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{{short description|Road in West Milford Township associated with strange events}} | |||
] | |||
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}} | |||
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}} | |||
{{Infobox street | |||
| name = Clinton Road | |||
| marker_image = ] | |||
| image = Clinton Road.jpg | |||
| image_size = | |||
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=line|frame-align=center|frame-width=325|from=Clinton Road (New Jersey).map}} | |||
| caption = | |||
| map_type = | |||
| map_size = | |||
| map_caption = | |||
| map_alt = | |||
| owner = | |||
| maint = West Milford Township | |||
| namesake = Former community along road | |||
| length_mi = 9.3 | |||
| length_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/41.0531054,-74.451828/41.1646204,-74.3918816/|title=Directions from Paterson Hamburg Turnpike to 506 Warwick Turnpike|work=]|accessdate=October 22, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| location = ], USA | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|41.054275|-74.452189|display=inline,title|region:US_type:landmark}} | |||
| direction_a = South | |||
| terminus_a = {{jct|state=NJ|NJ|23}} in West Milford | |||
| direction_b = North | |||
| terminus_b = Warwick Turnpike in West Milford | |||
| commissioning_date = | |||
| construction_start_date = | |||
| completion_date =1700s | |||
| inauguration_date = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | |||
| known_for = Legends of paranormal activity | |||
}} | |||
'''Clinton Road''' is located in ], ], ], United States. It runs in a generally north–south direction, beginning at ] near ] and running roughly {{Convert|10|mi|km|abbr=on|sp=us}} to its northern terminus at ] | |||
The road and the land around it have gained notoriety over the years as an area rife with many ]s of paranormal occurrences such as sightings of ], strange creatures, and gatherings of ], ], and the ]. It is also rumored that professional killers dispose of bodies in the surrounding woods—with one recorded case of this occurring.<ref name="Kuklinski">Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark; ''Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best-Kept Secrets''; Barnes & Noble Books, New York, New York, 2003, p. 206</ref> It has been a regular subject of discussion in '']'' magazine, which once devoted an entire issue to it. In the words of a local police chief, "It's a long, desolate stretch and makes the imagination go nuts."<ref>Justo Bautista & Maia Davis (August 13, 1998), , '']'' reprinted in '']''.</ref> | |||
'''Clinton Road''' is located in ], ], ]. It runs in a generally north-south direction, beginning at ] near ] and running roughly 10 miles (16 km) to its northern terminus at Upper ]. | |||
There are very few houses along the road and much of the adjoining property is undeveloped publicly owned woodlands (either ] ] or ]). The road itself is a narrow two-lane highway that receives little maintenance, is not part of New Jersey's ]. Until fairly recently, the road was unpaved for some of its length, connecting two areas of minimal population and growth; thus, it had little traffic even at the busiest times of day. | |||
The road and the land around it over the years have gained notoriety as an area rife with many ] of paranormal occurrences such as sightings of ], strange creatures and gatherings of ], ] and the ]. More prosaically, it is also believed that professional killers dispose of bodies in the surrounding woods, which actually did happen once{{Fact|date=May 2008}}. It has been a regular subject of discussion in '']'' magazine, which once devoted an entire issue to it. | |||
It is also notorious for having the country's longest ] wait.<ref>Caren Chesler (June 24, 2001), , '']''.</ref> This occurs at a double intersection where Route 23 crosses the road. The two lights can cause motorists to wait for 5 minutes in total. The lengthy wait was a result of traffic planners giving increased priority to Route 23 to reduce backups during rush hour.<ref>{{citation |author=Frassinelli |first=Mike |title=N.J. motorists continue to be frustrated by 'nation's longest traffic light' |date=June 14, 2010 |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/nj_motorists_continue_to_be_fr.html |journal=]}}</ref> | |||
There are very few houses along the road and much of the adjoining property is undeveloped publicly owned woodlands (either ] ] or ]) and the road itself is a narrow two-lane that receives little maintenance, is not part of New Jersey's ] and was until fairly recently unpaved for some of its length, connecting two areas of minimal population and growth and thus having little traffic even at the busiest times of day. | |||
== History == | |||
While it is not the only thoroughfare in northwestern New Jersey to have such a reputation, the continuing attention paid to it in the pages of ''Weird NJ'' have ensured that it is the best known both in and out of the state. | |||
The road, like the ] in the area, gets its name from the original settlement of Clinton, which was located about where the road crosses the brook.<ref name="WeirdNJhist">Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark; ''Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best-Kept Secrets''; Barnes & Noble Books, New York, New York, 2003, 200</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
], its southern end]] | |||
The road, like the ] and ] in the area, gets its name from the now-vanished settlement of Clinton, which was located about where it crosses the brook.<ref name="WeirdNJhist">Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark; ''Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best-Kept Secrets''; Barnes & Noble Books, New York, New York, 2003, 200</ref> | |||
On May 18, 1983, the body of Daniel Deppner was found when a ] riding down Clinton Road in a wooded area of ], New Jersey, spotted the corpse being eaten by a ]. The body had been wrapped inside a green garbage bag before dumping it.<ref name="IcemanTapes92">{{cite episode|title=The Iceman Tapes: Conversations with a Killer|series=America Undercover|network=HBO|date=1992}}</ref> ] was charged and convicted of his murder.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Dolan|first=Julia|date=December 18, 1986|title=Man Charged With Killing Associates, Accomplices|work=]|url=https://apnews.com/article/acd3ad231058a7ca24e7f307c5e51670|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126213334/https://apnews.com/article/acd3ad231058a7ca24e7f307c5e51670|archive-date=January 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kuklinski2">Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark; ''Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best-Kept Secrets''; Barnes & Noble Books, New York, New York, 2003, p. 206</ref> | |||
There is evidence of the road having a similar reputation as it does today as early as 1905, when a writer cautioned travelers against the road citing reports of rampant banditry and witchcraft in the area.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
==Legends and folklore== | == Legends and folklore == | ||
The different areas along or near Clinton Road have been much cited as the setting of ], especially by the publication '']'', which has devoted numerous articles to the subject.<ref name="WeirdNJmain">Moran & Sceurman, 200-07.</ref> | |||
*'''Ghost boy bridge''': According to ''Weird NJ'', there is a legend that if someone puts a quarter in the middle of the road, at one of the bridges over Clinton Brook (Dead Man's Curve) near the reservoir, at midnight it will supposedly be returned by the ] of a boy who drowned while swimming or had fallen in while sitting on the edge of the bridge. In some tellings, an apparition is seen; in others, the ghost pushes the teller into the water if they look over the side of the bridge. | |||
===The ghost boy at the bridge=== | |||
*Besides the ghost boy, there have been other ghosts described by ''Weird NJ'' readers. One claims to have seen a ghost ] driven by a girl who supposedly died when she crashed it in 1988; any mention while driving on the road at night is supposed to trigger a manifestation.<ref name="Ghostboy">Moran & Sceurman, 204.</ref> Another claims to have encountered two ]s one night while camping with friends near ], a ] on a ridge accessible from the road by hiking trails. They turn out to have been the ghosts of two rangers who had died on the job in 1939.<ref name="Ghostboy" /> Other ''Weird NJ'' readers claim to have seen people dressed weirdly at odd hours who simply stare at those who see them and do not speak, who either disappear or are not seen by others present.<ref name="weird people">Moran & Sceurman, 205.</ref> | |||
Supposedly, if you go to one of the bridges at the reservoir and throw a ] into the water, within a minute it will be thrown back out to or at you by the ghost of a boy who drowned while swimming below or had fallen in while sitting on the edge of the bridge. In some tellings an apparition is seen; in others the ghost pushes the teller into the water if he or she looks over the side of the bridge in order to save him from being run over as he was in life.<ref name="Ghostboy">Moran & Sceurman, ''op. cit.'', 204.</ref> | |||
*'''The Druidic temple''': A conical stone structure just east of the road south of the reservoir was said by ''Weird NJ'' readers to be a site where local ]s practiced their rituals, and horrible things might come to pass for any intruder who looked too closely or came at the wrong time. The building is actually an iron ] built in 1826. It was listed on the ] as ] in 1976.<ref name="Clinton Furnace NRHP listing">{{cite web |date=April 7, 2012 |title=NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES: INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM |url={{NRHP url|id=76001179}} |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428100041/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/76001179_text |archive-date=Apr 28, 2021 |accessdate=November 3, 2014 |publisher=UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR |page=8}}</ref> It is currently fenced off by the Newark water department to prevent any entrance and the liability for injury that might result. | |||
*'''Ghost truck''': According to the ] show ''] 2'', phantom vehicles such as pickup trucks or even floating headlights not attached to any vehicle supposedly appear from nowhere in the middle of the night and chase drivers to the end of the road, then disappear.<ref>From an interview in the television special "Most Terrifying Places in America 2" (2009) on the Travel Channel</ref> | |||
*'''Strange creatures''', from a ] (also known as "Wolfie"), an experimental Albino Wolf-Dog, to ]s and unidentifiable ], are alleged by ''Weird NJ'' to have been seen at night. If not of ] origin, they are said to be survivors of ], a nearby attraction that has been closed since 1976, which have managed to survive and crossbreed.<ref name="creatures">Moran & Sceurman, 203.</ref> | |||
] | |||
=== Cross Castle === | |||
] | |||
In 1905, English born railroad official and banker ] built a massive stone ] summer home, resembling a castle, on high land near the reservoir for his wife and three children. The house, built at an estimated cost of 1.5 million (${{formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|1500000|1905|r=-3}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}), stood on a property with "365 acres{{efn|{{convert|365|acre|ha|disp=output only}}}} of wooded glens, fields, and farm lands, along with a 77-acre{{efn|{{convert|77|acre|ha|adj=on|disp=output only}}}} pristine water body known as Hank's Pond."<ref name="Genader2018">{{cite news |last1=Genader |first1=Ann |title=Cross Castle is gone forever, but the memories remain |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/passaic/west-milford/2018/08/10/cross-castle-newfoundland-gone-forever-but-memories-remain/948442002/ |accessdate=19 November 2018 |work=North Jersey |date=August 10, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Later in the 20th century, it fell into ruin after a fire had destroyed part of it, and thus became a popular destination for ] and local teenagers looking for secluded locations to camp out and have parties.<ref name="Cross Castle">Moran & Sceurman, 202.</ref> | |||
According to ''Weird NJ'', "visitors have written telling of strange occurrences in or near the castle site, such as people going into ] and having ] appearing on their bodies afterwards, or having strange, disturbing visions. Writings that suggest Satanic symbols have been reported as appearing on the castle's interior walls, particularly in areas that were supposedly inaccessible."<ref name="Cross Castle" /> | |||
===The Druidic temple=== | |||
A conical stone structure just east of the road south of the reservoir was said to be a site where local ]s practiced their rituals, and horrible things might come to pass for any intruder who looked too closely or came at the wrong time.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
Newark's water department razed the castle as an ] in 1988, but the ] remain and several hiking ] still lead to the site. | |||
However, the building's origins are easily explained: It is an ] ] left over from the 18th century when the ] was common in the area and needed for the ] in the ]. It has nothing, at least not by design, to do with any religious observance. It is currently fenced off by the Newark water department to prevent any entrance and the liability for injury that might result. | |||
== See also == | |||
===Kidnappings by cannibals=== | |||
{{Portal-inline|New Jersey}} | |||
Some area residents warn that if you travel down the road at night and encounter a fallen tree blocking the road, you will have fallen into a trap set by local natives and you must turn around immediately before they cut another tree down behind you. If you are captured, you will be eaten. | |||
* ] | |||
* ], another rural road in New Jersey said to be a site for paranormal encounters | |||
{{clear}} | |||
== Notes == | |||
Who would be doing this is sometimes unspecified or varies, but it is most often attributed to the Jackson Whites, a pejorative name for the ].<ref name="cannibal attacks">Sniatkowski, Brian; October 2004; ; ''The Cacher''; retrieved September 6, 2006.</ref> | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
== |
== References == | ||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
* Besides the ghost boy, there have been other ghosts described by ''Weird NJ'' readers. One claims to have seen a ghost ] driven by a girl who supposedly died when she crashed it in 1988 (any mention while driving the road at night is supposed to trigger a manifestation).<ref name="Ghostboy" /> Another claims to have encountered two ]s one night while camping with friends near ], a ] on a ridge accessible from the road by hiking trails, who in the morning turned out to have been the ghosts of two rangers who had died on the job in 1939 (a story that bears a marked resemblance to the venerable ], "]").<ref name="Ghostboy" /> | |||
== External links == | |||
* Strange creatures, from ]s to ]s and unidentifiable ], have been caught in the glare of headlights crossing the road at night. If not of ] origin, they are said to have been survivors of ], a nearby attraction that has been closed since 1976, which have managed to survive and crossbreed.<ref name="creatures">Moran & Sceurman, ''op. cit.'', 203.</ref> | |||
{{commons category|Clinton Road}} | |||
{{Attached KML}} | |||
* at | |||
* at | |||
* at | |||
] | |||
* Some visitors to the area report also seeing people dressed weirdly at odd hours who simply stare at those who see them and do not speak. Sometimes these people disappear or are apparently not seen by those present.<ref name="weird people">Moran & Sceurman, ''op. cit.'', 205.</ref> | |||
] | |||
] | |||
* Other drivers claim they have been chased down the road by mysterious white or red ]s with bright lights that turn back as soon as they reach the end of the road.<ref name="cannibal attacks" /> | |||
] | |||
* Lastly, some travelers have reported a feeling of uneasiness or mounting dread as they drive down the road, sometimes so great that they have to turn back.<ref name="Cross Castle">Moran & Sceurman, ''op. cit.'', 202.</ref> | |||
==Cross Castle== | |||
In 1905 a man named Richard Cross built a ] on high land near the reservoir. Later in the 20th century it fell into ruin after a fire destroyed part of it and became a popular destination for ] and local teenagers looking for secluded locations to camp out and have parties.<ref name="Cross Castle" /> | |||
It was also widely believed to have played host to gatherings of ] worshippers and their ]. Several past visitors have written to ''Weird NJ'' telling of strange occurrences in or near the castle site, such as people going into ] and ] appearing on their bodies afterwards, or having strange, disturbing visions. Writings on the castle's interior walls, particularly in areas that were supposedly inaccessible, that suggest Satanism have also been reported.<ref name="Cross Castle" /> | |||
Newark's water department razed the castle as an ] in 1988, but the ] remain and several hiking ] can still be followed to the site.<ref name="Cross Castle" /> | |||
==The Iceman== | |||
One day in May 1983 a ] going down the road noticed ]s feasting at a spot in the nearby woods. He investigated and discovered it was a human body. | |||
An ] found that the man had died of foul play but also something initially puzzling: ] in ] near his ]. His interior organs also had decayed at a rate far slower than his skin. Pathologists concluded that someone had frozen his body after death in an attempt to mislead investigators into believing he died at a later time than he actually did. | |||
The man was identified as someone on the periphery of ] activities in nearby ]. The investigation ultimately led to the 1986 ] of ], a New Jersey native involved in Rockland organized crime who confessed to being the killer of not only the victim at issue but a veteran ] for the mob. He claimed to have killed over a hundred others and similarly treated their bodies, earning him the nickname "The Iceman." He pled guilty to five of the murders and received two life sentences, which ended with his death in March 2006.<ref name="Kuklinski">Moran & Sceurman, ''op. cit.'', 206.</ref> | |||
==Other realities behind the stories== | |||
Reports of KKK activity in the area may come from the presence of the ], which maintained some camps in the area in the years prior to U.S. entry into ]. A number of local residents also were reportedly Bund members. | |||
''Weird NJ'' also has published email from a correspondent who claimed to have been a practicing ] and said that he and fellow adherents built shrines in the area and practiced casting spells, which he said accounted for some of the stories people told. He claimed there was a lot more of this activity than the magazine's editors knew about. | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==See also== | |||
*] | |||
==External links== | |||
* at | |||
* at | |||
{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|41.054275|-74.452189}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 21:52, 19 December 2024
Road in West Milford Township associated with strange events
Namesake | Former community along road |
---|---|
Maintained by | West Milford Township |
Length | 9.3 mi (15.0 km) |
Location | West Milford, New Jersey, USA |
Coordinates | 41°03′15″N 74°27′08″W / 41.054275°N 74.452189°W / 41.054275; -74.452189 |
South end | Route 23 in West Milford |
North end | Warwick Turnpike in West Milford |
Construction | |
Completion | 1700s |
Other | |
Known for | Legends of paranormal activity |
Clinton Road is located in West Milford, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. It runs in a generally north–south direction, beginning at Route 23 near Newfoundland and running roughly 10 mi (16 km) to its northern terminus at Upper Greenwood Lake.
The road and the land around it have gained notoriety over the years as an area rife with many legends of paranormal occurrences such as sightings of ghosts, strange creatures, and gatherings of witches, Satanists, and the Ku Klux Klan. It is also rumored that professional killers dispose of bodies in the surrounding woods—with one recorded case of this occurring. It has been a regular subject of discussion in Weird NJ magazine, which once devoted an entire issue to it. In the words of a local police chief, "It's a long, desolate stretch and makes the imagination go nuts."
There are very few houses along the road and much of the adjoining property is undeveloped publicly owned woodlands (either City of Newark watershed or state forest). The road itself is a narrow two-lane highway that receives little maintenance, is not part of New Jersey's county route system. Until fairly recently, the road was unpaved for some of its length, connecting two areas of minimal population and growth; thus, it had little traffic even at the busiest times of day.
It is also notorious for having the country's longest traffic light wait. This occurs at a double intersection where Route 23 crosses the road. The two lights can cause motorists to wait for 5 minutes in total. The lengthy wait was a result of traffic planners giving increased priority to Route 23 to reduce backups during rush hour.
History
The road, like the reservoir in the area, gets its name from the original settlement of Clinton, which was located about where the road crosses the brook.
On May 18, 1983, the body of Daniel Deppner was found when a cyclist riding down Clinton Road in a wooded area of West Milford, New Jersey, spotted the corpse being eaten by a turkey vulture. The body had been wrapped inside a green garbage bag before dumping it. Richard Kuklinski was charged and convicted of his murder.
Legends and folklore
The different areas along or near Clinton Road have been much cited as the setting of urban legends, especially by the publication Weird NJ, which has devoted numerous articles to the subject.
- Ghost boy bridge: According to Weird NJ, there is a legend that if someone puts a quarter in the middle of the road, at one of the bridges over Clinton Brook (Dead Man's Curve) near the reservoir, at midnight it will supposedly be returned by the ghost of a boy who drowned while swimming or had fallen in while sitting on the edge of the bridge. In some tellings, an apparition is seen; in others, the ghost pushes the teller into the water if they look over the side of the bridge.
- Besides the ghost boy, there have been other ghosts described by Weird NJ readers. One claims to have seen a ghost Camaro driven by a girl who supposedly died when she crashed it in 1988; any mention while driving on the road at night is supposed to trigger a manifestation. Another claims to have encountered two park rangers one night while camping with friends near Terrace Pond, a glacial tarn on a ridge accessible from the road by hiking trails. They turn out to have been the ghosts of two rangers who had died on the job in 1939. Other Weird NJ readers claim to have seen people dressed weirdly at odd hours who simply stare at those who see them and do not speak, who either disappear or are not seen by others present.
- The Druidic temple: A conical stone structure just east of the road south of the reservoir was said by Weird NJ readers to be a site where local Druids practiced their rituals, and horrible things might come to pass for any intruder who looked too closely or came at the wrong time. The building is actually an iron smelter built in 1826. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Clinton Furnace in 1976. It is currently fenced off by the Newark water department to prevent any entrance and the liability for injury that might result.
- Ghost truck: According to the Travel Channel show Most Terrifying Places in America 2, phantom vehicles such as pickup trucks or even floating headlights not attached to any vehicle supposedly appear from nowhere in the middle of the night and chase drivers to the end of the road, then disappear.
- Strange creatures, from a hellhound (also known as "Wolfie"), an experimental Albino Wolf-Dog, to monkeys and unidentifiable hybrids, are alleged by Weird NJ to have been seen at night. If not of supernatural origin, they are said to be survivors of Jungle Habitat, a nearby attraction that has been closed since 1976, which have managed to survive and crossbreed.
Cross Castle
In 1905, English born railroad official and banker Richard James Cross built a massive stone Tudor summer home, resembling a castle, on high land near the reservoir for his wife and three children. The house, built at an estimated cost of 1.5 million ($39.4 million in 2023), stood on a property with "365 acres of wooded glens, fields, and farm lands, along with a 77-acre pristine water body known as Hank's Pond." Later in the 20th century, it fell into ruin after a fire had destroyed part of it, and thus became a popular destination for hikers and local teenagers looking for secluded locations to camp out and have parties.
According to Weird NJ, "visitors have written telling of strange occurrences in or near the castle site, such as people going into seizures and having bruises appearing on their bodies afterwards, or having strange, disturbing visions. Writings that suggest Satanic symbols have been reported as appearing on the castle's interior walls, particularly in areas that were supposedly inaccessible."
Newark's water department razed the castle as an attractive nuisance in 1988, but the foundations remain and several hiking trails still lead to the site.
See also
- Haunted highway
- Shades of Death Road, another rural road in New Jersey said to be a site for paranormal encounters
Notes
- 148 ha
- 31 ha
References
- "Directions from Paterson Hamburg Turnpike to 506 Warwick Turnpike". Google Maps. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
- Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark; Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best-Kept Secrets; Barnes & Noble Books, New York, New York, 2003, p. 206
- Justo Bautista & Maia Davis (August 13, 1998), Haunted-House Nightmare -- Rumors Bring Visitors Who Make New Jersey Family's Life Miserable, Hackensack Record reprinted in The Seattle Times.
- Caren Chesler (June 24, 2001), "On the Road; The Longest Light", The New York Times.
- Frassinelli, Mike (June 14, 2010), "N.J. motorists continue to be frustrated by 'nation's longest traffic light'", The Star-Ledger
- Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark; Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best-Kept Secrets; Barnes & Noble Books, New York, New York, 2003, 200
- "The Iceman Tapes: Conversations with a Killer". America Undercover. 1992. HBO.
- Dolan, Julia (December 18, 1986). "Man Charged With Killing Associates, Accomplices". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021.
- Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark; Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best-Kept Secrets; Barnes & Noble Books, New York, New York, 2003, p. 206
- Moran & Sceurman, 200-07.
- ^ Moran & Sceurman, 204.
- Moran & Sceurman, 205.
- "NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES: INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM". UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. April 7, 2012. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
- From an interview in the television special "Most Terrifying Places in America 2" (2009) on the Travel Channel
- Moran & Sceurman, 203.
- Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- Genader, Ann (August 10, 2018). "Cross Castle is gone forever, but the memories remain". North Jersey. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- ^ Moran & Sceurman, 202.