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| ] is hatred or discrimination against ]s, or ''Judenhass''. The '''roots of anti-Semitism''' can be ], ], ], or ], which can include ]. | |||
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| ==Religious anti-Semitism== | |||
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| Disagreement with the religion of ] does not in itself constitute anti-Semitism. ], ], and ], for example, are not considered anti-Semitic simply because they disagree with the teachings of Judaism. However, ] (also called '']'') is more controvesial, as it extends beyond mere rejection of or disconnection from Judaism, to a set of ] teachings which condemn the Jews as a people or tradition, and which use ] to attack Jewish beliefs. | |||
| Judaism also attracts attention because historically it has been an ethnic religion, or as some prefer to describe it, ''an evolving religious civilization''. Unlike Christianity, Judaism has a strong ethnic component. Although people from any background to are allowed to ], Jews do not aggressively seek followers except among ethnic Jews, with ] being passed from the ]. Conversion to Judaism differs from conversion to Christianity, in that the latter primarily concerns identification with a particular set of beliefs, while legal conversion to Judaism is treated as a quasi-adoption, in which one chooses to adopt not only Jewish beliefs, but Jewish ethnicity. | |||
| ===Opposition from Christianity=== | |||
| Main article: ] | |||
| Judaic tradition extends back to at least one thousand years ] and is the founding basis of ]. Christianity holds some Judaic traditions and texts as ], but it differs in other respects. | |||
| Except in its modernized forms, Christian theology has been committed to the view found in the ], part of the ], that from the beginning of the world, God has revealed only one way to ], and has found fault with all other ways: this was revealed, Christian believe, through the Jewish prophets, until finally all of God's teachings were revealed in ]. Therefore, Christianity has been understood to teach that all people must be directed toward Jesus in order to be reconciled with God, "the Jew first, and also the Gentiles". Thus, the New Testament declares that the Jews are in no better position than the Gentiles, if they do not believe that Jesus was the ]. This teaching is sometimes called ], or ], because it says that with the coming of Jesus, a new covenant rendered obsolete and superseded ], which supersessionists describe as a "shadow" of Jesus, who is the "substance". | |||
| In modern times, especially since the ], supersessionism has been linked to anti-Semitism of both the ethnic and ] kind. The linking of anti-Semitism with the doctrine that Jesus is the only way to salvation has become widespread, especially within Protestantism, but also among the bishops of the ] church since the ]. Consequently, to seek the conversion of any people, especially of the Jews, is regarded as a form of religious ]. | |||
| The charge of theological anti-Semitism has been levelled against more traditional forms of Christianity too. Until ], for instance, the ] had as part of the ] prayers that "the wicked Jews", as a people, were responsible for the death of Jesus. Some Christian preachers, particularly in the ] and ], also taught that religious Jews chose to follow a faith that they knew to be false out of bitterness, jealousy, and the desire to offend God. This way of describing the Jews was repudiated by the Second Vatican Council. <!-- I can't parse this next sentence: Traditionalists labor to condemn attitudes which are contrary to the Law of God, and to differentiate these from the Gospel itself, which they wish to defend, as against blasphemy, from the accusation of sinfulness; while, more liberal factions are more sensitive to accusations that the Christian message itself is offensive.--> | |||
| ====Blood libel==== | |||
| In the ], many Christians believed that some or all Jews possessed magical powers; depending on the culture, people believed that Jews gained these powers from making a deal with the ]. These beliefs extended to other non-Christian religions, such as various ] religions. The ] was one consequence of these beliefs, which were often accompanied by beliefs that non-Christian religious practice entailed devil worship or ]ic rituals such as drinking the blood of Christian children in mockery of the Christian ]. This latter belief is known as the ]. Superstitious fear of Jews persists in some parts of the world, particularly in the ], where references to the blood libel can be found in literature and on television. | |||
| ==Socio-economic anti-Semitism== | |||
| There was a widespread belief in the Middle Ages that Jews took jobs and money from Christians. One explanation for the growth of this sentiment points to the medieval Christian prohibition on ], then defined as the practice of lending money at interest. Because there was a demand for it, non-Christians practised it. Furthermore, widespread restrictions on what positions could be held by Jews closed off many alternatives, leaving ] as one of the few areas open to them. | |||
| This connection became established as a ], leading to unjustified resentment, feelings which may have been fanned by the cynical efforts of debtors to escape their debts. ], the ] in '']'' by ], is an example of such a stereotype, and the attitudes toward that character in the play suggest the prevalence of socio-economic anti-Semitism in medieval and ] ]. The name Shylock became a ] term for an ] moneylender. | |||
| During the ] and early ], especially in ], many of the early industrial entrepreneurs were Jews. They helped local economies enter European trade , but the local populations were often unhappy at having to work for what they saw as foreigners enriched using national resources. | |||
| More commonly, there is prejudice against Jews when they are in positions of power and prestige, though it remains unclear whether their positions are the cause of the anti-Semitism or simply triggers for its expression. | |||
| ===Karl Marx and Judaism=== | |||
| Because ] was a Jew, some anti-Semites promote the idea that ] was part of a Jewish ]. An ] as an adult, Marx was raised as a ], his father converting when Marx was a child in order to escape anti-Semitism. | |||
| Marx himself has been accused of being an anti-Semite, though most critical scholars today tend to reject this argument.{{fn|1}} In "]," he wrote: "What is the worldly cult of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his worldly God? Money."; and continues, "he social emancipation of the Jew is the emancipation of society from Judaism." These passages are often cited by those who accuse Marx of anti-Semitism, but these attempts may distort Marx's work by lifting quotes out of context. For example, a line often omitted by such proponents within the passage cited above, is that Marx was addressing "not the ] Jew, as Bauer does, but the everyday Jew." | |||
| Marx linked what he saw as the overrepresentative (as an ethnic group) role played by Jews in finance and banking not to any inherent Jewish trait, but rather, to an ] brought about by hundreds of years of medieval laws, which placed restrictions on the type of labor Jews were permitted to engage in. He expresses a tone of near-sarcastic admiration for Jews who succeeded under ], despite (and arguably, because of) the hindrances they endured by anti-Semitic laws (especially economic ones), and attitudes. | |||
| With a measure of ], Marx goes on to link the ] of Jews to an emancipation from capitalism. Still, his focus was not on the Jewish religion, but rather on the (worldly) Jews' particular economic legacy and its material manifestations as directly related to a division of labor imposed on Jews since medieval times; that is, as a direct product of capitalist and precapitalist development. | |||
| Many ] ] Jews agreed with Marx on this point and, expanding on his ideas, viewed the emancipation and retention of the identity of Jews (positively) as inexorably tied to a reversal of their economic history. These Zionist socialists, particularly associated with, but not confined to, the ] movement, went on to define and practise physical (and especially ]) labor, which for centuries had been denied to Jews, as a necessary form of ']' from their past economic legacy, which, like Marx, they viewed negatively. While most of these Zionist socialist Jews were pronouncedly ] (even anti-clerical), unlike Marx they retained a strong sense of their identity as Jews. | |||
| ==Racial anti-Semitism== | |||
| ] (]) <small>Used with permission, </small><!-- Copyright 2005, Political Research Associates-->]] | |||
| Ethnic anti-Semitism is a form of ] mixed with ]. Ethnic anti-Semites believe erroneously that the Jews are a distinct ], and may also believe that Jews are inherently inferior to people of other races, though this is often combined with the contradictory view that Jews are, in fact, in control, or seek to take control, of the world. | |||
| In fact, Jews constitute an evolving religious ] that started out as a ] in exile. Most historians, as well as most Jews, consider Jews to be an ethnic group with the religion of ] at its core. | |||
| === Nazism === | |||
| One of the core beliefs of ] was the superiority of the ] race and the inferiority of the so-called ] races, principally the Jews. The consequence of these ideas was the ]; and anti-Semitic sentiment continued long after the fall of the ]. | |||
| ==Political anti-Semitism== | |||
| ===Anti-Zionism=== | |||
| ] has largely been the position of the ] and other countries from the ]. Many argue that it supplanted preexisting anti-Semitism, which was not politically acceptable and was officially forbidden. Anti-Zionism remains a common phenomenon especially in the Middle East among ] and ] countries, where very frequently no distinction is drawn between the terms "Zionist", "Zionist enemy", and "Jew". This confluence of terms is held by many to be anti-Semitic. | |||
| ===Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories=== | |||
| Extremist groups, such as ] parties and ] groups, claim that the aim of ] is ]; they call this the ''Zionist ]'' and use it to support anti-Semitism. This position is associated with ] and ], though increasingly, it is becoming a tendency within parts of the ] as well. | |||
| In addition, ], who call themselves Holocaust revisionists, often claim that this "Zionist conspiracy" is responsible for the exaggeration or fabrication of the events of the ]. There is no reliable evidence for any such conspiracy, whereas there is an overwhelming amount of historical evidence to support the mainstream scholarly view of the Holocaust. | |||
| One of the most damaging anti-Semitic tracts published is the infamous Russian literary ], ], a key part of many anti-Semitic ]. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *, Syrian television production, broadcast by ]'s ''Al Manar'' satellite channel, November 18, 2003 (warning: immediate download, violent scene) | |||
| * by Karl Marx, ''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'', February 1844 | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Carmichael, Joel. ''The Satanizing of the Jews: Origin and Development of Mystical Anti-Semitism'', 1992. | |||
| *Shamir, Illana and Shlomo Shavit (General Editors), ''Encyclopedia of Jewish History: Events and Eras of the Jewish People'', Massada Publishers, Israel, 1986. ISBN 0816012202 | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{fnb|1}} Shamir, Illana and Shlomo Shavit (General Editors), ''Encyclopedia of Jewish History: Events and Eras of the Jewish People'', p. 118, pp. 210-216 | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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