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{{Infobox Settlement {{Infobox settlement
| name = Działdowo | name = Działdowo
| image_skyline = Działdowo.JPG | image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| color = #ffffff
| photo1a = Dzialdowo1.jpg{{!}}Aerial view of Działdowo
| photo2a = Dzialdowo, Poland - panoramio (8).jpg{{!}}Działdowo Castle
| photo2b = Działdowo - Budynek przy ul. Jagiełły 11.jpg{{!}}Typical historic townhouse
| photo2c = Działdowo - sąd rejonowy.jpg{{!}}District court
| spacing = 2
| border = 0
| size = 266
}}
| imagesize = 250px | imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Town view | image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: Town view|Działdowo Castle|Typical historic townhouse|District court}}
| image_flag = POL Działdowo flag.svg | image_flag = POL Działdowo flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Działdowo COA.svg | image_shield = POL Działdowo COA.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = ] | subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ] | subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = ] | subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ] | subdivision_name2 = ]
| subdivision_type3 = ] | subdivision_type3 = ]
| subdivision_name3 = Działdowo <small>(urban gmina)</small> | subdivision_name3 = Działdowo <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_title = Mayor | leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Bronisław Mazurkiewicz | leader_name = Grzegorz Mrowiński
| established_title = Established | established_title = Established
| established_date = ] | established_date = 14th century
| established_title3 = Town rights | established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 1344 | established_date3 = 1344
| area_total_km2 = 13.35 | area_total_km2 = 13.35
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-08-02|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 2803011.</ref>
| population_as_of = 2006
| population_total = 20824 | population_total = 20935
| population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = ] | timezone = ]
Line 30: Line 39:
| timezone_DST = ] | timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|53|14|N|20|11|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| latd = 53 | latm = 14 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 20 | longm = 11 | longs = | longEW = E
| postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 13-200 | postal_code = 13-200
Line 36: Line 45:
| blank_name = ] | blank_name = ]
| blank_info = NDZ | blank_info = NDZ
| blank_name_sec2 = ]s
⚫ | website = http://www.dzialdowo.pl }}
| blank_info_sec2 = ] ] ]
⚫ | website = https://www.dzialdowo.pl
⚫ '''Działdowo''' ({{lang-de|Soldau}}) is a ] in north-central ] with 24,830 inhabitants (2006), the capital of ]. Situated in the ] (since 1999), Działdowo previously belonged to ] (1975-1998).
}}
⚫ '''Działdowo''' ({{IPA|pl|d͡ʑau̯ˈdɔvɔ|pron}}; {{langx|de|Soldau}}, {{Langx|prg|Saldawa}}) is a ] in northern ] with 20,935 inhabitants as of December 2021,<ref name = population /> the capital of ]. As part of ], it is situated in the ] (since 1999), Działdowo belonged previously to ] (1975–1998). The town is a major railroad junction connecting the capital city of ] with ] and ] to the north.


==History== ==History==
The first settlement in the vicinity was by a tribe of ] known as ''Sassen'' in German and ''Sasinowie'' in Polish. The ] conquered the region and built a ] named ''Soldau'', a wing of which still remains. ] ] granted the settlement near the castle ] town privileges in 1344. It was then also known in ] as ''Soldov''. By 1920, the keep was stripped of all interior finishing, flooring, and stone carvings to the state of an empty shell. A major reconstruction is underway. The first settlement in the vicinity, known as ''Sasinowie'' in Polish and ''Sassen'' in German, was established by the ], an indigenous Baltic tribe. The ] conquered the region and built a castle, a wing of which still remains. The new settlement near the castle founded by Mikołaj z Karbowa and named Soldov was granted ] on 14 August 1344 by the ] ]. The name Dzialdoff was first written on a 1409 map during the ].<ref name="Marek Przybyszewski" />


]
⚫ Within the ] the settlement converted to ] during the ] of the 16th century, according to the choice of its Prince. The following communes belonged <!-- when ?-->to the Evangelical parish of Soldau: Amalienhof, Borowo, Bursch, Cämmersdorf, Gajowken, Hohendorf, Kyschienen, Königshagen, Kurkau, Niederhof, Pierlawken, Pruschinowo, and Rudolfsfelde.
In 1444, the town joined the anti-Teutonic ], at the request of which King ] signed the act of incorporation of the region to the ] in 1454,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=]|language=pl|pages=XXXVIII, 54}}</ref> and then the townspeople expelled the Teutonic Knights and recognized the Polish King as rightful ruler.<ref name=SG>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom II|year=1881|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=262}}</ref> During the subsequent ], the town was briefly captured by the Teutonic Knights in 1455.{{r|SG}} After the ] signed in ] in 1466, it became a part of Poland as a ] held by the ].<ref>Górski, pp. 96-97, 214-215</ref>


⚫ Within the ] (a Polish fiefdom until 1657) the settlement converted to ] during the ] of the 16th century. The following communes belonged <!-- when ?-->to the Protestant parish of Soldau: Amalienhof, Borowo, Bursch, Cämmersdorf, Gajowken, Hohendorf, Kyschienen, Königshagen, Kurkau, Niederhof, Pierlawken, Pruschinowo, and Rudolfsfelde.
⚫ Within the ] and later ], the settlement developed into an important ] junction in the second half of the 19th century. At the same time Prussian authorities were hostile to local population due to its Polish pro-independence activity during November and January Uprisings. During January Uprising an ammo depot and contact point was established in secret by local people trying to help fellow Poles in their struggle against ]. Prussian authorities arressted several locals and harassed the local population which tried to form military units to aid the Uprising. The settlement remained Polish despite attempts of Germanisation. In 1815 79% of local population were Poles, and only 21% Germans. In 1837 74 % were Poles and 26% Germans. In the second half of XIX century 87 % of the districts population were Poles. With the increase of Germanisation effeort In 1910 the whole district population was divided among 57 % of Poles, 42 % Germans and 1% of Jews according to official German statistics. Since 1912 Germans ordered to stop using term Pole and Polish language in census in the area and instead to choose Masurs and Masurian language.


===Kingdom of Prussia and Germany===
It was part of ] in ]; Soldau was the southernmost town in the province.
In 1701 the town became part of the ], from 1773 on within the newly formed province of ]. Within the Kingdom of Prussia and the later ], the settlement developed into an important ] junction in the second half of the 19th century.
]
]
⚫ The town had Polish majority in 1825 with 1496 Poles and 386 Germans living within it.<ref>Stanisław Salmonowicz, Gerard Labuda, Kazimierz Ślaski (1993), ''Historia Pomorza: (1815-1850). Gospodarka, społeczeństwo.'' Page 163.</ref> At the same time the Prussian authorities were hostile to the local population due to its Polish pro-independence activity during the ] and ]s in ]. During the January Uprising of 1863 an ammunition depot and contact point was secretly established by local people trying to help their fellow Poles in the struggle against the ]; it was located at the house of Doctor Russendorf.<ref name="dzialdowo"/> Prussian authorities arrested several locals and harassed the local population which tried to form military units to aid the uprising.<ref name=autogenerated2>Jerzy Łapo, '']'' 2014.</ref> The area remained Polish despite attempts at ]. In 1815 79% of the local population were Poles, and only 21% Germans. In 1837 74% were Poles and 26% Germans. In the second half of the 19th century 87% of the district's population were Poles. With the increase of Germanisation efforts in 1910, the whole district population was divided among 57% Poles, 42% Germans and 1% Jews according to official German statistics.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> In 1910 the town itself had 4,728 inhabitants, 3,589 of them Germans.<ref name="Marek Przybyszewski">Marek Przybyszewski, Archive, 22 October 2010.</ref> In 1912 the Germans introduced the terms "Masurs" and "Masurian language" instead of "Pole" and "Polish language" in the census in the area.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> It was part of the ''Landkreis Neidenburg'' district in ], and it was the southernmost town in the province.


The town was fought over in the early stages of ]. It was briefly occupied by Russian troops, and won back by the Germans during the ]. The occupation of Soldau is described in ]'s novel ''August 1914''.
Despite protests of the local German population and the German Government Soldau together with a few neighboring villages was transferred after ] by the ] from ] to the ] on ], ] without ]. While the ] in the neighboring areas of ] resulted 98 % of votes to remain in Germany such a plebiscite was denied for the area as the rail connection through provided needed link between Warsaw and Gdańsk. Działdowo's rail connections to towns in Germany such as ], ], and ] in East Prussia were broken by the border changes. After the town was ceded to Poland a large part of German minority left the area. Although they were no elections to in 1920 to Sejm in Poland, a German book makes claim that book but the candidate of the German Party, Ernst Barczewski, was elected to the ] with 74,6 % of votes on ], ], despite no elections taking place.<ref>Andreas Kossert, Masuren -Ostpreussens vergessener Süden, 2006, p.284</ref>In 1921 the Polish census gave the following data regarding ethnic composition of the district , Poles: 15496, Germans: 8187, others 44.


===Interwar Poland===
During the ], Działdowo was briefly occupied by the ] before being recovered by the ].
Despite the attempts of the local German populace and authorities and the German Government, the town together with neighboring settlements was transferred to reborn ] on 17 January 1920 by the ] for geostrategic reasons without participating in the ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ostpreussen, Geschichte und Mythos|first=Andreas|last=Kossert|publisher=Siedler|year=2005|isbn=3-88680-808-4|pages=283 ff|language=German}}</ref> The ] connection to German Prussia such as ] (Iława), ] (Ostróda), and ] (Nidzica) in East Prussia were severed after the border changes. After the town was ceded to Poland, a large number of the German inhabitants left, including not only German-speakers, but, at roughly the same percentage, Polish-speakers, despite Polish campaigns to win them over as Polish nationals.<ref>Charles W. Ingrao, Franz A.J. Szabo (Eds.): ''The Germans and the East'' p. 264</ref>


The candidate of the German Party, Ernst Barczewski, was elected to the ] with 74.6% of votes in 1920,<ref name="Kossert">{{Cite book|title=Masuren Ostpreussens vergessener Süden|quote= "74,6 Prozent der Soldauer Stimmen gingen an den Kandidaten der deutschen Soldauer Bewegung (...). Dennoch gelang Superintendent Barczewksi 1928 mit 34,6 Prozent der Stimmen der Einzug in den Warschauer Senat"| first=Andreas|last=Kossert|year=2006|isbn=3-570-55006-0|page=284|publisher= RM-Buch-und-Medien-Vertrieb|language=German}}</ref> and to the ] with 34.6% of votes for the ] in 1928.<ref name="Kossert"/> In 1921, the Polish census gave the following data regarding the ethnic composition of the whole district: Poles, 15,496; Germans, 8,187; others, 44.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
After the ] beginning ] in 1939, the town was annexed by ] back into Neidenburg District. German minority in the town formed ] formations that captured and tortured Polish leaders and political and cultural elites, before murdering them .The ] was built nearby, at which 13,000 out of 30,000 prisoners were murdered. Działdowo was heavily damaged during fighting on the ]. The destroyed town was restored to Poland after the war. German-speakers remaining in the town were subsequently ] after the war ended.

During the ] Działdowo was briefly occupied by the ] which was cheered as a liberator by the local populace, and the town hoisted the German flag again<ref></ref><ref></ref> but it was soon recovered by the ].

=== World War II ===
]]]
During the German Nazi - Russian Soviet ] in 1939 that began ], the town was invaded by Germany, and then the '']'' entered to commit ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=]|page=54}}</ref> Under ], the town was annexed back into the Neidenburg District by ]. The German minority in the town formed the '']'' ] that captured and tortured Polish leaders and members of the political and cultural elites before murdering them.<ref name="dzialdowo"> Dzialdowo.pl {{in lang|pl}}</ref> Only some of the local Polish activists were caught by the Germans, as most fled and hid under assumed names in the ] (German-occupied central Poland).<ref name=mc>{{cite journal|last=Cygański|first=Mirosław|year=1984|title=Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945|journal=Przegląd Zachodni|language=pl|issue=4|page=44}}</ref>

In 1939, the occupiers established a ] for captured Polish soldiers at the pre-war Polish military barracks.<ref name=mw>Wardzyńska, p. 227</ref> In December 1939 it was converted into a camp for Polish civilians arrested during the '']'',<ref name=mw/> which later became the ], at which 10,000&ndash;13,000 prisoners out of 30,000 were murdered.<ref name="Marek Przybyszewski" /> The first mass transport of Polish prisoners came to the camp from the nearby ] in December 1939, and those were the victims of the first mass execution in the camp.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 228</ref> The Germans also operated two ] camps in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100001148|title=Arbeitserziehungslager Soldau|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=23 October 2021|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1115|title=Straf- bzw. Arbeitserziehungslager Soldau|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=23 October 2021|language=de}}</ref> In 1943 in ], activists from Działdowo established the secret Masurian Research Institute (''Mazurski Instytut Badawczy''), which was part of the Polish ].<ref name=mc/>

The town was heavily damaged during the fighting on the ]. It was assigned to Poland after the war under border changes promulgated at the 1945 ], and became Działdowo.

==Transport==
The town is located at the intersection of the ]s 542, 544, 545. There is also a train station.


==Notable residents== ==Notable residents==
*] (born 1977), singer * ] (born 1977), singer

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Działdowo is ] with:
* {{flagicon|GER}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{German|Działdowo|] ]}}
* Andreas Kossert, "Masuren -Ostpreussens vergessener Süden", 2006, p.284


==External links== ==External links==
{{commonscat|Działdowo}} {{commons category|Działdowo}}
* {{pl icon}} * {{in lang|pl}}
* on Virtual Shtetl

{{coor title dm|53|14|N|20|11|E|region:PL_type:city}}


<br>
{{Działdowo County}} {{Działdowo County}}
⚫ {{Gmina Działdowo}}


{{Authority control}}
⚫ ]


⚫ ]
⚫ ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 08:08, 25 December 2024

Place in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland
Działdowo
Aerial view of DziałdowoDziałdowo CastleTypical historic townhouseDistrict court
  • From top, left to right: Town view
  • Działdowo Castle
  • Typical historic townhouse
  • District court
Flag of DziałdowoFlagCoat of arms of DziałdowoCoat of arms
Działdowo is located in PolandDziałdowoDziałdowo
Coordinates: 53°14′N 20°11′E / 53.233°N 20.183°E / 53.233; 20.183
Country Poland
VoivodeshipWarmian-Masurian
CountyDziałdowo
GminaDziałdowo (urban gmina)
Established14th century
Town rights1344
Government
 • MayorGrzegorz Mrowiński
Area
 • Total13.35 km (5.15 sq mi)
Population
 • Total20,935
 • Density1,600/km (4,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code13-200
Area code+48 23
Car platesNDZ
Voivodeship roads
Websitehttps://www.dzialdowo.pl

Działdowo (pronounced [d͡ʑau̯ˈdɔvɔ]; German: Soldau, Prussian: Saldawa) is a town in northern Poland with 20,935 inhabitants as of December 2021, the capital of Działdowo County. As part of Masuria, it is situated in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (since 1999), Działdowo belonged previously to Ciechanów Voivodeship (1975–1998). The town is a major railroad junction connecting the capital city of Warsaw with Gdańsk and Olsztyn to the north.

History

The first settlement in the vicinity, known as Sasinowie in Polish and Sassen in German, was established by the Old Prussians, an indigenous Baltic tribe. The Teutonic Knights conquered the region and built a castle, a wing of which still remains. The new settlement near the castle founded by Mikołaj z Karbowa and named Soldov was granted town privileges on 14 August 1344 by the Grand Master Ludolf König. The name Dzialdoff was first written on a 1409 map during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.

Działdowo Castle

In 1444, the town joined the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation, at the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of incorporation of the region to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454, and then the townspeople expelled the Teutonic Knights and recognized the Polish King as rightful ruler. During the subsequent Thirteen Years’ War, the town was briefly captured by the Teutonic Knights in 1455. After the peace treaty signed in Toruń in 1466, it became a part of Poland as a fief held by the State of the Teutonic Knights.

Within the Duchy of Prussia (a Polish fiefdom until 1657) the settlement converted to Lutheranism during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. The following communes belonged to the Protestant parish of Soldau: Amalienhof, Borowo, Bursch, Cämmersdorf, Gajowken, Hohendorf, Kyschienen, Königshagen, Kurkau, Niederhof, Pierlawken, Pruschinowo, and Rudolfsfelde.

Kingdom of Prussia and Germany

In 1701 the town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia, from 1773 on within the newly formed province of East Prussia. Within the Kingdom of Prussia and the later German Empire, the settlement developed into an important Prussian Eastern Railway junction in the second half of the 19th century.

The castle in the 19th century
Exaltation of the Holy Cross church

The town had Polish majority in 1825 with 1496 Poles and 386 Germans living within it. At the same time the Prussian authorities were hostile to the local population due to its Polish pro-independence activity during the November and January Uprisings in Congress Poland. During the January Uprising of 1863 an ammunition depot and contact point was secretly established by local people trying to help their fellow Poles in the struggle against the Russian Empire; it was located at the house of Doctor Russendorf. Prussian authorities arrested several locals and harassed the local population which tried to form military units to aid the uprising. The area remained Polish despite attempts at Germanisation. In 1815 79% of the local population were Poles, and only 21% Germans. In 1837 74% were Poles and 26% Germans. In the second half of the 19th century 87% of the district's population were Poles. With the increase of Germanisation efforts in 1910, the whole district population was divided among 57% Poles, 42% Germans and 1% Jews according to official German statistics. In 1910 the town itself had 4,728 inhabitants, 3,589 of them Germans. In 1912 the Germans introduced the terms "Masurs" and "Masurian language" instead of "Pole" and "Polish language" in the census in the area. It was part of the Landkreis Neidenburg district in East Prussia, and it was the southernmost town in the province.

The town was fought over in the early stages of World War I. It was briefly occupied by Russian troops, and won back by the Germans during the Battle of Tannenberg. The occupation of Soldau is described in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's novel August 1914.

Interwar Poland

Despite the attempts of the local German populace and authorities and the German Government, the town together with neighboring settlements was transferred to reborn Poland on 17 January 1920 by the Treaty of Versailles for geostrategic reasons without participating in the East Prussian plebiscite. The Prussian Eastern Railway connection to German Prussia such as Deutsch Eylau (Iława), Osterode (Ostróda), and Neidenburg (Nidzica) in East Prussia were severed after the border changes. After the town was ceded to Poland, a large number of the German inhabitants left, including not only German-speakers, but, at roughly the same percentage, Polish-speakers, despite Polish campaigns to win them over as Polish nationals.

The candidate of the German Party, Ernst Barczewski, was elected to the Sejm with 74.6% of votes in 1920, and to the Polish Senate with 34.6% of votes for the Bloc of National Minorities in 1928. In 1921, the Polish census gave the following data regarding the ethnic composition of the whole district: Poles, 15,496; Germans, 8,187; others, 44.

During the Polish-Soviet War Działdowo was briefly occupied by the Red Army which was cheered as a liberator by the local populace, and the town hoisted the German flag again but it was soon recovered by the Polish Army.

World War II

Monument to victims of the German Nazi Soldau concentration camp

During the German Nazi - Russian Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 that began World War II, the town was invaded by Germany, and then the Einsatzgruppe V entered to commit crimes against the Polish population. Under German occupation, the town was annexed back into the Neidenburg District by Nazi Germany. The German minority in the town formed the Selbstschutz death squad that captured and tortured Polish leaders and members of the political and cultural elites before murdering them. Only some of the local Polish activists were caught by the Germans, as most fled and hid under assumed names in the General Government (German-occupied central Poland).

In 1939, the occupiers established a prisoner-of-war camp for captured Polish soldiers at the pre-war Polish military barracks. In December 1939 it was converted into a camp for Polish civilians arrested during the Intelligenzaktion, which later became the Soldau concentration camp, at which 10,000–13,000 prisoners out of 30,000 were murdered. The first mass transport of Polish prisoners came to the camp from the nearby Ciechanów County in December 1939, and those were the victims of the first mass execution in the camp. The Germans also operated two forced labour camps in the town. In 1943 in Warsaw, activists from Działdowo established the secret Masurian Research Institute (Mazurski Instytut Badawczy), which was part of the Polish Secret Teaching Organization.

The town was heavily damaged during the fighting on the Eastern Front. It was assigned to Poland after the war under border changes promulgated at the 1945 Potsdam Conference, and became Działdowo.

Transport

The town is located at the intersection of the Voivodeship roads 542, 544, 545. There is also a train station.

Notable residents

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Działdowo is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 2022-08-02. Data for territorial unit 2803011.
  2. ^ Marek Przybyszewski, IBH Opracowania - Zamek w Działdowie jako centrum administracyjne ziemi sasińskiej (Castle in Działdowo as Centre of Government). Archive, 22 October 2010.
  3. Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. XXXVIII, 54.
  4. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom II (in Polish). Warszawa. 1881. p. 262.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. Górski, pp. 96-97, 214-215
  6. Stanisław Salmonowicz, Gerard Labuda, Kazimierz Ślaski (1993), Historia Pomorza: (1815-1850). Gospodarka, społeczeństwo. Page 163.
  7. ^ Nasze miasto. Historia: Lata 1939 - 1945. Dzialdowo.pl (in Polish)
  8. ^ Jerzy Łapo, History of Działdowo Virtual Shtetl 2014.
  9. Kossert, Andreas (2005). Ostpreussen, Geschichte und Mythos (in German). Siedler. pp. 283 ff. ISBN 3-88680-808-4.
  10. Charles W. Ingrao, Franz A.J. Szabo (Eds.): The Germans and the East p. 264
  11. ^ Kossert, Andreas (2006). Masuren Ostpreussens vergessener Süden (in German). RM-Buch-und-Medien-Vertrieb. p. 284. ISBN 3-570-55006-0. 74,6 Prozent der Soldauer Stimmen gingen an den Kandidaten der deutschen Soldauer Bewegung (...). Dennoch gelang Superintendent Barczewksi 1928 mit 34,6 Prozent der Stimmen der Einzug in den Warschauer Senat
  12. NY Times report: Russians Hoist the German Flag Over Soldau. August 16, 1920.
  13. Blanke, Orphans of Versailles
  14. Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 54.
  15. ^ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 44.
  16. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 227
  17. Wardzyńska, p. 228
  18. "Arbeitserziehungslager Soldau". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  19. "Straf- bzw. Arbeitserziehungslager Soldau". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2021.

External links

Gminas of Działdowo County
Seat: Działdowo (urban gmina)
Urban-rural gmina Coat of arms of Działdowo County
Rural gminas
Gmina Działdowo
Seat (not part of the gmina)
Villages
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