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| {{Sexual orientation}} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Homosexual transsexual''' is a controversial term used by some ] to describe ] ] women who are exclusively or predominantly attracted to ]s.<ref name="lawrence2005">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Lawrence | |||
| | first = Anne | |||
| | author-link = www.annelawrence.com | |||
| | last2 = Latty | |||
| | first2 = Elizabeth M | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography. | |||
| | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| | volume = 34 | |||
| | issue = 2 | |||
| | pages = 135-145 | |||
| | date = April | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | url = http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4169645/Measurement-of-sexual-arousal-in.html | |||
| | doi = 10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z | |||
| | id = 1573-2800 }}</ref><ref name="leavitt1990">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Leavitt | |||
| | first = Frank | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = Berger | |||
| | first2 = Jack C. | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males | |||
| | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| | volume = 19 | |||
| | issue = 5 | |||
| | pages = 491-505 | |||
| | date = October | |||
| | year = 1990 | |||
| | url = http://www.susans.org/reference/tserotic.html | |||
| | doi = 10.1007/BF02442350 | |||
| | id = 1573-2800 }}</ref> It is less frequently used by proponents to describe ] transsexual men who are exclusively attracted to ]s.<ref name="chivers2000">Chivers ML, Bailey JM (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: a comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. '']''. 2000 Jun;29(3):259-78.</ref> Key characteristics include conspicuous cross-gender behavior from childhood through adulthood, and a "]" ]. The term is also part of a two-type ] in which all other male-to-female transsexual women have a condition called ]. That non-homosexual transsexuals are attracted to the idea or image of themselves as women. <ref name="blanchard1987"/> | |||
| Psychologists and sexologists define this category based on testing or self-report, noting that self-report is not always reliable.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/><ref name="classicBlanchard">{{cite journal | |||
| | last =Blanchard | |||
| | first =Ray | |||
| | authorlink = http://www.camh.net/research/scientific_Staff_profiles/bio_detail.php?cuserID=50 | |||
| | coauthors = Leonard H. Clemmensen, Betty W. Steiner | |||
| | title = Social desirability response set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients | |||
| | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| | volume = 14 | |||
| | issue = 6 | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | publisher = Springer | |||
| | location = Netherlands | |||
| | date = December 1985 | |||
| | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/h155l12m870u11n6/ | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = 1573-2800 | |||
| | accessdate = }}</ref> Previous taxonomies used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in ].<ref name="benjamin1966types">{{cite web|author=Benjamin H|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/chap_04.htm#Three%20different%20types%20of%20transsexuals|title="Three different types of transsexual" ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.''|publisher=Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref> If one did not fit this category they would often be screened out as candidates for surgery.<ref name="morgan1978">Morgan AJ Jr (]). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. '']''. 7: 273-282.</ref> Proponents have stated that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories to get treatment and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis.<ref name="classicBlanchard"/> Critics claim the term "homosexual transsexual" is demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their ].<ref name="leiblum2000">''cf.'' Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). ''Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy'', Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6</ref> | |||
| ==History of the term== | |||
| ] states that since the term "transsexual" is very new, it is necessary to examine historical specifics to identify transsexuality in history, and distinguish it from other roles that are described as "change of sex", such as homosexuality and heterosexual ] customs.<ref name="green">{{cite web|author=Green R|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/appendix_c.htm|title=Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects|publisher=Benjamin H, ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.'' Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref> Green describes the cultural roles of groups such as the ], ], ] and ], stating that these people are mentally indistinguishable from modern western transsexuals.<ref name="green"/> In part, because of this history, past researchers have referred to the "homosexual" category as being the "classic", "primary" or "true" transsexual.<ref name="classicBlanchard"/> At one time due to the ] bias of many psychologists, transsexual people who did not fit into this category were often screened from receiving hormones and ].<ref name="classicBlanchard"/><ref name="morgan1978"/> | |||
| ==Description by western science== | |||
| The concept of a taxonomy based on transsexual sexuality was first proposed by ] in 1923,<ref name="hirschfeld1923">Hirschfeld M (1923). Die intersexuelle Konstitution. ''Jarhbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen''. 1923: 3-27</ref> and codified by ] in the ].<ref name="benjamin1966">Benjamin H (1966). '''' The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76</ref> ] proposed two types of cross-gender identity, based on his observation that ] is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males.<ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. ''],'' 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63.</ref> Published reports measure a "homosexual transsexual" at a Kinsey Scale 5-6 or a Modified Androphilia Scale 9.86±2.37.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/> ] saw that homosexual transsexuals were younger when applying for sex reassignment, reported a stronger cross-gender identity in childhood, had a more convincing cross-gender appearance, and functioned psychologically better than "non-homosexual" transsexuals.<ref name="blanchard1987">Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. '']'', Volume 16, Number 2 / April, 1987</ref> Blanchard found them comparatively short and light in proportion to their height than non-homosexuals.<ref name="blanchard1995">Blanchard R, Dickey R, Jones CL. Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus non-homosexual male gender dysphorics. '']'' 1995 Oct;24(5):543-54.</ref> Independent research done by Smith confirmed most of Blanchards findings, except for the difference in height-weight ratio.<ref name="psychology Research">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Smith | |||
| | first = Yolanda L.S. | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = Stephanie Van Goozen, Aj Kupier, Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis | |||
| | title = Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance | |||
| | journal = Psychiatry Research | |||
| | volume = 137 | |||
| | issue = 3 | |||
| | pages = 151-160 | |||
| | date = ] | |||
| | publisher = Elsevier | |||
| | url = http://akikos-planet.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/files/psychiatry_research__transsexual_subtypes_clinical_and_theoretical_significance.pdf | |||
| | format = ] | |||
| | id = DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008 | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-06-26}}</ref> Dorner found that when injected with ] (for the treatment of mild to severe vasomotor symptoms of menopause), homosexual transsexual men showed an increased ] and ] response compared to heterosexual or bisexual transsexual men.<ref name="dorner1983">Dorner G, Rohde W, Schott G, Schnabl C (1983). On the LH response to oestrogen and LH-RH in transsexual men. ''Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology''. [[1983 Nov;82(3):257-67.</ref> | |||
| ===Sexual activity=== | |||
| Leavitt and Berger further categorized homosexual transsexuals by three patterns of sexual activity: | |||
| *Inactive group (44%): sexually inactive | |||
| *Avoidant group (19%): sexually active but avoided using their penis | |||
| *Pleasure group (37%): sexually active and derived pleasure from their penis | |||
| Each group showed varying levels of masculinity and emotional disturbance in development.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> | |||
| In '']'', ] saw that the homosexual transsexuals he described were comfortable with ],<ref name="bailey2003">{{cite web|author=Bailey JM|date=2003|url=http://www.barkingduck.net/ehayes/essays/transsexualism.html|title=The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism|work=Women Who Once Were Boys Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0-309-08418-0}}</ref> and that they had a masculine sexual appetite and simply lusted after men.<ref name="bailey2003"/> | |||
| Studies have variously found that between 10% and 36% of homosexual transsexuals report a history of sexual arousal to crossdressing. Bentler found 23%, while Freund reported 31%;<ref name="bentler1976">Bentler P M (1976). A typology of transsexualism: Gender identity theory and data. '']'' 5: 567-584.</ref><ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. '']'' 11: 49-63.</ref> Leavitt and Berger reported 36% among all homosexual transsexuals, and 24% of the sexually active subjects;<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Blanchard found significantly lower numbers than his peers: 15% in his first study on the topic, and 10% in a paper two years later.<ref name="blanchard1985">Blanchard R (1985). Typology of male-to-female transsexualism. '']'', 14, 247-261.</ref><ref name="blanchard1987"/> Blanchard saw ] in lower levels when comparing homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals, with levels of anatomic autogynephilia among some of the 117 androphilic subjects.<ref name="blanchard1989">Blanchard R (1989). The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria. '']'', 177, 616-623.</ref> A lower percentage of the homosexual transsexuals reported being (or having been) married and sexually aroused while cross-dressing.<ref name="psychology Research"/> | |||
| ===Socioeconomic factors=== | |||
| Researchers have found several ] features that homosexual transsexuals tend to have in common.<ref name="zucker22002">{{cite journal| last = Cohen-Kettenis | |||
| | first = Peggy T. | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = Owen A., Kaijser V., Bradley S. and Zucker K. | |||
| | title = Gender-Dysphoric Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic Characteristics and Behavioral Problems. | |||
| | journal = Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology | |||
| | volume = 31 | |||
| | issue = 1 | |||
| | pages = 41-53 | |||
| | publisher = Springer Netherlands | |||
| | location = Netherlands | |||
| | date = ] ] | |||
| | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/x6130x8006745471/ | |||
| | doi = 10.1023/A:1021769215342 | |||
| | id = | |||
| | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="MacFarlane">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = MacFarlane | |||
| | first = D. F. | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title =Transsexual prostitution in New Zealand: Predominance of persons of Maori extraction | |||
| | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| | volume = 13 | |||
| | issue = 4 | |||
| | pages = 301-309 | |||
| | publisher = Springer | |||
| | location = Netherlands | |||
| | date = ] ] | |||
| | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/q72x6l7515m35147/ | |||
| | doi = 10.1007/BF01541903 | |||
| | id = | |||
| | accessdate =2008-02-26}}</ref> Ken Zucker found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower ] and ], ] status, non-intact family, non-], and childhood ]<ref name="zucker22002"/> D.F. MacFarlane | |||
| studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were ],<ref name="MacFarlane"/> an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> In ''] ] notes that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were ] or black;<ref name="bailey2003"/> in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white.<ref name="bailey2003"/> He saw that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting.<ref name="bailey2003"/> Bailey found the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures.<ref name="bailey2003"/> MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> | |||
| ==Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy== | |||
| {{main|Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy}} | |||
| The "BBL Controversy" also known as the "Autogynephilia Controversy"<ref name="james2004">{{Citation| last = James | |||
| | first = Andrea | |||
| | author-link = http://www.tsroadmap.com/ | |||
| | last2 = | |||
| | first2 = | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title =A defining moment in our history. ''Examining disease models of gender identity.'' | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | url = http://www.tsroadmap.com/info/gender-identity.html | |||
| | accessdate = ] ]}} | |||
| </ref> is an ongoing line of discussion in the transgendered community. The concept had not received much attention outside of ] until sexologist Anne Lawrence, who self-identifies as an autogynephile, published a series of web articles about the concept in the late 1990s.<ref name="lawrence1998">{{cite web|author=Lawrence AA|url=http://home.swipnet.se/~w-13968/autogynephilia.html|title=Men Trapped in Men's Bodies:"An Introduction to the Concept of Autogynephilia|publisher=annelwrence.com (originally)|date=October 1998|accessdate=2006-08-21}}</ref> ] and ] responded to Lawrence's essay. In 2003, ]'s book "]" was published. Lynn Conway started an investigation into the publication of Bailey's book by the ]. One who was referred to in the book as "Juanita" claimed that Bailey made inappropriate sexual advances towards her.<ref name="maria">{{cite web | last = Maria | |||
| | title = Maria's Story | |||
| | date = 2004 | |||
| | url = http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TSsuccesses/Maria.html | |||
| | format = HTML | |||
| | accessdate =2008-02-24}}</ref> | |||
| ] investigated Bailey, but did not reveal the findings of that investigation and did not comment on whether or not Bailey had been punished.<ref name="NUChronicle">{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/subscribe/login?url=/daily/2004/12/2004120103n.htm|title=Northwestern U. Concludes Investigation of Sex Researcher but Keeps Results Secret]. Chronicle of Higher Education, 2004|last=Wilson|first=Robin}}</ref> According to a paper by, Bioethicist and intersex specialist Prof. Alice Dreger, Ph.D. two of the four transwomen who accused Bailey of misusing their stories were not mentioned anywhere in "]".<ref name="DregerCredent">{{cite web | last = Dreger | |||
| | first = Alice | |||
| | authorlink = http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/dreger.html | |||
| | title = Alice Domurat Dreger, PhD, Associate Professor of Clinical Medical Humanities & Bioethics | |||
| | date = ]] | |||
| | url = http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/dreger.html | |||
| | format = HTML | |||
| | accessdate =2008-03-18}}</ref><ref name="Dregerarticle">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Dreger | |||
| | first = Alice | |||
| | authorlink = http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/dreger.html | |||
| | title = The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History of the Politics of Science, Identity, and Sex in the Internet Age. | |||
| | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| | publisher = Springer | |||
| | date = ] | |||
| | url = http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf | |||
| | accessdate =2008-03-17]}}</ref> | |||
| Some scientific concerns have also been raised; a purported transgendered psychologist writing under the pen name of Madeline Wyndzen identified four possible scientific concerns with Blanchard's model which center around lack of control groups, independant verification, statistical analysis, and supposing causation from non time sensitive observation.<ref name="wyndzen2004">{{cite web|author=Wyndzen MH|date=2004|url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/DIV44/APA-DIV44%20Spring-04%20Article.htm|title=A Personal & Scientific look at a Mental Illness Model of transsexualism|work=Division 44 Newsletter, v.20(1), 3|publisher=]}}</ref> Wyndzen is concerned that Blanchard's research promotes the politically and socially dangerous idea that transsexual people are mentally defective: "Rather than asking the scientifically neutral question, “What is transgenderism?” Blanchard (1991) asks, "What kind of defect in a male's capacity for sexual learning could produce … autogynephilia, transvestitism …?" (p. 246)."<ref name="wyndzen2004"/> | |||
| On the other hand in a study conducted in 2005 in the Netherlands Yolanda Smith conducted a study which addressed many of Wyndzen's criticisms.<ref name="psychology Research"/> She found that Blanchards observations were replicated in her sample. Smith found that homosexual transsexuals differed from non-homosexual transsexuals in terms of reported gender non conformity and fewer had been married.<ref name="psychology Research"/> She did not find the difference in height,weight, and height weight ratio that Blanchard reported.<ref name="psychology Research"/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * '']'' by J. Michael Bailey ISBN 978-0309084185 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * - Ray Blanchard, PhD 2000 | |||
| * | |||
| * - Lynn Conway | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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