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{{short description|Romantic attraction to individuals of particular age ranges}}
{{expert|date=March 2008}}
'''Chronophilia''' are forms of romantic preferences and/or sexual attractions limited to individuals of particular age ranges. Some such attractions, specifically those towards prepubescents and those towards the elderly, constitute types of ].<ref>{{cite book | author = Money, John |author-link = John Money| year = 1986 | title = Lovemaps: clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition of childhood, adolescence, and maturity | isbn = 978-0-8290-1589-8 | pages = 70, 260| publisher=Ardent Media }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Martijn| first1 = F.M | last2 = Babchishin | first2 = K | last3 = Pullman | first3 = L. | last4 = Seto | first4 = M. | year = 2020 | title = Sexual Attraction and Falling in Love in Persons with Pedohebephilia | journal = ] | volume = 49 | issue = 2| pages = 1305–1318 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-019-01579-9 | pmid = 32086644 | s2cid = 211246320 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Money, John |author-link= John Money | year = 1990| title = Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation | url = https://archive.org/details/gaystraightinbet0000mone | url-access = registration | isbn = 978-0-19-505407-1 | pages = , 183|publisher= Oxford University Press }}</ref> The term was coined by ] and has not been widely adopted by ], who instead use terms that refer to the specific age range in question. An arguable historical precursor was ]'s concept of "age fetishism".<ref name="janssen">{{cite journal | last = Janssen | first = D.F. | year = 2015 | title = "Chronophilia": Entries of Erotic Age Preference into Descriptive Psychopathology | journal = Medical History | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | pages = 575–598 | issn = 0025-7273 | doi=10.1017/mdh.2015.47 | pmid=26352305 | pmc=4595948}}</ref> Importantly, chronophilia are technically not determined by age itself, but by human sexual maturity stages, such as body type, secondary sexual characteristics and other visible features, particularly as measured by the stages of the ].<ref name="Seto_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Seto MC | title = The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–22 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27549306 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y | s2cid = 254256051 }}</ref>
'''Chronophilia''' refers to a group of patterns of ] is associated with age discrepancy between the sexual partners. <ref>John Money (1990) "Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation", ISBN 0195054075 </ref>The term was coined by ], from the Greek roots '']'', "]" and '']'', "]".


==Preferences based on age==
==Examples==
]

*Romantic and/or sexual attraction to minors
*'''Teleiophilia''' (from Greek ''teleios'', "full grown") is a rarely-used term for individuals who are attracted to older adults. <ref>Curt R. Bartol, Anne M. Bartol, "Introduction to Forensic Psychology" ISBN 0761926062 (2004), citing ] ''et al. (2001), '']'', wol. 13, pp. 118-126</ref> It is usually not considered a ], and therefore the word is little-needed. It is used occasionally, though, to refer simply to normal adult-to-adult attraction in order to distinguish from ''pedophilia''.{{ref|Cantor}}<ref>Erik Holland "the Nature of Homosexuality" ISBN 0595305083 (2004) </ref>
**''']''' refers to an expansion and reclassification of pedophilia and hebephilia with subgroups, proposed during the development of the ].<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113205242/http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=186 |date=2011-11-13 }}</ref> It refers more broadly to sexual attractions. Under the proposed revisions, people who are dysfunctional as a result of it would be diagnosed with pedohebephilic disorder. People would be broken down into types based on the idea of being fixated on one, the other or both of the subgroups. The proposed revision was not ratified for inclusion in the final published version of DSM-5.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

***''']''' (sometimes called ''nepiophilia'') is a subtype of pedophilia describing a sexual attraction on children less than 5 years old (including ]s and ]).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Greenberg DM, Bradford J, Curry S |title=Infantophilia--a new subcategory of pedophilia?: a preliminary study |journal=Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |year=1995 |pmid=7599373 }}.</ref>
:Alternatively, ] uses the term "Peripubescent Teleiophilia" in reference to "]" phenomenon <ref></ref>
***''']''' is a ] in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a romantic and/or sexual attraction to prepubescent youth. (Around 5-12 years of age)<ref name="WHOPaedophilia">World Health Organization, Section F65.4: Pedophilia (online access via ICD-10 site map table of contents)</ref><ref name="Blanchard2007">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1177/107906320701900307 | pmid = 17634757 | last1 = Blanchard | first1 = R. | last2 = Kolla | first2 = N. J. | last3 = Cantor | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Klassen | first4 = P. E. | last5 = Dickey | first5 = R. | last6 = Kuban | first6 = M. E. | last7 = Blak | first7 = T. | year = 2007 | title = IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source | journal = Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 285–309 | s2cid = 220359453 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Martijn| first1 = F.M | last2 = Babchishin | first2 = K | last3 = Pullman | first3 = L. | last4 = Seto | first4 = M. | year = 2020 | title = Sexual Attraction and Falling in Love in Persons with Pedohebephilia | journal = ] | volume = 49 | issue = 2| pages = 1305–1318 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-019-01579-9 | pmid = 32086644 | s2cid = 211246320 }}</ref> According to the fifth edition of the ] (DSM-5), pedophilia is a ] in which a person has intense sexual urges towards children, and experiences recurrent sexual urges towards and ] about children. Pedophilic disorder is further defined as psychological disorder in which a person meets the criteria for pedophilia above, and also either acts upon those urges, or else experiences distress or interpersonal difficulty as a consequence.<ref>American Psychiatric Association, {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf |date=October 19, 2013 }} Paraphilic disorders (page 18)</ref><ref name="dsm4">{{cite book | last = American Psychiatric Association | author-link = American Psychiatric Association | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV TR (Text Revision) | volume = 1 | url = http://www.psychiatryonline.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=1 | date = June 2000 | publisher = American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. | location = Arlington, VA, USA | isbn = 978-0-89042-024-9 | doi = 10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 | page = 943 | access-date = 2010-05-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111025012701/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=1 | archive-date = 2011-10-25 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The diagnosis can be made under the DSM or ] criteria for persons age 16 and older.<ref name="ICD10">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf |title=The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders – Diagnostic criteria for research }}&nbsp;{{small|(715&nbsp;KB)}} (see F65.4, pp. 166–167)</ref><ref name="faganJAMA">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fagan PJ, Wise TN, Schmidt CW, Berlin FS |title=Pedophilia |journal=JAMA |volume=288 |issue=19 |pages=2458–65 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12435259 |doi=10.1001/jama.288.19.2458 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12435259 |access-date=2010-05-14 |archive-date=2020-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304103354/http://jamanetwork.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12435259 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

**Attraction to adolescents
*''']''' refers to ] to the elderly among the non-elderly.{{ref|Kaul}}
***''']''' is a romantic and/or sexual attraction on early-pubescent youths in Tanner Stages 2 and 3 (around ages 9–14). ''']''' is a romantic/sexual attraction on late-pubescent youths in Tanner Stage 4 (around ages 14–21).<ref name="Blanchard2008">Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2008). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'' {{doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Martijn| first1 = F.M | last2 = Babchishin | first2 = K | last3 = Pullman | first3 = L. | last4 = Seto | first4 = M. | year = 2020 | title = Sexual Attraction and Falling in Love in Persons with Pedohebephilia | journal = ] | volume = 49 | issue = 2| pages = 1305–1318 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-019-01579-9 | pmid = 32086644 | s2cid = 211246320 }}</ref> The term ''hebephilia'' was introduced by Bernard Glueck in 1955.<ref>Glueck, B. C. Jr. (1955). ''Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955.'' New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene.</ref> Ephebophilia is not classified as a paraphilia, due to overlaps with teleiophilia and overlaps and similarities between Tanner Stages 4 and 5. Forensic psychologist and sexologist Dr. ] has noted ""older adolescents are reproductively viable and the fact that typically men are attracted to older adolescents, as reflected in self-report, psychophysiological, and pornography use studies (Freund, Seeley, Marshall, & Glinfort, 1972; Symons, 1979)".<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Seto MC | title = Sexual offenders: Predisposing antecedents, assessments, and management | isbn = 978-1-4939-2415-8 | pages = 29–44 | date = January 2016 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Phenix A, Hoberman H | title = Sexual Offending: Predisposing Antecedents, Assessments and Management | page = 30 | year = 2015 | publisher = Springer | isbn=978-1493924165 }}</ref>

*Attraction to adults
*''']''' (by definition including ]) differs from all these conditions in that it is a clinically-recognized disorder in the ]. This classification and the inclusion of ] is the subject of controversy.<ref>Bernard, Frits (1985/2002). , Books Reborn, ISBN 1-877051-17-9</ref><ref name="lautmann">Lautmann, Rüdiger (1994). ''Die Lust am Kind - Portrait des Pädophilen'' ("Erotic interest in minors - A portrait of pedophilia"), Hamburg, Klein Verlag, ISBN 3-89521-015-3 (in German)</ref><ref name="vogt">Vogt, Horst (2006). ''Pädophilie - Leipziger Studie zur gesellschaftlichen und psychischen Situation pädophiler Männer'' ("Pedophilia - Leipzig study on the societal and mental situation of pedophile males"), Lengerich, Pabst Science Publishers, ISBN 3-89967-323-9 (in German)</ref>
**''']''' (from Greek ''téleios'', "full grown") is a romantic and/or sexual preference for adults (around 18 to late 30's early 40's), specifically for adult body types, as it encompasses attraction towards postpubertals, the sexually mature.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1023/A:1001943719964 | last1 = Blanchard | first1 = R. | last2 = Barbaree | first2 = H. E. | last3 = Bogaert | first3 = A. F. | last4 = Dickey | first4 = R. | last5 = Klassen | first5 = P. | last6 = Kuban | first6 = M. E. | last7 = Zucker | year = 2000 | first7 = KJ | title = Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 29 | issue = 5| pages = 463–478 | pmid = 10983250 | s2cid = 19755751 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Dr. ] states: "A sexual preference in those in late adolescence who show many signs of sexual maturity (Tanner stage 4) or who are sexually mature (Tanner stage 5) is not representative of hebephilia; instead, it can be described as ephebophilia or teleiophilia (Hames & Blanchard, 2012)."<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Seto MC | title = Sexual offenders: Predisposing antecedents, assessments, and management | isbn = 978-1-4939-2415-8 | pages = 29–44 | date = January 2016 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_3 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hames |first1=Raymond |last2=Blanchard |first2=Ray |date=2012-08-01 |title=Anthropological Data Regarding the Adaptiveness of Hebephilia |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=745–747 |doi=10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0 |pmid=22644593 |s2cid=254261711 |issn=1573-2800}}</ref> The term was coined by ] in 2000 and has seen less public adoption than some newer terms.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Blanchard, R. |author2=Barbaree, H. E. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2005 | title = The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: Comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles | journal = Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 441–456 | doi=10.1177/107906320501700407|pmid=16341604 |s2cid=220355347 }}</ref>
**''']''' (derived from the Greek "mesos", "intermediate") is a romantic and/or sexual preference for middle-aged adults (around late 40's and 60's). The term was coined by ] in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Seto, M | year = 2016 | title = The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–22 | doi=10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y| pmid = 27549306 | s2cid = 1555795 }}</ref>
**''']''' is a romantic and/or sexual preference for the elderly. (70's+)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kaul | first1 = A. | last2 = Duffy | first2 = S. | year = 1991 | title = Gerontophilia: A case report | journal = ] | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 110–114 | doi = 10.1177/002580249103100204 | pmid = 2062191 | s2cid = 6455643 }}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*]
==Sources==
*]
{{reflist}}

==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{note|Cantor}}{{cite journal
| first = James
| last = Cantor
| title = Male Homosexuality, Science, and Pedophilia
| journal = APA Division 44
| volume = 18
| issue = 3
}}
* {{note|Kaul}} Kaul, A.; and Duffy, S. (1991). "Gerontophilia—a case report." ''Medicine, Science and the Law'', 31 ('''2'''), 110-114.


{{paraphilia}} {{paraphilia}}
{{Pedophilia}}


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Latest revision as of 04:21, 29 July 2024

Romantic attraction to individuals of particular age ranges

Chronophilia are forms of romantic preferences and/or sexual attractions limited to individuals of particular age ranges. Some such attractions, specifically those towards prepubescents and those towards the elderly, constitute types of paraphilia. The term was coined by John Money and has not been widely adopted by sexologists, who instead use terms that refer to the specific age range in question. An arguable historical precursor was Richard von Krafft-Ebing's concept of "age fetishism". Importantly, chronophilia are technically not determined by age itself, but by human sexual maturity stages, such as body type, secondary sexual characteristics and other visible features, particularly as measured by the stages of the Tanner scale.

Preferences based on age

Continuous distribution of the male chronophilic population divided by age of interest.
  • Romantic and/or sexual attraction to minors
    • Pedohebephilia refers to an expansion and reclassification of pedophilia and hebephilia with subgroups, proposed during the development of the DSM-5. It refers more broadly to sexual attractions. Under the proposed revisions, people who are dysfunctional as a result of it would be diagnosed with pedohebephilic disorder. People would be broken down into types based on the idea of being fixated on one, the other or both of the subgroups. The proposed revision was not ratified for inclusion in the final published version of DSM-5.
      • Infantophilia (sometimes called nepiophilia) is a subtype of pedophilia describing a sexual attraction on children less than 5 years old (including toddlers and infants).
      • Pedophilia is a psychological disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a romantic and/or sexual attraction to prepubescent youth. (Around 5-12 years of age) According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), pedophilia is a paraphilia in which a person has intense sexual urges towards children, and experiences recurrent sexual urges towards and fantasies about children. Pedophilic disorder is further defined as psychological disorder in which a person meets the criteria for pedophilia above, and also either acts upon those urges, or else experiences distress or interpersonal difficulty as a consequence. The diagnosis can be made under the DSM or ICD criteria for persons age 16 and older.
    • Attraction to adolescents
      • Hebephilia is a romantic and/or sexual attraction on early-pubescent youths in Tanner Stages 2 and 3 (around ages 9–14). Ephebophilia is a romantic/sexual attraction on late-pubescent youths in Tanner Stage 4 (around ages 14–21). The term hebephilia was introduced by Bernard Glueck in 1955. Ephebophilia is not classified as a paraphilia, due to overlaps with teleiophilia and overlaps and similarities between Tanner Stages 4 and 5. Forensic psychologist and sexologist Dr. Michael Seto has noted ""older adolescents are reproductively viable and the fact that typically men are attracted to older adolescents, as reflected in self-report, psychophysiological, and pornography use studies (Freund, Seeley, Marshall, & Glinfort, 1972; Symons, 1979)".
  • Attraction to adults
    • Teleiophilia (from Greek téleios, "full grown") is a romantic and/or sexual preference for adults (around 18 to late 30's early 40's), specifically for adult body types, as it encompasses attraction towards postpubertals, the sexually mature. Dr. Michael Seto states: "A sexual preference in those in late adolescence who show many signs of sexual maturity (Tanner stage 4) or who are sexually mature (Tanner stage 5) is not representative of hebephilia; instead, it can be described as ephebophilia or teleiophilia (Hames & Blanchard, 2012)." The term was coined by Ray Blanchard in 2000 and has seen less public adoption than some newer terms.
    • Mesophilia (derived from the Greek "mesos", "intermediate") is a romantic and/or sexual preference for middle-aged adults (around late 40's and 60's). The term was coined by Michael Seto in 2016.
    • Gerontophilia is a romantic and/or sexual preference for the elderly. (70's+)

See also

References

  1. Money, John (1986). Lovemaps: clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition of childhood, adolescence, and maturity. Ardent Media. pp. 70, 260. ISBN 978-0-8290-1589-8.
  2. Martijn, F.M; Babchishin, K; Pullman, L.; Seto, M. (2020). "Sexual Attraction and Falling in Love in Persons with Pedohebephilia". Arch Sex Behav. 49 (2): 1305–1318. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01579-9. PMID 32086644. S2CID 211246320.
  3. Money, John (1990). Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. Oxford University Press. pp. 137, 183. ISBN 978-0-19-505407-1.
  4. Janssen, D.F. (2015). ""Chronophilia": Entries of Erotic Age Preference into Descriptive Psychopathology". Medical History. 59 (4): 575–598. doi:10.1017/mdh.2015.47. ISSN 0025-7273. PMC 4595948. PMID 26352305.
  5. Seto MC (January 2017). "The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y. PMID 27549306. S2CID 254256051.
  6. DSM-5 U 03 Archived 2011-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Greenberg DM, Bradford J, Curry S (1995). "Infantophilia--a new subcategory of pedophilia?: a preliminary study". Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 23 (1): 63–71. PMID 7599373..
  8. World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-10 Section F65.4: Pedophilia (online access via ICD-10 site map table of contents)
  9. Blanchard, R.; Kolla, N. J.; Cantor, J. M.; Klassen, P. E.; Dickey, R.; Kuban, M. E.; Blak, T. (2007). "IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 19 (3): 285–309. doi:10.1177/107906320701900307. PMID 17634757. S2CID 220359453.
  10. Martijn, F.M; Babchishin, K; Pullman, L.; Seto, M. (2020). "Sexual Attraction and Falling in Love in Persons with Pedohebephilia". Arch Sex Behav. 49 (2): 1305–1318. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01579-9. PMID 32086644. S2CID 211246320.
  11. American Psychiatric Association, Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Paraphilic disorders (page 18)
  12. American Psychiatric Association (June 2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV TR (Text Revision). Vol. 1. Arlington, VA, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. p. 943. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349. ISBN 978-0-89042-024-9. Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
  13. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders – Diagnostic criteria for research" (PDF). (715 KB) (see F65.4, pp. 166–167)
  14. Fagan PJ, Wise TN, Schmidt CW, Berlin FS (November 2002). "Pedophilia". JAMA. 288 (19): 2458–65. doi:10.1001/jama.288.19.2458. PMID 12435259. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
  15. Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2008). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM–V. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9.
  16. Martijn, F.M; Babchishin, K; Pullman, L.; Seto, M. (2020). "Sexual Attraction and Falling in Love in Persons with Pedohebephilia". Arch Sex Behav. 49 (2): 1305–1318. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01579-9. PMID 32086644. S2CID 211246320.
  17. Glueck, B. C. Jr. (1955). Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955. New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene.
  18. Seto MC (January 2016). Sexual offenders: Predisposing antecedents, assessments, and management. pp. 29–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_3. ISBN 978-1-4939-2415-8.
  19. Phenix A, Hoberman H (2015). Sexual Offending: Predisposing Antecedents, Assessments and Management. Springer. p. 30. ISBN 978-1493924165.
  20. Blanchard, R.; Barbaree, H. E.; Bogaert, A. F.; Dickey, R.; Klassen, P.; Kuban, M. E.; Zucker, KJ; et al. (2000). "Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 29 (5): 463–478. doi:10.1023/A:1001943719964. PMID 10983250. S2CID 19755751.
  21. Seto MC (January 2016). Sexual offenders: Predisposing antecedents, assessments, and management. pp. 29–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_3. ISBN 978-1-4939-2415-8.
  22. Hames, Raymond; Blanchard, Ray (2012-08-01). "Anthropological Data Regarding the Adaptiveness of Hebephilia". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 41 (4): 745–747. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9972-0. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 22644593. S2CID 254261711.
  23. Blanchard, R. & Barbaree, H. E. (2005). "The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: Comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 17 (4): 441–456. doi:10.1177/107906320501700407. PMID 16341604. S2CID 220355347.
  24. Seto, M (2016). "The Puzzle of Male Chronophilias". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y. PMID 27549306. S2CID 1555795.
  25. Kaul, A.; Duffy, S. (1991). "Gerontophilia: A case report". Medicine, Science and the Law. 31 (2): 110–114. doi:10.1177/002580249103100204. PMID 2062191. S2CID 6455643.
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