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{{Short description|Mosque in Trabzon, Turkey}}
{{otheruses2|Hagia Sophia}}
{{other uses|Hagia Sophia (disambiguation)}}
]
{{Coord|41|00|12|N|39|41|46|E|region:TR_type:landmark_scale:1000|display=title}}
{{Infobox monument
|monument_name = Hagia Sophia
|native_name = {{nativename|el|Ἁγία Σοφία}}<br />{{nativename|tr|Ayasofya}}
|native_name_lang = Turkish
|image = Hagia Sophia (Trabzon, Turkey) (27813329644).jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption = A view of the Hagia Sophia of Trabzon
|location = Fatih, ], Trabzon, Turkey
|coordinates =
|designer =
|type =
*] ] Church
*] (1461)
*] (1964)
*Mosque (2013)
|material = ]
|length =
|width =
|height =
|begin = {{start date and age|df=y|1238}}
|complete = {{start date and age|df=y|1263}}
|open =
|dedicated_to = The '']'', a reference to the ] ] of the ], or ]
|map_name = Trabzon Fatih
|map_size =
|map_caption = Location in the Fatih district of Trabzon
| website = {{URL|trabzon.gov.tr}}
}}


'''Hagia Sophia''' ({{langx|el|Αγία Σοφία}}, meaning 'the ]'; {{langx|tr|Ayasofya}}) is a formerly ] church that was converted into a ] following the conquest of Trabzon by ] in 1461. It is located in ], northeastern ]. It was converted into a museum in 1964<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Eden|first=Caroline|date=2017-10-25|title=Turkey's other Hagia Sophia, in Trabzon|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/oct/25/turkey-other-hagia-sophia-trabzon-church-mosque|access-date=2020-10-26|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and back into a mosque in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restoration of the Church of Saint Sophia at Trabzon {{!}} Research at the BIAA {{!}} BIAA|url=https://biaa.ac.uk/research/item/name/restoration-of-the-church-of-saint-sophia-at-trabzon|access-date=2020-10-27|website=biaa.ac.uk|archive-date=2016-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107225119/https://biaa.ac.uk/research/item/name/restoration-of-the-church-of-saint-sophia-at-trabzon|url-status=dead}}</ref> The building dates back to the thirteenth century, when Trabzon was the capital of the ]. It is located near the seashore and two miles west of the medieval town's limits. It is one of a few dozen ] sites extant in the area and has been described as being "one of the finest examples of Byzantine architecture".<ref>"." '']''. July 25, 2013.</ref>
The ''' Hagia Sophia''' (]: Ἁγία Σοφία, meaning "Holy Wisdom"; ]: ''Ayasofya''), now the '''Hagia Sophia Museum''', is a former ] and ] located in the city of ] in the north-eastern part of ]. It dates back to the ] when Trabzon was the capital of the ]. It is located near the seashore and 2 miles west of the Comnenon fortress. It is one of a few ] sites still existent in the area.


== History ==
The Hagia Sophia church was built in Trapezunt during the reign of ] between 1238 and 1263. After ] conquered the city in ] the church was converted into a mosque. During the brief period of the city in ]'s hands during ], the site was used by the ] as a makeshift ] and depot. Afterwards it was put back into use as a mosque, until ] when it was turned into a museum which it remains to this day. From 1958-64 the site was restored with the help of ] and the General Directorate of Foundations.
Hagia Sophia was built in Trebizond during the reign of ] between 1238 and 1263.<ref>]. "The Byzantine Empires in the Thirteenth Century" in ''Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond''. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004, p. 1.</ref> The oldest graffiti carved in the apses of the church contain the dates 1291 and 1293.<ref>], , ''Bulletin de correspondance hellénique'', '''19''' (1895), p. 428</ref> After ] conquered the city in 1461, the church was possibly converted into a mosque and its frescos covered in whitewash. Other scholars suggest it was not converted until 1584, being spared the initial transformation because it stood several kilometers outside the city walls. The adjacent monastery continued to be used by monks as late as 1701, when ] found them still in residence. It is likely that the monks gradually abandoned a building that failed to protect them from harassment and predation, and the Turks assumed its use without needing to expel them.<ref>Millet, ''Les monastères'', p. 433</ref>
]
According to local tradition, at the turn of the 19th-century the site was used as a cholera hospital. During ] the city was occupied by the ] and for the first time the church could be examined by archaeologists, including ], and some preliminary cleaning of the wall paintings began. In the 1940s it was reported to be locked and used as a store, but by the 1950s it was again in use as a mosque.<ref>David Talbot Rice, "The Church of Haghia Sophia at Trebizond", p6.</ref> In 1964, when it was turned into a museum.<ref name=":0" /> Between 1958 and 1964 the surviving frescoes were uncovered and the church consolidated with the help of experts from the ] and the General Directorate of Foundations; one expert involved in the work estimated no more than one-sixth of the original decorations had survived.<ref>Some details of the preservation can be read in David Winfield, , ''Studies in Conservation'', Vol. 8, No. 4 (Nov., 1963), pp. 117-130.</ref> All that did survive, however, are thought to be original works done just after its construction, and are considered part of the Byzantine ].
] coast in the background]]
]


The Hagia Sophia is an important monument of the late ], being characterised by a high central ] and the four large column arches supporting the weight of the dome and ceiling. The church was built according to the plan of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople The Hagia Sophia church is an important example of late ], being characterised by a high central ] and four large column arches supporting the weight of the dome and ceiling. Below the dome is an '']'' pavement of multicolored stones. The church was built with a cross-in-square plan, but with an exterior form that takes the shape of a cross thanks to prominent north and south porches. The structure is 22 metres long, 11.6 metres wide and 12.7 metres tall. The late 13th-century frescos, revealed during the University of Edinburgh restoration, illustrate ] themes. External stone figurative reliefs and other ornamenting is in keeping with local traditions found in ] and ]. 24 metres to the west of the church is a tall bell tower, 40 metres high. It was built in 1427 and houses a small chapel on its second floor. The internal walls of the bell tower are covered in frescoes. It was also used as an observatory by local astronomers.
but in a smaller size. It has the shape of a cross and is 22 metres long, 11.6 metres wide and 12.7 metres tall. The ornamenting and art inside and outside the church reflects the periods of both Byzantine and Ottoman reign. The late 13th-century frescos, revealed during the most recent restoration, illustrate the ] themes, while external stone ornamenting is in keeping with local traditions of Islamic art.


===Mosque conversion===
In the center of the floor of the church there is an exceptional paved mosaic with many beautiful multicolored stones. The author Texier visited Trebizond in 1836 and in his book "Byzantine Architecture" London 1864 he says....
{{see also|Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques}}
In 2012, the religious authorities (]) filed a lawsuit against the ], claiming the ministry had been 'illegally occupying' the church for some decades. The Diyanet won the case and received the ownership of the building. On 5 July 2013, the former church was partially converted for a while into a mosque according to the local ] Direction of Trabzon, which is the owner of the estate. The reconstruction works were started,<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220175602/http://acn.com.ve/ |date=2017-02-20 }}."</ref><ref>"."</ref> in which some frescoes were veiled and the floor covered by a carpet. The ] of the Turkish province Trabzon said that “the works for opening the Hagia Sophia mosque in the city to practice prayers again are going on,” and claimed that “during the prayer the mural paintings will be covered by curtains". The local union of architects from Trabzon filed a lawsuit against the ministry of religious affairs' conversion plan. A local judge ruled the transformation of the former church to be illegal, and ordered it to be maintained as a museum.<ref> Kerknet, 6 November 2013</ref> However, it has remained a mosque. Between 2013 and 2018 the fresco's and opus sectile floor mosaic in the prayer hall were covered by immovable curtains and carpets, while the frescoes in the narthex remained uncovered. During renovation works from 2018 to 2020 the building was closed to visitors. A report drafted by the local union of architects heavily criticized the 2013 mosque conversion, and a court ordered the ministry of religious affairs to fulfill its promise and make the frescoes visible outside prayer time. In 2020 a retractable suspended ceiling was put in place underneath the dome, and a glass floor was placed over the opus sectile mosaic.


==Cultural significance==
''"The beautiful mosaic floor at the center of the church can be considered one of the most extraordinary examples of the Byzantine marble mosaics which has survived until the present, perhaps the finest now in existence."''
The church figures prominently and has key significance for the lead character's spiritual development in ]'s novel '']''. "It took me some time to make out the Greek inscription, which was about saving me from my sins, and I hesitated to say this prayer, as I really did not want to be saved from my sins, not for the time being, it would make things too difficult and too sad."


==Gallery==
The historian Finley (1850) described the mosaic floor fairly fully in his manuscript journal. He says...
<gallery>
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia 4900.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Exterior south side
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior 4887.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior 4889.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior 4891.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Capital 93 093.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Capital
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Exterior 93 087.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Exterior
Image:Hagia Sophia interior.JPG|Interior
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco 4777.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco most of it
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco 4793.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco centre
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco 4829.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Mark closer up
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco 4835.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Matthew
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco 4830.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco John close up
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco 4836.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Luke
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Several scenes 4791.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Several scenes
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Kanaa 4806.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Kanaa
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Cana detail 4819.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Kanaa detail
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple 4812b.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple 4811.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple detail
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands 4797.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands 4801b.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail 4837.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail 4841.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Healing of a man born blind 4813.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Healing of the blind man at the pool of Siloam
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Cana 4821.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified fresco
File:Fresco of Marriage in Cana in Hagia Sophia, Trabzon 4823.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Cana 4838.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mary and Christ 4883.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mary and Christ
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Ascension of Christ 4871.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mary and Christ detail with Christ
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior 93 067.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Resurrection 4857.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Descent into hell (Resurrection of Christ)
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ 93 068.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ 4859.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior 4881.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Last supper 4869.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Last supper
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene 4866b.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene 4867.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia St. Bartholomew
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene 4877.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia Jesus at Sea of Galilee 4879.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia part of the nativity scene 4861.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
File:Trabzon Hagia Sophia John the baptist and Holy spirit 4814.jpg|Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ
Image:Dome frescoes, Hagia Sophia, Trabzon.JPG|Dome frescoes
Image:Floor of Hagia Sophia, Trabzon.JPG|Floor in 2008
Image:Hagia Sophia Floor Tiles, Trebizond.jpg|Reconstruction of the ] floor tiling as drawn by ] in 1864. What remains was covered with a carpet in 2013.
</gallery>


==See also==
''"The pavement under the dome is richly worked in porphyry serpentine colored and gilt glass and most firmly cemented. This is true Byzantine style though better executed than usual"''
*]


==Notes==
West of the church and 24 meters in distance there is a tower 40 meters in height. It was built in 1427. Many originally believed that this was the steeple of the church. But it is well known that at the time there were no bells in Trebizond. There were bells only at Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. In Trebizond they used to strike the wooden semantra to mark the most important points of the divine liturgy.
{{reflist|33em}}


==Further reading==
From the ruins of the Hagia Sophia monastery it is recognized that the tower was a part of the monastery. The inside of the tower was full of excellent frescoes.
*Eastmond, Anthony. ''Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond''. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.


== External links == == External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*<small>''The Church of Hagia Sophia at Trapezounta, Pontos'' by Dr Constantine Hionides</small> *<small>''The Church of Hagia Sophia at Trapezounta, Pontos'' by Dr Constantine Hionides</small>
{{Trabzon}}
{{Mosques in Turkey|state=collapsed}}


{{Museums in Turkey}}
== Gallery ==
{{Authority control}}
<gallery>
Image:Ayasofia.JPG|1910 postcard
</gallery>


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
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Latest revision as of 13:14, 26 December 2024

Mosque in Trabzon, Turkey For other uses, see Hagia Sophia (disambiguation).

41°00′12″N 39°41′46″E / 41.00333°N 39.69611°E / 41.00333; 39.69611

Hagia Sophia
Ἁγία Σοφία (Greek)
Ayasofya (Turkish)
A view of the Hagia Sophia of Trabzon
LocationFatih, Ortahisar, Trabzon, Turkey
Type
MaterialRoman brick
Beginning date1238; 786 years ago (1238)
Completion date1263; 761 years ago (1263)
Dedicated toThe Holy Wisdom, a reference to the second person of the Trinity, or Jesus Christ
Websitetrabzon.gov.tr

Hagia Sophia (Greek: Αγία Σοφία, meaning 'the Holy Wisdom'; Turkish: Ayasofya) is a formerly Greek Orthodox church that was converted into a mosque following the conquest of Trabzon by Mehmed II in 1461. It is located in Trabzon, northeastern Turkey. It was converted into a museum in 1964 and back into a mosque in 2013. The building dates back to the thirteenth century, when Trabzon was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond. It is located near the seashore and two miles west of the medieval town's limits. It is one of a few dozen Byzantine sites extant in the area and has been described as being "one of the finest examples of Byzantine architecture".

History

Hagia Sophia was built in Trebizond during the reign of Manuel I between 1238 and 1263. The oldest graffiti carved in the apses of the church contain the dates 1291 and 1293. After Mehmed II conquered the city in 1461, the church was possibly converted into a mosque and its frescos covered in whitewash. Other scholars suggest it was not converted until 1584, being spared the initial transformation because it stood several kilometers outside the city walls. The adjacent monastery continued to be used by monks as late as 1701, when Tournefort found them still in residence. It is likely that the monks gradually abandoned a building that failed to protect them from harassment and predation, and the Turks assumed its use without needing to expel them.

Rendering of a Fresco in the apse of the Hagia Sophia in Trebizond (Trabzon, Turkey), 1864.

According to local tradition, at the turn of the 19th-century the site was used as a cholera hospital. During World War I the city was occupied by the Russian military and for the first time the church could be examined by archaeologists, including Fyodor Uspensky, and some preliminary cleaning of the wall paintings began. In the 1940s it was reported to be locked and used as a store, but by the 1950s it was again in use as a mosque. In 1964, when it was turned into a museum. Between 1958 and 1964 the surviving frescoes were uncovered and the church consolidated with the help of experts from the University of Edinburgh and the General Directorate of Foundations; one expert involved in the work estimated no more than one-sixth of the original decorations had survived. All that did survive, however, are thought to be original works done just after its construction, and are considered part of the Byzantine Palaiologan Renaissance.

A view of the Hagia Sophia of Trabzon (today a mosque) with its bell tower and the Black Sea coast in the background
Bell tower

The Hagia Sophia church is an important example of late Byzantine architecture, being characterised by a high central dome and four large column arches supporting the weight of the dome and ceiling. Below the dome is an Opus sectile pavement of multicolored stones. The church was built with a cross-in-square plan, but with an exterior form that takes the shape of a cross thanks to prominent north and south porches. The structure is 22 metres long, 11.6 metres wide and 12.7 metres tall. The late 13th-century frescos, revealed during the University of Edinburgh restoration, illustrate New Testament themes. External stone figurative reliefs and other ornamenting is in keeping with local traditions found in Armenia and Georgia. 24 metres to the west of the church is a tall bell tower, 40 metres high. It was built in 1427 and houses a small chapel on its second floor. The internal walls of the bell tower are covered in frescoes. It was also used as an observatory by local astronomers.

Mosque conversion

See also: Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques

In 2012, the religious authorities (Diyanet) filed a lawsuit against the ministry of culture, claiming the ministry had been 'illegally occupying' the church for some decades. The Diyanet won the case and received the ownership of the building. On 5 July 2013, the former church was partially converted for a while into a mosque according to the local Vakif Direction of Trabzon, which is the owner of the estate. The reconstruction works were started, in which some frescoes were veiled and the floor covered by a carpet. The mufti of the Turkish province Trabzon said that “the works for opening the Hagia Sophia mosque in the city to practice prayers again are going on,” and claimed that “during the prayer the mural paintings will be covered by curtains". The local union of architects from Trabzon filed a lawsuit against the ministry of religious affairs' conversion plan. A local judge ruled the transformation of the former church to be illegal, and ordered it to be maintained as a museum. However, it has remained a mosque. Between 2013 and 2018 the fresco's and opus sectile floor mosaic in the prayer hall were covered by immovable curtains and carpets, while the frescoes in the narthex remained uncovered. During renovation works from 2018 to 2020 the building was closed to visitors. A report drafted by the local union of architects heavily criticized the 2013 mosque conversion, and a court ordered the ministry of religious affairs to fulfill its promise and make the frescoes visible outside prayer time. In 2020 a retractable suspended ceiling was put in place underneath the dome, and a glass floor was placed over the opus sectile mosaic.

Cultural significance

The church figures prominently and has key significance for the lead character's spiritual development in Rose Macaulay's novel The Towers of Trebizond. "It took me some time to make out the Greek inscription, which was about saving me from my sins, and I hesitated to say this prayer, as I really did not want to be saved from my sins, not for the time being, it would make things too difficult and too sad."

Gallery

  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Exterior south side Trabzon Hagia Sophia Exterior south side
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior Trabzon Hagia Sophia Decoration exterior
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Capital Trabzon Hagia Sophia Capital
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Exterior Trabzon Hagia Sophia Exterior
  • Interior Interior
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco most of it Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco most of it
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco centre Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco centre
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Mark closer up Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Mark closer up
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Matthew Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Matthew
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco John close up Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco John close up
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Luke Trabzon Hagia Sophia Evangelists' fresco Luke
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Several scenes Trabzon Hagia Sophia Several scenes
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Kanaa Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Kanaa
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Kanaa detail Trabzon Hagia Sophia Marriage in Kanaa detail
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple detail Trabzon Hagia Sophia Christ teaching in the temple detail
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail Trabzon Hagia Sophia Feeding of the thousands detail
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Healing of the blind man at the pool of Siloam Trabzon Hagia Sophia Healing of the blind man at the pool of Siloam
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified fresco Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified fresco
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mary and Christ Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mary and Christ
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mary and Christ detail with Christ Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mary and Christ detail with Christ
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Descent into hell (Resurrection of Christ) Trabzon Hagia Sophia Descent into hell (Resurrection of Christ)
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior Trabzon Hagia Sophia Interior
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Last supper Trabzon Hagia Sophia Last supper
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia St. Bartholomew Trabzon Hagia Sophia St. Bartholomew
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene Trabzon Hagia Sophia Unidentified scene
  • Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ Trabzon Hagia Sophia Baptism of Christ
  • Dome frescoes Dome frescoes
  • Floor in 2008 Floor in 2008
  • Reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor tiling as drawn by Charles Texier in 1864. What remains was covered with a carpet in 2013. Reconstruction of the Opus Sectile floor tiling as drawn by Charles Texier in 1864. What remains was covered with a carpet in 2013.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Eden, Caroline (2017-10-25). "Turkey's other Hagia Sophia, in Trabzon". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  2. "Restoration of the Church of Saint Sophia at Trabzon | Research at the BIAA | BIAA". biaa.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  3. "Religion in Turkey: Erasing the Christian past." The Economist. July 25, 2013.
  4. Eastmond, Antony. "The Byzantine Empires in the Thirteenth Century" in Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004, p. 1.
  5. Gabriel Millet, "Les monastères et les églises de Trébizonde", Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, 19 (1895), p. 428
  6. Millet, Les monastères, p. 433
  7. David Talbot Rice, "The Church of Haghia Sophia at Trebizond", p6.
  8. Some details of the preservation can be read in David Winfield, "Sancta Sophia, Trebizond: A Note on the Cleaning and Conservation Work", Studies in Conservation, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Nov., 1963), pp. 117-130.
  9. "Mosque conversion raises alarm Archived 2017-02-20 at the Wayback Machine."
  10. "Bartholomew I: Do not transform Hagia Sophia in Trabzon into a mosque."
  11. Hagia Sophia to remain museum Kerknet, 6 November 2013

Further reading

  • Eastmond, Anthony. Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.

External links

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