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{{short description|Genus of strawberry plants}}
{{Taxobox begin | color = lightgreen | name = Strawberry}}
{{about|the plant genus|the most commonly cultivated strawberry|Strawberry}}
{{Taxobox image | image = ] | caption = 'Chandler' strawberries}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox begin placement | color = lightgreen}}
| oldest_fossil = Miocene
{{Taxobox regnum entry | taxon = ]ae}}
| image = 103 Fragaria vesca L.jpg
{{Taxobox divisio entry | taxon = ]}}
| image_caption = '']'' illustration from ''Atlas des plantes de France'' 1891, by A. Masclef
{{Taxobox classis entry | taxon = ]}}
| display_parents = 3
{{Taxobox ordo entry | taxon = ]}}
{{Taxobox familia entry | taxon = ]}} | taxon = Fragaria
| authority = ]
{{Taxobox subfamilia entry | taxon = ]}}
| subdivision_ranks = Species
{{Taxobox genus entry | taxon = '''''Fragaria'''''}}<br/>{{Taxobox authority new | authority = ]}}
| subdivision = 20+ species; see text
{{Taxobox end placement}}
}}
{{Taxobox section subdivision | color = lightgreen | plural_taxon = ]}}
see text
{{Taxobox end}}


'''''Fragaria''''' ({{IPAc-en|f|r|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɛər|i|.|ə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995: 606–07</ref> is a ] of ]s in the ] family, ], commonly known as '''strawberries''' for their edible ]s. There are more than 20 described ] and many ] and ]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the ], a hybrid known as ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''<!--N.B. Editors please keep multiplication sign outside quote marks, otherwise it appears italicised on certain browsers-->. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.
The '''strawberry''' (''Fragaria'') is a genus of ]s in the Family ] (Rose Family), and the ] of these plants. It is an ]; that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries (which are the "seeds", actually ]s) but from the peg at the bottom of the ] that held the ovaries. It is greenish-white as it develops and most species turn red when ripe.


==Taxonomy== ==Description==
Strawberries are not ].<ref name=Esau>Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref> The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a ], and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are ]s and therefore the true botanical fruits.<ref name=Esau/><ref>E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: .</ref>
There are more than 20 species worldwide including:


==Etymology==
'']''
The genus name {{lang|la|{{linktext|Fragaria}}}} derives from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragum}}}} ("]") and {{lang|la|{{linktext|-aria}}}}, a suffix used to create feminine nouns and ]s. The Latin name is thought in turn to derive from a ] root meaning "]", either ''*dʰreh₂ǵ-'' or ''*sróh₂gs''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=De Vaan |first1=Michiel |title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004167971 |page=239}}</ref> The genus name is sometimes ] from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragro}}}} ("to be fragrant, to reek").{{cn|date=January 2024}}
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'']''
'']''
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'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''
'']''


The English word is found in ] as ''streawberige''.<ref>''Ðeós wyrt ðe man fraga and óðrum naman streáwbergean nemneþ'': Anglo-Saxon Leechdom</ref> It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a ] in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. ''Streaw'' in Old English means 'straw', but also ''streawian'' means 'to strew', from the same root.<ref>: ]</ref> David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/notthink/strawberry.asp |title=Etymology of Strawberry |website=Snopes.com |date=5 October 2003 |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{aut|Darrow, G.M.}} (1966). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }} 3. Early History of the Strawberry: 16</ref>
Numerous other species have been proposed. Most are now recognized as subspecies of one of the above species. (See GRIN taxonomy database)


==Classification==
The genus ''Fragaria'' consists of over 20 species worldwide. The rosette growth of the plant, and its habit of sending out long slender branches called ]s that produce a new bud at the extremity, are well-known characteristics. The leaves typically have three leaflets, but the number of leaflets may be five or one. While the flower has the typical rosaceous structure, the fruit is very peculiar, but it may be understood by the contrast it presents with the ] of the ]. In a rose the top of the flower-stalk expands as it grows into a vase-shaped cavity, the hip, within which are concealed the true fruits or seed-vessels. In the rose the extremity of the floral axis is concave and bears the ]s in its interior. In the strawberry, the floral axis, instead of being concave, swells out into a fleshy, dome-shaped or flattened mass in which the carpels or true fruits, commonly called pips or seeds, are more or less embedded but never wholly concealed. A ripe strawberry in fact may be aptly compared to the fruit of a rose turned inside out.
There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria |title=Species records in the database (for the query: '''genus''' = ''Fragaria'') |publisher=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of ]s. They all have seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes, but exhibit different ]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).


As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.<ref>Darrow, George M. ''The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology''. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }}</ref>
=== Etymology ===
]
The name is derived from ] ''streawberige'' which is a compound of ''streaw'' meaning "straw" and ''berige'' meaning "berry". The reason for this is unclear. It may derive from the common practice of placing a layer of dry ] on the ground under the developing fruit to protect them from ]s and from being splashed by mud in wet weather, from the strawlike appearance of the runners, or from an obsolete denotation of straw, meaning "chaff", referring to the scattered appearance of the achenes. Interestingly, in other Germanic countries there is a tradition of collecting wild strawberries by threading them on straws.


The oldest fossils confidently classifiable as ''Fragaria'' are from the ] of Poland. Fossilised ''Fragaria'' achenes are also known from the ] of China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yong-Jiang |last2=Zhu |first2=Hai |last3=Momohara |first3=Arata |last4=Jia |first4=Lin-Bo |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhe-Kun |date=March 2019 |title=Fruit fossils of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=180–189 |doi=10.1111/jse.12443 |s2cid=89751967 |issn=1674-4918|doi-access=free }}</ref>
There is an alternative theory that the name derives from the Anglo-Saxon verb for "strew" (meaning to spread around) which was streabergen (Strea means "strew" and Bergen means "berry" or "fruit") and thence to streberie, straiberie, strauberie, straubery, strauberry, and finally, "strawberry", the word which we use today. The name might have come from the fact that the fruit and various runners appear "strewn" along the ground.


===Diploid species===
== Cultivation ==
]'', a species from the Himalayas]]
The common wild strawberry of ], found throughout Europe and a great part of temperate Asia and North America, is ''Fragaria vesca''. This plant represents the first strawberry species cultivated in the early 17th century. Later, gardeners introduced other species, such as ''Fragaria elatior'', a European species, the parent stock of the Hautbois strawberries, and especially ''Fragaria virginiana'' from the United States, and the glamorously large but pulpy and tasteless ''Fragaria chiloensis'' first found on the island of ], off the coast of Chile. From these species, crossed and recrossed in various manners, have sprung the many different strawberry ]s now listed in catalogues, whose characteristics are so inextricably blended that tracing their lineage has become intractable.
]''), a Northern Hemisphere species]]
]'', an Asian species]]
]'') from ], Penza Oblast, Russia]]
]'' fruit photographed in ], ]]]


* ] <small>Duchesne</small> - ''F. vesca'' × ''F. viridis'' (Europe)
Strawberry varieties vary remarkably in size, colour, flavour, shape, degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant. Some vary in foliage, others produce no runners, and some vary materially in the relative development of their sexual organs. In most cases the flowers appear hermaphroditic in structure, but function as either male or female. This tendency to ] is a common characteristic among the Rosaceae, and sometimes proves a source of disappointment to the cultivator, who finds his plants unexpectedly barren. This happens in the United States more frequently than in Britain, but when recognized it can readily be obviated by planting male varieties in the vicinity of the barren kinds.
*'']'' <small>]</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>Losinsk</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>J.Gay</small> (Himalayas)
* '']'' Jia J. Lei (China)
*'']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>Makino</small> (Taiwan)
*'']'' <small>Makino</small> (East Russia, Japan)
*'']'' <small>Staudt</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>Schlecht. ex J.Gay</small> (] and ])
*'']'' <small>]</small> (Korea, Japan)
*'']'' <small>] ex ]</small> (])
*'']'' <small> Losinsk.</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>]</small> - woodland strawberry (])
*'']'' <small>]</small> (Europe, Central Asia)
===Tetraploid species===


* '']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (northern China)
]
* ] <small>(Bach) Beck</small> (Europe)
], in alluding to the vast variability in the "fruit", a change effected by the art of the horticulturist in less than three centuries, contrasts with this variability the fixity and permanence of character presented by the true fruits, or pips, which are distributed over the surface of the swollen axis. The will and art of the gardener have been directed to the improvement of the one organ, while he has devoted no attention to the other, which consequently remains in the same condition as in the wild plant. Too much stress is not, however, to be laid on this point, for it must be remembered that the foliage, which is not specially an object of the gardener's "selection", nevertheless varies considerably.


*'']'' <small>Cardot</small> (China)
The larger-fruited sorts result from crossing from '']'' and '']'', and the smaller alpine strawberries from '']''. The alpine varieties should be raised from seeds; while the other sorts are continued true to their kinds by runners. If new varieties are desired, these are obtained by judicious crossing and seeding.
*'']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (Eastern Asia, Eastern Siberia)
*'']'' Staudt & Dickoré (China)


===Pentaploid hybrids===
The seeds of the alpines should be saved from the finest fruit ripened early in the summer. They may at once be sown, either in a sheltered border outdoors or in pots, or better in March under glass, when they will produce fruits in June of the same year. The soil should be rich and light, and the seeds very slightly covered by sifting over them some leaf-mould or old decomposed cow ]. When the plants appear and have made five or six leaves, they are transplanted to where they are to remain for bearing. The seeds sown in pots may be helped on by gentle heat, and when the plants are large enough they are pricked out in fine rich soil, and in June transferred to the open ground for bearing; they will produce a partial crop in the autumn, and a full one in the following season. The same treatment may be applied to the choicer seedlings of the larger-fruited sorts from which new varieties are expected. Amongst the best alpine strawberries, to which the name of "perpetual" has now been given, are those known as St Joseph and St Anthony of Padua.
*] <small>Staudt</small> (] of California)


===Hexaploid species===
The runners of established sorts should be allowed to root in the soil adjoining the plants, which should, therefore, be kept light and fine, or layered into small pots as for forcing. As soon as a few leaves are produced on each the secondary runners should be stopped. When the plants have become well-rooted they should at once be planted out. They do best in a rather strong loam, and should be kept tolerably moist. The scarlet section prefers a rich sandy loam. The ground should be trenched 50-100 cm deep, and supplied with plenty of manure, a good proportion of which should lie just below the roots, 25-30 cm from the surface. The plants may be put in on an average about 50-60 cm apart.
*'']'' <small>]</small> - musk strawberry (Europe)


===Octoploid species and hybrids===
A mulching of strawy manure put between the rows in spring serves to keep the ground moist and the fruit clean, as well as to afford nourishment to the plants. Unless required, the runners are cut off early, in order to promote the swelling of the fruit. The plants are watered during dry weather after the fruit is set, and occasionally till it begins to colour. As soon as the fruit season is over, the runners are again removed, and the ground hoed and raked.
*] <small>] ex Rozier</small> - garden strawberry, pineapple strawberry
*'']'' <small>(]) Mill.</small> - beach strawberry (Western ])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis''
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''patagonica'' (], ])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''lucida'' <small>(E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt</small> (] of ], ], ], ])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''pacifica'' <small>Staudt</small> (coast of ], British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''sandwicensis'' <small>(]) Staudt</small> - ''{{okina}}ōhelo papa'' (])
*'']'' <small>]</small> - Virginia strawberry (])


===Decaploid species and hybrids===
The plantation should be renewed every second or third year, or less frequently if kept free of runners, if the old leaves are cut away after the fruit has been gathered, and if a good top-dressing of rotten dung or leaf-mould is applied. A top-dressing of loam is beneficial if applied before the plants begin to grow in spring, but after that period they should not be disturbed during the summer either at root or at top. If the plants produce a large number of flower-scapes, each should, if fine large fruit is desired, have them reduced to about four of the strongest. The lowest blossoms on the scape will be found to produce the largest, earliest and best fruits. The fruit should not be gathered till it is quite ripe, and then, if possible, it should be quite dry, but not heated by the sun. Those intended for preserving are best taken without the stalk and the ].
*'']'' <small>K.E. Hummer</small> (Cascade Mountains in ])<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Hummer |author-first=K.E. |date=2012 |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=276470 |title=A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon |journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref>
*'']'' <small>Staudt</small> - Iturup strawberry (], ])
*]
*'']''


===Forcing=== === Polyploidy unknown ===
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left"
| ]
|-
| ]. The bigger strawberries are bred from wild strawberries like these, which are sometimes threaded on a straw. Note the plant behind is ''not'' a strawberry.]]
|}
The runners propagated for forcing are layered into 75 mm pots, filled with rich soil, and held firm by a piece of raffia, a peg or stone. If kept duly watered they will soon form independent plants. The earlier they are secured the better. When firmly rooted they are removed and transferred into well-drained 150 mm pots, of strong well-enriched loam, the soil being rammed firmly into the pots, which are to be set in an open airy place. In severe frosts they should be covered with dry litter or bracken, but do not necessarily require to be placed under glass. They are moved into the forcing houses as required. The main points to be kept in view in forcing strawberries are, first, to have strong stocky plants, the leaves of which have grown sturdily from being well exposed to light, and secondly, to grow them on slowly till fruit is set. When they are first introduced into heat, the temperature should not exceed 8°C to 10°C by fire heat, and air must be freely admitted; should the leaves appear to grow up thin and delicate, less fire heat and more air must be given, but an average temperature of 13°C by day may be allowed and continued while the plants are in flower. When the fruit is set the heat may be gradually increased, till at the ripening period it stands at 18°C to 24°C by sun heat. While the fruit is swelling the plants should never be allowed to get dry, but when it begins to colour no more water should be given than is absolutely requisite to keep the leaves from flagging. The plants should be removed from the house as soon as the crop is gathered. The forced plants properly hardened make first-rate outdoor plantations, and if put out early in summer, in good ground, will often produce a useful autumnal crop.


* '']'' <small>S.S.Ying</small> (Taiwan)
===Diseases===
]]]
The most troublesome fungoid attacks to which the strawberry is subject are ] and leaf-spot. The former, like all mildews, attacks the leaves and spreads to the fruit, these being covered with the white mycelium. The fungus is identical with that causing mildew in hops (''Sphaerotheca humuli''), and its development is greatly furthered by exposure of its host to cold draughts or low night temperatures. Spraying the foliage with ] (K<sub>2</sub>S) (mixed with water at a 1:40 ratio by volume) should hold it in check, but the plants should not be sprayed when the fruit is developing. The "leafspot" is caused by the fungus ''Sphaerella fragariae''. The first symptom of this attack is the appearance of small, circular, white spots on the leaves, having a broad, definite, dark reddish margin.


===Uncategorized hybrids===
On these spots a whitish mould (formerly considered to be a distinct species under the name ''Ramularia tulasnei'') develops, and this is followed later by the perfect form of the fungus, the fruits of which appear to the naked eye as small black spots seated on the white dead spot on the leaf. Potassium sulphide may be used as for the mildew, or, perhaps better, ]. It has been recommended to cut off the leaves after fruiting and turn the beds over so as to destroy the fungus in the leaves.
*'Lipstick' (''Fragaria'' × ''Comarum'' hybrid), red-flowered runnering ornamental, sparse small globular fruits.
*'']'' and certain other diploid species can be hybridized and produce fertile offspring (although '']'' appears less compatible).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/130/3/418.full.pdf |title=Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis |first1=R.H. |last1=Bors |first2=J.A. |last2=Sullivan |date=2005 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=418–423|doi=10.21273/JASHS.130.3.418 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*'']'' can hybridize with diploid species such as '']'' and '']'' but producing a lower proportion of viable seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/31/4/610.2 |title=Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis. |first1=Robert H. |last1=Bors |first2=J. Alan |last2=Sullivan |date=August 1996 |journal=HortScience|volume=31|issue=4|pages=610|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.31.4.610b |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*'']'' can hybridize with ].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Karp |first=David |date=July 2006 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/berried-treasure-120534521 |title=Berried Treasure |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref>


==Ecology==
The ]s of the ] (''Meloloniha vulgaris'') and the ] (''Cetonia aurata'') frequently feed upon the roots of the strawberry and do considerable damage, while the ] of the ] ''(Hepialus humuli)'' and garden swift moth behave in a similar way. The ] of ''Cetonia aurala'' also frequently damages the flowers of the strawberry by devouring their centres, and is often troublesome in this way in forcing-houses particularly. The carnivorous ground beetles, particularly ''Pterostichus nigra'' and ''Harpalus rufimanus'', when the fruit is ripe attack it at night, returning to the soil in the daytime. They are to be caught by placing jars containing some attractive matter, such as meat and water, at intervals about the beds with their mouths sunk level with the surface of the soil. ]s also are often found in the ripe fruit, but occur mostly where the soil is very rich in organic matter and poor in ].
A number of species of ] and ]s feed on strawberry plants.{{facts|date=June 2024}}


===Uses=== ==See also==
* ]
Strawberries are often used to flavor other foods, such as ]. Apart from its interest as a dessert fruit, the strawberry draws interest due to the peculiarities of its structure, its tendency towards variation, and the gardener's success in exploiting this tendency.
* ] (''Duchesnea''/''Potentilla'' ''indica'') and ] (''Potentilla sterilis'', ''Waldsteinia fragarioides'') are closely related species in other genera which resemble ''Fragaria''.
* ] is a name for several trees that are unrelated to strawberry.
* ]


===Trivia=== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
In a study funded by ], Patrick Holford of the ] in Britain found that eating strawberries increases sex drive, due to the high levels of ] found in the seeds.


== Nutrition == ==Further reading==
* Hogan, Sean (chief consultant) (2003), ''Flora: A Gardener's Encyclopedia'', Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. {{ISBN|0-88192-538-1}}.
One cup (144 g) of strawberries constitutes approximately 45 calories (188 kJ) and is an excellent source of ] and ]s.

Full nutrition information:
{| BORDER=2
! Nutrient
! Units
! WIDTH="80" | 1 cup, whole <br> ------- <br>144 g
|-
| colspan = "3" | '''Proximates'''
|-
| Water
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 132
|-
| Energy
| align="center" | kcal
| align="right" | 43
|-
| Energy
| align="center" | kJ
| align="right" | 181
|-
| Protein
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.88
|-
| Total lipid (fat)
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.53
|-
| Carbohydrate, by difference
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 10.1
|-
| Fiber, total dietary
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 3.3
|-
| Ash
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.62
|-
| colspan = "3" | '''Minerals'''
|-
| Calcium, Ca
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 20
|-
| Iron, Fe
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.55
|-
| Magnesium, Mg
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 14
|-
| Phosphorus, P
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 27
|-
| Potassium, K
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 240
|-
| Sodium, Na
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| Zinc, Zn
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.19
|-
| Copper, Cu
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.07
|-
| Manganese, Mn
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.42
|-
| Selenium, Se
| align="center" | &micro;g
| align="right" | 1.01
|-
| colspan = "3" | '''Vitamins'''
|-
| Vitamin C, ascorbic acid
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 82
|-
| Thiamin
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
| Riboflavin
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.10
|-
| Niacin
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.33
|-
| Pantothenic acid
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.49
|-
| Vitamin B-6
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0.09
|-
| Folate
| align="center" | &micro;g
| align="right" | 25
|-
| Vitamin B-12
| align="center" | &micro;g
| align="right" | 0
|-
| Vitamin A, IU
| align="center" | IU
| align="right" | 39
|-
| Vitamin A, RE
| align="center" | &micro;g RE
| align="right" | 4.3
|-
| Vitamin E
| align="center" | mg ATE
| align="right" | 0.20
|-
| colspan = "3" | '''Lipids'''
|-
| Fatty acids, saturated
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
| 16:0
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| 18:0
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.006
|-
| Fatty acids, monounsaturated
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.075
|-
| 16:1
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.001
|-
| 18:1
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.073
|-
| Fatty acids, polyunsaturated
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.27
|-
| 18:2
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.16
|-
| 18:3
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.11
|-
| Cholesterol
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 0
|-
| Phytosterols
| align="center" | mg
| align="right" | 17
|-
| colspan = "3" | '''Amino acids'''
|-
| Tryptophan
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
| Threonine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.027
|-
| Isoleucine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.02
|-
| Leucine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.045
|-
| Lysine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.036
|-
| Methionine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.001
|-
| Cystine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.007
|-
| Phenylalanine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.026
|-
| Tyrosine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.030
|-
| Valine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.026
|-
| Arginine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.037
|-
| Histidine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.017
|-
| Alanine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.045
|-
| Aspartic acid
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.20
|-
| Glutamic acid
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.13
|-
| Glycine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.035
|-
| Proline
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.027
|-
| Serine
| align="center" | g
| align="right" | 0.033
|}


==External links== ==External links==
* from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System website
{{commons|Strawberry}}

* George Darrow's classic text online.
{{fragaria}}
* Listing of ''Fragaria'' species worldwide
* - a press release from British Summer Fruits
*


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Latest revision as of 10:35, 11 July 2024

Genus of strawberry plants This article is about the plant genus. For the most commonly cultivated strawberry, see Strawberry.

Fragaria
Temporal range: Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Fragaria vesca illustration from Atlas des plantes de France 1891, by A. Masclef
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Rosoideae
Tribe: Potentilleae
Subtribe: Fragariinae
Genus: Fragaria
L.
Species

20+ species; see text

Fragaria (/frəˈɡɛəri.ə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

Description

Strawberries are not berries in the botanical sense. The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a receptacle, and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are achenes and therefore the true botanical fruits.

Etymology

The genus name Fragaria derives from fragum ("strawberry") and -aria, a suffix used to create feminine nouns and plant names. The Latin name is thought in turn to derive from a Proto-Indo-European language root meaning "berry", either *dʰreh₂ǵ- or *sróh₂gs. The genus name is sometimes mistakenly derived from fragro ("to be fragrant, to reek").

The English word is found in Old English as streawberige. It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. Streaw in Old English means 'straw', but also streawian means 'to strew', from the same root. David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."

Classification

There are more than 20 different Fragaria species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies. One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of chromosomes. They all have seven basic types of chromosomes, but exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.

The oldest fossils confidently classifiable as Fragaria are from the Miocene of Poland. Fossilised Fragaria achenes are also known from the Pliocene of China.

Diploid species

Fragaria daltoniana, a species from the Himalayas
Woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), a Northern Hemisphere species
Flower of Fragaria nilgerrensis, an Asian species
Wild strawberries (Fragaria viridis) from Sosnovka, Penza Oblast, Russia
Fragaria viridis fruit photographed in Keila, Estonia

Tetraploid species

Pentaploid hybrids

Hexaploid species

Octoploid species and hybrids

Decaploid species and hybrids

Polyploidy unknown

Uncategorized hybrids

Ecology

A number of species of butterflies and moths feed on strawberry plants.

See also

References

  1. Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995: 606–07
  2. ^ Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  3. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: Fragaria virginiana.
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Brill. p. 239. ISBN 9789004167971.
  5. Ðeós wyrt ðe man fraga and óðrum naman streáwbergean nemneþ: Anglo-Saxon Leechdom
  6. Bosworth and Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
  7. "Etymology of Strawberry". Snopes.com. 5 October 2003. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  8. Darrow, G.M. (1966). The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology Archived 2013-08-26 at the Wayback Machine 3. Early History of the Strawberry: 16
  9. "Species records in the database (for the query: genus = Fragaria)". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  10. Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. online text Archived 2013-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Huang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hai; Momohara, Arata; Jia, Lin-Bo; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (March 2019). "Fruit fossils of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 57 (2): 180–189. doi:10.1111/jse.12443. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 89751967.
  12. Hummer, K.E. (2012). "A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 6 (1): 9–15. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
  13. Bors, R.H.; Sullivan, J.A. (2005). "Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis" (PDF). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130 (3): 418–423. doi:10.21273/JASHS.130.3.418.
  14. Bors, Robert H.; Sullivan, J. Alan (August 1996). "Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis". HortScience. 31 (4): 610. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.31.4.610b.
  15. Karp, David (July 2006). "Berried Treasure". Smithsonian Magazine.

Further reading

  • Hogan, Sean (chief consultant) (2003), Flora: A Gardener's Encyclopedia, Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-538-1.

External links

Strawberries
Species
Hybrids: F. × ananassa
F. × bringhurstii
F. × vescana
Strawberry cultivars
Breeders
Dishes
Pest and diseases
See also
 Category: Strawberries
Taxon identifiers
Fragaria
Categories: