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{{Short description|American greeting card company}}
'''American Greetings''' is the world's largest publicly-traded ] company. It is based in ]. Their most-popular copyrighted properties include '']'', the '']'', '']'' and '']''.
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = American Greetings Corporation
| logo = American_Greetings_2017_logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2017
| former_name = Sapirstein Greeting Card Company
| type = ]
| industry = ]
| foundation = 1906 (as Sapirstein Greeting Card Company)<br>1938, in ], ], United States (as American Greetings)
| founder = Jacob Sapirstein
| location = 1 American Boulevard<ref name=cc/>
| location_city = ]
| location_country = United States
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|John Compton (])|Joe Arcuri (] and ])|Erwin Weiss (])|Gregory M. Steinberg (])}}
| products = {{unbulleted list|]s|Gift wrap|Party goods|Giftware|]|Electronic greetings|]s|Educational products}}
| brands = {{unbulleted list|Carlton Cards|Tender Thoughts|Just For You|Gibson|Papyrus|] (formerly)|] (formerly)}}
| revenue = $1.67 billion
| revenue_year = 2012<ref name="cl"/>
| net_income = $57.2 million
| net_income_year = 2012<ref name="cl"/>
| num_employees = 27,500 (2012)<ref name="cl"/>
| owner = ] (60%)<br> Century Intermediate Holding Co. (Weiss Family, 40%)
| subsid = UK Greetings
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.americangreetings.com/}}
}}
'''American Greetings Corporation''' is a privately held American company and is the world's second largest ] producer behind ].<ref name="cl"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/08/hallmark-greeting-cards-have-adjusted-to-the-digital-revolution.html|publisher=CNBC|date=December 9, 2017|title=Hallmark greeting cards have adjusted to the digital revolution|last=Gillies|first=Trent|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Based in ], a suburb of ], the company sells paper greeting cards, electronic greeting cards, gift packaging, stickers and party products. In addition, the company owns the ], Tender Thoughts, Papyrus, Recycled Paper Greetings and ] brands.<ref name="tpd0"/><ref name="American-Greetings-Apr-2012-10-K">{{cite web |url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1238/0001193125-12-194474.pdf |title=American Greetings, Form 10-K, Annual Report |date=April 30, 2012 |publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref>


American Greetings' former ] design and licensing division, initially called '''Those Characters From Cleveland''', subsequently renamed AG Properties and American Greetings Entertainment and now separately owned as ]. American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for ] characters.
Founded in ] by immigrant ] (1885-1987), who sold cards from a horse-drawn cart, it has continued to be run by members of his family. ] (Sapirstein's oldest son) was stuffing envelopes at age five, handling the business during his father's illness when he was nine, and worked for the company fulltime on leaving high school. He was succeeded as ] by his son-in-law Morry Weiss in ] ,and took the title "Founder-Chairman", previously held by his father, when Weiss became chairman in ], before Stone died in 2000. In ] Morry Weiss's sons Zev and Jeffrey became CEO and President respectively, Morry Weiss remaining Chairman.


==History==
==American Greetings cartoonists==
===Sapirstein Greeting Card===
* ]
Sapirstein Greeting Card Co. was founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein<ref name="tpd0">{{cite news |last1=Pledger |first1=Marcia |title=American Greetings announces new investor taking 60 percent ownership |url=https://www.cleveland.com/business/2018/02/american_greetings_announces_n.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |work=The Plain Dealer |date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> (1885–1987), who sold cards to stores from a ]-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception.<ref name="cl">{{cite news |first=Janet H. |last=Cho |title=American Greetings' Weiss Family Aims to Take the Company Private Again, Via an $878 Million Offer for Outstanding Shares |url= http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2013/04/american_greetings_weiss_family_aims_to_take_the_company_private_again_via_an_878_million_offer_for_outstanding_shares.html |work= The Plain Dealer |date=April 1, 2013 |access-date=April 4, 2013}}</ref> ], Jacob's oldest son, became Jacob's first partner in 1918 at age nine. Irving's brother Morris started working at the card company in 1926. Morris and Irving in 1928 got a post card contract worth $24,000. The company started using self-serve display cabinets for its greeting cards in 1929 further cementing its position in the market. Sapirstein Greeting began in 1932 making its own greeting cards.<ref name="idch">{{cite book |title=International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.59 |date=2004 |publisher=St. James Press |via=FundingUniverse |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/american-greetings-corporation-history/ |access-date=July 25, 2019 |chapter=History of American Greetings Corporation}}</ref>
* ] (])
* ] (])


In 1934, the company began hiring sales representatives. Harry, the youngest son, joined the business in 1935. In 1936, the company opened its first branch office and the first major manufacturing facility.<ref name="idch"/>
''See also:'' ].


==External link== ===American Greetings===
Sapirstein Greeting Card Co. was renamed in 1938 to American Greetings Publishers. In 1939, the firm first issued the Forget-Me-Not card line. Irving and his brothers changed their last name to Stone in the 1940s. American Greeting Publishers was incorporated in 1944. John Sands Pty. Ltd. of Sydney, Australia and the company signed a licensing agreement, the firm's first, in 1949.<ref name="idch"/>
*

]
The company changed its name to American Greetings Corporation as the company went public in 1952, issuing 200,000 shares. The funds raised were earmarked for acquisitions and expansion. In 1956, American Greetings formed Carlton Cards, Ltd., a Canadian subsidiary. Also that year, the Hi Brows humor studio card line was launched.<ref name="idch"/>

In July 1957, the company moved its headquarters to One American Road, Brooklyn, Ohio. In 1958, American Greetings went public.<ref name="cl"/> Jacob Sapirstein became chairman of the board while Irving assumed the company's president post in 1960. In Forest City, North Carolina, the company built a cabinet manufacturing plant in 1960. A Mexican subsidiary in Mexico City was set up in 1969. In 1971, a retail subsidiary was formed called Summit Corporation, later called Carlton Cards Retail, Inc.<ref name="idch"/>

] premiered in 1967 as a line of greeting cards by American Greetings.<ref name=ksn>{{cite news |last1=Dickson |first1=Jeremy |title=AGP expands Holly Hobbie brand |url=http://kidscreen.com/2012/01/03/agp-expands-holly-hobbie-brand/ |access-date=July 19, 2019 |work=Kidscreen |date=January 3, 2012}}</ref> The character's public appeal lead to the formation of ] Sale the next year topped $100 million. In 1972, the company introduced Ziggy, created by ], which soon had a newspaper cartoon strip generating additional income. By 1977, Holly Hobbie became one of the top female licensed character in the world.<ref name="idch"/>

Morry Weiss, Irving's son-in-law, and Irving Stone in 1978 were appointed president and chairman & CEO, respectively. Also that year, the corporation set up two new subsidiaries Plus Mark, Inc. and A.G. Industries, Inc. Plus Mark was formed to manufacture Christmas gift wrap, boxed cards, and accessories. A.G. Industries was a display fixture manufacturer. American Greeting had seen itself as a mass-marketer and was serving pharmacies, variety stores, discount stores, and supermarkets with low cost cards. Meanwhile, ] ignored the mass market outlets until 1959 with issuance of its Ambassador card line. The company then used its licensing revenue on national advertising and other efforts to gain market share from 1981 to 1985. While they had a net income increase of 613 percent over ten years, Hallmark still maintained its market share. ] started a price war in 1986 and ended in 1987 which had the three major greeting card companies taking a loss. With a drop in licensing revenue, American took until 1989 to recover.<ref name="idch"/>

Those Characters From Cleveland was started up by Tom Wilson on behalf of American Greetings<ref name="cleveland1">{{cite news |last1=Segall |first1=Grant |title=Tom Wilson of Ziggy comic fame dies at 80: news obituary |url=https://www.cleveland.com/obituaries/2011/09/tom_wilson_of_ziggy_fame_dies.html |access-date=July 22, 2019 |work=The Plain Dealer |publisher=Advance Ohio |date=September 19, 2011}}</ref> in 1980. The first property out of Those Characters was ], which generated in 1981 $500 million in retail sales, followed by the ] with $2 billion in sales over its first two years.<ref name="idch"/>

AG came back with a doubled net income by 1991 with 10 percent growth in sales to Hallmark's 1 percent. Weiss was promoted to CEO while Ed Fruchtenbaum was elevated as the fourth and first non-family president. Weiss had streamlined operations, cut costs, and decreased its card idea development time frame to market. Fruchtenbaum stressed information systems technology with the development of software to aid the sales force, to managers and their retailers in order to track inventories and trends. The following year, Weiss and Fruchtenbaum were promoted again to chairman/CEO and president/chief operating officer, respectively, with Irving Stone becoming founder-chairman.<ref name="idch"/>

Custom Expressions, Inc., the CreataCard producer, was acquired in 1992, The CreataCard units had 1,000 card options and printed cards in under four minutes for $3.50 each. The company placed a few thousand units in mass-merchandise outlets in the US. By early 1994, 7,000 were installed. The kiosks generated modest profits off healthy revenue. With the Touch Screen Greetings and the Personalize It! method, Hallmark in 1992 sued AG over patent infringement with a 1995 settlement that allow both to use the technology worldwide. By 1995, the kiosks were being left behind by personal computers and the internet. The units were partially written off. American had also made deals with online services, Prodigy, CompuServe, and Microsoft Network in early 1996. Their website was redesigned to allow the cards to be designed on the website then mailed from its Cleveland fulfillment center in 1997. Two CD-ROM products, Personal CardShop for Home and Office and CreataCard Plus, were published. Both allowed for personalization. CardShop had 150 card choices and used the modem to order them to be printed and mailed by their fulfillment center. CreataCard had 3,000 predesigned greeting cards, invitations, stationery, and announcements, and three methods of fulfillment: print on home printer, by e-mail or via the company's center.<ref name="idch"/>

In the mid-1990s, American Greetings expanded its operations with acquisitions or starting up of new lines of business, and starting in 1996, the promotion of sideline product categories to semi-autonomous units. A reading glasses manufacturer, Magnivision, was purchased in 1993. In 1996, the party goods line was relaunched under the DesignWare name. The same year, American Greetings entered discussions with BEC Group Inc. to acquire ], a sunglasses manufacturer, but declined to pursue the purchase. A candle line was relaunched in 1997 under the name GuildHouse. A supplemental educational products subsidiary, Learning Horizons, Inc., was set up in March 1997, but in August American Greetings sold two subsidiaries, Acme Frame Products, Inc. and Wilhold Inc., producer of hair accessory products, to ]. Contempo Colours, a party goods company in Michigan with licenses including '']'' and '']'', was bought in August 1999 to add to DesignWare.<ref name="idch"/>

In Canada, the Forget-Me-Not brand was launched in 1993. In July 1997, American Greetings launched its "The All New American Way" marketing strategy that consisted of massive revamping of its everyday card lines over the next year and a half to meet nine American cultural trends.<ref name="idch"/>

In the 1990s, American Greetings pushed more into international markets. Acquisition occurred in 1995 with a purchase of 80% share of S.A. Greetings Corporation in South Africa and in 1996 with the purchase of ], the top greeting card company in both Australia and New Zealand. In 1998, Camden Graphics Group and Hanson White Ltd. were purchased to add to its UK operations, while in 1999, a majority stake in Memory Lane ], a Malaysian greeting card company, brought American to Asia for the first time.<ref name="idch"/>

American Greetings made a bid for ], the third top card maker in the US, in March 1996, which was rejected.<ref name="idch"/> In 1999, the company agreed to buy rival Gibson Greetings and united the second and third largest U.S. greeting card makers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F0AlAAAAIBAJ&pg=3203,1349932&dq=american+greetings&hl=zh-CN |title=American Greetings to buy rival |date=November 4, 1999 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |work=] |agency=]}}</ref> Through the Gibson purchase, American gained its strong UK unit and a 27% stake in Egreetings Network Inc.<ref name="idch"/>

In 1998, the company shares moved from trading on the ] to the ]. AmericanGreetings.com, Inc., while not turning a profit, was announced in June 1999 to be taken public, but was withdrew due to the early 2000 tech stock collapse.<ref name="idch"/>

In March 1999, Hallmark started a price war with the introduction of a 99-cent card line forcing American to do the same. In 1999, the implementation of a new inventory system slowed shipments to retailers, but this reduced sales by $100 million, a 1.5% decrease, ending a 93rd consecutive year of increasing revenue.<ref name="idch"/>

Fruchtenbaum was terminated in June 2000 for insider trading policy violation after the board learned that he purchased stock via options, then sold them in December 1998 before the announcement of the new inventory system implementation's expected loss. Board member James C. Spira was then appointed vice-chairman.<ref name="idch"/>

In November 2000, Spira was appointed to oversee a massive overhaul. The company cut 1,500 jobs, closed six manufacturing and distribution centers, discontinued Forget-Me-Not, one of its four main U.S. card brands, and cut the offered greeting cards to 10,000 from 15,000. The firm also shifted to recognizing sales at the retailer's register, not when it was stocked on the retailer's shelves in order to better control inventory. This cost them $300 million, and was highly unprofitable in the 2001 and 2002 fiscal years.<ref name="idch"/>

In its online sector in 2001, American Greeting purchased the Egreetings Network shares that Gibson did not already own.<ref name="idch"/> In January 2002, the company purchased Blue Mountain Arts (BlueMountain.com) from Excite@Home with Excite to buy ads on American Greeting websites and Blue Mountain would continue providing ecards for Excite.<ref name=cnet>{{cite news |last1=Hu |first1=Jim |title=American Greetings buys Excite unit |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/american-greetings-buys-excite-unit/ |access-date=August 1, 2019 |work=CNET |date=January 2, 2002 |language=en}}</ref> The company thus had four online greeting cards website including BeatGreets.com, a musical greetings website.<ref name="idch" /> While the online operations expected to become profitable by the fourth quarter 2002,<ref name=cnet/> the division had a lower loss than in the prior year.<ref name="idch" />

In 2003, Morry Weiss's sons, Zev and Jeffrey, became CEO and President respectively; Morry Weiss remained Chairman. American Greetings had also branched out onto the internet and owned a network of websites. In October 2007, American Greetings bought ] from CNET for $45 million in cash.<ref name="American-Greetings-Dec-2007-8-K">{{cite web |url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1167/95015207009732/filing-main.htm |title=American Greetings, Form 8-K, Current Report |date=December 20, 2007 |publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref>

In July 2004, American Greetings sold MagniVision to an affiliate of ] sunglasses manufacturer.<ref>{{cite news |title=American Greeting Earnings Lifted by Sale of Reading Glass Unit |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/american-greeting-earnings-lifted-by-sale-of-reading-glass-unit |access-date=July 26, 2019 |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |date=December 23, 2004}}</ref> In October 2005, American Greetings recalled its ''Sesame Street'' toy sunglasses sold from December 2003 through August 2005, because the lenses can separate from the frames, posing a choking hazard to young children.<ref name=sunglasses>{{cite press release |title=CPSC, American Greetings Corp. Announce Recall of Sesame Street Sunglasses |url=http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2005/CPSC-American-Greetings-Corp-Announce-Recall-of-Sesame-Street-Sunglasses/ |publisher=] |date=September 1, 2005 |access-date=December 8, 2014}}</ref>

American Greetings purchased ] in February 2009. Two months later, in two cash deals with ] on April 17, the company sold its remaining 341 stores to them, and in the second deal bought Schurman's wholesale division, Papyrus brand cards and paper products, and a 15% equity stake in Schurman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roguski |first1=Randy |title=American Greetings Corp. wraps up tough year |url=https://www.cleveland.com/business/2009/06/post_6.html |access-date=July 22, 2019 |work=The Plain Dealer |date=June 26, 2009}}</ref>

In April 2010, the company closed its DesignWare plant in Kalamazoo as the company moved to Amscan for manufacturing their party goods. American Greetings received $25 million and a warrant for 2 percent of common stock in ], Amscan's parent corporation, while Amscan received inventory, equipment and processes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Killian |first1=Chris |title=American Greetings to bid good-bye to DesignWare, 225 jobs |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2009/12/american_greetings_to_bid_good.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |work=Kalamazoo Gazette |publisher=Mlive Media Group |date=December 23, 2009}}</ref> In Mexico, the company moved strategically to a third party distributor model and closed its warehouse there.<ref name=fbs>{{cite web|last=McKee |first=Tyler |date=March 30, 2011 |title=Higher Prices Still In The Cards For American Greetings |work=] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/investor/2011/03/30/higher-prices-american-greetings-hallmark/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010080952/http://www.forbes.com/sites/investor/2011/03/30/higher-prices-american-greetings-hallmark/ |archive-date=October 10, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, American Greetings planned to move its headquarters from ] to a new facility at Crocker Park within the nearby city of ],<ref>{{cite journal |title=American Greetings may pull its world headquarters out of Brooklyn, Ohio |journal=] |date=January 7, 2010 |first=Janet |last=Cho |location=Cleveland |url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/01/american_greetings_may_pull_it.html |access-date=January 7, 2010 |quote=American Greetings Corp., the nation's largest publicly held greeting card manufacturer, is exploring moving its global headquarters from Brooklyn to another community - maybe even out of state - with lower taxes.}}</ref> but in 2013, the company delayed to move its operations to Westlake. Construction had been scheduled to start in early 2013. In 2014, American Greetings sold its Brooklyn, Ohio headquarters to developers and began renting its current offices from the new owners until the move to Westlake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2014/07/american_greetings_sells_brook.html|title=American Greetings sells Brooklyn headquarters; Lichter, Semarjian plan 150-acre industrial park|date=July 1, 2014|access-date=May 9, 2015|author=McFee, Michelle Jarboe|work=Cleveland.com}}</ref> American Greetings opened their new Westlake headquarters in September 2016.<ref name=cc>{{Cite news|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20160928/NEWS/160929767/american-greetings-opens-new-westlake-headquarters|title=American Greetings opens new Westlake headquarters|date=2016-09-28|newspaper=Crain's Cleveland Business|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref> The company leases the building from the Wiess family until August 2031.<ref name="tpd0"/>

American Greetings forced ] in May 2012 into administration.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last1=Simpson |first1=Emma |title=Can Clinton Cards reinvent itself? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-20773259 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |work=BBC.com |date=December 24, 2012}}</ref> In June, American Greetings acquired assets from Clinton Cards together with some of its subsidiaries including UK Greetings. UK Greetings' card brands at the time were Camden Graphics, Hanson White, Forget Me Not and Xpressions. Clinton operated stores under the Clinton and Birthdays brands.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 7, 2012 |title=US company American Greetings acquires Clinton Cards |newspaper=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jun/07/american-greetings-snaps-up-clinton-cards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013023410/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jun/07/american-greetings-snaps-up-clinton-cards |archive-date=October 13, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> American Greetings brought in Dominique Schurman, CEO of Schurman Retail Group, to lead Clinton.<ref name=bbc/>

===Private corporation===
American Greetings went private once again in mid-2013, thus removing itself from all the public markets, agreeing to pay $18.20 per share, valuing the company at $878 million. The Weiss family-owned Century Intermediate Holding Co. purchased the public shares.<ref name="cl"/>

In 2018, the Weiss family sold a 60% majority stake of the company to the investment firm ] (CD&R).<ref name="tpd0"/> The Weiss Family would continue to operate as directors and shareholders of American Greetings<ref name="tpd0"/> as well as retain ownership of American Greetings Entertainment, which was spun off as ].<ref name="PGB">{{cite news |last1=Loveday |first1=Samantha |title=American Greetings Spins Off Its Licensing Arm |url=https://www.pgbuzz.net/american-greetings-spins-off-its-licensing-arm/ |access-date=July 17, 2019 |work=PG Buzz |publisher=Max Media Ventures |date=August 28, 2018}}</ref> UK Greetings continued with American Greetings under CD&R while the Clintons retail chain in the UK remained with the Weiss family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Jakki |title=Majority shareholding in American Greetings sold to US investor, Clayton Dubilier & Rice |url=https://www.pgbuzz.net/majority-shareholding-in-american-greetings-has-been-sold-to-us-investment-company-clayton-dubilier-rice/ |access-date=July 19, 2019 |work=PG Buzz |publisher=Max Media Ventures |date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> On closing of the deal, David Scheible was named Chairman in place of Morry Weiss and President John Beeder was promoted to CEO (the former chairman and co-CEOs remaining on the board).<ref name="tpd0"/> In January 2019, the Weiss family placed AG's headquarters up for sale.<ref name="tpd0"/>

Scheible had been replaced by John Compton as chairman. On March 1, 2019, the retiring CEO Beeder was replaced by Joe Arcuri.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunsman |first1=Barrett J. |title=Former P&G executive hired as CEO of American Greetings |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2019/02/14/former-p-g-executive-hired-as-ceo-of-american.html |access-date=July 25, 2019 |work=Cincinnati Business Courier |publisher=American City Business Journals. |date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, partially owned Schurman Retail Group filed for ], resulting in the closing of all of its stores, including American Greetings locations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Holly V. |title=All Papyrus stores to close, including 2 Indiana locations |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/local/indianapolis/2020/01/21/papyrus-closing-store-fashion-mall-keystone-nationwide/4533384002/ |access-date=January 23, 2020 |work=Indianapolis Star |publisher=USA Today Network |date=January 21, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gibson Greetings==
Acquired in 1999, Gibson was founded by brothers George, Robert, Samuel and Stephen in 1855 as '''Gibson & Company, Lithographers''' in ]. It eventually began making greeting cards in 1860s and 1870s, sold to brother George as '''Gibson Arts''' in 1883 and '''Gibson Greeting Cards Inc.''' in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/gibson-greetings-inc-history/|title=History of Gibson Greetings, Inc. – FundingUniverse}}</ref> After being under ] and other owners it was sold to American Greetings.

==Units==
American Greetings operates with four divisions:<ref name="BBW">{{cite web|title=Company Overview of American Greetings Corp. |date=2014 |work=] |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=250037 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141006193456/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=250037 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=fbs/>
* North American Social Expression Products
* International Social Expression Products
* AG Interactive (] was formerly part of AG Interactive)<ref>{{cite web|title=Company Overview of AG Interactive, Inc. |date=2014 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9448711 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615203301/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9448711 |archive-date=June 15, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* a non-reportable operating segment, sometimes referred to as "Retail"<ref name="BBW" />

==Subsidiaries and holdings==
===Current===
* ]
* ], Australian subsidiary
* ] (15%) runs American Greeting retail stores
* UK Greetings, British subsidiary

===Former===
* Those Characters From Cleveland (1980–2018;<ref name=PGB/><ref name=barrons-81>{{cite news |last1=Davenport |first1=Caroline H. |title="Strawberry Shortcake & Friends": They're a Boon to American Greetings |url=https://proquest.com/doc/350660994 |access-date=2023-03-03 |work=] |date=1981-10-12 |page=50 |url-access=limited |via=]}}</ref> now ])
* AmToy (1979–1988;<ref name=barrons-79>{{cite news |last1=Leisner |first1=Susan Wagner |title=Growth in the Cards: American Greetings Expects to Wrap Up a Record Year |url=https://proquest.com/doc/350730898 |access-date=2023-03-03 |work=Barron's |date=1979-11-26 |page=44 |url-access=limited |via=]}}</ref><ref name=tgraph>{{cite news |title=Greeting firm selling subsidiary |work=Telegraph-Forum |agency=] (UPI) |date=1988-06-06 |location=] |page=9 |via=]}}</ref> sold to ] in June 1988<ref name=tgraph/>)

==Cartoonists==
* ]
* Peter Guren ('']'')
* ]
* ]

==See also==
* ]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.americangreetings.com}}
*

{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 18:37, 9 December 2024

American greeting card company

American Greetings Corporation
Logo used since 2017
FormerlySapirstein Greeting Card Company
Company typePrivate
IndustryGreeting card
Founded1906 (as Sapirstein Greeting Card Company)
1938, in Brooklyn, Ohio, United States (as American Greetings)
FounderJacob Sapirstein
Headquarters1 American Boulevard, Westlake, Ohio, United States
Area servedWorldwide
Key people
Products
Brands
Revenue$1.67 billion (2012)
Net income$57.2 million (2012)
OwnerClayton Dubilier & Rice (60%)
Century Intermediate Holding Co. (Weiss Family, 40%)
Number of employees27,500 (2012)
SubsidiariesUK Greetings
Websitewww.americangreetings.com

American Greetings Corporation is a privately held American company and is the world's second largest greeting card producer behind Hallmark Cards. Based in Westlake, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, the company sells paper greeting cards, electronic greeting cards, gift packaging, stickers and party products. In addition, the company owns the Carlton Cards, Tender Thoughts, Papyrus, Recycled Paper Greetings and Gibson brands.

American Greetings' former toy design and licensing division, initially called Those Characters From Cleveland, subsequently renamed AG Properties and American Greetings Entertainment and now separately owned as Cloudco Entertainment. American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters.

History

Sapirstein Greeting Card

Sapirstein Greeting Card Co. was founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards to stores from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving Sapirstein, Jacob's oldest son, became Jacob's first partner in 1918 at age nine. Irving's brother Morris started working at the card company in 1926. Morris and Irving in 1928 got a post card contract worth $24,000. The company started using self-serve display cabinets for its greeting cards in 1929 further cementing its position in the market. Sapirstein Greeting began in 1932 making its own greeting cards.

In 1934, the company began hiring sales representatives. Harry, the youngest son, joined the business in 1935. In 1936, the company opened its first branch office and the first major manufacturing facility.

American Greetings

Sapirstein Greeting Card Co. was renamed in 1938 to American Greetings Publishers. In 1939, the firm first issued the Forget-Me-Not card line. Irving and his brothers changed their last name to Stone in the 1940s. American Greeting Publishers was incorporated in 1944. John Sands Pty. Ltd. of Sydney, Australia and the company signed a licensing agreement, the firm's first, in 1949.

The company changed its name to American Greetings Corporation as the company went public in 1952, issuing 200,000 shares. The funds raised were earmarked for acquisitions and expansion. In 1956, American Greetings formed Carlton Cards, Ltd., a Canadian subsidiary. Also that year, the Hi Brows humor studio card line was launched.

In July 1957, the company moved its headquarters to One American Road, Brooklyn, Ohio. In 1958, American Greetings went public. Jacob Sapirstein became chairman of the board while Irving assumed the company's president post in 1960. In Forest City, North Carolina, the company built a cabinet manufacturing plant in 1960. A Mexican subsidiary in Mexico City was set up in 1969. In 1971, a retail subsidiary was formed called Summit Corporation, later called Carlton Cards Retail, Inc.

Holly Hobbie premiered in 1967 as a line of greeting cards by American Greetings. The character's public appeal lead to the formation of Those Characters From Cleveland Inc. Sale the next year topped $100 million. In 1972, the company introduced Ziggy, created by Tom Wilson, which soon had a newspaper cartoon strip generating additional income. By 1977, Holly Hobbie became one of the top female licensed character in the world.

Morry Weiss, Irving's son-in-law, and Irving Stone in 1978 were appointed president and chairman & CEO, respectively. Also that year, the corporation set up two new subsidiaries Plus Mark, Inc. and A.G. Industries, Inc. Plus Mark was formed to manufacture Christmas gift wrap, boxed cards, and accessories. A.G. Industries was a display fixture manufacturer. American Greeting had seen itself as a mass-marketer and was serving pharmacies, variety stores, discount stores, and supermarkets with low cost cards. Meanwhile, Hallmark Cards ignored the mass market outlets until 1959 with issuance of its Ambassador card line. The company then used its licensing revenue on national advertising and other efforts to gain market share from 1981 to 1985. While they had a net income increase of 613 percent over ten years, Hallmark still maintained its market share. Gibson Greetings started a price war in 1986 and ended in 1987 which had the three major greeting card companies taking a loss. With a drop in licensing revenue, American took until 1989 to recover.

Those Characters From Cleveland was started up by Tom Wilson on behalf of American Greetings in 1980. The first property out of Those Characters was Strawberry Shortcake, which generated in 1981 $500 million in retail sales, followed by the Care Bears with $2 billion in sales over its first two years.

AG came back with a doubled net income by 1991 with 10 percent growth in sales to Hallmark's 1 percent. Weiss was promoted to CEO while Ed Fruchtenbaum was elevated as the fourth and first non-family president. Weiss had streamlined operations, cut costs, and decreased its card idea development time frame to market. Fruchtenbaum stressed information systems technology with the development of software to aid the sales force, to managers and their retailers in order to track inventories and trends. The following year, Weiss and Fruchtenbaum were promoted again to chairman/CEO and president/chief operating officer, respectively, with Irving Stone becoming founder-chairman.

Custom Expressions, Inc., the CreataCard producer, was acquired in 1992, The CreataCard units had 1,000 card options and printed cards in under four minutes for $3.50 each. The company placed a few thousand units in mass-merchandise outlets in the US. By early 1994, 7,000 were installed. The kiosks generated modest profits off healthy revenue. With the Touch Screen Greetings and the Personalize It! method, Hallmark in 1992 sued AG over patent infringement with a 1995 settlement that allow both to use the technology worldwide. By 1995, the kiosks were being left behind by personal computers and the internet. The units were partially written off. American had also made deals with online services, Prodigy, CompuServe, and Microsoft Network in early 1996. Their website was redesigned to allow the cards to be designed on the website then mailed from its Cleveland fulfillment center in 1997. Two CD-ROM products, Personal CardShop for Home and Office and CreataCard Plus, were published. Both allowed for personalization. CardShop had 150 card choices and used the modem to order them to be printed and mailed by their fulfillment center. CreataCard had 3,000 predesigned greeting cards, invitations, stationery, and announcements, and three methods of fulfillment: print on home printer, by e-mail or via the company's center.

In the mid-1990s, American Greetings expanded its operations with acquisitions or starting up of new lines of business, and starting in 1996, the promotion of sideline product categories to semi-autonomous units. A reading glasses manufacturer, Magnivision, was purchased in 1993. In 1996, the party goods line was relaunched under the DesignWare name. The same year, American Greetings entered discussions with BEC Group Inc. to acquire Foster Grant Group, a sunglasses manufacturer, but declined to pursue the purchase. A candle line was relaunched in 1997 under the name GuildHouse. A supplemental educational products subsidiary, Learning Horizons, Inc., was set up in March 1997, but in August American Greetings sold two subsidiaries, Acme Frame Products, Inc. and Wilhold Inc., producer of hair accessory products, to Newell Company. Contempo Colours, a party goods company in Michigan with licenses including Monopoly and Sesame Street, was bought in August 1999 to add to DesignWare.

In Canada, the Forget-Me-Not brand was launched in 1993. In July 1997, American Greetings launched its "The All New American Way" marketing strategy that consisted of massive revamping of its everyday card lines over the next year and a half to meet nine American cultural trends.

In the 1990s, American Greetings pushed more into international markets. Acquisition occurred in 1995 with a purchase of 80% share of S.A. Greetings Corporation in South Africa and in 1996 with the purchase of John Sands, the top greeting card company in both Australia and New Zealand. In 1998, Camden Graphics Group and Hanson White Ltd. were purchased to add to its UK operations, while in 1999, a majority stake in Memory Lane Sdn Bhd, a Malaysian greeting card company, brought American to Asia for the first time.

American Greetings made a bid for Gibson Greetings, the third top card maker in the US, in March 1996, which was rejected. In 1999, the company agreed to buy rival Gibson Greetings and united the second and third largest U.S. greeting card makers. Through the Gibson purchase, American gained its strong UK unit and a 27% stake in Egreetings Network Inc.

In 1998, the company shares moved from trading on the NASDAQ to the New York Stock Exchange. AmericanGreetings.com, Inc., while not turning a profit, was announced in June 1999 to be taken public, but was withdrew due to the early 2000 tech stock collapse.

In March 1999, Hallmark started a price war with the introduction of a 99-cent card line forcing American to do the same. In 1999, the implementation of a new inventory system slowed shipments to retailers, but this reduced sales by $100 million, a 1.5% decrease, ending a 93rd consecutive year of increasing revenue.

Fruchtenbaum was terminated in June 2000 for insider trading policy violation after the board learned that he purchased stock via options, then sold them in December 1998 before the announcement of the new inventory system implementation's expected loss. Board member James C. Spira was then appointed vice-chairman.

In November 2000, Spira was appointed to oversee a massive overhaul. The company cut 1,500 jobs, closed six manufacturing and distribution centers, discontinued Forget-Me-Not, one of its four main U.S. card brands, and cut the offered greeting cards to 10,000 from 15,000. The firm also shifted to recognizing sales at the retailer's register, not when it was stocked on the retailer's shelves in order to better control inventory. This cost them $300 million, and was highly unprofitable in the 2001 and 2002 fiscal years.

In its online sector in 2001, American Greeting purchased the Egreetings Network shares that Gibson did not already own. In January 2002, the company purchased Blue Mountain Arts (BlueMountain.com) from Excite@Home with Excite to buy ads on American Greeting websites and Blue Mountain would continue providing ecards for Excite. The company thus had four online greeting cards website including BeatGreets.com, a musical greetings website. While the online operations expected to become profitable by the fourth quarter 2002, the division had a lower loss than in the prior year.

In 2003, Morry Weiss's sons, Zev and Jeffrey, became CEO and President respectively; Morry Weiss remained Chairman. American Greetings had also branched out onto the internet and owned a network of websites. In October 2007, American Greetings bought Webshots from CNET for $45 million in cash.

In July 2004, American Greetings sold MagniVision to an affiliate of Foster Grant sunglasses manufacturer. In October 2005, American Greetings recalled its Sesame Street toy sunglasses sold from December 2003 through August 2005, because the lenses can separate from the frames, posing a choking hazard to young children.

American Greetings purchased Recycled Paper Greetings in February 2009. Two months later, in two cash deals with Schurman Fine Papers on April 17, the company sold its remaining 341 stores to them, and in the second deal bought Schurman's wholesale division, Papyrus brand cards and paper products, and a 15% equity stake in Schurman.

In April 2010, the company closed its DesignWare plant in Kalamazoo as the company moved to Amscan for manufacturing their party goods. American Greetings received $25 million and a warrant for 2 percent of common stock in AAH Holdings, Amscan's parent corporation, while Amscan received inventory, equipment and processes. In Mexico, the company moved strategically to a third party distributor model and closed its warehouse there.

In 2010, American Greetings planned to move its headquarters from Brooklyn, Ohio to a new facility at Crocker Park within the nearby city of Westlake, but in 2013, the company delayed to move its operations to Westlake. Construction had been scheduled to start in early 2013. In 2014, American Greetings sold its Brooklyn, Ohio headquarters to developers and began renting its current offices from the new owners until the move to Westlake. American Greetings opened their new Westlake headquarters in September 2016. The company leases the building from the Wiess family until August 2031.

American Greetings forced Clinton Cards PLC in May 2012 into administration. In June, American Greetings acquired assets from Clinton Cards together with some of its subsidiaries including UK Greetings. UK Greetings' card brands at the time were Camden Graphics, Hanson White, Forget Me Not and Xpressions. Clinton operated stores under the Clinton and Birthdays brands. American Greetings brought in Dominique Schurman, CEO of Schurman Retail Group, to lead Clinton.

Private corporation

American Greetings went private once again in mid-2013, thus removing itself from all the public markets, agreeing to pay $18.20 per share, valuing the company at $878 million. The Weiss family-owned Century Intermediate Holding Co. purchased the public shares.

In 2018, the Weiss family sold a 60% majority stake of the company to the investment firm Clayton Dubilier & Rice (CD&R). The Weiss Family would continue to operate as directors and shareholders of American Greetings as well as retain ownership of American Greetings Entertainment, which was spun off as Cloudco Entertainment. UK Greetings continued with American Greetings under CD&R while the Clintons retail chain in the UK remained with the Weiss family. On closing of the deal, David Scheible was named Chairman in place of Morry Weiss and President John Beeder was promoted to CEO (the former chairman and co-CEOs remaining on the board). In January 2019, the Weiss family placed AG's headquarters up for sale.

Scheible had been replaced by John Compton as chairman. On March 1, 2019, the retiring CEO Beeder was replaced by Joe Arcuri. In January 2020, partially owned Schurman Retail Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, resulting in the closing of all of its stores, including American Greetings locations.

Gibson Greetings

Acquired in 1999, Gibson was founded by brothers George, Robert, Samuel and Stephen in 1855 as Gibson & Company, Lithographers in Cincinnati. It eventually began making greeting cards in 1860s and 1870s, sold to brother George as Gibson Arts in 1883 and Gibson Greeting Cards Inc. in 1960. After being under RCA Corporation and other owners it was sold to American Greetings.

Units

American Greetings operates with four divisions:

  • North American Social Expression Products
  • International Social Expression Products
  • AG Interactive (Webshots was formerly part of AG Interactive)
  • a non-reportable operating segment, sometimes referred to as "Retail"

Subsidiaries and holdings

Current

Former

Cartoonists

See also

References

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  3. Gillies, Trent (December 9, 2017). "Hallmark greeting cards have adjusted to the digital revolution". CNBC. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  4. ^ Pledger, Marcia (February 13, 2018). "American Greetings announces new investor taking 60 percent ownership". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
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  7. Dickson, Jeremy (January 3, 2012). "AGP expands Holly Hobbie brand". Kidscreen. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
  8. Segall, Grant (September 19, 2011). "Tom Wilson of Ziggy comic fame dies at 80: news obituary". The Plain Dealer. Advance Ohio. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  9. "American Greetings to buy rival". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. November 4, 1999. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  10. ^ Hu, Jim (January 2, 2002). "American Greetings buys Excite unit". CNET. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  11. "American Greetings, Form 8-K, Current Report". Securities and Exchange Commission. December 20, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  12. "American Greeting Earnings Lifted by Sale of Reading Glass Unit". Fox News. Associated Press. December 23, 2004. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  13. "CPSC, American Greetings Corp. Announce Recall of Sesame Street Sunglasses" (Press release). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. September 1, 2005. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
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  16. ^ McKee, Tyler (March 30, 2011). "Higher Prices Still In The Cards For American Greetings". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014.
  17. Cho, Janet (January 7, 2010). "American Greetings may pull its world headquarters out of Brooklyn, Ohio". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland. Retrieved January 7, 2010. American Greetings Corp., the nation's largest publicly held greeting card manufacturer, is exploring moving its global headquarters from Brooklyn to another community - maybe even out of state - with lower taxes.
  18. McFee, Michelle Jarboe (July 1, 2014). "American Greetings sells Brooklyn headquarters; Lichter, Semarjian plan 150-acre industrial park". Cleveland.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  19. ^ Simpson, Emma (December 24, 2012). "Can Clinton Cards reinvent itself?". BBC.com. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
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  22. Brown, Jakki (February 13, 2018). "Majority shareholding in American Greetings sold to US investor, Clayton Dubilier & Rice". PG Buzz. Max Media Ventures. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
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  24. Hays, Holly V. (January 21, 2020). "All Papyrus stores to close, including 2 Indiana locations". Indianapolis Star. USA Today Network. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  25. "History of Gibson Greetings, Inc. – FundingUniverse".
  26. ^ "Company Overview of American Greetings Corp". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
  27. "Company Overview of AG Interactive, Inc". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2014. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008.
  28. Davenport, Caroline H. (October 12, 1981). ""Strawberry Shortcake & Friends": They're a Boon to American Greetings". Barron's. p. 50. Retrieved March 3, 2023 – via ProQuest.
  29. Leisner, Susan Wagner (November 26, 1979). "Growth in the Cards: American Greetings Expects to Wrap Up a Record Year". Barron's. p. 44. Retrieved March 3, 2023 – via ProQuest.
  30. ^ "Greeting firm selling subsidiary". Telegraph-Forum. Bucyrus, Ohio. United Press International (UPI). June 6, 1988. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.

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