List of Mongol states: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|none}}
	== Xiongnu ==
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2019}}
			{{Original research\|date=June 2023}}
			{{More citations needed\|date=June 2023}}
			{{History of the Mongols}}
			This is a '''list of Mongol states'''. The ] founded many states such as the vast ] and other states. The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.

			== Pre-modern states ==
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

	\|-		\|-
			!style="width:15em;"\|Name

			!style="width:10em;"\|Years
	! Chinese name !! Data !! Reign
			!style="width:15em;"\|Area

			!style="width:5em;"\|Map
	\|-
			!style="width:23em;"\|Capital
	\| colspan="5" \|

	\|-
	\| ] (冒顿) \|\| a.k.a. Batur \|\| 209 - 174BC

	\|-
	\| ] (老上) \|\| a.k.a. Kokkhan \|\| 174 - 161BC

	\|-
	\| Chun-Chin (車臣) \|\| a.k.a. Kunkhan \|\| 161 - 126BC

	\|-
	\| I, Tsin-Xien (伊, 稚邪) \|\| a.k.a. El'chishye \|\| 126 - 114BC

	\|-
	\| Wu-Wey (烏維) \|\| a.k.a. Uvey \|\| 114 - 105BC

	\|-
	\| Wu, Shi-Lu? (烏, 師盧?) \|\| a.k.a. Uyshilar \|\| 105 - 102/1BC

	\|-
	\| Ku/Zhou, Li-Hu (口/句, 黎湖) \|\| a.k.a. Kulighu \|\| 102/1 - 101/0BC

	\|-
	\| Chu, Ti-Qu (且, 提侯) \|\| ??? \|\| 101/0 - 96BC

	\|-
	\| Hu, Lu-Ku (狐, 鹿姑) \|\| a.k.a. Ghuliqu \|\| 96 - 85BC

	\|-
	\| Chu, Yan-Ti (壺, 衍提) \|\| a.k.a. Ghuyandi \|\| 85 - 68BC

	\|-
	\| Hsu-Lu (虛閭) & Chuan-Chou (權渠) \|\| Two brothers: Shuluy & Qanghuy \|\| 68 - 60BC

	\|-
	\| Ang, Yan-Ti (握, 衍提) \|\| a.k.a. Uyanquti (?月句?) \|\| 60 - 58BC

	\|-
	\| Hu, Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) \|\| a.k.a. Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) opposed by...<br>...Bosiuytang-Zhuki (West)<br>...Huge (Northwest)<br>...Cheli (Southwest)<br>...Uji (Northwest)<br>...Zhunzhen (West)<br>...] (East) \|\| 58 - 31BC <br> 58 - 56 <br> 58 - 57 <br> 58 - 56 <br> 58 - 57 <br> 56 - 54 <br> 55 - 47

	\|-
	\| Fu-Chu Ley Ju-Ti (復株累若提) \|\| a.k.a. Pozhu-Lu-NoTi \|\| 31 - 20BC

	\|-
	\| Su-Xie Ju-Ti (搜諧若提) \|\| Shuzhu-NoTi \|\| 20 - 12BC

	\|-
	\| Che-Ya Ju-Ti (車牙若提) <br> Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏累若提) \|\| Qiya-NoTi, opposed by <br> U-Lu-NoTi \|\| 12 - 8BC <br> 11 - 10BC

	\|-
	\| Wu-Zhou Liu Ju-Ti (烏珠留若提) \|\| Uchi-Lu-NoTi \|\| 8 BCE - 13 AD

	\|-
	\| Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏累若提) \|\| U-Lu-NoTi (restored) \|\| 13 - 18AD

	\|-
	\| Hu, Duershi TaoGao-JuTi (呼, 都而尸道皋若提) <br><br>Wu-Ta Ti-Qu (烏達提侯)\|\| Ghuduarshi Davga-Noti, opposed by...<br>...Xiuybudan<br>...Udatqu \|\| 18 - 46AD <br>18 - 19AD<br>21 - 46AD

	\|-
	\| Pu-Nu (蒲奴)\|\| a.k.a. Panu, he was shunned to the ] by <br>KhuKheniy II. The descendants of his supporters were <br>eventually driven to the west of the Caspian sea by <br>] where they were noticed by ] \|\| 46 - 48AD

	\|-
	\| Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) Di II (第二)<br>醢落尸逐鞮 \|\| a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition <br>brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations <br>with Han China in AD 50 \|\| 48-56/55AD

	\|-
	\| Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti (丘浮尤提) \|\| Chupu-NoTi \|\| 55/56-56/57AD

	\|-
	\| I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti (伊伐於慮提) \|\| ??? \|\| 56/57-59AD

	\|-
	\| XienTung ShiSuQuTi (醢僮尸逐侯提) \|\| Shtongsi SuyGhuTi \|\| 59-63AD

	\|-
	\| 丘除車林提 \|\| Kuchi QilinTi \|\| 63AD

	\|-
	\| HuYeh ShiSuQuTi (湖邪尸逐侯提) \|\| Ghushi Shisu Quti \|\| 63-85

	\|-
	\| I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti (伊屠於閭提) \|\| Iltu UluTi \|\| 85-88AD

	\|-
	\| XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭尸逐侯提) \|\| Shulan \|\| 88-93

	\|-
	\| Anguo (安國) \|\| a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against <br>the Han \|\| 93-94AD

	\|-
	\| Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨尸逐侯提) \|\| ??? \|\| 94-98AD

	\|-
	\| Wanchi ShiSuQuTi (萬氏尸逐侯提) \|\| opposed by...<br>...Finghey \|\| 98-124AD <br>98-118AD

	\|-
	\| Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi (烏稽尸逐侯提) \|\| ??? \|\| 124-127/128

	\|-
	\| Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特若尸逐就) \|\| Committed suicide \|\| 127/128-140/142?

	\|-
	\| Chu-Xiu \|\| ??? \|\| 140 - 143

	\|-
	\| Hu, Lan NoShiSuChin (呼, 蘭若尸逐就) \|\| Ghoran \|\| ]-]AD

	\|-
	\| I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵若尸逐就) \|\| Illin \|\| ]-]AD

	\|-
	\| Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特若尸逐就) \|\| a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti \|\| ]-]/8AD

	\|-
	\| Hu, Ching (呼, 徵) \|\| a.k.a. Ghuzhin \|\| ]/8-]AD

	\|-
	\| ] (羌渠) \|\| a.k.a. Qanquy \|\| ]-]AD

	\|-
	\| Luanti ] (於扶羅)\|\| a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至尸逐侯). The last ShiSu. <br>Overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Shanyu of <br>Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee <br>Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi. \|\| ]-]AD

	\|-
	\| ] (呼廚泉)\|\| Yufuluo's brother(?) he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu <br>after Yufuluo died. \|\| ]-]/6BC

	\|-
	\| ] \|\| Yufuluo's son. He changed the Shanyu clan name from <br>Luanti to Liu -meaning Dragon in the Xiongnu <br>Language. He bore the title 匈奴單于 but ruled only <br>over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the <br>Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South, <br>left (West), right (East), and Centre by ] \|\| ]-]AD

	\|-
	\| ] \|\| Huchuquan's son. ] ordered him to rule <br>over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as <br>Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗右贤王). \|\| ]-]

	\|-
	\| ] \|\| Son of ]. Bore the title 鐵弗右贤王 \|\| ]-]

	\|-
	\| Liú Yuān (劉淵) \|\| a.k.a. Guangwen (光文). Son of ]. Bore the <br>title 匈奴單于 \|\| ]-]

	\|-		\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
	\| ], ch. 劉和 py. liú hé \|\| ??? \|\| 7 days in ]

	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ], ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng \|\| a.k.a. Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, py. zhāo wǔ \|\| ]-]
			\| 900s–1206

			!rowspan=5\|
			!rowspan=5\| ]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ], ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn \|\| a.k.a. Yin, ch. 隱 py. yǐn \|\| a month and days in ]
			\| XI–mid XII

	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ] ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò \|\| a.k.a. Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) \|\| ]-]
			\| −1203

			\|-
			\| ]
			\| −1204
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| VI—X/(IX – mid XII?)
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|Mongol Empire
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1206–1368
			\| 24,000,000 km<sup>2</sup><ref name="uconn">{{cite journal \|last1=Turchin \|first1=Peter \|last2=Adams \|first2=Jonathan M. \|last3=Hall \|first3=Thomas D. \|title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires \|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research \|date=December 2006 \|volume=12 \|issue=2 \|pages=222–223 \|url = http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 \|access-date=25 August 2016 \|issn = 1076-156X \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160917031715/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 \|archive-date=17 September 2016 \|url-status=live }}</ref>
			\| ]
			\| ] (1206–1235)<br />] (1235–1260)<br />''] (1260–1368)''
			\|-
			!colspan=10\| Yuan dynasty
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1271–1368
			\| 14,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1310)<ref name="Taagepera">Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.</ref>
			\| ]
			\| ]<br />(Dadu, ])
			\|-
			!colspan=10\| ] Golden Horde (Turco-Mongol)
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ] ch. Liu Xi 劉熙; py. liú xī; \|\| Last ruler of ] \|\| ]
			\| 1240–1502

			\| 6,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1310)<ref name="empire">Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.Journal of World-Systems Research (University of Connecticut). 12 (no. 2): 219–229.</ref>
	\|-
			\| ]
	\| ]\|\| ]'s grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Shanyu \|\| ]-]
			\| ]

	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ] \|\| ??? \|\| ]-]
			\| 1466–1502

	\|-		\|
			\|
	\| ] \|\| ??? \|\| ]-]
			\|

	\|-		\|-
			!colspan=10\| ] Chagatai Khanate (Turco-Mongol)
	\| ] \|\| ??? \|\| ]-]
			\|-

			\| ]
	\|-
			\| 1225–1340s
	\| ] \|\| Emperor Huan \|\| ]-]
			\| 3,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1310)<ref name="empire" /><ref name="Taagepera" />

			\| ]
	\|-
			\| ]<br />]
	\| ] \|\| a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to ]\|\| ]-]
			\|-

			\| ]
	\|-
			\| 1340s–1370
	\| ] \|\| ??? \|\| ]-]
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1340–1462
			\|
			!rowspan=2\|]
			\|
			\|-
			\| ] Khanate
			\| 1383–1513
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1487–1660?
			\|
			!rowspan=2\|]
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1514–1705
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|] Ilkhanate
			\|-
			\|]
			\| 1256–1335
			\| 3,750,000 km<sup>2</sup><br><ref name="empire"/><ref name="Taagepera"/>
			\| ]
			\| ] (1256–1265)<br>] (1265–1306)<br>] (1306–1335)
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1335–1357
			\|
			!rowspan=3\|]
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1335–1357
			\|
			\| ] (Till 1353)<br>] (1353–1357)
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1335–1432
			\|
			\| ] (Till 1411)<br>] (1411–1432)
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1479?–1599?
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|] Northern Yuan dynasty
			\|-
			\| ]<br>
			\| 1368–1635
			\| 5,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1550)<ref name="Taagepera" />
			\| ]
			\| ] (1368–1369)<br />] (1369–1370)<br />] (1371–1388)
			\|-
			\| ] Khanates<br>(Northern Yuan subject by 1635)
			\| late 16th century–1691
			\|
			\| ]
			\| ], Zasagt Khan, Setsen Khan and ]
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|] – Non-Genghisid states
			\|-
			\|]
			\| 1399–1634
			\|1,000,000 km<sup>2</sup><br>(15th – late 16th)<br> ~1,600,000 km<sup>2</sup><br>(early 17th century)
			\| ]
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1634–1758
			\| 3,500,000–4,000,000 km<sup>2</sup>
			!rowspan=3\|]
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1642?–1717
			\| ~1,400,000 km<sup>2</sup>
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1630–1771
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|] states (Persianate Turco-Mongol states)
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1370–1507
			\| 4,400,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1405)<ref name="TurchinAdams2015">{{cite journal \|last1=Turchin \|first1=Peter \|last2=Adams\|first2=Jonathan M. \|last3=Hall \|first3=Thomas D. \|title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States \|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research \|volume=12 \|issue=2 \|year=2015 \|pages=219 \|issn = 1076-156X \|doi=10.5195/jwsr.2006.369 \|doi-access=free }}{{open access}}</ref>
			\| ]
			\| ] (1370–1405)<br />] (1405–1507)
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1526–1857
			\| 4,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1700)
			\|]
			\| ] (1526–1571)<br />] (1571–1585)<br />] (1585–1598)<br />] (1598–1648)<br />]/] (1648–1857)
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|Other states/Khanate
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1468–1598
			\|
			\| ]
			\| ]/]
			\|}

			== Modern states ==
			{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
			!style="width:17em"\|Name
	\| ] \|\| Last native ruler of Huns in China \|\| ]-]
			!style="width:7em"\| Years

			!style="width:10em"\|Area
			!style="width:1em"\| Map
			!style="width:20em"\| Capital
			\|-
			\| ]<br />(])
			\| 1919–1926<ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206093258/http://irkdacan.ru/?rubr=3&doc=73 \|date=6 February 2016 }} (Russian)</ref><ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328041314/http://dazan.spb.ru/buddhism/dictionary/?word=163 \|date=28 March 2013 }} (Russian)</ref><ref> (Russian)</ref><ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014082936/http://russiasib.ru/balagatskoe-dvizhenie/ \|date=14 October 2013 }} (Russian)</ref>
			\|
			\|
			\| In ], ]
			\|-
			\| Republic of Oirat-]
			\| 1930
			\| ]
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\| ] ]
			\| 1945
			\| Xilin Gol
			\|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Mongolia}}
			\| 1911–present
			\| 1,564,116 km<sup>2</sup>
			\| ]
			\| ]
	\|}		\|}

	== ~~Xianbei~~ ==		==Autonomous areas==

			===In Russia===
	*Tanshikuai
	*
	*

	== Ju jan (Rouran) ==

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
			!\| Name \|\|Years \|\| Capital \|\|Area\|\| Map
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	! ]s !! Regal names !! ] and ] !! Durations of reigns !! ]s and their according durations
			\| 1917–1921
	\|-
			\| ]
	\| colspan="5" \| <center> ''Chinese convention: for those who have regal names, use regal names; otherwise, use family name and given name, or use given name + "Khan"''
	\|-		\|
			\|
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| 4th century \|\| Did not exist
	\|-

	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (丘豆伐可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (藹苦蓋可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (牟汗紇升蓋可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (敕連可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (處可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
	\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (受羅部真可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| ] (永康 Yǒngkāng) ]–]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (伏名敦可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| ] (太平 Tàipíng) ]–]
			\| 1922–1923
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] ( 侯其伏代庫者可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| ] (太安 Tàiān) ]–]
			\| 1921–1923
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (佗汗可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| ] (始平 Shǐpíng) ]–]
			\| 1923–1958
			!rowspan=3\|]
			\|
			\| ]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| ] (建昌 Jiànchāng) ]–]
			\| 1958–1992
			\|
			!rowspan=2\|]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not eixst \|\| ] (敕連頭兵豆伐可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
			\| 1992–present
			\| 351,300 km<sup>2</sup><br>
	\|-		\|-
	\| Did not exist \|\| ] (彌偶可社句可汗) \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
			\| 1937–1958
			!rowspan=4\|]
			\|
			!rowspan=4\|]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| ] \|\| Did not exist
			\| 1958–1977
			\|
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| ] \|\| Did not exist
			\| 1977–2008
			\|
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| ]–] \|\| Did not exist
			\| 2008–present
			\|9,600<sup>2</sup><br>
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| Did not exist \|\| Did not exist \|\| ] \|\| ] \|\| Did not exist
			\| 1937–1958
			!rowspan=4\|]
			\|
			!rowspan=4\|]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1958–1978
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1978–2008
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 2008–present
			\| 22,138<sup>2</sup><br>
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1920–1935<br>1957–1958
			\| ] (till 1928)<br>]
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|]
			\| 1935–1943<br>1958–1990
			!rowspan=4\|]<br>(Elstei)
			\|
			!rowspan=4\|]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1990–1992
			\|
			\|-
			\| Kalmyk Republic-Halmg-Tangch
			\| 1992–1994
			\|
			\|-
			\| ]
			\| 1994–present
			\| 76,100 km<sup>2</sup><br>
	\|}		\|}

			===In China===
	== Gokturk Kaganate ==

			{\| class="wikitable"
	'''Eastern Rulers:'''
			!\| Name \|\|Years \|\| Capital \|\|Area\|\| Map
	*]: 551-552
	*Qara Qaghan: 552-553
	*Buqan Qaghan: 553-572
	*Tapar/Taspar Qaghan: 572-581
	*Anluo: 581

	(Civil War, Qaghanate divided between several rulers, Shetu unifies the state)

	*Ïshbara Qaghan: 582-587
	*Bagha/Yabghu Qaghan: 587-588
	*Dulan/Doulan Qaghan: 588-600
	*Qimin Qaghan: 600-609
	*Shibi Qaghan: 609-619
	*Tuli Qaghan: 619-621
	*Il/Illig Qaghan: 621-630

	(in 630, Tang Dynasty destroys the Eastern Qaghanate)

	*Dabu Qaghan (rebellious): 630-638
	*Yugu Shad: 638-639
	*Chebi Qaghan (rebellious): 639-648/650
	*Ashïna Nishufu Qaghan (rebellious): 679-680
	*Ashïna Funian Qaghan (rebellious): 681
	*Iltirish Qaghan: 682-691
	*Qapghan Qaghan: 691-716
	*Inel Qaghan: 716
	*Bilge Qaghan: 716-734
	*Yiran Kehan: 734-740
	*Te ñ ri Qaghan: 740-741
	*Qutlugh Yabghu: 741-742
	*Özmish/Ozmïsh Qaghan: 742-744
	*Baimei Qaghan: 744-745

	== Uyghur khaganate ==

	# 744–747 Qutlugh bilge köl (K'u-li p'ei-lo)
	# 747–759 ] (Bayan Chur, Mo yen ch'o), son of 1
	# 759–779 Qutlugh tarqan sengün (Tengri Bögü, Teng-li Mou-yü), son of 2
	# 779–789 Alp qutlugh bilge (Tun bagha tarkhan), son of 1
	# 789–790 Ai tengride bulmïsh külüg bilge (To-lo-ssu), son of 4
	# 790–795 Qutlugh bilge (A-ch'o), son of 5
	# 795–808 Ai tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp qutlugh ulugh bilge (Qutlugh, Ku-tu-lu)
	# ''805–808 Ai tengride qut bulmïsh külüg bilge'' (spurious reign: tenure belongs to 7, name to 9)
	# 808–821 Ai tengride qut bulmïsh külüg bilge (Pao-i), son of 7
	# 821–824 Kün tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp küchlüg bilge (Ch'ung-te), son of 9
	# 824–832 Ai tengride qut bulmïsh alp bilge (Qasar, Ko-sa), son of 9
	# 832–839 Ai tengride qut bulmïsh alp külüg bilge (Hu), son of 10
	# 839–840 Kürebir (Ho-sa), usurper
	# 841–847 Öge, son of 9

	== Khidan (Liao Dynasty) ==

	<table class="wikitable">

	<tr>
	<th style="background:#efefef;">Temple Names ( ] 廟號 miàohào)</th>
	<th style="background:#efefef;">Posthumous Names ( ] 諡號 shìhào)</th>
	<th style="background:#efefef;">Born Names</th>
	<th style="background:#efefef;">Period of Reigns</th>
	<th style="background:#efefef;">Era Names (] 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years</th>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td colspan="5" align="center">''Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name''</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (太祖 Tàizǔ)</td>
	<td>Shen Tian Huangdi</td>
	<td>Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Shence (神冊 Shéncè) ]-]<br>
	Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) ]-]<br>
	Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) ]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (太宗 Tàizōng)</td>
	<td>Xiao Wu Huangdi</td>
	<td>Yelü Deguang (耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) ]-]<br>
	Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) ]-]<br>
	Datong (大同 Dàtóng) ]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (世宗 Shìzōng)</td>
	<td>Tian Shou Huangdi</td>
	<td>Yelü Ruan (耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) ]-]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (穆宗 Mùzōng)</td>
	<td></td>
	<td>Yelü Jing (耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) ]-]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (景宗 Jǐngzōng)</td>
	<td></td>
	<td>Yelü Xian (耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) ]-]<br>
	Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) ]-]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (聖宗 Shèngzōng)</td>
	<td>Wen Wu Da Xiao Xuan Huangdi</td>
	<td>Yelü Longxu (耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) ]<br>
	Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) ]-]<br>
	Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) ]-]<br>
	Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) ]-]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (興宗 Xīngzōng)</td>
	<td>Xiao Zheng Huangdi</td>
	<td>Yelü Zongzhen (耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) ]-]<br>
	Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) ]-]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td>] (道宗 Dàozōng)</td>
	<td></td>
	<td>Yelü Hongji (耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) ]-]<br>
	Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) ]-]<br>
	Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) ]-]<br>
	Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) ]-]<br>
	Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) ]-]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td> </td>
	<td>] (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì)</td>
	<td>Yelü Yanxi (耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ)</td>
	<td>]-]</td>
	<td>Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) ]-]<br>
	Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) ]-]<br>
	Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) ]-]<br>
	</td>
	</tr>

	</table>

	== Pre-imperial Mongol khans and rulers ==

	*]
	* ]
	*]
	*]

	== Mongol Empire ==

	*] (]-])
	<!--
	*] (regent) (]-])
	-->
	*] (]-])
	<!--
	*] (regent) (]-])
	-->
	*] (]-])
	<!--
	*] (regent) (]-])
	-->
	*] (]-])
	*] (]-])

	''Successors of Kublai and the Great khans of Mongol ]''

	{\| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
	\|-		\|-
			\| ] state
	! style="background:#efefef;" \| Temple names
			\| 1936–1945
	! style="background:#efefef;" \| Posthumous names
			\| ]<br>(Khaalgan)
	! style="background:#efefef;" \| Khan Names
			\|
	! style="background:#efefef;" \| Given names
			\| ]
	! style="background:#efefef;" \| Period of Reigns
	! style="background:#efefef;" \| ]s and their according range of years
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| colspan="6" align="center" \| ''Convention: use first name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.''
			\| 1947–present
			\| ]
			\| 1,183,000 km<sup>2</sup><br>
			\| ]
	\|-		\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
	\| ] (成宗 Chéngzōng)
	\| ''too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign''
	\| Temür Öljeytü Khân
	\| ] Temür (孛兒只斤鐵木耳 Bóérzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr)
	\| ]-]
	\| Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzhēn) ]-]<br>
	Dade (大德 Dàdé) ]-]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ] (武宗 Wǔzōng)
			\|
	\| ''too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign''
			\|
	\| Qayshan Gülük
			\|
	\| ] Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bóérzhījīn Hǎishān)
			\|]
	\| ]-]
	\| Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) ]-]
	\|-		\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
	\| ] (仁宗 Rénzōng)
	\| ''too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign''
	\| Ayurparibhadra
	\| ] Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bóérzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá)
	\| ]-]
	\| Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) ]-]<br>
	Yanyou (延祐 Yányòu) ]-]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ] (英宗 Yīngzōng)
			\|
	\| ''too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign''
			\|
	\| Suddhipala Gege'en
			\|
	\| ] '''Suddhipala''' (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bóérzhījīn Shuòdébālá)
			\|
	\| ]-]
	\| Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) ]-]
	\|-		\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
	\| Jinzong (晉宗 Jìnzōng) (1)
	\| ] (泰定帝 Tàidìng Dì) (2)
	\| Yesün-Temür
	\| ] Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér)
	\| ]-]
	\| Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) ]-]<br>
	Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) ]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ''did not exist'' (1)
			\|
	\| ] (天順帝 Tiānshùn Dì) (2)
	\| ~~Arigaba~~		\|
			\|
	\| ] Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bóérzhījīn Āsùjíbā)
			\|
	\| ]
	\| Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) ]
	\|-		\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
	\| ] (文宗 Wénzōng)
	\| ''too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign''
	\| Jijaghatu Toq-Temür
	\| ] Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tútiěmùér)
	\| ]-] and ]-]
	\| Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) ]-]<br>
	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) ]-]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ] (明宗 Míngzōng)
			\|
	\| ''too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign''
			\|
	\| Qoshila Qutuqtu
			\|
	\| ] Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bóérzhījīn Héshìlà)
			\|
	\| ]
	\| ''did not exist''
	\|-		\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
	\| ] (寧宗 Níngzōng)
	\| ''too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign''
	\| Irinchibal
	\| ] Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bóérzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān)
	\| ]
	\| Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) ]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| ] (惠宗 Huìzōng) (1)
			\|
	\| Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)
			\|
	\| Toghan-Temür
			\|
	\| ] Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)
			\|
	\| ]-]
	\| Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) ]<br>
	Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) ]-]<br>
	Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) ]-]<br>
	Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) ]-]<br>
	Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) ]-]
	\|-		\|-
			\| ]
	\| colspan="6" \| (1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
			\|
	(2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!colspan=10\|]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\|
			\| ]
			\|462,700 km<sup>2</sup><br>
			\|]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\|
			\| ]<br>(Bortal)
			\|
			\|]
			\|-
			\| ]
			\|
			\| ]<br>(Khovogsair)
			\|
			\|]
	\|}		\|}

	== ~~Northern Yuan~~ ==		==See also==
			{{commons category\|Maps of the history of Mongolia}}

			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]

			==Maps==
			<gallery>
			File:Rouran500.png\|Rouran Khaganate c. 500
			File:Asia 400ad.jpg\|], ], ], ], ], ] and ], 400 AD
			File:Asia 500ad.jpg\|Rouran, Northern Wei, Tuyuhun Kingdom, 500 AD
			File:East-Hem 565ad.jpg\|], ], ] and ], 565 AD
			File:KhitanAD1000.png\|] c. 1000
			File:Western Liao.png\|] c. 1060
			File:Genghis khan empire at his death.png\|] in 1227
			File:Mongol Empire map.gif\|Mongol Empire
			File:Zunghar Khanate at 1750.jpg\|The ] (c. 1750) (in blue line)
			File:Renat map.jpg\|A map of the Dzungar Khanate, by a ] in captivity there in 1716–1733, which include the region known today as ]
			File:Kalmykia 1720.jpg\|The Dzungar Khanate (a fragment of the map of Russian Empire of Peter The Great, that was created by a Sweden soldier in c. 1725)
			File:Pays des calmoucs.gif\|This map fragment shows territories of the Dzungar Khanate as in 1706. (Map Collection of the Library of Congress: "Carte de Tartarie" of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675-1726))
			File:Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg\|Mongolia
			File:Mongolia 1996 CIA map.jpg\|Mongolia
			</gallery>

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==Bibliography==
			* {{cite book \|last=Andrews \|first=Peter A. \|year=1999 \|title=Felt tents and pavilions: the nomadic tradition and its interaction with princely tentage, Volume 1 \|publisher=Melisende \|isbn=1-901764-03-6 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD1SAAAAMAAJ}}
			* {{cite book \|last=Janhunen \|first=Juha \|year=2003b \|title=The Mongolic languages \|chapter=Para-Mongolic \|editor-last=Janhunen \|editor-first=J. \|pages= 1–29, 391–402}}

			==Further reading==
			*Weiers, Michael (ed.) (1986): ''Die Mongolen''. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
			*Dughlát Muhammad Haidar, Norbert Elias, Edward Denison Ross – The Tarikh-i-rashidi
			*Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols
			*Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank -The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368
			*William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, J. A. Boyle -The Cambridge history of Iran, 5
			*Konstantin Nikolaevich Maksimov – Kalmykia in Russia's past and present national policies and administrative system

			{{Mongol ethnic groups \|state=collapsed}}
	*] (Ayurshiridar) (1370-1378)
	*] (Tögüs Temür) (1378-1388)
	*] (Yesüder) (1388-1392)?
	*] (?-1392)
	*] (1392-1399)
	*] (1400-1402)
	*] (Guilichi) - non-chingisid
	*] (Bunyashiri) (1403-1412)
	*] (Dalbag) (1415)
	*] (1415-1425)
	*] (1425-1438)
	*] (Toghtoa Bukha) (1433-1452)
	*] (1453)
	*] - the leader of the ] (1453-1454)
	*] (Ükegtü) (1454-1465)
	*] (1465-1466)
	*] (1475-1478)
	*] (Batu Möngke) (1478-1516)
	*] (1516)
	*] (1516-1547)
	*] (1547-1557)
	*] (1557-1592)
	*] (1592-1603)
	*] (1604-1634)

	]		]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]

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History of the Mongols

Timeline History Rulers Nobility Culture Language Mongols Proto-Mongols
States Mongol khanates IX-X Khereid Khanate X-1203 Merkit Khanate XI–XII Tatar Khanate IX – XII Naiman Khanate -1204 Khamag Mongol Khanate X-1206 Mongol Empire 1206-1368 Yuan dynasty 1271-1368 Chagatai Khanate 1225-1340s Moghulistan 1346-1462 Turpan Khanate 1487-1660? Yarkent Khanate 1514-1705 Golden Horde 1240-1502 Ilkhanate 1256-1335 Chobanids 1335-1357 Jalairid Sultanate 1335-1432 Injuids 1335-1357 Northern Yuan dynasty 1368-1691 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kara Del 1383-1513 Four Oirat 1399-1634 Arghun dynasty 1479-1599 Mughal Empire (in India)1526–1857 Kalmyk Khanate 1630-1731 Khoshut Khanate 1640s-1717 Dzungar Khanate 1634-1758 Bogd Khaganate 1911-1924 Mongolian People's Republic 1924–1992 Mongolia 1992-present
v t e

This is a list of Mongol states. The Mongols founded many states such as the vast Mongol Empire and other states. The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.

Pre-modern states

Name	Years	Area	Capital
Khanates in the 10th–12th centuries
Khamag Mongol Khanate	900s–1206
Merkit Khanate	XI–mid XII
Kerait Khanate	−1203
Naiman Khanate	−1204
Tatar Khanate	VI—X/(IX – mid XII?)
Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire	1206–1368	24,000,000 km	Avarga (1206–1235) Karakorum (1235–1260) Khanbaliq (1260–1368)
Yuan dynasty
Yuan dynasty	1271–1368	14,000,000 km (1310)	Khanbaliq (Dadu, Beijing)
Golden Horde (Turco-Mongol)
Golden Horde	1240–1502	6,000,000 km (1310)	Sarai Batu
Great Horde	1466–1502
Chagatai Khanate (Turco-Mongol)
Chagatai Khanate	1225–1340s	3,500,000 km (1310)	Almaliq Qarshi
Western Chagatai Khanate	1340s–1370
Moghulistan	1340–1462
Kara Del Khanate	1383–1513
Turpan Khanate	1487–1660?
Yarkent Khanate	1514–1705
Ilkhanate
Ilkhanate	1256–1335	3,750,000 km	Maragha (1256–1265) Tabriz (1265–1306) Soltaniyeh (1306–1335)
Chobanids	1335–1357		Tabriz
Injuids	1335–1357		Shiraz (Till 1353) Isfahan (1353–1357)
Jalayirid Sultanate	1335–1432		Baghdad (Till 1411) Basra (1411–1432)
Arghun dynasty	1479?–1599?
Genghisid Northern Yuan dynasty
Northern Yuan	1368–1635	5,000,000 km (1550)	Shangdu (1368–1369) Yingchang (1369–1370) Karakorum (1371–1388)
Khalkha Khanates (Northern Yuan subject by 1635)	late 16th century–1691		Tüsheet Khan, Zasagt Khan, Setsen Khan and Altan Khan of the Khalkha
Oirats – Non-Genghisid states
Four Oirat	1399–1634	1,000,000 km (15th – late 16th) ~1,600,000 km (early 17th century)
Dzungar Khanate	1634–1758	3,500,000–4,000,000 km	Ghulja
Khoshut Khanate	1642?–1717	~1,400,000 km
Kalmyk Khanate	1630–1771
Timurid states (Persianate Turco-Mongol states)
Timurid Empire	1370–1507	4,400,000 km (1405)	Samarkand (1370–1405) Herat (1405–1507)
Mughal Empire	1526–1857	4,000,000 km (1700)	Agra (1526–1571) Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585) Lahore (1585–1598) Agra (1598–1648) Shahjahanabad/Delhi (1648–1857)
Other states/Khanate
Khanate of Sibir	1468–1598		Chimgi-Tura/Qashliq

Modern states

Name	Years	Area	Capital
Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Buryats)	1919–1926		In Kizhinginsky District, Buryatia
Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk	1930	Kalmykia
Inner Mongolian People's Republic	1945	Xilin Gol	Sonid
Mongolia	1911–present	1,564,116 km	Ulanbataar

Autonomous areas

In Russia

Name	Years	Capital	Area
State of Buryat-Mongolia	1917–1921	Chita
Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast	1922–1923
Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast	1921–1923
Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1923–1958	Ulan-Ude
Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1958–1992
Republic of Buryatia	1992–present		351,300 km
Agin Buryat-Mongol National Okrug	1937–1958	Aginskoye
Agin-Buryat National Okrug	1958–1977
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug	1977–2008
Agin-Buryat Okrug	2008–present		9,600
Ust-Orda Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Okrug	1937–1958	Ust-Ordynsky
Ust-Orda Buryat National Okrug	1958–1978
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug	1978–2008
Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug	2008–present		22,138
Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast	1920–1935 1957–1958	Astrakhan (till 1928) Elista
Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1935–1943 1958–1990	Elista (Elstei)
Kalmyk Soviet Socialist Republic	1990–1992
Kalmyk Republic-Halmg-Tangch	1992–1994
Kalmyk Republic	1994–present		76,100 km

In China

Name	Years	Capital	Area
Mengjiang state	1936–1945	Kalgan (Khaalgan)
Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region	1947–present	Huhhot	1,183,000 km
Gansu Province
Subei Mongol Autonomous County
Hebei Province
Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County
Heilongjiang Province
Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County
Jilin Province
Qian Gorlos Mongol Autonomous County
Liaoning Province
Harqin Left Mongol Autonomous County
Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County
Qinghai Province
Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Henan Mongol Autonomous County
Xinjiang Province
Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture		Korla	462,700 km
Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture		Bortala (Bortal)
Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County		Hoboksar (Khovogsair)

Maps

Rouran Khaganate c. 500
Rouran Khaganate, Northern Wei, Tuyuhun Kingdom, Southern Liang, Later Yan, Yueban and Northern Liang, 400 AD
Rouran, Northern Wei, Tuyuhun Kingdom, 500 AD
Tuyuhun Kingdom, Northern Zhou, Khitans and Tatabi people, 565 AD
Liao dynasty c. 1000
Western Liao c. 1060
Mongol Empire in 1227
Mongol Empire
The Dzungar Khanate (c. 1750) (in blue line)
A map of the Dzungar Khanate, by a Swedish officer in captivity there in 1716–1733, which include the region known today as Zhetysu
The Dzungar Khanate (a fragment of the map of Russian Empire of Peter The Great, that was created by a Sweden soldier in c. 1725)
This map fragment shows territories of the Dzungar Khanate as in 1706. (Map Collection of the Library of Congress: "Carte de Tartarie" of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675-1726))
Mongolia
Mongolia

References

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222–223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.
^ Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.Journal of World-Systems Research (University of Connecticut). 12 (no. 2): 219–229.
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2015). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 219. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X.
Бидия Дандарон Archived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Russian)
Балагатское движение Archived 28 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Russian)
Теократическое движение в Хоринском ведомстве Бурятии :1919–1926 гг. (Russian)
БАЛАГАТСКОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Russian)

Bibliography

Andrews, Peter A. (1999). Felt tents and pavilions: the nomadic tradition and its interaction with princely tentage, Volume 1. Melisende. ISBN 1-901764-03-6.
Janhunen, Juha (2003b). "Para-Mongolic". In Janhunen, J. (ed.). The Mongolic languages. pp. 1–29, 391–402.