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{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389}}
{{Ottoman Succession box
{{Infobox royalty
|Sultan_Name=Murad I
| name = Murad I
|image_portrait=Muradhudavendigar.jpg
| title = {{plainlist|
|Military=Rise of the Ottoman Empire
* ''Bey''
|title=]
* ''Emîr-i a’zam''
|before=]
* ''Gazi''
|after=]
* ''Han''
|years=1359–1389}}
* ''Hüdavendigâr''
'''Murad I''' (nick-named ''Hüdavendigâr'' - from {{PerB|خداوندگار}} ''<u>Kh</u>odāvandgār'' - "the God-like One") ({{lang-tr|I. Murat Hüdavendigâr}}) (] or ] &ndash; around June 20, ]) ({{lang-ota|مراد الأول}}) was the ruler of the ] from ] to ]. He was the son of ] and the ] princess Helen (Nilüfer), who was of ethnic ] descent<ref name=Runciman>The Fall of Constantinople, Steven Runciman, Cambridge University Press, p.36 </ref><ref name=Lowry>The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Heath W. Lowry, 2003 SUNY Press, p.153 </ref><ref name=Shaw>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Stanford Jay Shaw, Cambridge University Press, p.24 </ref>, and became the ruler following his father's death in ].
* ''Sultânü’s-selâtîn''
* ''Melikü’l-mülûk''
}}
| titletext =
| more =
| type =
| image = Murad I.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Miniature of Murad I from a 16th-century manuscript
| moretext =
| succession = ] (])
| reign = March 1362 – 15 June 1389
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| spouse = ]<br>]<br>Paşa Melek Hatun<br/>]
| spouse-type = Consorts
| issue = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]
| issue-link = #Sons
| issue-pipe = Among others
| full name = Murad bin Orhan
| house = ]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = ]
| mother = ]
| birth_date = 29 June 1326
| birth_place = ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theottomans.org/english/family/murat1.asp|title=Murad I|publisher=TheOttomans.org }}</ref><ref name ="Britannica">. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.</ref> ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1389|6|15|1326|6|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = ], ]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = Organs buried at ], ]<br>{{coord|42|42|07|N|21|06|15|E|display=inline,title}}<br/>Body buried at Sultan Murad ], ], ]
| signature_type = ]
| signature = Tughra of Murad I.svg
| religion = ]
}}


'''Murad I''' ({{langx|ota|مراد اول}}; {{langx|tr|I. Murad, Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr}} (nicknamed '''''Hüdavendigâr''''', from {{langx|fa|خداوندگار|translit=Khodāvandgār|lit=the devotee of ]}} – meaning "]" in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the ] from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of ] and ]. Murad I came into the throne after his elder brother ]'s death.
==Establishment of Empire==

He established the Empire by building up a society and government in the newly conquered city of Adrianople (] in ]) and by expanding the realm in ], bringing most of the ] under Ottoman rule and forcing the ] emperor to pay him tribute. It was Murad who established the former ] tribe into an empire. He established the title of ] in ] and the corps of the '']'' and the '']'' recruiting system. He also organised the government of the '']'', the system of timars and timar-holders (]) and the military judge, the ''kazasker''. He also established the two provinces of ] (]) and ] (]).
Murad I ], renamed it to ],<ref name="Britannica"/> and in 1363 made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate.<ref>"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." . Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</ref> Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in ] by bringing most of the ] under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of ] and ] as well as the ] emperor ] to pay him tribute.<ref name="Britannica"/> Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of ] (]) and ] (the Balkans).

==Titles==
According to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles included '']'', ''Emîr-i a’zam'' (Great ]), '']'', ''Hüdavendigâr'', '']'', ''Padishah'', ''Sultânü’s-selâtîn'' (Sultan of sultans), ''Melikü’l-mülûk'' (] of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Serbian sources he was referred to as ]. In a ] document, he was referred to as ''dominus armiratorum Turchie'' (Master lord of Turks).<ref>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|author=Halil İnalcık|title=Murad I|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/murad-i|volume=31|pages=156–164}}</ref>


==Wars== ==Wars==
]
Murad fought against the powerful ] of ] in Anatolia and against the ], ] and ] in Europe. His moves in the ] brought together a Christian coalition under the king of ], but they were defeated at the ] on ], ] by Murad's capable second lieutenant ], the first governor ('']'') of ]. In ] the Serbian king was forced to pay tribute to the Sultan and in ] ] fell to the ]. In ] Prince ] defeated an Ottoman force at the ]. The Ottoman army didn't suffer heavy casualties, and was unable to capture ] on the way back. In ] Murad's army indecisively defeated the Serbian Arm with its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the ]. After the battle, Murad I was assassinated by ], a Serbian nobleman who was taken as a prisoner to the tent of the sultan. His son ] took charge after the battle. Though Murad had made him swear to hold his brother Yakub dear, Bayezid executed him immediately as a pretender. Bayezid informed him that their father had some new orders for them, but when Yakub arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole pretender to the throne.
]


Murad fought against the powerful ] of ] in ] and against the ], ], ] and ] in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King ] and ] ], was ], by Murad's capable second lieutenant ], the first governor ('']'') of ]. In 1385, ] fell to the ]. In 1386, Prince ] defeated an Ottoman force at the ]. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture ] on the way back.
Sultan Murad's tomb remains to this day (2006), on a corner of the battlefield. It is not in good condition, but nor has it been vandalised or destroyed, despite the centuries of hostility between the Turk and Serb peoples.


==Marriages and Progeny== ==Battle of Kosovo==
] on Kosovo field]]
]]]
]
'''Marriages of Murad I:'''
{{main|Battle of Kosovo|}}
* Gulcicek Hatun - of Greek origin
In 1389, Murad's army fought the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the ].
* Maria Thamara Hatun
* Pasha Melek Hatun - daughter of Kizil Murad Bey
* Fulane Hatun - daughter of ]


There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during the first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and ] ] by knife.<ref>Helmolt, Ferdinand. ''The World's History'', p.293. W. Heinemann, 1907.</ref><ref>Fine, John. ''The Late Medieval Balkans'', p. 410. University of Michigan Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref> Most Ottoman chroniclers (including ])<ref>Cantemir, Dimitrie, '' History of the Growth and Decay of the Osman Ottoman Empire'', London 1734.{{page needed|date=November 2016}}</ref> state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. His older son ], who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, ], who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne.
'''Progeny of Murad I:'''
* Yakub Celebi - (d. 1389)
* Sultan ] (1354-1402)- son of Gulcicek Hatun
* Savci Bey - son
* Ibrahim Bey - son
* Yahshi Bey - son of Gulcicek Hatun
* Halil Bey - son
* Nefise - daughter
* Sultan - daughter


In a letter from the Florentine senate (written by ]) to the King ], dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Yakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly ], had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wayne S. Vucinich, Thomas A. Emmert|title=Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMR9mgEACAAJ|year=1991|publisher=University of Minnesota|isbn=9789992287552 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}


Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remain to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called '']'' which has gained a religious significance for the local Muslims. It was vandalized between 1999 and 2006 and was renovated recently.{{When|date=November 2022}} His other remains were carried to ], his ]n capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sultanmurad.com/|title=Meşhed-i Hüdavendigar – www.sultanmurad.com|language=tr|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref>
==Sultan Murad in Literature==
*In ] History play '']'',
Prince Harry refers to Murad as "Amurath" in Act V Scene 2 when he succeeds his father, King Henry IV, in 1412:
:Chief Justice. ''Good morrow, and God save your majesty!''
:King Henry V. ''This new and gorgeous garment, majesty,''
:''Sits not so easy on me as you think.''
:''Brothers, you mix your sadness with some fear:''
:''This is the English, not the Turkish court;''
:''Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds,''
:''But Harry Harry!''


==Family==
*Murad (as "Amurath the First") is the subject of ]'s play ''The Courageous Turk'', published in 1632.
Murad was the son of ] and ], a slave concubine who was of ethnic ] descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie P. |title=Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508677-5 |edition= |series=Studies in Middle Eastern History |location=New York |pages=33–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lowry |first=Heath |title=The Nature of the Early Ottoman State |publisher=SUNY Press |place=Albany |date=2003 |isbn=0-7914-5636-6 |pages=153}}</ref>


==References== ===Consorts===
Murad I had at least seven consorts:<ref name=":0">Nikolay Antov - The Ottoman Wild West</ref><ref name=":1">Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay - Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları</ref><ref>Jennifer Lawler - Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire</ref><ref name=":2">Necdet Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları</ref><ref name=":3">Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve Hanedanlar Cilt 2</ref>
{{unreferenced|date=October 2006}}
*]. Slave concubine, mother of Bayezid I.
*''Fülane'' Hatun. Daughter of Ahî Seyyid Sultân, married Murad in 1366.
*Paşa Melek Hatun. Daughter of Kızıl Murad Bey.
*''Fülane'' Hatun. Daughter of ], she married Murad in 1372. Two of her sisters married two of Murad's sons, Bayezid I and Yakub Çelebi.
*]. Bulgarian princess, daughter of Tsar ]. Renowned for her beauty, she was forced to marry Murad when he conquered ], in 1378.
*''Fülane'' Hatun. Daughter of ], she married Murad in 1383. Her mother was Sultan Hatun, daughter of ], Murad's older half-brother.
*Maria Hatun. Born Maria Paleologa, she was the daughter of the Byzantine emperor ] and his wife ]. She married Murad in 1386.<ref>Several of ]'s daughters and granddaughters married Ottoman princes: his daughter Maria married ], two more his sons ] and ], while a fourth, Irene, married Halil, Murad's half-brother. Two granddaughters, daughters of ] and ], married a son and grandson of Bayezid I, ] and ].</ref>


==External links== ===Sons===
Murad I had at least five sons:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
*] (died in 1374). Executed by his father after he rebelled against him. He had a son, Davud Murad Bey, who fled to Hungary when his father died.
*] (1360 - 1403) - with Gulçiçek Hatun. Ottoman Sultan.
*] ({{circa}} 1362 - 20 June 1389). Strangled on Bayezid's orders.
*Ibrahim Bey ({{circa}} 1365 - {{circa}} 1385). Buried in the Osman I mausoleum.
*Yahşi Bey (? - before 1389) - with Gülçiçek Hatun.


===Daughters===
{{s-start}}
Murad I had at least five daughters:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
{{s-hou|]||1319||1389}}
* ] ({{circa}} 1363 - after 1402). She was married off to ] in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the war. She had at least three sons by him: ] (1379 - 1423), ] (1381 - 1424) and Oğuz Bey (probably died in infancy). Widowed in 1397, she returned to live in Bursa, but on the death of Bayezid I returned to ], where her eldest son assumed the throne.
{{s-reg|}}
* Özer Hatun. She married and had issue. In 1426 her grandson Mehmed Bey held a post at court of ].
{{s-bef|before=]}}
* Erhundi Hatun. She married ] Hızır Bey before 1389.
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=] – ]}}
* Mihriali Devlet Sultan Hatun. She married ] Turgut Bey, by whom she had a son, Mahmud Bey.
{{s-aft|after=]}}
* Nilüfer Hatun. She built a mosque at Bursa.
{{end}}

==Further reading==
]
* Harris, Jonathan, ''The End of Byzantium''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11786-8}}
* {{Imber-The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650|edition=Second}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Murad I}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Murad#Murad I|display=Murad § Murad I|volume=19 |page=14 |short=x}}


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{{commons2|Murad I}}
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{{S-aft|after=]}}
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Latest revision as of 15:10, 11 December 2024

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389
Murad I
  • Bey
  • Emîr-i a’zam
  • Gazi
  • Han
  • Hüdavendigâr
  • Sultânü’s-selâtîn
  • Melikü’l-mülûk
Miniature of Murad I from a 16th-century manuscript
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
ReignMarch 1362 – 15 June 1389
PredecessorOrhan
SuccessorBayezid I
Born29 June 1326
Bursa, Ottoman Beylik
Died15 June 1389(1389-06-15) (aged 62)
Kosovo field, District of Branković
BurialOrgans buried at Tomb of Murad I, Kosovo
42°42′07″N 21°06′15″E / 42.70194°N 21.10417°E / 42.70194; 21.10417
Body buried at Sultan Murad Türbe, Osmangazi, Bursa
ConsortsGülçiçek Hatun
Thamara Hatun
Paşa Melek Hatun
Others
Issue
Among others		Savci Bey
Bayezid I
Yakub Çelebi
Nefise Hatun
Names
Murad bin Orhan
DynastyOttoman
FatherOrhan
MotherNilüfer Hatun
ReligionSunni Islam
TughraMurad I's signature

Murad I (Ottoman Turkish: مراد اول; Turkish: I. Murad, Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr, from Persian: خداوندگار, romanized: Khodāvandgār, lit. 'the devotee of God' – meaning "sovereign" in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun. Murad I came into the throne after his elder brother Süleyman Pasha's death.

Murad I conquered Adrianople, renamed it to Edirne, and in 1363 made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate. Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southern Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of Serbia and Bulgaria as well as the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute. Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans).

Titles

According to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles included Bey, Emîr-i a’zam (Great Emir), Ghazi, Hüdavendigâr, Khan, Padishah, Sultânü’s-selâtîn (Sultan of sultans), Melikü’l-mülûk (Malik of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Serbian sources he was referred to as Tsar. In a Genoese document, he was referred to as dominus armiratorum Turchie (Master lord of Turks).

Wars

Map of the conquests of Murad I
16th century miniature depicting Murad I

Murad fought against the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King Vukašin and Despot Uglješa, was defeated on September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin Paşa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385, Sofia fell to the Ottomans. In 1386, Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Pločnik. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Niš on the way back.

Battle of Kosovo

Tomb of Sultan Murad on Kosovo field
Tomb of Sultan Murad
Main article: Battle of Kosovo

In 1389, Murad's army fought the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo.

There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during the first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight Miloš Obilić by knife. Most Ottoman chroniclers (including Dimitrie Cantemir) state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. His older son Bayezid, who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne.

In a letter from the Florentine senate (written by Coluccio Salutati) to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Yakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly Miloš Obilić, had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly.

Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remain to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained a religious significance for the local Muslims. It was vandalized between 1999 and 2006 and was renovated recently. His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.

Family

Murad was the son of Orhan and Nilüfer Hatun, a slave concubine who was of ethnic Greek descent.

Consorts

Murad I had at least seven consorts:

  • Gulçicek Hatun. Slave concubine, mother of Bayezid I.
  • Fülane Hatun. Daughter of Ahî Seyyid Sultân, married Murad in 1366.
  • Paşa Melek Hatun. Daughter of Kızıl Murad Bey.
  • Fülane Hatun. Daughter of Konstantin of Kostendil, she married Murad in 1372. Two of her sisters married two of Murad's sons, Bayezid I and Yakub Çelebi.
  • Kera Tamara Hatun. Bulgarian princess, daughter of Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria. Renowned for her beauty, she was forced to marry Murad when he conquered Bulgaria, in 1378.
  • Fülane Hatun. Daughter of Cândâroğlu Süleyman II Paşah, she married Murad in 1383. Her mother was Sultan Hatun, daughter of Süleyman Pasha, Murad's older half-brother.
  • Maria Hatun. Born Maria Paleologa, she was the daughter of the Byzantine emperor John V and his wife Helena Kantakouzene. She married Murad in 1386.

Sons

Murad I had at least five sons:

  • Savci Bey (died in 1374). Executed by his father after he rebelled against him. He had a son, Davud Murad Bey, who fled to Hungary when his father died.
  • Bayezid I (1360 - 1403) - with Gulçiçek Hatun. Ottoman Sultan.
  • Yakub Çelebi (c. 1362 - 20 June 1389). Strangled on Bayezid's orders.
  • Ibrahim Bey (c. 1365 - c. 1385). Buried in the Osman I mausoleum.
  • Yahşi Bey (? - before 1389) - with Gülçiçek Hatun.

Daughters

Murad I had at least five daughters:

  • Nefise Melek Sultan Hatun (c. 1363 - after 1402). She was married off to Karamânoğlu Alâeddîn Alî Bey in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the war. She had at least three sons by him: Mehmed II Bey (1379 - 1423), Alaeddin Ali II Bey (1381 - 1424) and Oğuz Bey (probably died in infancy). Widowed in 1397, she returned to live in Bursa, but on the death of Bayezid I returned to Karaman, where her eldest son assumed the throne.
  • Özer Hatun. She married and had issue. In 1426 her grandson Mehmed Bey held a post at court of Murad II.
  • Erhundi Hatun. She married Saruhânoğlu Hızır Bey before 1389.
  • Mihriali Devlet Sultan Hatun. She married Karamânoglu Turgut Bey, by whom she had a son, Mahmud Bey.
  • Nilüfer Hatun. She built a mosque at Bursa.

Further reading

16th century miniature of Murad I

References

  1. "Murad I". TheOttomans.org.
  2. ^ "Murad I". Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.
  3. "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  4. Halil İnalcık (2006). "Murad I". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 31 (Muhammedi̇yye – Münâzara) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 156–164. ISBN 978-975-389-458-6.
  5. Helmolt, Ferdinand. The World's History, p.293. W. Heinemann, 1907.
  6. Fine, John. The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 410. University of Michigan Press, 1994. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  7. Cantemir, Dimitrie, History of the Growth and Decay of the Osman Ottoman Empire, London 1734.
  8. Wayne S. Vucinich, Thomas A. Emmert (1991). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle. University of Minnesota. ISBN 9789992287552.
  9. "Meşhed-i Hüdavendigar – www.sultanmurad.com" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-01-14.
  10. Peirce, Leslie P. (1994). Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Studies in Middle Eastern History. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–35. ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5.
  11. Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-7914-5636-6.
  12. ^ Nikolay Antov - The Ottoman Wild West
  13. ^ Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay - Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları
  14. Jennifer Lawler - Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire
  15. ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları
  16. ^ Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve Hanedanlar Cilt 2
  17. Several of John V's daughters and granddaughters married Ottoman princes: his daughter Maria married Murad I, two more his sons Bayezid I and Yakub, while a fourth, Irene, married Halil, Murad's half-brother. Two granddaughters, daughters of Theodore and Zampia, married a son and grandson of Bayezid I, Süleyman and Mustafa.

External links

Media related to Murad I at Wikimedia Commons

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