. In-fighting over the club's traditional Tory agenda led to many resignations in 1991. In 2001, the Conservative Party formally severed relations with the club, which had ceased to exercise significant influence, with full membership below 600.

Following a vote of the Executive Council, the organisation was formally disbanded in July 2024.

History

Foundation and early years

The club was founded on 1 January 1961, by four young Conservative Party members, Paul Bristol (a 24-year-old shipbroker and the club's first chairman, who left the club in 1968), Ian Greig (Membership Secretary until 1969), Cedric Gunnery (Treasurer until 1992; died 16 Mar 2023), and Anthony Maclaren. The club was formed "to force local party associations to discuss and debate party policy". Its first general policy statement deplored the tendency of recent Conservative governments to adopt policies based upon expediency and demanded that instead Tory principles should be the guiding influence. It believed that the principles needing to be reasserted included the preservation of the constitution and existing institutions, the freedom of the individual, the private ownership of property, and the need for Britain to play a leading part in world affairs.

The club disliked what it regarded as the expediency, cynicism and materialism which motivated Harold Macmillan's government. In addition it was concerned that during this period "the left wing of the Party (had) gained a predominant influence over policy" and that as a result the Conservative Party had shifted to the left, so that "the floating voter could not detect, as he should, major differences between it and the Socialists" and, furthermore, "loyal Conservatives had become disillusioned and dispirited". The club's published aims stated that it "seeks to evolve a dynamic application of traditional Tory principles".

The group brought together supporters of Rhodesia and South Africa; the main impetus for the group's formation was the Conservatives' new decolonisation policies, in particular as a general reaction to Macmillan's 'Wind of Change' speech made in South Africa. The club stated that Macmillan had "turned the Party Left", and its first pamphlet opposed these policies as indicative of the Conservative Party's move towards liberalism. The club is notable for having promoted a policy of voluntary, or assisted, repatriation for Commonwealth immigrants, a policy subsequently adopted in the 1970 Conservative Party manifesto.

The 5th Marquess of Salisbury (1893–1972), who had resigned from Macmillan's Cabinet over the Prime Minister's liberal direction, became its first president in January 1962, when he stated "there was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today". By the end of 1963 there were eleven Members of Parliament in the Club, which then had an overall membership of about 300. The club was courted by many Conservative politicians, including the Conservative Party leader Sir Alec Douglas-Home who was guest-of-honour at the club's annual dinners of 1964 and 1969, and Enoch Powell, who, in a speech in 1968, said that "it was due to the Monday Club that many are brought within the Conservative Party who might otherwise be estranged from it".

That year Alan Clark joined the club and was soon chairman of its Wiltshire branch. Under its chairman from 1964 to 1969, Paul Williams, who until 1964 had been MP for Sunderland South, the club enjoyed significant growth and influence. Some argued that the club had a disproportionate influence within Conservative circles, especially after six of its members who were MPs joined the Cabinet in 1970.

Harold Wilson, twice Labour Prime Minister, described the club as "the guardian of the Tory conscience". Oxford political scholar Roger Griffin referred to the club as practicing an anti-socialist and elitist form of conservatism.

Membership

By 1970, eighteen Members of Parliament were club members:

In the 1970 Conservative Party election victory, six MPs who were club members were given Cabinet positions. In addition, the following club members were elected that year:

Among sitting MPs who joined the club after that and other elections, along with those who became MPs were:

Peers of the House of Lords who were Monday Club members:

Other notable members:

A number of other Monday Club members contested Labour-held seats, some of which had large majorities, and although the challenge was unsuccessful, their majorities were reduced. These included: Tim Keigwin, who almost unseated the Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe at North Devon, Councillor John Pritchard of Bromley London Borough Council, who contested Wrexham and Norwood, and David Clarke, whose personal campaign assistant was the chairman of the club's Young Members' Group, Christopher Horne, and who failed by only 76 votes at Watford.

By 1971, the club "undoubtedly had the largest membership of any conservative group and included 55 different groups in universities and colleges, 35 Members of Parliament with six in the government, and 35 Peers". At the club's Annual General Meeting on 26 April 1971, in Westminster Central Hall, the chairman, George Pole, announced that "our membership, including national, branches and universities is around 10,000."

MP John Biggs-Davison, in his foreword to Robert Copping's second book on the history of the club, stated that "by its principles has kept alive true Tory beliefs and held within its ranks many who contemplated defecting from the Conservative and Unionist Party". The club's chairman in June 1981, David Storey, described it as "an anchor to a ship", referring to the Conservative Party.

The Thatcher years

Three of the Young Members' Group at a Club Conference at Chilham Castle, 1980: John R. Pinniger (YMG Chairman), Richard Turnbull and Gregory Lauder-Frost.

The club's revised constitution (21 May 1984) stated that "the objects of the Club are to support the Conservative & Unionist Party in those policies designed:

  • to maintain loyalty to the Crown and to uphold the sovereignty of Parliament, the security of the realm, and defence of the nation against external aggression and internal subversion;
  • to safeguard the liberty of the subject and integrity of the family in accordance with the customs, traditions, and character of the British people;
  • to maintain the British constitution in obedience and respect for the laws of the land, freedom of worship and our national heritage;
  • to promote an economy consistent with national aspirations and Tory ideals;
  • to encourage members of the club to play an active part, at all levels, in the affairs of the Conservative and Unionist Party."
Members gather for the club's 20th anniversary riverboat party organised by the Young Members' Group, 15 July 1981.

During the period that Margaret Thatcher led the Conservative Party, the Monday Club were prolific publishers of booklets, pamphlets, policy papers, an occasional newspaper, Right Ahead, and a magazine Monday World edited for some years by Sir Adrian FitzGerald, Bart., Sam Swerling, and later, Eleanor Dodd. In the October 1982 edition, MP Harvey Proctor called for the scrapping of the Commission for Racial Equality, Sir Patrick Wall commented on the Falklands War, James Molyneaux had an article "What Future for Ulster", and Dr. Harvey Ward had an article on "Zimbabwe Today". The September 1984 edition of Monday News carried the headline "Kinnock Talks to Terrorists", quoting former Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock's declaration to the African National Congress's Oliver Tambo that the ANC in South Africa could expect financial and material assistance from a future Labour government. Other attacks were made upon then-Greater London Council leader Ken Livingstone inviting Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams to visit London in 1982.

An early member, in his Diaries, Alan Clark describes speaking later to a county-branch of the Monday Club in 1982: "I really cannot bear the Monday Club. They are all mad, quite different from its heyday, when it was a right-wing pressure group at the time of Ted Heath's Government. Now they are a prickly residue in the body politic, a nasty sort of gallstone."

The playwright David Edgar described the Monday Club, in 1986, as "proselytis the ancient and venerable conservative traditions of paternalism, imperialism and racism."

Old Guard departs

The Foreign Affairs Committee were responsible for the club's Russia Dinner on 11 January 1990, with Vladimir Cyrillovich, Grand Duke of Russia, pretender to the Imperial throne, being the guest-of-honour.

In 1988–89, a group of longstanding members, led by Gregory Lauder-Frost, the club's Foreign Affairs Committee chairman, succeeded in getting elected to the key posts on the Executive Council, with Dr. Mark Mayall as deputy chairman, and Lauder-Frost as the Political Secretary.

At the beginning of January 1991, the Monday Club News announced the abolition of the only salaried position, that of Director (then held by the club's Treasurer, Cedric Gunnery, one of the club's founders). Although this was due to the club's precarious financial state, some felt more sinister moves afoot. Negative news stories began emerging and resignations followed. An internal investigation followed. The chairman, David Storey, lost an almost unanimous vote of no confidence on 17 January 1991, and his membership was terminated by the club's Executive Council on 11 February on the grounds that "he has engaged in behaviour prejudicial to the best interests, reputation, objects, and other members of the Monday Club; by abusing his position as Chairman in encouraging members to leave the Monday Club and to join a new political group". Dr. Mayall became Acting Chairman until the May AGM when he was confirmed in that post by election. By 1992, the new team had the national (as opposed to branches) membership over 1600 again.

Lauder-Frost's resignation on 31 May 1992 saw the club descend into faction fighting and to a period of instability, with more departures and a resulting loss of membership and the club's influence declined. Subsequent failed expulsion attempts resulted in huge legal bills, and when Dr. Mark Mayall's term as chairman expired in April 1993 he left the group. Control passed effectively into the hands of Denis Walker, a former Methodist missionary, and later Minister for Education in the Rhodesian government. He changed the role of the club from a pressure group to a Conservative Party support group, bringing in a rule that all members must firstly be members of the party, something that prior to 1992 had been opposed.

Organisation

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Premises

The national club established its offices at 51–53 Victoria Street, a few minutes' walk from the Palace of Westminster. The club was, however, always a pressure group, remaining separate from the Conservative Party organisation. Around 1980, the Victoria Street building was cleared for demolition, and the club moved its offices to 122 Newgate Street, London, EC1, opposite the Old Bailey. High rents forced another move to 4 Orlando Road, Clapham Common. In 1991 the club's office was moved to an office belonging to W. Denis Walker, opposite Highams Park railway station in Waltham Forest, east London, with new telephone numbers, and a new Post Office Box number in central London. The newsletter stated that "it is our long-term aim to relocate back to the very heart of London". Since then the club office has moved to the premises of other companies associated with Walker, at 65 Chapel Hill, Bishop's Stortford, CM23 3XR and Southmill Trading Centre, Bishop's Stortford, CM23 3DY, which according to Companies House is the current address as of Jan 2023.

Branches

In addition to the national club, which operated through an elected Executive Council and numerous policy groups or committees, there were semi-autonomous county branches, a Young Members Monday Club, and numerous university Monday Clubs, the most prominent and active being at the University of Oxford.

Policy committees

The Monday Club had various study groups (later renamed policy committees) including:

Foreign affairs

Anti-communism

At the Western Goals Institute's El Salvador Dinner, London, 25 September 1989. L to R: Denis Walker, Lord Sudeley, El Salvador's Foreign Minister, Andrew Smith (yellow tie), Dr Harvey Ward

The club was anti-communist and had an active Defence Committee chaired for over 15 years by Sir Patrick Wall MP MC and produced much literature on the perceived threat posed by Soviets and communists everywhere.

When it appeared that communism was failing in the Eastern Bloc, the club's Foreign Affairs Committee in 1990 called upon Members of Parliament to be ready and to argue for the German borders to be restored to the position they stood at on 1 January 1938, saying there must be no gains for communism. By challenging the Oder-Neisse line, the club was arguing that Germany should take back all of the parts of Poland and the Soviet Union that been part of Germany in 1938, through what was to happen to the Poles living in such cites as Wrocław (formerly the German city of Breslau), Szczecin (formerly the German city of Stettin), and the Russians living in Kaliningrad (formerly the German city of Königsberg) was left unexplained.

Club officers, including Gregory Lauder-Frost, Denis Walker, and Lord Sudeley, attended a Western Goals Institute dinner in September 1989 in honour of Salvadorian president Alfredo Cristiani, whose military was at the time fighting the FMLN.

The club also took a hard line on the return of White Russians by the British Army to Joseph Stalin's Red Army in 1945–46, who executed nearly all of them. In this respect it gave its support to Count Nikolai Tolstoy, historian and author of Victims of Yalta and The Minister and the Massacres, who was then being sued for libel, by holding a dinner for him at London's Charing Cross Hotel on 26 October 1988.

Africa

Ian Smith makes a point at a dinner organised in his honour by The Hon. Denis Walker (far left) at Lympne Castle, Kent, 23 July 1990. Smith is flanked by Nicholas and Ann Winterton, both MPs, and Rhodesian flags.

The club opposed what it described as the "premature" independence of Kenya, and the breakup of the Central African Federation, which was the subject of its first major public meeting in September 1961. It was fundamentally opposed to decolonisation, and defended white minority rule in South Africa and Rhodesia.

During the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) period in Rhodesia, the club strongly backed the White minority government of Ian Smith and the Rhodesian Front, being seen as its strongest supporters in Britain. In November 1963, the club had hosted a large reception for Smith at the Howard Hotel in London. That was followed the next year by receptions for Clifford Dupont and Moise Tshombe. The club continued its support for white minority rule in South Africa, with Lauder-Frost organising a large dinner in central London, on 5 June 1989, for its guest-of-honour Dr Andries Treurnicht, leader of the pro-apartheid Conservative Party of South Africa, and his delegation. Tim Janman MP and the Lord Sudeley were amongst those present from Parliament.

Croatia

Meet the President: The Monday Club delegation to Croatia, 12 October 1991: L to R: Roger Knapman MP, Andrew Hunter MP, Count Nikolai Tolstoy, President Franjo Tuđman, Gregory Lauder-Frost, The Hon. Denis Walker, Rod Morris.

The government of Franjo Tuđman in Croatia invited the Monday Club to send a delegation to observe its conflict with Serbia, in October 1991, when the war for Croatian independence from the tottering Yugoslavia was at its height, with the armies of both sides engaged in serious fighting. The club delegation arrived just days after the Yugoslav Air Force bombing of the historic upper city in Zagreb. It was the first British political delegation to go to Croatia during the conflict.

Denis Walker and Andrew Hunter MP on the Croatia-Serbia front line as part of the Monday Club delegation, 12 October 1991

European Union

Debate within the club was intense on the European Union. In the early days of the European Economic Community (EEC) one of the club's MPs, Geoffrey Rippon, was so pro-EEC that he was known as "Mr. Europe". Because of the divisions within the club on this issue the decision was taken not to have a policy on it. However, by 1980 the mood had changed. A club discussion paper in October 1980 was entitled Do Tories Really want to Scrap 80% of Britain's Fishing Fleet, and the club adopted a firm anti-European Union (EU) position. Teddy Taylor, an anti-EEC MP, became chairman of the club's EEC Affairs Policy Committee and authored a club policy paper in December 1982 entitled Proposals to Rescue the British Fishing Industry. The club's Scottish branch's newspaper, The Challenger, carried a further article against the EEC by Taylor in September 1985 entitled "Swallowing the Nation".

Enoch Powell also spoke against the EEC at one of the Monday Club's fringe meetings at the Conservative Party Conference at Blackpool on 8 October 1991, with Lauder-Frost presiding, which was filmed and broadcast on BBC TV's Newsnight that night. In 1992, the chairman, Dr. Mark Mayall, authored another club booklet entitled: Maastricht: The High Tide of European Federalism, a fierce attack on the EEC.

Immigration

In September 1972, the club held a "Halt Immigration Now!" public meeting in Westminster Central Hall, opposite Parliament, at which the speakers Ronald Bell QC MP, John Biggs-Davison MP, Harold Soref MP, and John Heydon Stokes MP (all club members) called on the government to halt all immigration, repeal the Race Relations Act, (not the separate Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968), and start a full repatriation scheme. A resolution was drafted, approved by the meeting, and delivered to the Prime Minister, Edward Heath, who replied that "the government had no intention of repealing the Race Relations Act". When Reginald Maudling resigned from the Cabinet, the Liberal leader, Jeremy Thorpe, commented that "Mr. Heath has been left to wrestle with the Monday Club single-handed."

In October 1982, the Monday Club published a slightly revised, policy on immigration. It called for:

  1. Scrapping of the Commission for Racial Equality and Community Relations Councils.
  2. Repeal of the race relations laws.
  3. An end to the use of race or colour as criteria for the distribution of state benefits and loans.
  4. An end to positive discrimination.
  5. To bring an end to large-scale permanent immigration from the New Commonwealth.
  6. An improved repatriation scheme with generous resettlement grants for all those who wish to take advantage of them.

Although more explicit in detail, the general thrust of policy accorded with that found in the Conservative Party manifesto published ahead of the general election the following year.

The club's position on immigration was reiterated in a letter in The Times from Lauder-Frost on the club's behalf in October 1991, in which he stated that the annual levels of immigration "were unacceptable".

Northern Ireland

Following an Official Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombing at Aldershot, Hampshire, in February 1972, club member and MP Jill Knight called for legislation to outlaw the Official IRA and its political wing, Sinn Féin (Official). The club was opposed to the dismantling of the Stormont government in Northern Ireland and the imposition of direct rule.

Controversies and criticism

This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page. (March 2021)

The Guardian claimed back in 1968 that the organisation was "probably the nearest British equivalent to the American John Birch Society". It was claimed by opponents that the National Front had started an active programme of entryism into the organisation, mainly via the growing number of regional branches. Throughout the early part of the 1970s the leadership stepped up its efforts considerably to try to address this issue. A new standardised set of rules and procedures were instituted which sought to institute a far greater level of centralised control over the growth and activity of the regional branches. There were a number of expulsions, and some branches were forced to disband.

On 24 February 1991, The Observer ran a lengthy article entitled "Far Right takes over the Monday Club", stating that a number of senior members had tendered their resignations in protest at the club's "takeover" by "extreme right-wingers." The club's solicitors, Rubenstein, Callingham & Gale, sent a formal letter of protest to the editor of The Observer about the article, and demanded a right of reply for the club. The editor agreed and Lauder-Frost, writing on behalf of the club, subsequently challenged the article's accusations in a Letter to the Editor, which was published the following Sunday. He denied that a takeover had occurred, said that none of the club's policies had changed and that its direction was consistent with its aims and historical principles. Faction fighting within the club following Lauder-Frost's departure at the end of May 1992 led to a period of instability and a resulting loss of membership. The club's influence declined.

Suspension of links by the Conservative Party (2001)

After the defeats in the 1997 general election and 2001 general election, the Conservative Party began decisive moves towards becoming more centrist; the 2002–2003 party chairman and future Prime Minister, Theresa May, would later state that it had been perceived by voters as the "Nasty Party". The then party leader, Iain Duncan Smith, suspended the Monday Club's longstanding links with the party in October 2001, saying his party would have nothing to do with the organisation unless it stopped making "distasteful" remarks on race and immigration.

Although the Monday Club was a completely autonomous pressure-group and not part of the Conservative Party organisation, Conservative Party chairman David Davis then informed the club's National Executive that links between it and the party were being severed until it stopped promoting several of its (long-held and established) policies such as the voluntary repatriation of ethnic minorities. Davis later told the media: "I have told them that until a number of things are concluded—particularly some concerns about the membership of the club, and a review of the club's constitution and a requirement that the club will not promulgate or discuss policies relating to race—the club is suspended from any association with the Conservative party". Three MPs, Andrew Hunter, Andrew Rosindell and Angela Watkinson, were ordered to resign from the club.

The club's later years

From 1993, new full members of the club had to be members of the Conservative Party, though there was no such requirement for associate membership. Monday Club observers, such as Denis Walker, have attended Democratic Unionist Party conferences.

In 2002, the club was described as a "bastion on the Tory hard right" by BBC News Online. The club's agenda stresses support for what it calls "traditional Conservative values", including "resistance to 'political correctness'".

On 10 May 2002, the BBC reported that the club sought to restore its links with the Conservative Party.

The Times reported on 2 June 2006 that, as the club "is now slowly nudging back into the mainstream, many members feel that it is time to return to the fold". Having returned to being a much smaller organisation, the Club continues to lobby Parliamentarians, to publish comment pieces and an annual journal. It also organises occasional meetings and hosts dinners in London. Recent speakers have included Sir Christopher Chope MP, Michael Nazir-Ali, Andrew Rosindell MP, Arlene Foster and Ian Paisley Jr MP.

The group's website listed its priorities as the maintenance of the monarchy and the Union; protecting the "family unit"; restoring law and order; opposition to Britain's membership in the EU; promoting a "sound economy" and a "robust defence capability"; opposition to "political correctness" and maintaining traditional values.

With the emergence of groups such as Conservative Alliance for Britain and Popular Conservatives; the Club's place as the flag bearer of the traditional right tendency had largely been superseded. For this reason, coupled with a declining membership and increasingly straightened finances, the Club's Executive reluctantly came to the decision to disband the organisation in July 2024.

Monday Club publications

Further information: List of Conservative Monday Club publications

Notes

  1. Seyd, Patrick, Factionalism within the Conservative Party: The Monday Club in Government and Opposition, volume 7, no. 4., 1972.
  2. "GUNNERY - Deaths Announcements - Telegraph Announcements".
  3. Policy and Aims. The Monday Club, December 1961.
  4. The Aims of the Monday Club, Executive Council publication, Monday Club, 1970, p. 1.
  5. The Monday Club - Organization & Membership published on the back cover of the Club's 1968 booklet Student Power by Patrick Wall MC MP.
  6. Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade, Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 5.
  7. Watt, Nicholas (19 October 2001). "Tories cut Monday Club link over race policies". The Guardian.
  8. Woolf, Marie (29 August 2001). "Five more names go in purge of Tory right". The Independent. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  9. Copping, 1972, p. 5.
  10. Copping, 1972, p. 7.
  11. Thurlow, Richard, Fascism in Britain, London, 1st edition 1987, revised reprint 2006, p.246, ISBN 1-86064-337-X where the author also refers to "traditional party supporters feeling intensely alienated by the Heath administration and made their opposition felt through their support of Enoch Powell".
  12. ^ Copping, 1972, p. 26.
  13. ^ Trewin, Ion, Alan Clark – The Biography, London, 2009, ISBN 978-0-297-85073-1, pps: 230 & 246-7.
  14. ^ Messina, Anthony M., Race and Party Competition in Britain, Clarendon Press, 1989, ISBN 0-19-827534-X
  15. Griffin, Roger, The Nature of Fascism, London, 1991, p. 161, ISBN 0-86187-112-X
  16. ^ Copping, 1972, p. 21.
  17. ^ Copping, Robert, The Story of the Monday Club - The First Decade, London: Current Affairs Information Service, April 1972
  18. ^ Copping, Robert, The Monday Club—Crisis and After May 1975, page 34, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
  19. Copping, Robert, The Monday Club—Crisis and After May 1975, page 43, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
  20. Copping, Robert, The Monday Club—Crisis and After May 1975, page 25, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
  21. ^ Copping, Robert, The Monday Club—Crisis and After May 1975, page 28, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
  22. ^ Copping, Robert, The Monday Club—Crisis and After May 1975, page 46, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
  23. ^ Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade, Current Affairs Information Service, London, April 1972, (P/B)
  24. ^ Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1991, 172nd edition, Hurst Green, Sussex, p.172.
  25. Copping, Robert, The Monday Club—Crisis and After May 1975, page 50, published by the Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, (P/B).
  26. ^ Amery, Julian, et al., Rhodesia and the Threat to the West, Monday Club, London, 1976 (P/B)
  27. ^ Copping, Robert (1975). The Monday Club - Crisis and After. Ilford: Current Affairs Information Service. p. 25.
  28. Monday Club Newsletter, July/August 1970, p.7.
  29. ^ Amery, Julian, "Facing up to Soviet Imperialism", in the Monday Club's October 1985 Conservative Party Conference issue of its newspaper, Right Ahead
  30. Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade, London, April 1972, p.6, and 14,
  31. "AIM25 collection description". www.aim25.ac.uk.
  32. Copping, 1972, p. 22.
  33. Monday Club 'Newsletter'. May/June 1971.
  34. Copping, Robert, The Monday Club - Crisis and After, Current Affairs Information Unit, London, May 1975
  35. Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, p. 337, ISBN 0-297-64402-5
  36. Levitas, Ruth, (editor), The Ideology of the New Right, Cambridge, 1986, p. 60, ISBN 0-7456-0190-1
  37. 'The Daily Telegraph', 12 January 1990, p. 16.
  38. The Independent, 13 January 1990, article: "Tsar's heir plans for day of Restoration".
  39. Monday Club News, January 1991 (circular)
  40. The Observer, 24 February 1991, major article by David Rose.
  41. Club Minutes
  42. "Contact Details". The Conservative Monday Club. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  43. "ASPENCHASE ENTERPRISES LIMITED". Companies House. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  44. Monday Club Newsletter, July 1968, p.6.
  45. Graham Webster-Gardiner was elected Chairman of the club's Universities Group in 1969; he was later the UKIP Candidate for Epsom and Ewell in the 2001 General Election.
  46. Monday Club Newsletters, 1990-91
  47. The Independent, 4 March 1990.
  48. The Daily Telegraph and The Times, Court & Social pages, both on 26 September 1989.
  49. The Daily Telegraph, Court & Social columns, 27 October 1988.
  50. Copping, 1972 p.6
  51. The Daily Telegraph and The Independent, Court & Social columns, 6 June 1989.
  52. Almond, Mark, Europe's Backyard War - The War in the Balkans, Heinemann, London, 1994, pps:223-9.
  53. The Times, 5 May 1992, carried a letter from Gregory Lauder-Frost on behalf of the club about this delegation and its findings.
  54. Copping, 1975, pp. 6–7.
  55. The Times (letters), 9 October 1991.
  56. Copping, 1975, pp. 5, 6, 9.
  57. Powell and His Allies, Labour Research Department, (p. 12) 1969.
  58. "Tories suspend link with Monday Club." BBC News. 18 October 2001.
  59. ^ Right-wing club appeals for Tory return." BBC News. 10 May 2002.
  60. Sparrow, Andrew (19 October 2001). "Duncan Smith orders Monday Club to suspend Tory links". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  61. Watt, Nicholas (19 October 2001). "Tories cut Monday Club link over race policies". The Guardian.
  62. Monday Club membership application form Archived 2016-04-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  63. "Right-wing club appeals for Tory return". BBC News. 10 May 2002.
  64. ^ "Welcome to the Monday Club". Monday Club. Bishop's Stortford. March 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2019.

References

  • Copping, Robert, No Punches Pulled - Britain Today, Current Affairs Information Service (CAIS), Ilford, Essex, n/d but probably circa 1970 (P/B).
  • Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade, (i) (Foreword by George Pole), Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford, Essex, April 1972 (P/B).
  • Copping, Robert, The Monday Club - Crisis and After, (foreword by John Biggs-Davison MP), (ii) CAIS, Ilford, May 1975 (P/B).
  • Rose, Professor Richard, Politics in England - Persistence and Change, London, 1st published 1965. 4th edition 1985, p. 301, ISBN 0-571-13830-6
  • Heffer, Simon, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell, London, 1998, ISBN 0-297-84286-2 (many references to the Monday Club).
  • Coxall, Bill, and Lynton Robins, Contemporary British Politics, Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 1993 reprint, (P/B), Monday Club profile on p. 239. ISBN 0-333-34046-9

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