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{{Short description|French noble family, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon}}
{{Royal house|
{{Infobox family
| surname = House of Orléans
|name = House of Orléans
| estate = France
|other_names = Bourbon-Orléans
| coat of arms = ]
| country = ], ] |type = ] ]
|coat_of_arms = Coat of Arms of the July Monarchy (1830-31).svg
| parent house = ] which in turn is from ]
|coat_of_arms_size = 130px
| titles = ],
|coat_of_arms_caption = Arms of the House of Orléans
*],
|parent_house = ]
*Prince de Joinville,
|country = ]<br/>]<ref group=Note>The House of Orléans-Braganza has never reigned over Brazil, as the monarchy was abolished in Brazil in 1889.</ref>
*Duc de Chartres
|founded = {{Start date and age|1661|5|10|df=y}}
*],
|founder = ]
*],
|current_head = ]<hr/>Heads of cadet branches:<br/>]<br/>]<br/>Pedro of Orléans-Braganza and Petrópolis
*],
|final_ruler = ]
*]
|titles = {{Collapsible list|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|] (extinct)}}
*Duc de Montpensier,
|deposition = {{End date|1848|2|24|df=y}}
*Duc de Saint-Fargeau,
|cadet branches = ]<br/>]
*Duc de Beaupréau,
|website = {{URL|https://comtedeparis.com/}}
*Marquis de Coucy,
*Marquis de Folembray,
*Marquis de Mézières,
*Comte de Beaujolais,
*Comte de Dourdan, et
*Comte de Romorantin,
*Comte de Mortain,
*Comte de Bar-sur-Seine,
*] post ]{{fact}}
*] post ]
*] post ]
| founder = ] - brother of King ].
| final ruler = ] - ruled as King of the Frech from ] to ].
| current head = ], ] claimant to the French throne
| founding year = ]
| dissolution = ]
| nationality = ]
| cadet branches = ]
}} }}
]
] - the ] of ] for the young ].]]
], the 3d Duke ]]
] called ''le Gros '' or ''the Fat'']]
].]]
], head of the House of Orléans when it ruled France]]
].]]


Also known as the ''House of Bourbon-Orléans'' or ''Maison de Bourbon-Orléans'', for many centuries, the '''House of Orléans''' was a cadet branch of the main '']''. Both houses descended from King ]. The 4th '''House of Orléans''' ({{langx|fr|Maison d'Orléans}}), sometimes called the '''House of Bourbon-Orléans''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|Maison de Bourbon-Orléans}}) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the ], all descended in the legitimate male line from the ]'s founder, ]. The house was founded by ], younger son of ] and younger brother of ], the "Sun King".


From 1709 until the ], the Orléans dukes were next in the ] to the French throne after members of the senior branch of the ], descended from Louis XIV. Although Louis XIV's ] retained the throne, his brother Philippe's descendants flourished until the end of the French monarchy. The Orléanists held the French throne from 1830 to 1848 and are still ] today.
The senior line descended through the king's elder son, King ], and the junior line through the king's younger son, ], commonly known at court as '']''. As cousins of the king, the Orléans constantly interacted with the royal family at the court of ].


The House of Orléans has a cadet branch in the ], founded with the marriage between ], and ]. Although never reigning, the House of Orléans-Braganza has claimed the Brazilian throne since 1921.
==The Dukes - ''Dukes of Orléans'' of the sixth creation (])==


==History==
Members of the House of Orléans held the right to be addressed as 'Your ]' or ''Son Altesse Sérénissime'' in ]. This kind of address is usually a title for families that have been ] - which meant that they were able to marry into royalty.{{fact}} As members of the reigning '']'', the members of the family were considered '']''.
===Background===
It became a tradition during France's '']'' for the ] to be granted as an ] to a younger (usually the second surviving) son of the king. While each of the Orléans branches thus descended from a junior prince, they were always among the king's nearest relations in the male line, sometimes aspiring to the throne itself, and sometimes succeeding.
Since they had contemporaneous living descendants, there were two Bourbon-Orléans branches at ] during the reign of Louis XIV. The elder of these branches consisted of ], younger son of king ], and the four daughters of his two marriages.


Prince Gaston became the Duke of Orléans in 1626, and held that title until his death in 1660. Upon the death of Gaston, the ] of the Duchy of Orléans reverted to the Crown. His nephew, Louis XIV, then gave Gaston's appanages to his younger brother ], who became Duke of Orléans. At court, Gaston was known as ''Le Grand Monsieur'' ("The Big Milord"), and Philippe was called ''Le Petit Monsieur'' ("The Little Milord") while both princes were alive.
The Dukes of Orléans, after 1709, were also known as ''Monsieur le Prince'' as a result of their new status as '']''. However, the first head of the family to use this style did not do so until ].


===Creation===
===]===
{{Children of Philippe, Duke of Orléans}}
{{French Royal Family (Orléanist)}}
Philippe and his second wife, the famous court writer ], founded the modern House of Bourbon-Orléans. Before then, Philippe had been styled as the ], like Prince Gaston. Besides receiving the appanage of ], he also received the duchies of ] and ]: ''Duke of Chartres'' became the courtesy title by which the heirs apparent of the Dukes of Orléans were known during their fathers' lifetimes. Until the birth of the king's son, the ], the Duke of Orléans was the ] to the crown. He was to maintain a high position at court till his death in 1701.


Their surviving son, ] served as the ] of France for the young ].
As a "]" (son of the king), Philippe I bore the appellation of ''de France'' (''of France'') after his personal name. Therefore, his official name was ''Philippe de France''. However, he was better known at court by the traditional style of '']''. His older brother, King ], gave him the title of ''Duke of Orléans'' in ] after the death of their uncle, ].
As a '']'', Philippe's ] was ''de France''. Upon his death, his son inherited the Orléans dukedom, but as a '']''. His surname ''d'Orléans'' (used also by his descendants) was taken from his father's main title. The first two dukes, as son and ] grandson, respectively, of a French king, were entitled to be addressed as ]. But Philippe I was primarily known as '']'', the ] reserved at the French court for the king's eldest brother.


Philippe II was succeeded as duke by his only legitimate son, ], who was entitled to the style of ] as a '']''. After 1709, the heads of the Orléans branch of the ] ranked as the '']'' – this meant that the dukes could be addressed as ''Monsieur le Prince'' (a style they did not, however, use). More importantly, should there be no heir to the Crown of France in the king's immediate family, then the Orléans family would ascend by right the throne.
'''Children'''


===''Prince du sang''===
* ] (March 27 1662 &ndash; 12 February 1689), wife of ].
] and his younger brother ]]]
**She died childless before her father in ].
In 1709, the ] died. He was the '']'' and head of the '']''. As a result of this death, the title of ''premier prince'' passed to the House of Orléans, as they were closer in blood to the throne of France.<ref>{{cite web |last=Velde |first=Francois |title=The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs § Princes du Sang | website=Heraldica |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frroyal.htm#sang |access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> But since the two senior males of that line held higher rank as, respectively, ''fils de France'' and ''petit-fils de France'', they did not make use of the title and had no need of its attached prerogative; a household and ] maintained at the expense of the ].
* Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois (July 16 1664 &ndash; 8 December 1666)
* a daughter born July 9 1665, who died shortly thereafter.
* ] (August 27 1669 &ndash; 26 August 1728), first wife of ], first King of Sardinia whom she wed in 1684.


The Orléans household was already large, as it held the staff of Philippe II d'Orléans and of his wife, as well as the staff of his widowed mother, the ]. This combined household, though not fully functional until 1723, contained almost 250 members including officers, courtiers, footmen, gardeners, and even barbers.
Of his second marriage to ]:


===The Regency===
* Alexandre Louis, Duke of Valois. (2 June 1673 &ndash; 16 March 1676)8*
] with his Protégé, ]]]
* ] (August 2 1674 &ndash; 2 December 1723)
On the death of Louis XIV in September 1715, the new king, ], was only five years old. The country was then governed by the new king's older relative Philippe II d'Orléans as the ] of France. This period in French history is known as the Regency (''La Régence''), and gave the ''House of Orléans'' the pre-eminent position and political role in France during the king's ]. The regent ruled France from his family residence in Paris, the ]. He installed the young Louis XV in the ] which was opposite the Palais-Royal.
**who would become ] of France during ]'s minority.
**] ancestor of ], ], and of the modern ] ]s to the crown of France.
* ] (September 13 1676 &ndash; 23 December 1744), wife of ], ]
**their son ] (1708 &ndash; 1765) &mdash; became ], father to ] (1755 &ndash; 1793), and ] of the ] dynasty, Emperors of Austria until 1918.


In January 1723 Louis XV gained his majority and began to govern the country on his own. The young king moved the court back to ] and in December, Philippe II died and his son, ''']''' succeeded him as 3rd duke and, more importantly, as France's heir presumptive. Nonetheless, since his rank by birth (as a great-grandson of a French king) was ''prince du sang'', that of ''premier prince du sang'' constituted a higher style, of which he and his descendants henceforth made use.
===]===


===Under Louis XV===
As only a "]" (grandson of the king), and not a son of the king, Philippe II was not called ''Philippe de France'' like his father but had to assume the name of the family ] of ] after his personal name. As a result, he was officially called ''Philippe d'Orléans''. This naming style for future generations of the ''House of Orléans'' was reaffirmed by law during the reign of his descendent, '''King Louis-Philippe of the French'''.{{fact}}
Louis d'Orléans was in several ways his father's opposite, being retiring by nature and extremely devout. Although still in his twenties when widowed, he did not remarry after ] death, and is not known to have ever taken a mistress. He died in the ] in Paris.<ref>{{cite web | first=Marie-Estelle |last=Gordien |url=http://theses.enc.sorbonne.fr/2002/gordien |title=Louis d'Orléans (1703-1752), premier prince du sang et mystique érudit |website=theses.enc.sorbonne.fr |language=fr |orig-year=2000 |date=30 August 2018}}</ref>


His son, ''']''', was the fourth of his line to hold that title. After having a distinguished military career, he decided to live quietly with his mistress (later, his ] wife), the ], at the ''Château de Sainte-Assise''.
Also known to history as the ]. He was ruled the kingdom of France from ] until his death in ]. His wife, ], was an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV and his most famous mistress, ] and was therefore his first cousin.


===Louis XVI===
As a wedding gift, Louis XIV gave the Orléans family full ownership of the ] in ]. This generous offering was meant as an incentive for Philippe I, the father of the groom, to accept the marriage because it was well-known that the duc's wife despised the king's illegitimate children.{{fact}} The Orléans were already lodgers in the ] and had been since the beginning of Louis' reign. With the wedding, the Orléans could claim official ownership.
Louis Philippe I d'Orléans and his wife ] had two children: the fifth duke, ''']''', known to history as ''Philippe Egalité'', and ]. As the Duke of Chartres, ], married one of his cousins, ]. She was the sole heiress of the ], which had accumulated vast wealth bestowed, despite their ], on the ''princes légitimés'' by their father, Louis XIV. The Duchess of Chartres had a dowry of six million ], {{Inflation|UK|250000|1769|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}, <!--One pound Sterling was then worth 24 livres, so six million livres was £250,000. --> and an annual allowance of over 500,000 livres, {{Inflation|UK|20833|1769|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}. Upon the death of her father she inherited the remainder of the Bourbon-Penthièvre revenues and ]x.


Louis Philippe II was given the surname ''Egalité'' ("Equality") when French titles of nobility were abolished in 1790. His wife outlived him by almost thirty years.
'''Children'''


Louise Marie Thérèse ''Bathilde'' d'Orléans married ], the last of ], and was the mother of the ], who was ] by ]. She died in 1822, the same year as her sister-in-law the ]. They were both buried in the '']''.
As the Regent of France, Philippe II was therefore in charge of the government and was the ] ruler of France from ] till ], the year of his death. The duc used his power to marry off his six daughters to the rich and powerful.{{fact}} Even his son was made to marry a German Princess from the state of ].


===French Revolution===
*Mademoiselle de Valois (] ] &ndash; ] ])
]'s execution. His cousin, '''Philippe Égalité''', voted for his execution]]
*] (] ] &ndash; ] ]). Married ]
At the time of the ], Philippe Egalité, was the only person of the royal family to actively support the revolution.
*Louise Adélaïde (] ] &ndash; ] ]).
*] (] ] &ndash; ] ]). Married ]
*] (] ] &ndash; ] ]).
*] (] ] &ndash; ] ]). Married ]
*Philippine Elisabeth (] ] &ndash; ] ]). Was engaged to ]
*] (] ] &ndash; ] ]). Married the hier of the ]


He went so far as to vote for the execution of his cousin, King ], an act which earned him popularity among the revolutionaries, and the undying hostility of many French monarchists. He remained in prison until October, the beginning of the ]. He was shortlisted for a trial on 3 October, and effectively tried and ]d in the space of one day, on the orders of ].
===]===


Most of the Orléans family were forced to flee. The new Duke of Orléans had fled to Austria several months previously, triggering the arrest of his father. His brother, the ], would die in England, and his sister fled to Switzerland after being imprisoned for a while. The youngest brother, ], was thrown into a prison in the south of France (Fort-Saint-Jean in ]) in 1793, but later escaped to the United States. He too died in exile. Of the Orléans, only the widow of Philippe Egalité was able to remain in France unhindered until, in 1797 she, too, was banished to Spain along with the few remaining Bourbons who still lived in France.
After his father died, the new duc was known as '']'', the style associated with the title of ''].'' The ''First Prince'' was always the eldest living male relative of the king.{{fact}} His father could've used the title but chose not to. The new duc's wife, was therefore known at court as '']''.


In 1814 during the ], the three remaining members of the family, the Duke of Orléans, his mother and sister, returned to Paris. The family's properties and titles were returned to them by ].
*] (]&ndash;]).
**Was the grandson of ] and his brother younger ]. He was recognised as the ] after the death of his father.


===July Monarchy===
'''Children'''
{{Multiple image
|image1=Coat of Arms of the July Monarchy (1830-31).svg
|caption1=The arms of the King of the French (1830-1848)
|image2=Coat of Arms of the July Monarchy (1831-48).svg
|caption2=The arms of the Kingdom of France (1831-1848)
}}
In 1830, following the French ], the House of Orléans became the ruling house when the monarch of the elder ] line, ], was replaced by the 6th duke, ''']''', son of Philippe Egalité. Louis Philippe ruled as a ], and as such was called '''King of the French''', rather than "of France". His reign lasted until the ], when he abdicated and fled to England.


Even after his ouster, an ] faction remained active, supporting a return of the House of Orléans to power. Legitimist monarchists however continued to uphold the rights of the elder line of Bourbons, who came close to regaining the throne after the fall of the ]{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}. In the early 1870s, a majority of deputies in the ] were monarchists, as was the nation's president, ]. Thus, it was widely expected that the old dynasty would be invited to re-mount the throne, in the person of either the Bourbon or the Orléans claimant.
*]
]
To seize this opportunity the Orléanists offered a so-called ''fusion'', whereby King Louis Philippe's grandson and heir, ], accepted the childless Legitimist pretender's right to the throne, thereby potentially uniting French royalists in support of a single candidate. But the refusal of the last male of Louis XIV's direct line, the ], to accept the ] as France's flag under a restored monarchy proved an insurmountable obstacle to his candidacy.


Although the Orléans had ]ed under the tricolor without objection, this time the Orléans princes did not abandon the cause of the head of their dynasty by seeking to offer themselves as alternative candidates; by the time Chambord died and the Orléans felt free to re-assert their claim to the throne, the political moment had passed, and France had become resolutely republican.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné, Comte de |volume=5 |page=823}}</ref> France has had neither a Bourbon nor Orléans monarch since 1848.
===]===


Louis-Philippe and his family lived in England until his death in ], ]. Like his mother, he and his wife, Amelia (1782–1866), were buried at the ''Chapelle royale de Dreux''. In 1883, the Count of Chambord died without children. As a result, some Legitimists recognized the House of Orléans as the heirs to the throne of France.
] (]&ndash;]). He succeeded his father and became a very famous soldier. He fought in the ], the campaigns of ], ] and ], and at the ].


However, a portion of the Legitimists, still resentful of the revolutionary credentials of the House of Orléans, transferred their loyalties to the ] heirs of the Spanish Bourbons, who represented the most senior branch of the ] even though they had renounced their claim to the French throne to obtain Spain in 1713.
'''Children'''


Thus to their supporters, not only are the heads of the House of Orléans the rightful heirs to the constitutionalist title of "King of the French", but also to the Legitimist title of "King of France and Navarre".
*A girl (1745 - 1745)
*''']''' (]&ndash;]), who succeeded his father as ] in 1785. During the ], he became better known as '''Philippe-Égalité''';
*] (]&ndash;]), who married ].


==Heads of the House==
===]===
{{Nobility table header|arms=no|extra column=Succession right(s) !! Ref.}}
|-
| ]<br />10 May 1661<br />{{ndash}}<br />9 June 1701<br />''({{age in years, months and days|10 May 1661|9 June 1701|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 21 September 1640<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| {{grey|(1)}} ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1661; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1670)}}<br/>3 children<hr/>{{grey|(2)}} ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1671; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1701)}}<br/>3 children
| 9 June 1701<br />]<br />Aged 60
| Created ] by ]
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Nichols Barker|first=Nancy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1clnAAAAMAAJ|title=Brother to the Sun King, Philippe, Duke of Orléans|editor=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=1989|isbn=9780801837913}}</ref>
|-
| ]<br />9 June 1701<br />{{ndash}}<br />2 December 1723<br />''({{age in years, months and days|9 June 1701|2 December 1723|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 2 August 1674<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1692; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1723)}}<br/>8 children
| 2 December 1723<br />]<br />Aged 49
| Son of ]<br/>(proximity of blood)
| {{N/A}}
|-
| ]<br />2 December 1723<br />{{ndash}}<br />4 February 1752<br />''({{age in years, months and days|2 December 1723|4 February 1752|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 4 August 1703<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1724; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1726)}}<br/>8 children
| 4 February 1752<br />]<br />Aged 48
| Son of ]<br/>(primogeniture)
| {{N/A}}
|-
| ]<br />4 February 1752<br />{{ndash}}<br />18 November 1785<br />''({{age in years, months and days|4 February 1752|18 November 1785|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 12 May 1725<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| {{grey|(1)}} ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1743; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1759)}}<br/>3 children<hr/>{{grey|(2)}} ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1773; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1785)}}<br/>Childless
| 18 November 1785<br />]<br />Aged 60
| Son of ]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| ]<br />18 November 1785<br />{{ndash}}<br />8 September 1792<br />''(Renounced to nobility after {{age in years, months and days|18 November 1785|8 September 1792|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 13 April 1747<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1768; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1793)}}<br/>5 children
| 6 November 1793<br />]<br />Executed for treason<br/>Aged 46
| Son of ]<br/>(primogeniture)
| <ref>{{cite book|last=La Marle|first=Hubert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKbf4kxyNmsC|title=Philippe Egalité, "grand maître" de la Révolution: le rôle politique du premier Sérénissime Frère du Grand Orient de France|editor=Nouvelles Editions Latines|date=1989|isbn=9782723303835}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=7 | Louis Philippe II continued to be the informal head of the House until his execution in 1793; after that his son Louis Philippe III claimed his titles.
|-
| ]<br />6 November 1793<br />{{ndash}}<br />26 August 1850<br />''({{age in years, months and days|6 November 1793|26 August 1850|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 6 October 1773<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1809; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1850)}}<br/>10 children
| 26 August 1850<br />], ], England<br />Aged 76
| Son of ]<br/>(primogeniture)
| <ref>{{cite book|author=Louis Philippe I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WQIAAAAQAAJ|title=Memoir of Louis Philippe I, king of the French|date=1830}}</ref>
|-
| ]<br/>'''(Philip VII, if king)'''<br />26 August 1850<br />{{ndash}}<br />8 September 1894<br />''({{age in years, months and days|26 August 1850|8 September 1894|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 24 August 1838<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1864; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1894)}}<br/>8 children
| 8 September 1894<br />], ], England<br />Aged 56
| Grandson of ]
| <ref>{{cite book|author=Prince Philippe, Count of Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MV41tAEACAAJ|title=Comte de Paris Letters, 1875-1894|date=1875}}</ref>
|-
| ]<br/>'''(Philip VIII, if king)'''<br />8 September 1894<br />{{ndash}}<br />28 March 1926<br />''({{age in years, months and days|8 September 1894|28 March 1926|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 6 February 1869<br />], ]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1896; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1926)}}<br/>Childless
| 28 March 1926<br />]<br />Aged 57
| Son of ]<br/>(primogeniture)
| {{N/A}}
|-
| ]<br/>'''(John III, if king)'''<br />28 March 1926<br />{{ndash}}<br />25 August 1940<br />''({{age in years, months and days|28 March 1926|25 August 1940|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 4 September 1874<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1899; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1940)}}<br/>4 children
| 25 August 1940<br />]<br />Aged 65
| Great-grandson of ]<hr/>Cousin and brother-in-law of ]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| ]<br/>'''(Henry VI, if king)'''<br />25 August 1940<br />{{ndash}}<br />19 June 1999<br />''({{age in years, months and days|25 August 1940|19 June 1999|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 5 July 1908<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1931; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1999)}}<br/>11 children
| 19 June 1999<br />]<br />Aged 90
| Son of ]
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Goyet|first=Bruno|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHJF9CHxCCEC|title=Henri d'Orléans, comte de Paris (1908–1999) : le prince impossible|editor=Odile Jacob|date=2001|isbn=9782738109347}}</ref>
|-
| ]<br/>'''(Henry VII, if king)'''<br />19 June 1999<br />{{ndash}}<br />21 January 2019<br />''({{age in years, months and days|19 June 1999|21 January 2019|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 14 June 1933<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| {{gray|(1)}} ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1957; {{tooltip|div.|divorced}} 1984)}}<br/>5 children<hr/>{{gray|(2)}} ]<br />{{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 1984)}}<br/>Childless
| 21 January 2019<br />]<br />Aged 85
| Son of ]<br/>(primogeniture)
| {{N/A}}
|-
| ]<br/>'''(John IV, if king)'''<br /> since 21 January 2019'' ({{age in years, months and days|21 January 2019|duration=yes}})''
| ]
| 19 May 1965<br />]<hr />Son of ]<br />and ]
| ]<br /> {{small|({{tooltip|m.|marriage}} 2009)}} <br/>5 children
|
| Son of ]<br/>
| {{N/A}}
|}


==Contemporary family==
He was the head of the Orléans house from ] until his execution in ]. As mentioned before, he voted for the execution of his cousin ].
], current head of the house, with his wife and heir apparent, Prince Gaston.]]
The current head of the house is ] (born 1965), who is a ] to the French throne as '''John IV'''. For the ]s, his pretense is due to being the heir of King Louis Philippe of the French. For ], his pretense is due to being the heir of ], and so of ].


'''Present family'''
*] (]&ndash;]).
**Also known as Philippe Égalité.


On 5 July 1957, ] married ] (born 1934), another descendant of King Louis Philippe. He received the title '']''. Five children were born from this union, before the marriage ended in divorce.
'''Children'''


# ] (born 3 January 1959, ]) married civilly at Dreux on 22 July 1989 and religiously in ] on 22 July 1989 to ] (born 1 April 1949, ]), of whom she has five children
*] (]-]), ] from ] to ]
#* Princess '''Léopoldine''' Eléonore Thérèse Marie of Liechtenstein (born 27 June 1990, ])
*Antoine Philippe d'Orléans (]-]), ] - died in exile.
#* Princess '''Marie Immaculata''' Elisabeth Rose Aldegunde of Liechtenstein (born 15 December 1991, ])
*] (]-])
#* Prince '''Johann''' Wenzel Karl Emmeran Bonifatius Maria of Liechtenstein (born 17 March 1993, ])
*daughter (]-]), a twin of the above.
#* Princess '''Margarete''' Franciska Daria Wilhelmine Marie of Liechtenstein (born 10 January 1995, ])
* ], ] (]-]), died during exile.
#* Prince '''Gabriel''' Karl Bonaventura Alfred Valerian Maria of Liechtenstein (born 6 May 1998, ])
# ] (born 7 February 1961, ] – died 30 December 2017), ], was severely disabled (due to mother's ] during pregnancy).
# Princess '''Blanche''' Elisabeth Rose Marie of Orléans (born 10 September 1962, ]), severely disabled (due to the same cause as her elder brother).
# ] (born 19 May 1965, Boulogne sur Seine), ] and ], married civilly in Paris on 19 March 2009 and religiously at the Cathédrale Notre-Dame at ] on 2 May 2009 to Philomena de Tornos Steinhart (born 19 June 1977, Vienna), with whom he has five children
#* Prince '''Gaston''' Louis Antoine Marie of Orléans (born 19 November 2009, ])
#* Princess '''Antoinette''' Léopoldine Jeanne Marie of Orléans (born 28 January 2012, ])
#* Princess '''Louise-Marguerite''' Eléonore Marie of Orléans (born 30 July 2014, ])
#* Prince '''Joseph''' Gabriel David Marie of Orléans (born 2 June 2016)
#* Princess '''Jacinthe''' Elisabeth-Charlotte Marie of Orleans (born October 2018)
# ] (born 18 March 1968, Paris), ], married civilly at Dreux on 19 June 1999 and religiously in ] on 10 July 1999 to Marie-Liesse Claude Anne Rolande de Rohan-Chabot (born 29 June 1969, Paris), with whom he has two children
#* Princess '''Thérèse''' Isabelle Marie Eléonore (born 23 April 2001, ])
#* Prince '''Pierre''' Jean Marie d'Orléans (born 6 August 2003, ])


], is now the head of the house.
===]===


==Wealth and finances==
He was the eldest son of Philippe Égalité and his wife, the heiress ]. She was the last remaining member of the vastly wealthy '']'', who were cousins of the ''House of Orléans'' through a shared ancestry with ]. He took the title of duc d'Orléans after the execution of his father, in ].
{{main|Goods of the House of Orléans}}


===Appanages===
*] (]-]) was King of the French from ] to ].
Throughout the years of the '']'', the Orléans household received vast riches in terms of wealth and property. Philippe de France obtained for the House of Bourbon-Orléans, during the rule of his brother Louis XIV, the following:
* The ducal titles of ], ], ] and the lordship of ]. This occurred in 1660, shortly after the death of ], who had no male descendants. The family might also have obtained the county of ] and with it the ], ] and also the governorship of ] but Philippe de France was refused these by his brother.
* In 1672, Louis XIV added the Duchy of Nemours, the countships of Dourdan and Romorantin, and the marquisates of Coucy and Folembray.
* In 1692, Philippe's son and heir, Philippe II, married ], a ] daughter of Louis XIV by his ''liaison'' with ]. In order to convince his brother to allow his son to marry one of his illegitimate daughters, the king gave him the ], which Philippe I had already occupied since his first marriage, and promised him a dowry of two million livres. This palace became the Paris residence of the Dukes of Orléans until 1792.
* The Orléans canal, built by Philippe de France, was used by the family to transport their timber from the Orléans forest to the capital where it was sold. The canal was nationalised during the revolution.


Under the regent, Philippe II, d'Orléans:
'''Children'''
* He quietly increased his wife's annual allowance to 400,000 livres while he was in power.<ref>Pevitt, Christine, ''The Man Who Would be King: The Life of Philippe d'Orléans, Regent of France''</ref> He also bought many buildings around Paris, although many were sold by his grandson. It was also he who bought the ] (also known as ''Le Régent''), which was kept at the ] in Paris.


Under Louis d'Orléans:
* ], ] (b. ], ]–d. 1842) married Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
* In 1740, Louis XV added the ''Hôtel de Grand-Ferrare'' at ]
* ] (b. ], ]–d. 1850) married ]. Children included ] and ].
* The king added the countship of ] in 1751 and the lordships of Laon, Crépy and Noyon.
* Marie of Orléans (b. ], ]–d. 1839) married Duke Alexander of Württemberg (b. 1804–d. 1881).
* By 1734, the family's income exceeded one million livres annually in rents due from the ducal domains of Orléans, Valois, Chartres, and the lordship of Montargis. Sales of timber from such vast tracts as the ] forest, added 500,000 livres.
* ] (b. ], ]–d. 1896) married ] (b. 1822–d. 1857).
* Francisca of Orléans (b. ], ]–d. 1818)
* ] (b. ], ]–d. 1907) married ] (b. 1818–d. 1881).
* ] (b. ], ]–d. 1900) married ] (b. 1824–d. 1898), daughter of ].
* Charles, Duke of Penthièvre (b. ], ]–d. 1828)
* ], Duke of Aumale (b. ], ]–d. 1897) married Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1822–d. 1869).
* ] (b. ], ]–d. 1890), married ] (b. 1832–d. 1897) daughter of ] and became a prince of Spain.


===]=== Under ]:
* Rents came in from the towns of La Fère, Marle, Ham, Saint-Gobain, the ''Hôtel Duplessis-Châtillon'' and from the ''Ourcq canal''.


Because the Dukes of Orléans were also the ''premier princes du sang'', the kingdom's treasury paid for their personal household of 265 staff and officers. Along with towns and buildings, the family derived income from its forests on the ducal lands at Orléans, Beaugency, Montargis, Romorantin, Dourdan, Bruadan, Villers-Cotterêts (at which they had a château), Laigne, Coucy, La Fère, Marle, and Saint-Gobin.
*] (]&ndash;]) eldest son of King Louis Philippe.


* The original appanage was returned to the Orléans family in May 1814 by Louis XVIII. It was united with the domain of the ] upon Louis-Philippe d'Orléans' accession to the throne in 1830, at which time it was worth about 2.5 million ]s in annual income.
'''Children'''


]. It includes: ] (d 1669), exiled Queen of England; ], founder of the House of Orléans; his first wife ] (d 1670); the couple's first daughter ] (later Queen of Spain); ] (d 1666); the Orléans daughters of ]; Louis XIV; the Dauphin with his mother ] with her third daughter ''Marie-Thérèse de France'', called '']'' (d. 1672) and her second son '']'' (d. 1671). The first daughter of Gaston stands on the far right: ]. The picture frame with the two children are the other 2 daughters of Louis and Maria Theresa who died in 1662 and 1664.]]
*] (]-]), Prince Royal, who married Marie Isabelle of Orléans, Princess of Spain (]&mdash;]).
*Robert, duc de Chartres (]-]), married Françoise of Orléans (b.1844-d.1925).


===Residences===
===]===
Philippe I and his wife had to spend most of their time at the royal court of his brother Louis XIV. For this purpose they had apartments at the ], the ], the ] and the ], as did most other members of the ]. Their private home, given to them by the king, was the ], Paris. Furthermore, Philippe I had bought the ], located between Paris and Versailles, in 1658. Later he replaced it with a new baroque building, including vast gardens on the Seine River. He also had a number of smaller rural properties. Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, sold the Palais Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud to King Louis XVI, shortly before the Revolution, however still occupying an apartment at the Palais Royal. Their private residences then became the ] and the Château de Sainte-Assise at ].


Before the court was officially moved to Versailles, and before the birth of his nephew, the king's son, the ] ], in 1661, the Duke of Orléans' apartments in the ] were where the Dauphin's now are located. The apartments looked over the ''Parterres du Midi'' of the south and were directly under the ''Grand Appartement de la reine''. After the dauphin's birth, the Orléans had to move to the north wing and occupied large quarters there. These looked out onto the ''Parterres du Midi'' of the south. The family also had apartments where the modern day ''Galerie des batailles'' are. This area was used by the Duke himself, his second wife, ], his son, ] and daughter-in-law, ]. The apartments of the family were later moved to the bottom floor of the north wing, opposite the ], this time looking over the ''Parterres du Midi'' of the north. The family had been moved in order to accommodate three of Louis XV's daughters, ], ] and ]. The family remained there till the ].
*] (]&ndash; ]) eldest son of ]


<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
''Note that in some sense, all heads of the House of Orléans since 1830 have been entitled to the use of the title Duke of Orléans, whether or not they have done so. This is regardless of whether they were First prince of the Blood or not''
Versailles Garden.jpg|''Parterres du Midi'' at ]
The Palais Royal in 1680 by a member of the Perelle family.png|], Paris (1679)
View of the estate of Saint Cloud by Étienne Allegrain.jpg|]
</gallery>


===Inheritances===
==Under the ]==
] who brought much wealth to the family]]
Along with their government allowances and because the family were known as the ''Premier Princes du Sang'', they often received fortunes and titles from inheritances:
* In 1693 after the death of Philippe's older cousin, '']''.
** From this the family received the ducal titles of Montpensier, Châtellerault, the marquessate of Mézières-en-Brenne, the counties of Mortain, of Bar-sur-Seine, the viscountcies of Auge and of Domfront.
** In addition, he also received the barony of Beaujolais, which was later raised to the rank of county, and the principality of Joinville.
* In 1769, ], the greatest heiress of her time as the sole surviving child of her father, the famously wealthy ], married her cousin, ], then Duke of Chatres and later called ''Philippe Égalité''.
** After the wedding, the Duke of Orléans received his wife's ] of six million livres, the equivalent of around ]20,000,000 today.
** The Orléans couple then obtained an annual income of 240,000 livres. This later increased to 400,000 livres. The couple also received furniture as part of the marriage settlement.
* The death of the ].
** In 1793 the wealthy Duke of Penthièvre died and left his whole fortune and lands to his daughter ]. His previous heir had been his son, the ], who died young in 1768.


'''''Châteaux'''''
===Under ]===
The family also later acquired many other châteaux around the country. Among these were the:
] and his younger brother ].]]
* '']'' in Paris. This was bought in 1719 by the "Regent", Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, but was sold in 1769 by his grandson.
The modern house of Orléans was founded by the younger brother of King ], ]. He was a ] {{fact}} and a ] as he was a son of ] of ]. At court, he was known as '']'' while his uncle, ] was still alive. Gaston was known as ''Le Grand Monsieur''.
* '']'' – bought in 1769 by the father of ].
* ''] at Gagny'' – bought in 1771 from the ''Marquis de Montfermeil'', it was confiscated during the revolution.
* '']'' at ] was given as a present by ], to his morganatic wife, ]. After his death, she sold it to the Count of Provence (the future ]), in 1787.
* '']'', in the ] area of France. This would later be bought by ] and his wife.
* ], also acquired the land in the north east of Paris that became the ].


<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
] became the Duke of Orléans in ]. He held that title till his death in ]. After his death, the king gave his ]s to his younger brother.
Bagnolet par Rigaud, Jacques.1730.jpg|], Paris
Le Raincy, Chateau.jpg|]
File:Sainte-Assise, Château.jpg|Château de Sainte-Assise
Saint-Leu - Le château vers 1807.jpg|]
</gallery>


Upon the death of the Duke of Orléans's father-in-law in 1793 (the hugely wealthy ]), the ''House of Orléans'' became the richest in France, however not for a long time. During the ] the surviving members of the House of Orléans sought refuge in exile and their properties were confiscated and mostly resold to new owners. After the ] of 1815 some of the properties were restituted to the Orléans branch of the Bourbons.
Before then, Philippe had been known as the ]. Besides receiving the appanage of ], he also received the duchies of ] and ]. Until the birth of his nephew, the ], the Duke of Orléans was one of the most important members of the royal family at court after his brother ]. He was to maintain a very high position at court till his death in ].


During the ], the now reigning royal family acquired the:
===Prince du Sang===
* '']'' – on the borders of 18th-century Paris.
* ''] in Gagny'' – this was given back to the family whilst the Bourbon-Orléans were on the throne of France.
* '']'' – this had also been confiscated during the ] and was the property of ]. She had inherited it from her father. On her death it passed to her son, the future King ].


<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
In ], the ] died. He was the '']'' and head of the '']'', a . As a result of this death, it was decided that the title of '''Premier Prince du Sang''' should pass to the House of Orléans as they were closer in blood to the throne of France.
Chateau de Neuilly.png|]
La Ferté-Vidame, Eure et Loir, château bu fv 1.jpg|]
</gallery>


After King ] had died in exile in ], Surrey, in 1850, his property in the ] was split between his many children and grandchildren. All male members of the House of Orléans were exiled from France by law between 1886 and 1950. When ], returned to France in 1950, he didn't find much property left, except for a few castles which produced no income. Having 11 children and divorcing his wife, he decided, in 1974, to transfer the most important family assets to a family foundation, ''Fondation Saint-Louis'', in order to save them from future inheritance distribution and taxes.<ref> (fr.)</ref> The respective head of the House of Orléans is honorary chairman of the foundation. Its assets comprise ] (with a family museum), the Château de ] and the Château de ] (private residence), with the ], the necropolis of the Orléans royal family. He sold further property, resulting in legal action by his sons, and still died heavily in debt.
From then on, the House of Orléans were the highest ranking ''Princes of the Blood'', outranking all other cadet branches of the '']''.{{fact}} From the time of ], the Dukes of Orléans were allowed to use the title '']''. This title allowed the First Prince to be addressed as '']'' and to have a personal household.


<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
The Orléans household was already large as it held the staff of ] and his wife, the ], but also the staff of his widowed mother, the ]. This new household, though not fully functional until ], contained almost 250 members ranging from footmen, gardeners, officers and even barbers.
Amboise castle, aerial view.jpg|]
Chateau de Bourbon l'Archambault 01.jpg|Château de ]
Dreux 06 (RaBoe).jpg|Château de ]
Domaine de la chapelle royale Saint-Louis.jpg|]
</gallery>


===La Régence=== ==Cadet branches==
]
] with his Protégée, ].]]
On the death of ] in ], the new king, ], was but five years old. The country was ruled by ] as ].


===House of Orléans-Braganza===
This period in France, was known as '''La Régence''', or the Regency, and gave the ''House of Orléans'' the chance to shine center stage in ]. The ''Régent'' ruled France from his family residence in ], the ]. He installed the young ] in the ] opposite from the ].
{{main article|House of Orléans-Braganza}}
On 15 October 1864 at ] the ] of ], ] (son of King ]) married Dona ], eldest daughter and heiress of ] Dom ].


It was from that marriage the royal house of ] was formed. Today they are the present claimants to the throne of the former ], which ended with the ] on 15 November 1889 after a military ] headed by Marshall ], who became the first ].
In ] ] ] gained his majority and, therefore, was allowed to govern the country on his own. At the end of the year in ], '']'' died and his son, ] succeeded to the family titles. Unlike his father, he chose to actively use the rank of ''Premier Prince du Sang''.


===Under ]=== ===House of Orléans-Galliera===
{{see also|Duke of Galliera}}
{{Governments_of_France}}
]
] was a religious fanatic {{fact}} and his son and heir, ], after having a distinguished military career, decided to live quietly with his mistress, the ], at the '''Château de Sainte-Assise'''.
In the ], Louis Philippe arranged for the marriage of his youngest son, ], to ], younger sister of ]. It was generally thought that she would succeed her sister as queen, since the Spanish queen's prospective husband was the effeminate ].


The British wanted a prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha for the Spanish princess, and claimed that her future children with Montpensier would not be able to succeed to the French throne, due to the ], wherein Montpensier's ancestor the Duke of Orleans renounced his rights to succeed to the Spanish throne for himself and his descendants. Louis Philippe opposed this interpretation and claimed that the only purpose of the Treaty of Utrecht was to keep France and Spain separate.
===]===


On 10 October 1846, Montpensier married Infanta Luisa, on the same day her sister Isabella II married Cádiz. However, the marriage of Isabella II produced many children. Montpensier funded the rebels, which helped to overthrow the government of his sister-in-law. However, the Cortes elected ] instead of him.
The 4th Duke, ] and his wife ] had two children: ], better known as '''Philippe Egalité''', and ].


Montpensier was later reconciled to the restored Bourbons, and his daughter married ], son of Isabella II. Montpensier's son, ], successfully claimed the succession to the ], from which this branch takes its name.
As the duc de Chartres, ] married one of his cousins, ], the sole heiress of the hugely wealthy '']''.


==See also==
She brought to the Orléans huge wealth as well as lands and titles. The duchesse de Chartres had a dowry of 6 million ], the modern equivalent of almost £20 million, and an annual allowance of over 500,000 livres, the modern equivalent of almost £1.7 million per year. Later, she received upon the death of her father, the famous Bourbon-Penthièvre lands and various châteaux.
*]
*]


==Notes==
'''Philippe Egalité''' was executed during the ] in ]. His wife outlived him by almost thirty years.
{{reflist|group=Note}}


==References==
] married ] the last ] and was the mother of the murdered ]. She died in ], the same year as her sister-in-law the ]. They were both buried in the '''Chapelle royale de Dreux'''.
{{reflist}}


==Revolution== ==Further reading==
* {{cite Q|Q107259083}}<!-- Orleanists -->
]'s execution. His cousin, '''Philippe Égalité''' voted for his infamous state murder]]
At the time of the ], the current Duke of Orléans, ], known as '''Philippe Egalité''', earned special notoriety for being the only person of royal blood to actively support the Revolution.


==External links==
He went so far as to vote for the execution of his cousin, King ], an act which earned him the undying hostility of a large number of French monarchists. He remained in prison until October, the beginning of the ]. He was shortlisted for a trial on ], and effectively tried and ]d in the space of one day on the orders of ].
{{Commons category|House of Orléans}}
*
*


{{s-start}}
Most of the Orléans family were forced to flee. The new duc d'Orléans had fled to ] several months before the execution of his father. Louise Marie Adélaïde managed to escape as well. Her other son, the Duc de Montpensier, died in ], and her daughter fled to ] after being imprisoned for awhile. Her youngest son ], was thrown into a prison in the south of France (Fort-Saint-Jean in ]) in ] but later escaped to the ].
{{s-royalhouse|House of Orléans|]|1660}}

==]==
]
In ], following the French ], the House of Orléans became the ruling house when the elder line ] monarch ] was replaced by ], son of ''']'''.

Louis Philippe ruled as a constitutional monarch, and was called '''King of the French''', not '''of France'''. His reign lasted until the ], when he abdicated and fled to ].

Even after his ouster, an ] faction remained active, supporting a return of the House of Orléans to power. Legitimist monarchists however continued to uphold the rights of the elder line of Bourbons who came close to regaining the throne after the fall of the Third Republic.

Louis-Philippe and his family lived in England until his death in ], ]. Like his mother, he and his wife, Amelia (], ]–], ]), were buried at the '''Chapelle royale de Dreux'''.

In ], the ], the ] heir of the old elder line of French Bourbons, died without children. As a result, some of his Legitimist followers decided to finally recognize the ''House of Orléans'' as the heirs to the throne of France.

However, a portion of the Legitimists, still resentful of the revolutionary credentials of the ''House of Orléans'', transferred their loyalties to the '']'' heirs of the Bourbons of Spain, even though the Spanish Bourbons had renounced their claims to the French throne centuries earlier.

Thus to their supporters, not only are the ''House of Orléans'' the heirs to the constitutionalist title of '''King of the French''', but also to the Legitimist title of '''King of France and Navarre'''.

==Contemporary House of Orléans==
].]]
The head of the house today is ]. Born ], ]) is a claimant to the French throne. If he were king, he would be ''Henry VII''. For the ], he is the heir of King ]'''; for ], the heir of ], and so of ].

He is directly descended from:

*]
*]
*]
*] (founder of the house)
**] - his first wife and great-grand daughter of ]
**] - his second wife also related to ]
*]
*The ] family
*]
*Spanish, Portuguese and Italian royalty
*], the last Emperor of Brazil
*]
*]
*The Royal house of the ]
*The Royal house of the ]
*The semi-royal house of the ] family
*The House of Lorraine
*The ]
*The ]
*The ]

===Present Family===

On ], ], he married Duchess Marie-Thérèse of ] (born ]). He received the title ]. Five children were born from this union.

# '''Marie Isabelle Marguerite Anne Geneviève''' (born ], ], ]) married civilly in ], ], ] and religiously in ], ], ] to '''Prince Gundakar Albert Alfred Petrus of Liechtenstein''' (born ], ], ]), and has issue
# ] (born ], ], ]), ], severely disabled.
# '''Princess Blanche Elisabeth Rose Marie of Orléans''' (born ], ], ]), severely disabled.
# ] (born ], ], ]), ] and ], unmarried.
# ] (born ], ], ]), ], married civ in ], ], ] and rel in ], ], ] to '''Marie-Liesse Claude Anne Rolande de Rohan-Chabot''' (born ], ], ]), with whom he has two children
::* Thérèse Isabelle Marie Eléonore (born ], ], ])
::* ] (born ], ], ])

==Ancestors of Henri, Count of Paris==
{{French Royal Family (Orléanist)}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Henri,<br>Count of Paris & Duke of France'''
|2= 2. ]
|3= 3. ]
|4= 4. ]
|5= 5. Princess Isabelle of Orléans
|6= 6. ]
|7= 7. Countess Elisabeth Dobrzensky
|8= 8. Robert, Duke of Chartres
|9= 9. Princess Françoise of Orléans
|10= 10. ]
|11= 11. Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans
|12= 12. ]
|13= 13. ]
|14= 14. Count John Dobrzensky
|15= 15. Countess Elisabeth Kottulinsky
|16= 16. ]
|17= 17. Duchess Hélène of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
|18= 18. ]
|19= 19. ]
|20= 20. Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans
|21= 21. Duchess Hélène of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
|22= 22. ]
|23= 23. ]
|24= 24. ]
|25= 25. ]
|26= 26. ]
|27= 27. ]
|28= 28. Count John Nepomuk Dobrzensky
|29= 29. Baroness Maria Friederike Wanczura
|30= 30. Count Joseph Kottulinsky
|31= 31. Countess Adelaide von Attems
}}</center>

==]s==

Throughout the years of the Ancien Régime, the Orléans household received vast riches in terms of wealth, land and property. Under ] and the rule of his older brother ], the House of Bourbon-Orléans received:

*The ducal titles of ], ], ] and the lordship of Montargis. This occurred in ], shortly after the death of ], who had no male descendants. The family could have also recieved the county of ] and with it the ], ] and also the governorship of ] but Philippe de France was refused these by his brother.

*In ] ] added the duchy of Nemours, the earldoms of Dourdan and Romorantin and the marquessates of Coucy and of Folembray.
*In ], Philippe's son and heir, Philippe II married ],an illegitimate daughter of his brother ] and ]. In order to convince his brother to allow his son to marry one of his illegitimate daughters, the king gave him the ], in ] and promised him a huge dowry of 2 million ]. This palace became the Paris residence of the Dukes of Orléans until ].
*The Orléans canal, built by Philippe de France, was also the family possession and the family used it to transport their timber from the Orléans forest to the capital where it was sold. The canal was nationalised during the revolution.

Under the '''Régent''':

*Little known but he did increse his wifes annual allowance to to 400,000 ] while he was in power. He also bought many builings around Paris but many of them were sold by his grandson. It was also he who bought the ], also known as ''Le Régent'' after him, to stay at the ] in ].

Under ]:

*In ], ] added the ''Hôtel de Grand-Ferrare'' at ]
*The King also added earldom of Soissons in ] and the domains of Laon, Crépy and Noyon.
*Under him, the annual family alloance by ] was over the 1 million mark in livres. This was just from the rents from the duchies of ], ], ] and the lodship of ]. The sale of timber, which was sourced from the family forests such as the huge ] forest, helped to add 500,000 ]

Under ]:

*The Orléans received the towns of La Fère, Marle, Ham, Saint-Gobain, the ''Hôtel Duplessis-Châtillon'' and the rents from the ''Ourcq canal''.
*The family also the county of ] and the domains of ], Crépy and Noyon were added to the apanage. The family also aquired the '''Hôtel Duplessis-Chatillon''' under his reign

Because the Dukes of Orléans were also the ''Premier Princes du Sang'', they received a personal household of 265 officers. At the time of the ] in ], the revenue from the apanage was 5,756 million ], the modern equivalent to £20 billion today.
Along with owning towns and buildings, the family owned forests located in the duchies: the forests of ], Beaugency, Montargis, Romorantin, Dourdan, Bruadan, Villers-Cotterêts (at which they had a château), Laigne, Coucy, La Fère, Marle, Saint-Gobin: all of which the family received rents.

*The original apanage was returned to the Orléans family in ], ] by ], and united with the domain of the State with ] accession on ] ], at which time it was worth about 2.5 million ] in annual income.

].It shows the French Bourbon Family around that time. It includes: ] (d ]), exiled Queen of England; ], founder of the ]; his first wife ] (d ]); the couples first daughter ] (later Queen of Spain);] (d ]); the Orléans daughters of ]; ]; the Dauphin of France with his mother ] with her third daughter ''Marie-Thérèse de France'', called ''Madame Royale'' (d ]) and her second son ''Philippe-Charles de France, duc d'Anjou'' (d]). The first daughter of Gaston stands on the far right:]. The picture frame with the two children are the other 2 daughters of Louis and Maria Theresa who died in ] and ].]]

==Finances and Inheritances==
] who bought much wealth to the family]]
Upon the death of the Duc d'Orléans's father-in-law in ] (the hugly wealthy ]), the ''House of Orléans'' became the richest in France. They received vast rents on lands all over ] and owned various ]. Along with their government and because the family were known as the ''Premier Princes du Sang'', they often received fortunes and titles from inheritances:

*In 1693 after the death of Philippe I's older cousin, '']''.
**From this the family received the ducal titles of Montpensier, Châtellerault, the marquessate of Mézières-en-Brenne, the earldoms of Mortain, of Bar-sur-Seine, the Viscountcies of Auge and of Domfront.
**In addition, he also received the barony of Beaujolais, which was later raised to the rank of earldom, and the principality of Joinville.
*In ], ],the greatest heiress of her time as the sole surviving child of her father, the famously wealthy ], married her cousin, ], then duc de Chatres and later called '''Philippe Égalité'''.
**After the wedding, the Duke of Orléans received his wife's ] of six million ], the equivalent of around ]20,000,000 today.
**The Orléans couple then gained an annual income of 240,000 ]. This later increased to 400,000 ]. The couple also recieved furniture as part of the marriage settlement.
*The death of the ].
**In ] the wealthy Duc de Penthièvre died and left his whole fortune and lands to his hier who was his daughter ], (his hier was his son the ] who died in ])

*Sale of the ].
**The sale of the Château de Saint-Cloud in ] bought the family another large some of mony. The buyer of the ] was none other then the ] herself ]. The price of the sale was another 6 million ]. It was sold to her by her cousin ].

==Residences and Land==
] as it was at the time of Monsieurs death in ].]]
===Château de Saint-Cloud===
Over the years the ''House of Orléans'' collected various ] and ]s. Originally, their official residence was the beautiful ]. This was bought by ] for 240,000 livres in ]. The château was considered to be one of the more attractive of all of the royal residences and the ] at the ] is said to have been inspired by the Galerie d'Apollon at Saint-Cloud.

As the home of the king's brother, Saint-Cloud was the scene of many parties and various historical events. The duc's first wife, ], died there in ]. When the duc died, his son, the '']'', prefered to reside at the ] in ] until his death in ].
The son of the ''Régent'', ], preferred to stay at the ], another one of their homes.

Saint-Cloud was sold by ] to the queen, ], as it was thought the country air would help to heal her young son, the constantly ill ]. The sale price was six millions livres. The palace was destroyed by invading Germans at the end of the reign of ] during the ].

===Palais Royal===
]
This was the family ] home and was later given to the family by ] in order to appease ] into the agreement. From ] it was the sole property of the Houseof Orléans. It was at the Palais that ] conducted his dramatic affairs which led to his own execution.

It was confiscated during the revolution but was later given back to the family while ] was again being ruled by the ] - the parent house of the House of Orléans.
When ] ruled, the ] was abandoned when he moved the court to the ]

===Other Châteaux===

The afmily alos later aquired many other Châteaux around the country. These were:
*''Château de Bagnolet'' in Paris. This was bought in ] by the "Regent", Philippe II, Duke of Orléans but was sold in ] by his grandson.
*''Château du Raincy'' - bought in ] by the father of ].
*The ''Château de Maison-Rouge à Gagny'' - bought in ] from the ''Marquis de Montfermeil'', it was confiscated during the revolution.
*''Château de Saint-Leu'', in the ] area of France. This would later be bought by ] and his wife.
] acquired the land in the north east of Paris that became the ]. During the ], the family acquired the:

*''Château de Neuilly'' - on the borders of 18th century Paris.
*''Château de Maison-Rouge à Gagny'' - this was given back to the family whilst the Bourbon-Orléans were on the throne of France.
*''Château de la Ferté Vidame'' - this had also been confiscated during the ] and was the property of ]. She had inherited it from her father. On her death it passed to her son, the future King ].

===At Versailles===
].]]
Also, along with these various residences around France, ] and his wife had apartments at the ] as did all other members of the '']''.

Before the court was officially moved to Versailles, and before the birth of his nephew, the king's son, the ] ], in ], the Duc d'Orléans' apartments were where the Dauphin's now are located. The apartments looked over the ''Parterres du Midi'' of the south and were directly under the ''Grand Appartement de la reine''.

After the dauphin's birth, the Orléans had to move to the north wing and occupied large quarters there. These looked out onto the ''Parterres du Midi'' of the south. The family also had appartments where the modern day ''Galerie des batailles'' are. This area was used by the duc himself, his second wife, ], his son, ] and daughter-in-law, ].

The appartments of the family were later moved to the bottom floor of the north wing, opposite the ] this time looking over the ''Parterres du Midi'' of the north. The family had been moved in order to accomodate the '''Mesdames de France''' namly ], ] and ]. The family remained there till the revolution.

==Ruling House of France==

{{start}}
{{s-royalhouse|House of Orléans|]|1661}}
{{s-bef|before=]}} {{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=] of ]|years=] ] – ] ]}} {{s-ttl|title=] of France|years=9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848}}
{{s-non|reason=Monarchy Abolished|reason2=]}} {{s-non|reason=Monarchy abolished|reason2=]}}
{{end}} {{s-end}}
{{Princesses of Orléans by marriage}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|]|14 June|1933|||]}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=]<br />]|years=] ] – ]}}
{{s-inc|heir=]}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=]}}
{{s-tul|title=]|line=]|years=] ] – ]}}
{{s-inc|rows=2|heir=]}}
|-
{{s-tul|title=] and ]|line=]|years=] ] – ]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Christophe, Prince of the Blood}}
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=77<sup>th</sup> position}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
{{end}}

==Chronology of French monarchs==

{{Kings of france}} {{Kings of france}}

==Pretenders to the Throne==

{{French Pretenders}} {{French Pretenders}}
{{Royal houses of France}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Orleans, House of}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orleans, House of}}
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Latest revision as of 20:52, 22 October 2024

French noble family, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon
House of Orléans
Bourbon-Orléans
Capetian royal family
Arms of the House of Orléans
Parent houseBourbon
CountryFrance
Brazil
Founded10 May 1661; 363 years ago (1661-05-10)
FounderPhilippe I, Duke of Orléans
Current headJean d'Orléans, Count of Paris
Heads of cadet branches:
Alfonso de Orléans-Borbón, Duke of Galliera
Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza
Pedro of Orléans-Braganza and Petrópolis
Final rulerLouis Philippe I
Titles List
Deposition24 February 1848 (1848-02-24)
Cadet branchesOrléans-Braganza
Orléans-Galliera
Websitecomtedeparis.com

The 4th House of Orléans (French: Maison d'Orléans), sometimes called the House of Bourbon-Orléans (French: Maison de Bourbon-Orléans) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet. The house was founded by Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of Louis XIII and younger brother of Louis XIV, the "Sun King".

From 1709 until the French Revolution, the Orléans dukes were next in the order of succession to the French throne after members of the senior branch of the House of Bourbon, descended from Louis XIV. Although Louis XIV's direct descendants retained the throne, his brother Philippe's descendants flourished until the end of the French monarchy. The Orléanists held the French throne from 1830 to 1848 and are still pretenders to the French throne today.

The House of Orléans has a cadet branch in the House of Orléans-Braganza, founded with the marriage between Isabel of Braganza, Princess Imperial of Brazil, and Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu. Although never reigning, the House of Orléans-Braganza has claimed the Brazilian throne since 1921.

History

Background

It became a tradition during France's ancien régime for the Duchy of Orléans to be granted as an appanage to a younger (usually the second surviving) son of the king. While each of the Orléans branches thus descended from a junior prince, they were always among the king's nearest relations in the male line, sometimes aspiring to the throne itself, and sometimes succeeding. Since they had contemporaneous living descendants, there were two Bourbon-Orléans branches at court during the reign of Louis XIV. The elder of these branches consisted of Prince Gaston, Duke of Anjou, younger son of king Henry IV, and the four daughters of his two marriages.

Prince Gaston became the Duke of Orléans in 1626, and held that title until his death in 1660. Upon the death of Gaston, the appanage of the Duchy of Orléans reverted to the Crown. His nephew, Louis XIV, then gave Gaston's appanages to his younger brother Prince Philippe, who became Duke of Orléans. At court, Gaston was known as Le Grand Monsieur ("The Big Milord"), and Philippe was called Le Petit Monsieur ("The Little Milord") while both princes were alive.

Creation

House of Orléans
See descendants
French royal family
Orléanist
Extended royal family

The Duchess of Montpensier

The Duke of Orléans
The Duchess of Orléans

  • The Duke of Chartres
    The Duchess of Chartres
    • Prince Philippe
    • Prince Constantin
    • Princess Louise
    • Princess Hélène
    • Princess Isabelle
  • The Duke of Aumale
  • The Dowager Viscountess of Noailles

The Count of Évreux
The Countess of Évreux

Princess Béatrice

The Dowager Countess of La Marche

  • The Count of La Marche

The Countess of Schönborn-Buchheim

Princess Hélène, Countess of Limburg Stirum

The Dowager Duchess of Calabria

The Dowager Duchess of Württemberg

Princess Claude, Mrs. Gandolfi

Princess Chantal, Baroness of Sambucy de Sorgue

Philippe and his second wife, the famous court writer Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, founded the modern House of Bourbon-Orléans. Before then, Philippe had been styled as the Duke of Anjou, like Prince Gaston. Besides receiving the appanage of Orléans, he also received the duchies of Valois and Chartres: Duke of Chartres became the courtesy title by which the heirs apparent of the Dukes of Orléans were known during their fathers' lifetimes. Until the birth of the king's son, the Dauphin Louis, the Duke of Orléans was the heir presumptive to the crown. He was to maintain a high position at court till his death in 1701.

Their surviving son, Philippe II served as the regent of France for the young Louis XV. As a fils de France, Philippe's surname was de France. Upon his death, his son inherited the Orléans dukedom, but as a petit-fils de France. His surname d'Orléans (used also by his descendants) was taken from his father's main title. The first two dukes, as son and patrilineal grandson, respectively, of a French king, were entitled to be addressed as Royal Highness. But Philippe I was primarily known as Monsieur, the style reserved at the French court for the king's eldest brother.

Philippe II was succeeded as duke by his only legitimate son, Louis d'Orléans, who was entitled to the style of Serene Highness as a prince du sang. After 1709, the heads of the Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon ranked as the premier princes du sang – this meant that the dukes could be addressed as Monsieur le Prince (a style they did not, however, use). More importantly, should there be no heir to the Crown of France in the king's immediate family, then the Orléans family would ascend by right the throne.

Prince du sang

Louis XIV and his younger brother Le Petit Monsieur

In 1709, the 5th prince de Condé died. He was the premier prince du sang and head of the House of Bourbon-Condé. As a result of this death, the title of premier prince passed to the House of Orléans, as they were closer in blood to the throne of France. But since the two senior males of that line held higher rank as, respectively, fils de France and petit-fils de France, they did not make use of the title and had no need of its attached prerogative; a household and retinue maintained at the expense of the Crown.

The Orléans household was already large, as it held the staff of Philippe II d'Orléans and of his wife, as well as the staff of his widowed mother, the dowager Duchess. This combined household, though not fully functional until 1723, contained almost 250 members including officers, courtiers, footmen, gardeners, and even barbers.

The Regency

Philippe II d'Orléans with his Protégé, Louis XV

On the death of Louis XIV in September 1715, the new king, Louis XV, was only five years old. The country was then governed by the new king's older relative Philippe II d'Orléans as the regent of France. This period in French history is known as the Regency (La Régence), and gave the House of Orléans the pre-eminent position and political role in France during the king's minority. The regent ruled France from his family residence in Paris, the Palais-Royal. He installed the young Louis XV in the Palais du Louvre which was opposite the Palais-Royal.

In January 1723 Louis XV gained his majority and began to govern the country on his own. The young king moved the court back to Versailles and in December, Philippe II died and his son, Louis d'Orléans succeeded him as 3rd duke and, more importantly, as France's heir presumptive. Nonetheless, since his rank by birth (as a great-grandson of a French king) was prince du sang, that of premier prince du sang constituted a higher style, of which he and his descendants henceforth made use.

Under Louis XV

Louis d'Orléans was in several ways his father's opposite, being retiring by nature and extremely devout. Although still in his twenties when widowed, he did not remarry after his wife's death, and is not known to have ever taken a mistress. He died in the Monastery of St. Geneviève in Paris.

His son, Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, was the fourth of his line to hold that title. After having a distinguished military career, he decided to live quietly with his mistress (later, his morganatic wife), the marquise de Montesson, at the Château de Sainte-Assise.

Louis XVI

Louis Philippe I d'Orléans and his wife Louise Henriette de Bourbon had two children: the fifth duke, Louis Philippe II d'Orléans, known to history as Philippe Egalité, and Bathilde d'Orléans. As the Duke of Chartres, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, married one of his cousins, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon. She was the sole heiress of the House of Bourbon-Penthièvre, which had accumulated vast wealth bestowed, despite their bar sinister, on the princes légitimés by their father, Louis XIV. The Duchess of Chartres had a dowry of six million livres, equivalent to £43,817,641 in 2023, and an annual allowance of over 500,000 livres, equivalent to £3,651,412 in 2023. Upon the death of her father she inherited the remainder of the Bourbon-Penthièvre revenues and châteaux.

Louis Philippe II was given the surname Egalité ("Equality") when French titles of nobility were abolished in 1790. His wife outlived him by almost thirty years.

Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans married Louis Henry II, Prince of Condé, the last of his house, and was the mother of the Duke of Enghien, who was executed by Napoleon. She died in 1822, the same year as her sister-in-law the Duchess of Orléans. They were both buried in the Chapelle royale de Dreux.

French Revolution

Louis XVI's execution. His cousin, Philippe Égalité, voted for his execution

At the time of the French Revolution, Philippe Egalité, was the only person of the royal family to actively support the revolution.

He went so far as to vote for the execution of his cousin, King Louis XVI, an act which earned him popularity among the revolutionaries, and the undying hostility of many French monarchists. He remained in prison until October, the beginning of the Reign of Terror. He was shortlisted for a trial on 3 October, and effectively tried and guillotined in the space of one day, on the orders of Maximilien Robespierre.

Most of the Orléans family were forced to flee. The new Duke of Orléans had fled to Austria several months previously, triggering the arrest of his father. His brother, the Duke of Montpensier, would die in England, and his sister fled to Switzerland after being imprisoned for a while. The youngest brother, Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais, was thrown into a prison in the south of France (Fort-Saint-Jean in Marseille) in 1793, but later escaped to the United States. He too died in exile. Of the Orléans, only the widow of Philippe Egalité was able to remain in France unhindered until, in 1797 she, too, was banished to Spain along with the few remaining Bourbons who still lived in France.

In 1814 during the Bourbon Restoration, the three remaining members of the family, the Duke of Orléans, his mother and sister, returned to Paris. The family's properties and titles were returned to them by Louis XVIII.

July Monarchy

The arms of the King of the French (1830-1848)The arms of the Kingdom of France (1831-1848)

In 1830, following the French July Revolution, the House of Orléans became the ruling house when the monarch of the elder restored Bourbon line, Charles X, was replaced by the 6th duke, Louis Philippe III d'Orléans, son of Philippe Egalité. Louis Philippe ruled as a constitutional monarch, and as such was called King of the French, rather than "of France". His reign lasted until the Revolution of 1848, when he abdicated and fled to England.

Even after his ouster, an Orléanist faction remained active, supporting a return of the House of Orléans to power. Legitimist monarchists however continued to uphold the rights of the elder line of Bourbons, who came close to regaining the throne after the fall of the Second Empire. In the early 1870s, a majority of deputies in the National Assembly were monarchists, as was the nation's president, MacMahon. Thus, it was widely expected that the old dynasty would be invited to re-mount the throne, in the person of either the Bourbon or the Orléans claimant.

Louis-Philippe Albert d'Orléans, Count of Paris

To seize this opportunity the Orléanists offered a so-called fusion, whereby King Louis Philippe's grandson and heir, Philippe, Count of Paris, accepted the childless Legitimist pretender's right to the throne, thereby potentially uniting French royalists in support of a single candidate. But the refusal of the last male of Louis XIV's direct line, the Count of Chambord, to accept the tricolore as France's flag under a restored monarchy proved an insurmountable obstacle to his candidacy.

Although the Orléans had reigned under the tricolor without objection, this time the Orléans princes did not abandon the cause of the head of their dynasty by seeking to offer themselves as alternative candidates; by the time Chambord died and the Orléans felt free to re-assert their claim to the throne, the political moment had passed, and France had become resolutely republican. France has had neither a Bourbon nor Orléans monarch since 1848.

Louis-Philippe and his family lived in England until his death in Claremont, Surrey. Like his mother, he and his wife, Amelia (1782–1866), were buried at the Chapelle royale de Dreux. In 1883, the Count of Chambord died without children. As a result, some Legitimists recognized the House of Orléans as the heirs to the throne of France.

However, a portion of the Legitimists, still resentful of the revolutionary credentials of the House of Orléans, transferred their loyalties to the Carlist heirs of the Spanish Bourbons, who represented the most senior branch of the Capetians even though they had renounced their claim to the French throne to obtain Spain in 1713.

Thus to their supporters, not only are the heads of the House of Orléans the rightful heirs to the constitutionalist title of "King of the French", but also to the Legitimist title of "King of France and Navarre".

Heads of the House

Name Portrait Birth Marriage(s) Death Succession right(s) Ref.
Philippe I,
Duke of Orléans
10 May 1661
–
9 June 1701
(40 years and 1 month) 		21 September 1640
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Son of Louis XIII, King of France
and Queen Anne of Austria 		(1) Henrietta of England
(m. 1661; d. 1670)
3 children
(2) Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
(m. 1671; w. 1701)
3 children 		9 June 1701
Saint-Cloud
Aged 60 		Created Duke of Orléans by Louis XIV, King of France
Philippe II,
Duke of Orléans
9 June 1701
–
2 December 1723
(22 years, 5 months and 24 days) 		2 August 1674
Saint-Cloud
Son of Philippe I
and Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 		Françoise Marie de Bourbon
(m. 1692; w. 1723)
8 children 		2 December 1723
Versailles
Aged 49 		Son of Philippe I
(proximity of blood) 		—
Louis,
Duke of Orléans
2 December 1723
–
4 February 1752
(28 years, 2 months and 3 days) 		4 August 1703
Versailles
Son of Philippe II
and Françoise Marie de Bourbon 		Auguste of Baden-Baden
(m. 1724; d. 1726)
8 children 		4 February 1752
Paris
Aged 48 		Son of Philippe II
(primogeniture) 		—
Louis Philippe I,
Duke of Orléans
4 February 1752
–
18 November 1785
(33 years, 9 months and 15 days) 		12 May 1725
Versailles
Son of Louis
and Auguste of Baden-Baden 		(1) Louise Henriette de Bourbon
(m. 1743; d. 1759)
3 children
(2) Charlotte-Jeanne Béraud de La Haye de Riou
(m. 1773; w. 1785)
Childless 		18 November 1785
Seine-Port
Aged 60 		Son of Louis —
Louis Philippe II,
Duke of Orléans
18 November 1785
–
8 September 1792
(Renounced to nobility after 6 years, 9 months and 22 days) 		13 April 1747
Saint-Cloud
Son of Louis Philippe I
and Louise Henriette de Bourbon 		Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon
(m. 1768; w. 1793)
5 children 		6 November 1793
Paris
Executed for treason
Aged 46 		Son of Louis Philippe I
(primogeniture)
Louis Philippe II continued to be the informal head of the House until his execution in 1793; after that his son Louis Philippe III claimed his titles.
Louis Philippe III,
Duke of Orléans
from 1830 to 1848
Louis Philippe I,
King of the French
6 November 1793
–
26 August 1850
(56 years, 9 months and 21 days) 		6 October 1773
Paris
Son of Louis Philippe II
and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon 		Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
(m. 1809; w. 1850)
10 children 		26 August 1850
Claremont, Surrey, England
Aged 76 		Son of Louis Philippe II
(primogeniture)
Prince Philippe,
Count of Paris
(Philip VII, if king)
26 August 1850
–
8 September 1894
(44 years and 14 days) 		24 August 1838
Paris
Son of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans
and Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 		Marie Isabelle of Orléans
(m. 1864; w. 1894)
8 children 		8 September 1894
Stowe House, Buckinghamshire, England
Aged 56 		Grandson of Louis Philippe I
Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans
(Philip VIII, if king)
8 September 1894
–
28 March 1926
(31 years, 6 months and 21 days) 		6 February 1869
Twickenham, London
Son of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris
and Marie Isabelle of Orléans 		Maria Dorothea of Austria
(m. 1896; w. 1926)
Childless 		28 March 1926
Palermo
Aged 57 		Son of Prince Philippe
(primogeniture) 		—
Prince Jean,
Duke of Guise
(John III, if king)
28 March 1926
–
25 August 1940
(14 years, 4 months and 29 days) 		4 September 1874
Paris
Son of Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres
and Françoise of Orléans 		Isabelle of Orléans
(m. 1899; w. 1940)
4 children 		25 August 1940
Larache
Aged 65 		Great-grandson of Louis Philippe I
Cousin and brother-in-law of Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans 		—
Henri,
Count of Paris
(Henry VI, if king)
25 August 1940
–
19 June 1999
(58 years, 9 months and 26 days) 		5 July 1908
Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache
Son of Jean, Duke of Guise
and Isabelle of Orléans 		Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza
(m. 1931; w. 1999)
11 children 		19 June 1999
Cherisy
Aged 90 		Son of Jean,
Duke of Guise
Henri,
Count of Paris
(Henry VII, if king)
19 June 1999
–
21 January 2019
(19 years, 7 months and 3 days) 		14 June 1933
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
Son of Henri, Count of Paris
and Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza 		(1) Marie-Thérèse of Württemberg
(m. 1957; div. 1984)
5 children
(2) Micaela Cousiño Quiñones de León
(m. 1984)
Childless 		21 January 2019
Dreux
Aged 85 		Son of Henri, Count of Paris
(primogeniture) 		—
Jean, Count of Paris
(John IV, if king)
since 21 January 2019 (5 years, 11 months and 27 days) 		19 May 1965
Paris
Son of Henri, Count of Paris
and Marie-Thérèse of Württemberg 		Philomena de Tornos Steinhart
(m. 2009)
5 children 		Son of Henri, Count of Paris
 —

Contemporary family

Jean of Orléans, current head of the house, with his wife and heir apparent, Prince Gaston.

The current head of the house is Jean, Count of Paris (born 1965), who is a claimant to the French throne as John IV. For the Orléanists, his pretense is due to being the heir of King Louis Philippe of the French. For Legitimists, his pretense is due to being the heir of Henri, Count of Chambord, and so of Charles X of France.

Present family

On 5 July 1957, Henri, Count of Paris married Duchess Marie Thérèse of Württemberg (born 1934), another descendant of King Louis Philippe. He received the title Count of Clermont. Five children were born from this union, before the marriage ended in divorce.

  1. Princess Marie Isabelle Marguerite Anne Geneviève of Orléans (born 3 January 1959, Boulogne sur Seine) married civilly at Dreux on 22 July 1989 and religiously in Friedrichshafen on 22 July 1989 to Prince Gundakar of Liechtenstein (born 1 April 1949, Vienna), of whom she has five children
    • Princess Léopoldine Eléonore Thérèse Marie of Liechtenstein (born 27 June 1990, Vienna)
    • Princess Marie Immaculata Elisabeth Rose Aldegunde of Liechtenstein (born 15 December 1991, Vienna)
    • Prince Johann Wenzel Karl Emmeran Bonifatius Maria of Liechtenstein (born 17 March 1993, Vienna)
    • Princess Margarete Franciska Daria Wilhelmine Marie of Liechtenstein (born 10 January 1995, Vienna)
    • Prince Gabriel Karl Bonaventura Alfred Valerian Maria of Liechtenstein (born 6 May 1998, Vienna)
  2. Prince François Henri Louis Marie of Orléans (born 7 February 1961, Boulogne sur Seine – died 30 December 2017), Count of Clermont, was severely disabled (due to mother's toxoplasmosis during pregnancy).
  3. Princess Blanche Elisabeth Rose Marie of Orléans (born 10 September 1962, Ravensburg), severely disabled (due to the same cause as her elder brother).
  4. Prince Jean Charles Pierre Marie of Orléans (born 19 May 1965, Boulogne sur Seine), Duke of Vendôme and Dauphin de Viennois, married civilly in Paris on 19 March 2009 and religiously at the Cathédrale Notre-Dame at Senlis on 2 May 2009 to Philomena de Tornos Steinhart (born 19 June 1977, Vienna), with whom he has five children
    • Prince Gaston Louis Antoine Marie of Orléans (born 19 November 2009, Paris)
    • Princess Antoinette Léopoldine Jeanne Marie of Orléans (born 28 January 2012, Vienna)
    • Princess Louise-Marguerite Eléonore Marie of Orléans (born 30 July 2014, Poissy)
    • Prince Joseph Gabriel David Marie of Orléans (born 2 June 2016)
    • Princess Jacinthe Elisabeth-Charlotte Marie of Orleans (born October 2018)
  5. Prince Eudes Thibaut Joseph Marie of Orléans (born 18 March 1968, Paris), Duke of Angoulême, married civilly at Dreux on 19 June 1999 and religiously in Antrain on 10 July 1999 to Marie-Liesse Claude Anne Rolande de Rohan-Chabot (born 29 June 1969, Paris), with whom he has two children
    • Princess Thérèse Isabelle Marie Eléonore (born 23 April 2001, Cannes)
    • Prince Pierre Jean Marie d'Orléans (born 6 August 2003, Cannes)

Jean, Count of Paris, is now the head of the house.

Wealth and finances

Main article: Goods of the House of Orléans

Appanages

Throughout the years of the ancien régime, the Orléans household received vast riches in terms of wealth and property. Philippe de France obtained for the House of Bourbon-Orléans, during the rule of his brother Louis XIV, the following:

  • The ducal titles of Orléans, Valois, Chartres and the lordship of Montargis. This occurred in 1660, shortly after the death of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, who had no male descendants. The family might also have obtained the county of Blois and with it the Château de Blois, Château de Chambord and also the governorship of Languedoc but Philippe de France was refused these by his brother.
  • In 1672, Louis XIV added the Duchy of Nemours, the countships of Dourdan and Romorantin, and the marquisates of Coucy and Folembray.
  • In 1692, Philippe's son and heir, Philippe II, married Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, a legitimated daughter of Louis XIV by his liaison with Madame de Montespan. In order to convince his brother to allow his son to marry one of his illegitimate daughters, the king gave him the Palais-Royal, which Philippe I had already occupied since his first marriage, and promised him a dowry of two million livres. This palace became the Paris residence of the Dukes of Orléans until 1792.
  • The Orléans canal, built by Philippe de France, was used by the family to transport their timber from the Orléans forest to the capital where it was sold. The canal was nationalised during the revolution.

Under the regent, Philippe II, d'Orléans:

  • He quietly increased his wife's annual allowance to 400,000 livres while he was in power. He also bought many buildings around Paris, although many were sold by his grandson. It was also he who bought the Regent Diamond (also known as Le Régent), which was kept at the Louvre in Paris.

Under Louis d'Orléans:

  • In 1740, Louis XV added the Hôtel de Grand-Ferrare at Fontainebleau
  • The king added the countship of Soissons in 1751 and the lordships of Laon, Crépy and Noyon.
  • By 1734, the family's income exceeded one million livres annually in rents due from the ducal domains of Orléans, Valois, Chartres, and the lordship of Montargis. Sales of timber from such vast tracts as the Orléans forest, added 500,000 livres.

Under Louis Philippe I d'Orléans:

  • Rents came in from the towns of La Fère, Marle, Ham, Saint-Gobain, the Hôtel Duplessis-Châtillon and from the Ourcq canal.

Because the Dukes of Orléans were also the premier princes du sang, the kingdom's treasury paid for their personal household of 265 staff and officers. Along with towns and buildings, the family derived income from its forests on the ducal lands at Orléans, Beaugency, Montargis, Romorantin, Dourdan, Bruadan, Villers-Cotterêts (at which they had a château), Laigne, Coucy, La Fère, Marle, and Saint-Gobin.

  • The original appanage was returned to the Orléans family in May 1814 by Louis XVIII. It was united with the domain of the Crown upon Louis-Philippe d'Orléans' accession to the throne in 1830, at which time it was worth about 2.5 million francs in annual income.
A posthumous mural commissioned around 1670 by Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. It includes: Henrietta Maria of France (d 1669), exiled Queen of England; Philippe de France, founder of the House of Orléans; his first wife Henrietta Anne Stuart (d 1670); the couple's first daughter Marie Louise of Orléans (later Queen of Spain); Anne of Austria (d 1666); the Orléans daughters of Gaston de France; Louis XIV; the Dauphin with his mother Maria Theresa of Spain with her third daughter Marie-Thérèse de France, called Madame Royale (d. 1672) and her second son Philippe-Charles, Duke of Anjou (d. 1671). The first daughter of Gaston stands on the far right: Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans. The picture frame with the two children are the other 2 daughters of Louis and Maria Theresa who died in 1662 and 1664.

Residences

Philippe I and his wife had to spend most of their time at the royal court of his brother Louis XIV. For this purpose they had apartments at the Palace of Versailles, the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the Palace of Fontainebleau and the Château de Marly, as did most other members of the House of Bourbon. Their private home, given to them by the king, was the Palais Royal, Paris. Furthermore, Philippe I had bought the Château de Saint-Cloud, located between Paris and Versailles, in 1658. Later he replaced it with a new baroque building, including vast gardens on the Seine River. He also had a number of smaller rural properties. Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, sold the Palais Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud to King Louis XVI, shortly before the Revolution, however still occupying an apartment at the Palais Royal. Their private residences then became the Château du Raincy and the Château de Sainte-Assise at Seine-Port.

Before the court was officially moved to Versailles, and before the birth of his nephew, the king's son, the Dauphin Louis de France, in 1661, the Duke of Orléans' apartments in the Palace of Versailles were where the Dauphin's now are located. The apartments looked over the Parterres du Midi of the south and were directly under the Grand Appartement de la reine. After the dauphin's birth, the Orléans had to move to the north wing and occupied large quarters there. These looked out onto the Parterres du Midi of the south. The family also had apartments where the modern day Galerie des batailles are. This area was used by the Duke himself, his second wife, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, his son, Philippe II and daughter-in-law, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon. The apartments of the family were later moved to the bottom floor of the north wing, opposite the Chapelle Royal de Versailles, this time looking over the Parterres du Midi of the north. The family had been moved in order to accommodate three of Louis XV's daughters, Madame Adélaïde, Madame Victoire and Madame Élisabeth. The family remained there till the French Revolution.

Inheritances

Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon who brought much wealth to the family

Along with their government allowances and because the family were known as the Premier Princes du Sang, they often received fortunes and titles from inheritances:

  • In 1693 after the death of Philippe's older cousin, La Grande Mademoiselle.
    • From this the family received the ducal titles of Montpensier, Châtellerault, the marquessate of Mézières-en-Brenne, the counties of Mortain, of Bar-sur-Seine, the viscountcies of Auge and of Domfront.
    • In addition, he also received the barony of Beaujolais, which was later raised to the rank of county, and the principality of Joinville.
  • In 1769, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, the greatest heiress of her time as the sole surviving child of her father, the famously wealthy Duke of Penthièvre, married her cousin, Louis Philippe II d'Orléans, then Duke of Chatres and later called Philippe Égalité.
    • After the wedding, the Duke of Orléans received his wife's dowry of six million livres, the equivalent of around £20,000,000 today.
    • The Orléans couple then obtained an annual income of 240,000 livres. This later increased to 400,000 livres. The couple also received furniture as part of the marriage settlement.
  • The death of the Duke of Penthièvre.
    • In 1793 the wealthy Duke of Penthièvre died and left his whole fortune and lands to his daughter Louise Marie Adélaïde. His previous heir had been his son, the prince de Lamballe, who died young in 1768.

Châteaux The family also later acquired many other châteaux around the country. Among these were the:

Upon the death of the Duke of Orléans's father-in-law in 1793 (the hugely wealthy Duke of Penthièvre), the House of Orléans became the richest in France, however not for a long time. During the French Revolution the surviving members of the House of Orléans sought refuge in exile and their properties were confiscated and mostly resold to new owners. After the Bourbon Restoration of 1815 some of the properties were restituted to the Orléans branch of the Bourbons.

During the July Monarchy, the now reigning royal family acquired the:

After King Louis Philippe I had died in exile in Claremont House, Surrey, in 1850, his property in the French Second Republic was split between his many children and grandchildren. All male members of the House of Orléans were exiled from France by law between 1886 and 1950. When Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999), returned to France in 1950, he didn't find much property left, except for a few castles which produced no income. Having 11 children and divorcing his wife, he decided, in 1974, to transfer the most important family assets to a family foundation, Fondation Saint-Louis, in order to save them from future inheritance distribution and taxes. The respective head of the House of Orléans is honorary chairman of the foundation. Its assets comprise Château d'Amboise (with a family museum), the Château de Bourbon-l'Archambault and the Château de Dreux (private residence), with the Chapelle royale de Dreux, the necropolis of the Orléans royal family. He sold further property, resulting in legal action by his sons, and still died heavily in debt.

Cadet branches

Arms of the House of Orléans-Braganza

House of Orléans-Braganza

Main article: House of Orléans-Braganza

On 15 October 1864 at Rio de Janeiro the eldest son of Louis Charles Philippe Raphael d'Orléans, Duke of Nemours (son of King Louis Philippe of France) married Dona Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, eldest daughter and heiress of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil.

It was from that marriage the royal house of Orléans-Braganza was formed. Today they are the present claimants to the throne of the former Empire of Brazil, which ended with the Brazilian Imposition of the republic on 15 November 1889 after a military coup d'état headed by Marshall Deodoro da Fonseca, who became the first President of Brazil.

House of Orléans-Galliera

See also: Duke of Galliera
Arms of the House of Orléans-Galliera

In the Affair of the Spanish Marriages, Louis Philippe arranged for the marriage of his youngest son, Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, to Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, younger sister of Isabella II of Spain. It was generally thought that she would succeed her sister as queen, since the Spanish queen's prospective husband was the effeminate Francis, Duke of Cádiz.

The British wanted a prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha for the Spanish princess, and claimed that her future children with Montpensier would not be able to succeed to the French throne, due to the Treaty of Utrecht, wherein Montpensier's ancestor the Duke of Orleans renounced his rights to succeed to the Spanish throne for himself and his descendants. Louis Philippe opposed this interpretation and claimed that the only purpose of the Treaty of Utrecht was to keep France and Spain separate.

On 10 October 1846, Montpensier married Infanta Luisa, on the same day her sister Isabella II married Cádiz. However, the marriage of Isabella II produced many children. Montpensier funded the rebels, which helped to overthrow the government of his sister-in-law. However, the Cortes elected Amadeo of Savoy instead of him.

Montpensier was later reconciled to the restored Bourbons, and his daughter married Alfonso XII of Spain, son of Isabella II. Montpensier's son, Infante Antonio, successfully claimed the succession to the dukedom of Galliera, from which this branch takes its name.

See also

Notes

  1. The House of Orléans-Braganza has never reigned over Brazil, as the monarchy was abolished in Brazil in 1889.

References

  1. Velde, Francois. "The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs § Princes du Sang". Heraldica. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  2. Gordien, Marie-Estelle (30 August 2018) . "Louis d'Orléans (1703-1752), premier prince du sang et mystique érudit". theses.enc.sorbonne.fr (in French).
  3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné, Comte de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 823.
  4. Nichols Barker, Nancy (1989). Johns Hopkins University Press (ed.). Brother to the Sun King, Philippe, Duke of Orléans. ISBN 9780801837913.
  5. La Marle, Hubert (1989). Nouvelles Editions Latines (ed.). Philippe Egalité, "grand maître" de la Révolution: le rôle politique du premier Sérénissime Frère du Grand Orient de France. ISBN 9782723303835.
  6. Louis Philippe I (1830). Memoir of Louis Philippe I, king of the French.
  7. Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (1875). Comte de Paris Letters, 1875-1894.
  8. Goyet, Bruno (2001). Odile Jacob (ed.). Henri d'Orléans, comte de Paris (1908–1999) : le prince impossible. ISBN 9782738109347.
  9. Pevitt, Christine, The Man Who Would be King: The Life of Philippe d'Orléans, Regent of France
  10. Website Fondation Saint-Louis (fr.)

Further reading

External links

— Royal house —House of OrléansCadet branch of the House of BourbonFounding year: 1660
Preceded byHouse of Bourbon Ruling House of France
9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848 		Monarchy abolished
Second French Republic declared
Princesses of Orléans by marriage
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
6th generation
  • * also a princess of Orléans in her own right
  • ** did not belong by birth to a dynastic or titled noble family
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