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Revision as of 07:16, 12 April 2008 view sourceRomancamel (talk | contribs)20 edits →Nature← Previous edit Latest revision as of 13:34, 11 December 2024 view source SolxrgashiUnited (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users776 edits Just because black supremacy does not have enough political power to implement its racist beliefs does not mean that it is not discriminatory.Tag: Undo 
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{{Short description|Belief in superiority of black people}}
{{POV|date=December 2007}}
{{pp-protect|small=yes}}
'''Black supremacy''' is a ] ideology which holds that ] are superior to other ] and is manifested in bigotry towards persons not of ]n ancestry, particularly ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|first=U.S. News & World Report|authorlink=U.S. News & World Report|year=1959|title=Black Supremacy Cult in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report}}</ref>
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Black Power sidebar}}
'''Black supremacy''' or '''black supremacism''' is a ] belief which maintains that ] are inherently superior to people of other ].


==Historical usage==
==Nature==
Black supremacy was advocated by Jamaican preacher ] in the 1935 ] tract '']''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sellers|first=Allison Paige|date=2015|title=The 'Black Man's Bible': The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|journal=Journal of Africana Religions|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–342|doi=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|jstor=10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325|s2cid=141594246}}</ref> Howell's use of "Black Supremacy" had both religious and political implications. Politically, as a direct counterpoint to ], and the failure of white governments to protect black people, he advocated the destruction of white governments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bogues |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sX9ACwAAQBAJ |title=Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-94325-3 |page=164 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Howell had drawn upon as an influence the work of the earlier proto-Rastafari preacher ], in particular the latter's book '']''.<ref name="Price2009">{{cite book|author=Charles Price|title=Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC399TZD2BwC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6768-9|pages=48–49}}</ref>
Historically, black supremacy has been a reactionary phenomenon most evident among various quasi and ancient religious movements or cults as an ideological tool in framing a kind of ] for the societally marginalized and oppressed. ] historically has been an instrument of aggression, usurpation and oppression, reinforced and sustained worldwide by instruments of Western economic, political and military hegemony. By comparison, black supremacist ideologies have resulted in only relatively isolated cases of violence against others and discrimination; there is no evidence of any powerful, far-reaching nexus of instruments under black influence or control with a corollary effect on whites or other populations.


The ] described the teachings of the ] (NOI) as having been black supremacist until 1975, when ] succeeded ] (his father) as its leader.<ref name="MSNBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26630405|title=Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74|date=September 9, 2008|access-date=March 1, 2019|publisher=]|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Elijah Muhammad's black-supremacist doctrine acted as a counter to the supremacist paradigm established and controlled by white supremacy.<ref name="vincent">{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Rickey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TTVAAAAQBAJ |title=Party Music: The Inside Story of the Black Panthers' Band and How Black Power Transformed Soul Music |date=2013 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1-61374-495-6 |page=180 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZvHBQAAQBAJ |title=Teaching Malcolm X |date=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-91155-9 |page=143 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> The SPLC described the group as having a "theology of innate black superiority over whites – a belief system vehemently and consistently rejected by mainstream Muslims".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|title=Nation of Islam|website=]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011080634/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|archive-date=2019-10-11|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>
In ''Killing Rage: Ending Racism'', author and social commentator ] asserts that "...it is the system that promotes domination and subjugation. The prejudicial feelings some blacks may express about whites are in no way linked to a system of domination that affords us any power to coercively control the lives and well-being of white folks. That needs to be understood.<ref>Hooks, Bell, 1995, p. 154</ref>"


==Groups associated with black supremacist views==
], professor of Religion at ], describes in his essay "] and Black Rage" black supremacy as a phenomenon that developed to counter white supremacy. He comments:
], a village in the U.S. state of ] built in 1993 by the ], as seen from the air in 2002]]
{{bquote|The basic aim of ] theology -- with its distinct Black supremacist account of the origins and history of white people and there fear of black people -- was to counter white supremacy. Yet this preoccupation with white supremacy still allowed white people to serve as the principal point of reference. That which fundamentally motivates one still dictates the terms of what one thinks and does — so the motivation of a Black supremacist doctrine reveals how obsessed one is with white supremacy….<ref>{{cite book|first=Cornel|last=West|authorlink=Cornel West|year=1993|title=Race Matters|chapter= 8|pages=95-105|publisher=Beacon Press|url=http://www.pragmatism.org/library/west/|id=ISBN 0679749861}}</ref>}}
Several fringe groups have been described as either holding or promoting black supremacist beliefs. A source described by historian ] as being "the most extensive source on right-wing extremism" is the ] (SPLC), an American nonprofit organization that monitors ]s and ] in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Mark Chalmers |author-link=David Mark Chalmers |title=Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement |publisher=] |year=2003 |isbn=0-7425-2311-X |url={{Google books|tlvs7498TJMC|plainurl=y|page=188}} |page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Brett A. Barnett |title=Untangling the web of hate: are online "hate sites" deserving of First Amendment Protection? |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-934043-91-2 |url={{Google books|iuQSNj5NxioC|plainurl=y|page=20}} |page=20}}</ref> Authors of the SPLC's quarterly ''Intelligence Reports'' have described the following groups as holding black supremacist views:
* The ] (ICGJC), which is headquartered in ], was described in 2008 by the SPLC as an American "black supremacist sect" and part of the growing "black supremacist wing of the ]". The ICGJC accepts the ] and ]s and the ] as ] and has an ] view of the end of the world.<ref name=Ready>{{cite web |title=Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2016}}</ref>
* The ] (ISUPK), based in the ] of Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web |title='General Yahanna' Discusses Black Supremacist Hebrew Israelites |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/racist-black-hebrew-israelites-becoming-more-militant |date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref>
* The ] (NOI) is a religious organization founded by ] in the United States in 1930. They have been described by the SPLC as having "a theology of innate black superiority over whites".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nation Of Islam {{!}} Southern Poverty Law Center|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331042910/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nation-islam|archive-date=March 31, 2021|access-date=March 31, 2021|website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> SPLC cites the NOI leaders' "deeply racist, antisemitic and anti-LGBT rhetoric" as reasons for the organization being categorized as a hate group.<ref name=":0" />
* The ] is a religious group based in the United States described as black supremacist by the SPLC. It is an offshoot of the ] line of thought. It was founded by American ] (born Hulon Mitchell Jr.), whose name means "God the Son of God" in ]. The Nation of Yahweh grew rapidly throughout the 1980s and at its height had headquarters in Miami, Florida, and temples in 22 states,<ref name=SPLC1>{{cite web |author=Mark Potok |title=Popularity and Populism |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/popularity-and-populism |date=November 29, 2001 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> ben Yahweh was imprisoned for 11 years for his links to nearly two dozen murders, and later released on restrictive parole.<ref name="CNN20061006">{{Cite web |last=Associated Press |date=6 October 2006 |title=Cult Leader Linked To Beheadings Asks To 'Die With Dignity' |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011215618/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/10/06/cult.leader.ap/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2006 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=CNN}}</ref>
* The ] was founded by the American ], who has been described by the SPLC as advocating the belief that black people are superior to ]. The SPLC reported that York's teachings included the belief that "whites are 'devils', devoid of both heart and soul, their color the result of ] and genetic inferiority".<ref name=Nuwaubian>{{cite web |author=Bob Moser |title=United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors Meets Its Match in Georgia |work=Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/united-nuwaubian-nation-moors-meets-its-match-georgia |date=September 20, 2002 |access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref> The SPLC described the Nuwaubianism belief system as "mix black supremacist ideas with worship of the ] and their ], a belief in ] and various ] related to the ] and the ]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuwaubian Nation of Moors |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/nuwaubian-nation-moors |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=5 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


== Opposition from Martin Luther King Jr. ==
Others explain black supremacy as a form of ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Dinesh|last=D'Souza|authorlink=Dinesh D'Souza|year=1995|title=The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society|pages=398|publisher=New York Free Press}}</ref> The term ''Black rage'' is derived from a book{{Specify|date=December 2007}} by psychologists William Grier and Price Cobbs who argue that many black people living in a predominantly white and sometimes racist society are psychologically damaged by the effects of oppression and that this damage may cause some black people to think or behave in destructive ways.
During speeches given at the Freedom Rally in ] on June 23, 1963,<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 January 2015|title=Address at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/address-freedom-rally-cobo-hall|access-date=2020-06-15 |work=King Papers Project |publisher=]|language=en}}</ref> at ] in June 1965,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution|url=https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/CommAddress.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Electronic Oberlin Group}}</ref> and at the ] on March 17, 1966, ] said:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights Leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Speaks on the DePauw Campus |url=https://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/33427/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=DePauw University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Transcript of Dr. Martin Luther King's speech at SMU on March 17, 1966|url=https://www.smu.edu/News/2014/mlk-at-smu-transcript-17march1966|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Southern Methodist University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ogbar |first=Jeffrey O. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb-EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity |date=2019-03-19 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-2976-2 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote|text=A doctrine of black supremacy is as dangerous as a doctrine of ]. God is not interested merely in the freedom of black men or brown men or yellow men. God is interested in the freedom of the whole human race, the creation of a society where every man will respect the dignity and worth of personality.}}


==See also==
The Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress argues that Black Supremacy is the supremacy of good over evil. Black represents the good and white represents the evil. It is something symbolic, not related to the colour of the skin.<ref>Prince Emmanuel Charles Edwards, "Black Supremacy", Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress</ref>.
* ]

* ]
==Active orgnizations==
* ]

* ]
===Black "Muslim" groups===
* ]
====Nation of Islam====
* ]
{{main|Nation of Islam}}
]]]
In the ], the ] emerged, coming to prominence during the ], when charismatic minister ] became a spokesman for the movement. The group's founders, ] and ], preached the ], which held that the ] was an "]tic black man." White people, it contended, were "grafted" from black people 6,000 years ago by an ancient black scientist named Yakub.<ref>Muhammad, Elijah. "".</ref>
The belief in sacrificial killing and ritualistic murder was part of the early Nation of Islam doctrine. Fard thought explicitly that it was the duty for every Muslim to offer as sacrifice four "Caucasian devils".<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven|last=Tsoukalas|authorlink=Steven Tsoukalas|year=2001|title=The Nation of Islam - Understanding the "Black Muslims"|pages=23-24|publisher=P&R Publishing}}</ref> A portion of Fard's lesson reads as follows:

{{bquote|Why does Fard Mohammad and any Moslem murder the devil? What is the duty of each Moslem in regard to four devils? What reward does a Moslem receive by presenting the four devils at one time? -- Because he is one hundred percent wicked and will not keep and obey the laws of Islam. His ways and actions are like a snake of the grafted type. So Mohammad learned that he could not reform the devils, so they had to be murdered. All Moslems will murder the devil because they know he is a snake and also if he be allowed to live, he would sting someone else. Each Moslem is required to bring four devils, and by bringing and presenting four at one time his reward is a button to wear on the laple of his coat, also a free transportation to the Holy City of Mecca.|||Master Fard Mohammad, Lesson #1.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mattias|last=Gardell|authorlink=Mattias Gardell|year=1996|title=In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam|pages=56|Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press}}</ref>}}

Nation of Islam leader ] later argued that the lessons about murdering devils was only a metaphor designed to "rally NOI members to 'slay whites' psychological and social grip on them"<ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur J.|last=Magida|authorlink=Arthur J. Magida|year=1996|title=Prophet of Rage: A Life of Louis Farrakhan and His Nation|pages=52|New York: HarperCollins}}</ref> but Fard's lessons on the murder of whites in at least one instance were taken literally and verbatim:
<blockquote>One afternoon in the early 1970s, when Ali K. Muslim, then Charles 41x, was guarding the temple, a man carrying a sack asked to meet a temple official. The man, thoroughly confused about Elijah Muhammad's teachings, believed that if he killed four white "devils" he would win a trip to the Holy Land. He had come to redeem his prizes. In the sack, Ali K. Muslim says, were four severed heads.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven|last=Barbosa|authorlink=Steven Barbosa|year=1993|title=American Jihad: Islam after Malcolm X|pages=115-116|publisher=New York: Doubleday}}</ref></blockquote>

This teaching also culminated in the creation of the ], a small splinter group of the Nation of Islam. Between 1972 and 1974, the Death Angels murdered 14 whites in the San Francisco Bay area. These murders later would become known as the ] because the police used Radio Z to communicate about the case.<ref>Lubinskas, James. "". ''Front Page Magazine''. ] 2001.</ref><ref>Hodge, Damon. "". ''Las Vegas Weekly''. undated. </ref>

Elijah Muhammad also preached black self-reliance, black separatism, cooperative economics, strict moral and physical discipline, and opposition to black-white ]. Since its founding, the NOI has gone through reorganizations and internal conflicts, but even as it moves closer to the mainstream of Islamic belief and practice, NOI leadership has not rejected formally any of Fard's doctrines. It opposes any changes in the major beliefs and programs that were instituted by Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad, including the annual "]".<ref>Gudel, Joseph P. and Larry Duckworth. "". ''Christian Research Institute'. 1993.</ref><ref>"" ]. ] 2006.</ref><ref>"". ] ''Intelligence Report''. Fall 2000.</ref>

Members of the NOI have been publicly criticized by the leadership for making ], anti-] anti-white and anti-] statements,<ref>"". 2001.</ref> and for urging the murder of such people.<ref>Muhammad, Khalid Abdul. </ref> Farrakhan has been banned from entering the UK since 1986 because of his "racist and anti-Semitic views".<ref>"". '']''. ] 2002. </ref>

Most historians and social scientists{{Nonspecific|date=December 2007}} classify the Nation of Islam as a ], or black separatist, organization. Recently, the ] headed by ] placed the Nation of Islam on its list of ].<ref> ". ]. 2005. Retrieved ] 2006. </ref>

====Nation of Gods and Earths====
{{main|The Nation of Gods and Earths}}
The Nation of Gods and Earths, also known as Five Percent Nation or the Five Percenters, is an offshoot of the Nation of Islam. It was founded in Harlem in the late 1960s by Clarence 13X, who proclaimed himself to be ] (the Arabic term for God). "Five Percent" refers to the belief that they are the chosen five percent of all people who know and teach the truth. Five Percenters believe that each black man is God and therefore should take the name Allah. Like the Nation of Islam, the Five Percenters maintain that white people are devils created through a separate breeding process, known as "grafting." According to the ] the Nation of Gods and Earths is viewed as a "violence-prone black supremacist prison gang".<ref>Levin, Brian. "". ] ''Intelligence Report''. Fall 2003.</ref>

====New Black Panther Party====
{{main|New Black Panther Party}}
The New Black Panther Party (NBPP), whose formal name is the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, is a U.S.-based black power organization founded in Dallas, Texas in 1989. The NBPP attracted many breakaway members of the Nation of Islam when former Nation of Islam minister and spokesman ], infamous for his virulent anti-Semitism and racism<ref>"". ]. 2001.</ref>, became the national chairman of the group from the late 1990s until his death in 2001. The NBPP is currently led by ], who is also known for anti-Semitic propaganda, racism and extremist hate speech.<ref>"". ]. 2001.</ref>

====United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors====
{{main|United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors}}
The United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors was founded by ] who is considered to be "one of the most successful — and least known — black supremacist leaders in ]". The ] believe in black people's superiority to white people, that whites are "devils," devoid of both ] and ], that the color of white people is the result of ] and genetic inferiority, and that the ancestors of white people are the sexual partners of ] and ].<ref>Moser, Bob. "". ] ''Intelligence Report''. Fall 2002.</ref>

{{bquote|Among the different species of Apeman you have the black-haired Lar. This is where you get the word ‘lord,’ or master from. The Lares, plural for Lar, were recognized for their intelligence. These Lares were the head monkeys or spiritual monkeys, well known. This is where the word ‘monks’ comes from. Certain beings used the species known as the Baboon (part hyena, jackal and monkey) together with Orangutans for breeding. This resulted in your Behaymaw (called the beast of the field) type of carnivorous man called Mankind, one of the many species of Caucasians.<ref>York, Malachi Z. ''A Wake Up Call'' </ref><ref>York, Malachi Z. ''El Ishtakhlaag: The Creation'' Tablet 9 (p. 95-98)</ref>}}

] (sometimes also referred to as “]s”, “]”, “]ites”, “Tamahu”, or “Mankind”) are said in one myth to have been originally created as a race of killers to serve blacks as a slave army.

{{bquote|The Caucasian has not been chosen to lead the world. They lack true emotions in their creation. We never intended them to be peaceful. They were bred to be killers, with low reproduction levels and a short life span. What you call Negroid was to live 1,000 years each and the other humans 120 years. But the warrior seed of Caucasians only 60 years. They were only created to fight other invading races, to protect the God race Negroids. But they went insane, lost control when they were left unattended. They were never to taste blood. They did, and their true nature came out.… Because their reproduction levels were cut short, their sexual organs were made the biggest so that the female of their race will want to breed with Negroids to breed themselves out of existence after 6,000 years. It took 600 years to breed them, part man and part beast.<ref>York, Malachi Z. “This is your message Najwa and Davina, Kirsten” (letter) 10 November 2004 <br />See also Amunnubi Raakhptah’s ''9 Principles in the Human Being'' where he writes (p. 33): “The First Thing That All Nubuns Or Their Offspring Nubian Must Know Is That The Caucasoids Did Not And Still Don’t Produce Any Data On Negroids. Nothing You Read About In The Medical Field Applied To Negroids. It All Pertains To The Chemical Make Up Of The Caucasoid Bodies. Nothing In The Mental Field Of The Psychiatrist Pertains To The Negroids. The Caucasoids Cannot Evaluate Our Mental Stability, Or Try To Decipher Why We Do What We Do Because We Do Not Think Or Feel The Way They Do. Nor Do The Caucasoids Know Anything About Us Spiritually. The Caucasoids Are Carnivorous Mammals, Who Are Flesh Eating Killers By Nature. Mongoloids And Others Are Human, Also Mammals Because They Are Mixed. Some Are Carnivores And Some Are Herbivores By Nature. And We Are Deities, Herbivores By Nature Who Are Their Mothers And Fathers. The Caucasoid Were All Grafted From Us, And Mixed With Other Beast To Make Their Beast Like Nature.”</ref>}}

===Other groups===
====Nation of Yahweh====
{{main|Nation of Yahweh}}
The Nation of Yahweh is a black supremacist religious group that is an offshoot of the ] line of thought{{Fact|date=October 2007}}, and was founded by ], meaning "God the Son of God" in ], formerly known as ]. At its height, the Nation of Yahweh controlled an $8 million empire of properties, including a Miami headquarters known as the ''Temple of Love'' and temples in 22 states.<ref>"" Apologetics Index. undated.</ref> Followers of the Nation of Yahweh view blacks as the only "true Jews" and believe that ] ]s are the spawn of ].<ref>"". ] ''Intelligence Report''. Winter 2001. </ref>

According to the ], followers of the Nation of Yahweh formed a secret group called "The Brotherhood". To become a member of The Brotherhood, applicants had to kill a "white devil" and bring Mitchell a body part - an ear, nose or finger - as proof of the kill. Several Nation of Yahweh members were convicted of conspiracy in more than a dozen anti-white murders, among them ], a former pro football player and member of the secret Brotherhood, who admitted the killing of seven white people.<ref>Scheeres, Julie. "". ''The Crime Library''. undated.</ref> Mitchell started a private school for his followers and held sex classes for boys and men in which he showed them movies of white women having sex with animals to dissuade them from lusting after white females.<ref>Scheeres, Julie. "". ''The Crime Library''. undated.</ref>

==Melanin Theory==
Several black supremacists justify supremacist assertions with purported qualities of melanin based on distortions of scientific fact or speculation. This contention is known generally as the "Melanin Theory". The central idea of the Melanin Theory is that the levels of melanin in dark skin naturally enhance intelligence and emotional, psychic and spiritual sensitivity<ref name=suzar>Suzar. "". undated.</ref> and physical prowess.

Believers in melanin theory claim that the greater concentration of cutaneous melanin functions as a ] of sound and heat energy.<ref name=sankofach>"". MAD Writer Productions. undated.</ref> Some assert that it can absorb ], others that it can convert light and magnetic fields to ]<ref name=sankofach/><ref name=suzar/>; that it can process information without reporting to the ]; and, further, that it is the chemical basis for what is commonly called "soul".<ref name=suzar/>

They also claim that, because ], which is found in the ] (in Latin, literally "black substance") of the human brain, plays a role in the transmission of neuronal impulses, higher levels of melanin in skin enable nerve synapses to fire more quickly and efficiently as well, thereby enhancing the natural athleticism of blacks. However, no direct correlation between race and the level of melanin in the substantia nigra has been observed. <ref name=Skeptinq>Ortiz De Montellano, Bernard. "". ''Skeptical Inquirer. Spring 1992.</ref>

One of the notions of melanin theory is that whites are "mutants", that white skin is an aberration, a form of ]. Melanin theorist Wade Nobles takes this notion even further, stating that only blacks are fully human because of their higher levels of skin melanin:

<blockquote>That in the evolution of the species, in what some people call the ontogenetic evolution of humankind, that in the evolution of the species the human family separated in a sense that one branch of the family stopped its evolutionary path and simply depended upon the central nervous system as the total machinery for understanding reality. Whereas, the root of the family continued its path and not only evolved a central nervous system but developed what I called at that time an essential melanic system. And that I even went so far as to try to develop a little formula and suggested that CNS + EMS = HB. CNS (Central Nervous System) + EMS (Essential Melanic System) = HB (Human Being). That the central nervous system combined with the essential melanic system is what makes you human. That, in fact, to be human is to be Black. To be human is to be Black. (Nobles 1989).</blockquote>

Others, such as psychiatrist and writer ], express the same idea by their use of the term "hue-man" instead of "human,". Welsing is the author of "The Cress Theory of Color Confrontation" and "The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors", which in part ascribes certain purported, inherent and behavioral differences between blacks and whites to a "melanin deficiency" in whites:

<blockquote>On both St. Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day, the white male gives gifts of chocolate candy with nuts…. If his sweetheart ingests "chocolate with nuts," the white male can fantasize that he is genetically equal to the Black male…. Is it not also curious that when white males are young and vigorous, they attempt to master the large brown balls, but as they become older and wiser, they psychologically resign themselves to their inability to master the large brown balls? Their focus then shifts masochistically to hitting the tiny white golf balls in disgust and resignation—in full final realization of white genetic recessiveness.<ref>{{cite book|first=Cress Welsing|last=Frances|authorlink=Francis Cress Welsing|year=1990|title=The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors|publisher=Third World Press|id=ISBN 0-88378-104-2}}</ref></blockquote>

Welsing also claims that the prevalence of high blood pressure among African Americans is due to the fact that melanin exchanges "black photons" with other electrons and, therefore, picks up the negative energy vibrations from white people.

Welsing proposes that because it is so easy for pure whiteness to be genetically lost during interracial breeding, light-skinned peoples developed an aggressive colonial urge and their societies militaristically dominated others in order to preserve this light-skinned purity.

Melanin theorist ] claims that white scientists have deliberately created drugs such as cocaine, which are specially structured to chemically bind with melanin. Barnes claims that melanin and cocaine have a high affinity for each other because both are alkaloids, and that blacks get addicted faster, stay addicted longer, can test positive for cocaine even a year after its most recent use, and suffer more from these drugs because cocaine co-polymerizes into melanin. Yet, melanin is not an alkaloid, and there is no evidence that melanin co-polymerizes with cocaine ''in vivo''. He further writes in his book ''Melanin: The Chemical Key to Black Greatness'':

<blockquote>Melanin is responsible for the existence of civilization, philosophy, religion, truth, justice, and righteousness. Individuals (whites) containing low levels of Melanin will behave in a barbaric manner. Melanin gives humans the ability to FEEL because it is the absorber of all frequencies of energy. Since whites have the least amount of Melanin, this is why they are perceived by People of Color as generally being rigid, unfeeling (heartless), cold, calculating, mental, and "unspiritual." <ref>{{cite book|first=Barnes|last=Carol|authorlink=Carol Barnes (race theorist)|year=2001|title=Melanin: The Chemical Key to Black Greatness, Vol. 1|publisher=Lushena Books|id=ISBN 1-930097-35-2}}</ref></blockquote>

This hypothesis is supported by black academic ], who was dismissed in 1992 from his post as chairman of the Harlem's City College Black Studies department for having allegedly made anti-Semitic statements.<ref>"". '']''. ] 1992.</ref> Jeffries claims that the pigment melanin is the source of intelligence and creativity. He divides humanity into African “sun people” and European “ice people,” the latter being not only melanin-deficient but born cold and greedy, militaristic, authoritarian, and possessed of a host of other racially determined defects.<ref>"". ''Radio Talk''. ] 2005.</ref><ref>Peyser, Andrea. "". '']''.</ref>

Most scientists consider Melanin Theory ]; it has no credibility in mainstream medicine or science.<ref>Skeptinq, Ortiz de Montellano, B. R. 1993. “Afrocentricity, Melanin, and Pseudoscience," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36, 33-58</ref>



==Alliances with white supremacist groups==

Due to some commonly held racialist and separatist ideologies, some black supremacist organizations have found limited common cause with white supremacist or extremist organizations.

] (center) at ] Rally]]

In 1961 and 1962, ], the leader of the ], was invited to speak by ] at a ] rally.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Messenger Passes |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218,00.html |work= |publisher=] |date=], ] |accessdate=2007-08-19 }} </ref> In 1965, after breaking with the Nation of Islam and denouncing its separatist doctrine, Malcolm X told his followers that the Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad had made agreements with the American Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan that "were not in the interests of Negros."<ref></ref> In 1985, Louis Farrakhan invited white supremacist ], leader of the ] (a neo-Nazi white power group), to attend a NOI gathering. The Washington Times reports Metzger's words of praise: "They speak out against the Jews and the oppressors in Washington. ... They are the black counterpart to us." <ref></ref> The NOI also has established working relationships with a number of multi-ethnic organizations, including the ].

Tom Metzger also spoke at the "National Black Power Summit and Youth Rally," hosted by the ].


==References== ==References==
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==See also==
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Latest revision as of 13:34, 11 December 2024

Belief in superiority of black people

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Black supremacy or black supremacism is a racial supremacist belief which maintains that black people are inherently superior to people of other races.

Historical usage

Black supremacy was advocated by Jamaican preacher Leonard Howell in the 1935 Rastafari movement tract The Promised Key. Howell's use of "Black Supremacy" had both religious and political implications. Politically, as a direct counterpoint to white supremacy, and the failure of white governments to protect black people, he advocated the destruction of white governments. Howell had drawn upon as an influence the work of the earlier proto-Rastafari preacher Fitz Balintine Pettersburg, in particular the latter's book The Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy.

The Associated Press described the teachings of the Nation of Islam (NOI) as having been black supremacist until 1975, when W. Deen Mohammed succeeded Elijah Muhammad (his father) as its leader. Elijah Muhammad's black-supremacist doctrine acted as a counter to the supremacist paradigm established and controlled by white supremacy. The SPLC described the group as having a "theology of innate black superiority over whites – a belief system vehemently and consistently rejected by mainstream Muslims".

Groups associated with black supremacist views

Central portion of Tama-Re, a village in the U.S. state of Georgia built in 1993 by the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors, as seen from the air in 2002

Several fringe groups have been described as either holding or promoting black supremacist beliefs. A source described by historian David Mark Chalmers as being "the most extensive source on right-wing extremism" is the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), an American nonprofit organization that monitors hate groups and extremists in the United States. Authors of the SPLC's quarterly Intelligence Reports have described the following groups as holding black supremacist views:

Opposition from Martin Luther King Jr.

During speeches given at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall on June 23, 1963, at Oberlin College in June 1965, and at the Southern Methodist University on March 17, 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. said:

A doctrine of black supremacy is as dangerous as a doctrine of white supremacy. God is not interested merely in the freedom of black men or brown men or yellow men. God is interested in the freedom of the whole human race, the creation of a society where every man will respect the dignity and worth of personality.

See also

References

  1. Sellers, Allison Paige (2015). "The 'Black Man's Bible': The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years". Journal of Africana Religions. 3 (3): 325–342. doi:10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325. JSTOR 10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325. S2CID 141594246.
  2. Bogues, Anthony (2003). Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals. Psychology Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-415-94325-3. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  3. Charles Price (2009). Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica. NYU Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-8147-6768-9.
  4. "Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74". MSNBC. Associated Press. September 9, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  5. Vincent, Rickey (2013). Party Music: The Inside Story of the Black Panthers' Band and How Black Power Transformed Soul Music. Chicago Review Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-61374-495-6. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  6. Perry, Theresa (1996). Teaching Malcolm X. Psychology Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-91155-9. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  7. "Nation of Islam". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  8. David Mark Chalmers (2003). Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. ISBN 0-7425-2311-X.
  9. Brett A. Barnett (2007). Untangling the web of hate: are online "hate sites" deserving of First Amendment Protection?. Cambria Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-934043-91-2.
  10. "Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. August 29, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  11. "'General Yahanna' Discusses Black Supremacist Hebrew Israelites". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. August 29, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  12. ^ "Nation Of Islam | Southern Poverty Law Center". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  13. Mark Potok (November 29, 2001). "Popularity and Populism". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  14. Associated Press (October 6, 2006). "Cult Leader Linked To Beheadings Asks To 'Die With Dignity'". CNN. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  15. Bob Moser (September 20, 2002). "United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors Meets Its Match in Georgia". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  16. "Nuwaubian Nation of Moors". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
  17. "Address at the Freedom Rally in Cobo Hall". King Papers Project. Stanford University | Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. January 13, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  18. "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution". Electronic Oberlin Group. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  19. "Civil Rights Leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Speaks on the DePauw Campus". DePauw University. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  20. "Transcript of Dr. Martin Luther King's speech at SMU on March 17, 1966". Southern Methodist University. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  21. Ogbar, Jeffrey O. G. (March 19, 2019). Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-2976-2.
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