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{{Short description|British lead ship of Powerful-class}}
{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{other ships|HMS Powerful}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
|Ship image= ]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
|Ship caption= Sailors on deck of four-funnel cruiser HMS ''Powerful'', Australian Squadron, Sydney Harbour (between 1902-1913)
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= HMSPowerfulCirca1905.jpg
|Ship caption= Sailors line the deck of ''Powerful'' in ], Australia (1905–1912)
}} }}
{{Infobox Ship Career {{Infobox ship career
|Hide header= |Hide header=
|Ship country= |Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag=] |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship class= |Ship name=''Powerful''
|Ship name=HMS ''Powerful''
|Ship ordered= |Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded= |Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=], ] |Ship builder=], ]
|Ship laid down=1894 |Ship laid down=10 March 1894
|Ship launched=] ] |Ship launched=24 July 1895
|Ship christened= |Ship christened=
|Ship acquired= |Ship commissioned=8 June 1897
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship recommissioned= |Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned= |Ship decommissioned=
Line 23: Line 25:
|Ship out of service= |Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=''Impregnable'', November 1919 |Ship renamed=''Impregnable'', November 1919
|Ship reclassified=Training School, November 1919 |Ship reclassified=], August 1912
|Ship refit= |Ship refit=
|Ship captured= |Ship struck=27 March 1929
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated= |Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=Sold ] ] |Ship fate=Sold for ], August 1929
|Ship status=
|Ship homeport=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship displacement=14,200 tons deep load
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length={{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|71|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|27|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft=
|Ship propulsion=2 shafts<br>4 cylinder VTE steam engines<br>48 Bellville type water tube boilers<br>25,000 hp
|Ship speed=22 knots (41 km/h)
|Ship range=7000 nm (13000 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h)<br>3000 tons coal
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=894
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=2 x 9.2 in (23.4 cm) guns<br>12 x 6 in (15.2 cm) guns<br>16 x 12 pdr guns<br>12 x 3 pdr guns<br>4 torpedo tubes
|Ship armour=2-6 in (3-15 cm) deck<br>6 in (15.2 cm) barbettes<br>6 in (15.2 cm) gun shields
|Ship armor=
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship motto= |Ship motto=
|Ship nickname= |Ship nickname=
|Ship honours= |Ship honours=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption= (as built)
|Ship class={{sclass|Powerful|cruiser|0}} ]
|Ship displacement={{convert|14200|LT|t}} (normal)
|Ship length={{convert|538|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} (])
|Ship beam={{convert|71|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|27|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*{{convert|25000|ihp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
*48 × ]s
|Ship propulsion=*2 × shafts
*2 × ]s
|Ship speed={{convert|22|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{cvt|7000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}
|Ship complement=894 (designed); 799 (1916)
|Ship armament=*2 × single ]
*12 × single ]
*16 × single ]
*12 × single ]
*4 × ]
|Ship armour=*]: {{convert|2.5|-|4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*]s: {{convert|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*]: {{convert|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*]: {{convert|12|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
*]s: {{convert|2|-|6|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
|Ship notes= |Ship notes=
}} }}
|} |}
{{otherships|HMS Powerful}}


'''HMS ''Powerful''''' was the ] of ] of two ]s built for the ] (RN) in the 1890s. She was initially assigned to the ] and then provided landing parties which fought in the ] of 1899–1900 during the ]. After a lengthy refit, the ship was placed in ] until 1905 when ''Powerful'' became the ] of the ]. Upon her return home in 1912, she was again reduced to reserve for a brief time before she was reclassified as a ]. The ship remained in this role until 1929 when she was sold for ].
'''HMS ''Powerful''''' was a ship of the ] of ] in the ].


==Design and description==
==Career==
The ''Powerful''-class cruiser was designed to counter the Russian ] {{ship|Russian cruiser|Rurik|1892|2}} which had been designed as a long-range ]. This required long range and high speed to catch the Russian ship. The ships ] {{convert|14200|LT|t}} at normal load. They had an ] of {{convert|538|ft|m|1}}, a ] of {{convert|71|ft|m|1}} and a ] of {{convert|27|ft|m|1}}. The ships were powered by a pair of four-cylinder ]s, each driving one ], using steam provided by 48 ]s.<ref name=ck8>Roberts, p. 67</ref> The engines were designed to produce a total of {{convert|25000|ihp|lk=in}} at ]<ref name=f6>Friedman, p. 335</ref> and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|22|kn|lk=in}}. ''Powerful'' reached a maximum speed of {{convert|21.8|kn}} from {{cvt|25886|ihp}} during her ]s. She carried enough coal to give her a range of {{convert|7000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}} and her complement consisted of 894 officers and ].<ref name=ck8/>


The main armament of the ''Powerful''-class cruisers consisted of two ] in single ]s, one each fore and aft of the ].<ref name=ck8/> Her secondary armament of a dozen ] was arranged in ]s ]. The end casemates were the first two-storey (guns on the main and upper decks) casemates in the RN. For defence against ]s, sixteen ]<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for ], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> guns and a dozen ] ]s were fitted. Two additional ] could be dismounted for service ashore. The ships also mounted four submerged ] ]s, a pair on each ].<ref name=b3>Burt, pp. 8, 13</ref>
She was built by ], ] and launched on ] ] by the ].<ref>Bronze medallion showing on the obverse a ship and the words 'H.M.S. "POWERFUL"'. The reverse bears the words 'H.M.S. POWERFUL LENGTH 500 FEET 2500 HORSE POWER LAUNCHED BY HER GRACE THE DUCHESS OF DEVONSHIRE AT BARROW IN FURNESS 24TH JULY 1895 THIS MEDAL IS MADE OF BRONZE FROM H.M.S. POWERFUL'. Medallion held by the Australian War Memorial - image reference ID Number: REL/09940</ref>


With the exception of the ]s, which used ], all of the protective plating of the cruisers was ]. The curved protective ] ranged in thickness from {{convert|2.5|-|4|in|mm|0}} and the ] was protected by {{convert|12|in|0}}. The armour of the gun turrets, their barbettes and the casemates was 6 inches thick. The casemates had {{convert|2|in|0|adj=on}} backs.<ref name=b3/>
She served with her sister ship, ] on the ] and provided landing parties which fought in the relief of the ] in the ]. Crews from the two ships also took part in suppressing the ] in China. After 1904 they were laid up as an economy measure.
]], frontispiece by the author, published in 1909]]
In 1897 ] commanded HMS ''Powerful'', which was regarded as one of the largest warships of the time, on a posting to China. On the return voyage in 1899 he was ordered to ], ] at an important point in the ]. He stopped at ], and on his own initiative picked up a battalion of soldiers stationed there. Knowing that the British forces at ] urgently needed more powerful guns, Captain ] from the ''Powerful's'' sister ship, the ''Terrible'', devised carriages to transport naval cannon, and Lambton then led a ] from ''Powerful'' to the rescue with four twelve-pounders and two other guns.


==Construction and career==
The journey to Ladysmith from Durban was 189 miles. They began by special train then with oxen pulling the guns but when the oxen died the sailors took over pulling the guns themselves. In this endeavour they manhandled the guns "through the wild and broken country" of the South African veldt and "arrived in the nick of time" to play "a most important role in the defence of the town" Although the Boer attackers were kept at bay unfortunately the Naval brigade became besieged themselves. A second Naval brigade from HMS ''Terrible'' left Durban for Ladysmith and joined with the relief column led by General Buller and assisted in the lifitng of the siege.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.faafieldgun.org/history.html | title = A brief history of Field Gunning | publisher = Fleet Air Arm Field Gun Association | accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref>
''Powerful'' was ] by ] in their ] ] on 10 March 1894<ref>Friedman, p. 343</ref> and ] on 24 July 1895 by the ].<ref>Bronze medallion showing on the obverse a ship and the words 'H.M.S. "POWERFUL"'. The reverse bears the words 'H.M.S. POWERFUL LENGTH 500 FEET 2500 HORSE POWER LAUNCHED BY HER GRACE THE DUCHESS OF DEVONSHIRE AT BARROW IN FURNESS 24TH JULY 1895 THIS MEDAL IS MADE OF BRONZE FROM H.M.S. POWERFUL'. Medallion held by the Australian War Memorial - image reference ID Number: REL/09940</ref> The ship was ] on 8 June 1897 with ] the Hon. ] in command, for service on the China Station. Her departure was delayed so that she could participate in the ] commemorating ] on 26 June and the annual fleet manoeuvres in July. During a full-power run between ], China, and ], Japan, in late July 1898, her ] ], but she then visited ] without incident.<ref>Burt, p. 12</ref>


Ordered home in 1899, ''Powerful'' was diverted from the shorter route through the ] to round the southern tip of Africa in light of rising tensions between the British and the ] in ]. The ship departed ], China, on 17 September and arrived at ] on 13 October, two days after the ] began; Lambton having picked up a half-] of the ] from the island of ] on his own initiative. Her ], {{HMS|Terrible|1895|2}}, commanded by Captain ], arrived the following day and Scott improvised ] for a pair of 4.7-inch (120&nbsp;mm) and a pair of ''Terrible''{{'}}s 12-pounder guns. After a request from ] ], commander of the ] for more long-range artillery, ''Powerful'' ferried all four guns to ], reaching it on 29 November. Lambton acquired another pair of 12-pounders and led a ] that reached Ladysmith on the last two trains to make it through. After the ] at the end of February, the brigade departed the town on 7 March and arrived at Simontown on the 12th. ''Powerful'' left Simonstown three days later and arrived at ] on 11 April.<ref>Burt, pp. 12–13</ref>
The ] commemorates the participation of ''Terrible'' and''Powerful'' in the relief of Ladysmith.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_gun_run.htm | title = The Field Gun Run | work = Naval Traditions | publisher = Royal Naval Museum Library | year = 2000 | accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref>


The enthusiastic response in Britain to the "heroes of Ladysmith"<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013120007/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/ILN_1899-1900/Powerful.html |date=13 October 2008 }} and elsewhere</ref> was enormous and made Lambton a well-known public figure. ] sent a telegram saying, "Pray express to the Naval Brigade my deep appreciation of the valuable services they have rendered with their guns."<ref></ref> while a reception and celebratory march through London were among the first events ever recorded on film.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231004/http://www.bfi.org.uk/nftva/catalogues/film/2/14/385 |date=26 September 2007 }} and </ref>
* ] ] - The Naval Brigade from HMS ''Powerful'' fought in the Battle of Graspan against the Boers in South Africa.<ref name = "Boerdates">{{cite web|url = http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~ausnavy/Military%20Action.htm|title = Naval Military Actions|publisher = ancestry.com | accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref>
* ] ] - The Naval Brigade from HMS ''Powerful'' repulsed a strong Boer attack at Ladysmith.<ref name = "Boerdates"/>
* ] ] - The Naval Brigade of HMS ''Powerful'' attacked Boer positions at Lombards Kop, Ladysmith.<ref name = "Boerdates"/>


A newspaper described ''Powerful's'' return home:
The enthusiastic response in Britain to the "heroes of Ladysmith"<ref> and elsewhere</ref> was enormous and made Captain Hedworth Lambton a well-known public figure. ] sent a telegram saying, "Pray express to the Naval Brigade my deep appreciation of the valuable services they have rendered with their guns." <ref></ref> while a reception and celebratory march through London were among the first events ever recorded on film.<ref> and </ref>
{{cquote|As the great vessel steamed into Portsmouth Harbour at four o'clock this afternoon, she was greeted with thunders of applause .... vessels lying off here were dressed with flags, and their crews, swarming along the yards, swelled the roar of welcome......By three o'clock the jetty was thronged with men, women and children. ... A more eager, joyous gathering I never saw.....We cheered, we waved hats and handkerchiefs and we were half wild with delight.|||Daily News<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202051646/http://www.memorials.inportsmouth.co.uk/city-centre/powerful.htm |date=2 February 2015 }}</ref>}}


]
A newspaper described the ''Powerful's'' return home:
The naval brigade paraded for Queen Victoria at ] on 2 May. The RN ] commemorates the participation of ''Terrible'' and ''Powerful'' in the relief of Ladysmith.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_gun_run.htm | title = The Field Gun Run | work = Naval Traditions | publisher = Royal Naval Museum Library | year = 2000 | access-date = 16 August 2018 | archive-date = 25 March 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080325215521/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_gun_run.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 1921 a new Primary School in Ladysmith was named after ] Frederick Greville Egerton, a gunnery officer from ''Powerful'' who was killed at Ladysmith.<ref>{{cite web|last=McKenzie|first=R|title=History of School|url=http://pages.egerton.co.za/home/history-of-school|publisher=Egerton Primary School|access-date=4 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823235524/http://pages.egerton.co.za/home/history-of-school|archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Crowe|first=George|title=The commission of H.M.S. "Terrible," 1898–1902|year=1903|publisher=G Newnes|location=London|pages=199|url=https://archive.org/stream/commissionhmste00crowgoog#page/n272/mode/2up|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>
"''As the great vessel steamed into Portsmouth Harbour at four o'clock this afternoon, she was greeted with thunders of applause .... vessels lying off here were dressed with flags, and their crews, swarming along the yards, swelled the roar of welcome......By three o'clock the jetty was thronged with men, women and children. ... A more eager, joyous gathering I never saw.....We cheered, we waved hats and handkerchiefs and we were half wild with delight.''" <ref></ref> Lambton was awarded the ], and it was in this year that his caricature was published in ''Vanity Fair''.


===Later career===
In August 1905 ] took command of HMS ''Powerful'',<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=27922|startpage=4157|date=] ]|accessdate=2007-12-18|}} ''Information, dated 12th April, 1906, has been received from Captain L. Halsey, His Majesty's ship Powerful, that ... '' </ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=27950|startpage=6326|date=] ]|accessdate=2007-12-18 }} ''Information, dated 26th July, 1906, has been received from Captain L. Halsey, His Majesty's ship Powerful, that ... ''</ref> as ] to ] as ] ]. At the time the ''Powerful'' was commissioning as Flagship on the Australia Station.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.navyhistory.org.au/admiral-sir-lionel-halsey-gcmg-gcvo-kcie-cb-dljp-1872-1949/|title = Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey, GCMG, GCVO, KCIE, CB, DLJP 1872-1949 | last = Grazebrook |first = Lieutenant Commander A. W. | publisher = Naval Historical Society of Australia | accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref> Halsey remained in that post until 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/HALSEY.shtml |title = HALSEY, Sir Lionel (1872-1949), Admiral |publisher = Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives |accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref>
''Powerful'' ] on 8 June 1900 at ] and later began a long refit in 1902–1903<ref name=b13>Burt, p. 13</ref> During this refit, the RN added four six-inch guns in casemates amidships, although no additional ammunition could be accommodated in the ship.<ref>Friedman, p. 234</ref> The ship was briefly commissioned in August 1903 to participate in the annual fleet manoeuvres and was assigned to the reserve on 1 March 1905. In August Captain ] took command of ''Powerful'',<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27922|page=4157|date=15 June 1906|}} ''Information, dated 12 April 1906, has been received from Captain L. Halsey, His Majesty's ship Powerful, that ... ''</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27950|page=6326|date=18 September 1906}} ''Information, dated 26 July 1906, has been received from Captain L. Halsey, His Majesty's ship Powerful, that ... ''</ref>
as ] to ] as ] ]. At the time ''Powerful'' was commissioning as flagship on the Australia Station.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.navyhistory.org.au/admiral-sir-lionel-halsey-gcmg-gcvo-kcie-cb-dljp-1872-1949/|title = Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey, GCMG, GCVO, KCIE, CB, DLJP 1872–1949 | last = Grazebrook |first = Lieutenant Commander A. W. |date = 30 September 1975 | publisher = Naval Historical Society of Australia | access-date = 19 March 2008}}</ref> Halsey remained in that post until 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/HALSEY.shtml |title = HALSEY, Sir Lionel (1872–1949), Admiral |publisher = Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives |access-date = 19 March 2008}}</ref>


At the beginning of December 1905, ''Powerful'' was at ] in ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://innopac.slwa.wa.gov.au/record=b1770389 | title = HMS Powerful at Fremantle, 1&nbsp;December 1905 | publisher = State Library of Western Australia | access-date = 19 March 2008}}</ref> On 10 October 1907 the ship took aboard a new crew in ], ].<ref name=b13/> On 3 February 1908 the first ] ] was made via ''Powerful'' which was in the ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.caslon.com.au/austelecomsprofile1.htm | title = Australasian telecommunications: beginnings | publisher = Caslon Analytics | year = 2005 | access-date = 18 March 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080327003112/http://www.caslon.com.au/austelecomsprofile1.htm | archive-date = 27 March 2008}}</ref> A '']'' journalist, ], joined the ship in August 1908 as a special correspondent to report the visit of sixteen American warships – the ]. Bean wrote a book, ''With the Flagship in the South'' (London, 1909), based on his reports and had it published at his own expense.<ref>{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |last= Inglis |first= K.S. |authorlink= Ken Inglis |year= 1979 |id= A070225b |title= Bean, Charles Edwin Woodrow (1879–1968) |access-date= 19 March 2008}}</ref> ''Powerful'' took aboard a new crew in Colombo on 12 January 1910. In 1911 ''Powerful'' visited ], ] to inspect the facilities and Captain ] recommended the setting up of a naval stores facility.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rnzncomms.net.nz/navy/documents/history/navalrepairfacilities.html | title = DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL REPAIR FACILITIES AT AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND 1841–1962 From a Lecture by J.A. Bell, AMRINA Deputy Constructive Manager HMNZ Dockyard Devonport | last = Bell | first = J. A. | year = 1962 | access-date = 19 March 2008 | publisher = RNZN Communicators' Association | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201129/http://www.rnzncomms.net.nz/navy/documents/history/navalrepairfacilities.html | archive-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref>
At the beginning of December 1905, ''Powerful'' was at ] in ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://innopac.slwa.wa.gov.au/record=b1770389 | title = HMS Powerful at Fremantle, 1 December 1905 | publisher = State Library of Western Australia | accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref>
]
The ship was ordered home in January 1912 and loaded the body of ] at ], ], on 9 March en route.<ref name=b13/> On April 10th, the ship was photographed in ] along with the battleship {{HMS|Revenge|1892}} and the ] ]. After arriving, she was briefly assigned to the ] of the ]<ref>Friedman, p. 231</ref> before she was reclassified as a boys training ship at ] in August 1912. ''Powerful'' was assigned as a ] to ] in 1913. She was reassigned to a training role on 23 September and was renamed ''Impregnable I'' in November 1919. The ship was paid off on 27 March 1929 and was sold in August 1929 for breaking up.<ref name=b13/>


==Notes==
On ]] the first ] ] was made via HMS ''Powerful'' which was in the Tasman Sea.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.caslon.com.au/austelecomsprofile1.htm |title = Australasian telecommunications: beginnings | publisher = Caslon Analytics | date = 2005 | accessdate = 2008-03-18}}</ref>
{{reflist|group=Note}}


=== Citations ===
A '']'' journalist, ] joined the ship in August 1908 as special correspondent to report the visit of sixteen American warships — the ]. At the time ''Powerful'' was flagship of the Royal Navy squadron on the Australian Station. Bean wrote a book, ''With the Flagship in the South'' (London, 1909), based on his reports, with photographs, drawings and a water-colour frontispiece by the author, and had it published at his own expense.<ref>{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |last= Inglis |first= K.S. |authorlink= Ken Inglis |year= 1979 |id= A070225b |title= Bean, Charles Edwin Woodrow (1879 - 1968) |accessdate= 2008-03-19}}</ref>
{{Reflist|30em}}


==References==
In 1911 HMS ''Powerful'' visited ], ] to inspect the facilities and recommended the setting up of a Naval Store Organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rnzncomms.net.nz/navy/documents/history/navalrepairfacilities.html|title = DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL REPAIR FACILITIES AT AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND 1841-1962 From a Lecture by J.A. Bell, AMRINA Deputy Constructive Manager HMNZ Dockyard Devonport| last = Bell | first = J. A. | date = 1962 | accessdate = 2008-03-19 | publisher = RNZN Communicators' Asociation}}</ref>
* {{cite journal |last1=Burt|first1=Ray|title=The Powerful Class Cruisers of the Royal Navy, Part I|journal=Warship |issue=October |date=1988|volume=48|location=London|publisher=Conway Maritime Press |pages=5–15 |issn=0142-6222}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Cruisers of the Victorian Era|year=2012|publisher=Seaforth|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK|isbn=978-1-59114-068-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Kolesnik|editor2-first=Eugene M.|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|chapter=Great Britain and Empire Forces|author-last=Roberts|author-first=John|location=Greenwich, UK|date=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4|name-list-style=amp|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2}}


== Further reading ==
During World War I, ''Powerful'' and ''Terrible'' had most of their armament removed and served a troop transports and later accommodation ships.
* {{cite book|last=Bean|first=Charles Edwin Woodrow|title=With the flagship in the South|year=1909|publisher=Laurie|location=Londin|url=https://archive.org/details/withflagshipinso00beaniala}}


==External links==
After the end of the war, ''Powerful'' was renamed ''Impregnable'' in November 1919 and converted to a training ship. After ten years of this, she was sold on ] ] for breaking up.
{{Commons category|HMS Powerful (1895)}}
*


{{Powerful class cruiser}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}


*{{Colledge}} {{good article}}

{{Powerful class cruiser}}


] {{DEFAULTSORT:Powerful (1895)}}
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Latest revision as of 08:46, 11 November 2024

British lead ship of Powerful-class For other ships with the same name, see HMS Powerful.

Sailors line the deck of Powerful in Sydney Harbour, Australia (1905–1912)
History
United Kingdom
NamePowerful
BuilderVickers Limited, Barrow-in-Furness
Laid down10 March 1894
Launched24 July 1895
Commissioned8 June 1897
RenamedImpregnable, November 1919
ReclassifiedTraining ship, August 1912
Stricken27 March 1929
FateSold for scrap, August 1929
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typePowerful-class protected cruiser
Displacement14,200 long tons (14,400 t) (normal)
Length538 ft (164.0 m) (o/a)
Beam71 ft (21.6 m)
Draught27 ft (8.2 m)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph)
Range7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Complement894 (designed); 799 (1916)
Armament
Armour

HMS Powerful was the lead ship of her class of two protected cruisers built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the 1890s. She was initially assigned to the China Station and then provided landing parties which fought in the Siege of Ladysmith of 1899–1900 during the Second Boer War. After a lengthy refit, the ship was placed in reserve until 1905 when Powerful became the flagship of the Australia Station. Upon her return home in 1912, she was again reduced to reserve for a brief time before she was reclassified as a training ship. The ship remained in this role until 1929 when she was sold for scrap.

Design and description

The Powerful-class cruiser was designed to counter the Russian armoured cruiser Rurik which had been designed as a long-range commerce raider. This required long range and high speed to catch the Russian ship. The ships displaced 14,200 long tons (14,400 t) at normal load. They had an overall length of 538 feet (164.0 m), a beam of 71 feet (21.6 m) and a draught of 27 feet (8.2 m). The ships were powered by a pair of four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by 48 Belleville boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of 25,000 indicated horsepower (19,000 kW) at forced draught and gave a maximum speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph). Powerful reached a maximum speed of 21.8 knots (40.4 km/h; 25.1 mph) from 25,886 ihp (19,303 kW) during her sea trials. She carried enough coal to give her a range of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) and her complement consisted of 894 officers and ratings.

The main armament of the Powerful-class cruisers consisted of two 9.2-inch (234 mm) Mk VIII guns in single gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. Her secondary armament of a dozen 6-inch (152 mm) Mk I or II guns was arranged in casemates amidships. The end casemates were the first two-storey (guns on the main and upper decks) casemates in the RN. For defence against torpedo boats, sixteen 12-pounder 3-inch (76 mm) 12-cwt guns and a dozen 3-pounder (47 mm (1.9 in)) Hotchkiss guns were fitted. Two additional 12-pounder 8-cwt guns could be dismounted for service ashore. The ships also mounted four submerged 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, a pair on each broadside.

With the exception of the barbettes, which used mild steel, all of the protective plating of the cruisers was Harvey armour. The curved protective deck ranged in thickness from 2.5–4 inches (64–102 mm) and the conning tower was protected by 12 inches (305 mm). The armour of the gun turrets, their barbettes and the casemates was 6 inches thick. The casemates had 2-inch (51 mm) backs.

Construction and career

Powerful was laid down by Vickers Limited in their Barrow-in-Furness shipyard on 10 March 1894 and launched on 24 July 1895 by the Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. The ship was commissioned on 8 June 1897 with Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton in command, for service on the China Station. Her departure was delayed so that she could participate in the fleet review commemorating Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee on 26 June and the annual fleet manoeuvres in July. During a full-power run between Wei Hai Wai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, in late July 1898, her stokers mutinied, but she then visited Port Arthur without incident.

Ordered home in 1899, Powerful was diverted from the shorter route through the Suez Canal to round the southern tip of Africa in light of rising tensions between the British and the Boers in South Africa. The ship departed Hong Kong, China, on 17 September and arrived at Simonstown on 13 October, two days after the Second Boer War began; Lambton having picked up a half-battalion of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry from the island of Mauritius on his own initiative. Her sister ship, Terrible, commanded by Captain Percy Scott, arrived the following day and Scott improvised field carriages for a pair of 4.7-inch (120 mm) and a pair of Terrible's 12-pounder guns. After a request from Lieutenant General George White, commander of the besieged forces at Ladysmith for more long-range artillery, Powerful ferried all four guns to Durban, reaching it on 29 November. Lambton acquired another pair of 12-pounders and led a naval brigade that reached Ladysmith on the last two trains to make it through. After the Relief of Ladysmith at the end of February, the brigade departed the town on 7 March and arrived at Simontown on the 12th. Powerful left Simonstown three days later and arrived at Portsmouth on 11 April.

The enthusiastic response in Britain to the "heroes of Ladysmith" was enormous and made Lambton a well-known public figure. Queen Victoria sent a telegram saying, "Pray express to the Naval Brigade my deep appreciation of the valuable services they have rendered with their guns." while a reception and celebratory march through London were among the first events ever recorded on film.

A newspaper described Powerful's return home:

As the great vessel steamed into Portsmouth Harbour at four o'clock this afternoon, she was greeted with thunders of applause .... vessels lying off here were dressed with flags, and their crews, swarming along the yards, swelled the roar of welcome......By three o'clock the jetty was thronged with men, women and children. ... A more eager, joyous gathering I never saw.....We cheered, we waved hats and handkerchiefs and we were half wild with delight.

— Daily News
Captain Hedworth Lambton

The naval brigade paraded for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle on 2 May. The RN field gun competition commemorates the participation of Terrible and Powerful in the relief of Ladysmith. In 1921 a new Primary School in Ladysmith was named after Lieutenant Frederick Greville Egerton, a gunnery officer from Powerful who was killed at Ladysmith.

Later career

Powerful paid off on 8 June 1900 at Portsmouth Dockyard and later began a long refit in 1902–1903 During this refit, the RN added four six-inch guns in casemates amidships, although no additional ammunition could be accommodated in the ship. The ship was briefly commissioned in August 1903 to participate in the annual fleet manoeuvres and was assigned to the reserve on 1 March 1905. In August Captain Lionel Halsey took command of Powerful, as flag captain to Sir Wilmot Fawkes as Commander-in-Chief Australia Station. At the time Powerful was commissioning as flagship on the Australia Station. Halsey remained in that post until 1908.

At the beginning of December 1905, Powerful was at Fremantle in Western Australia. On 10 October 1907 the ship took aboard a new crew in Colombo, Ceylon. On 3 February 1908 the first trans-Tasman radio transmission was made via Powerful which was in the Tasman Sea. A Sydney Morning Herald journalist, Charles Bean, joined the ship in August 1908 as a special correspondent to report the visit of sixteen American warships – the Great White Fleet. Bean wrote a book, With the Flagship in the South (London, 1909), based on his reports and had it published at his own expense. Powerful took aboard a new crew in Colombo on 12 January 1910. In 1911 Powerful visited Auckland, New Zealand to inspect the facilities and Captain Edward Bruen recommended the setting up of a naval stores facility.

Powerful (right) in Southampton, near the Titanic (center), and Repulse (left)

The ship was ordered home in January 1912 and loaded the body of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife at Port Said, Egypt, on 9 March en route. On April 10th, the ship was photographed in Southampton along with the battleship HMS Revenge (1892) and the ocean liner Titanic. After arriving, she was briefly assigned to the 7th Cruiser Squadron of the Third (Reserve) Fleet before she was reclassified as a boys training ship at Devonport in August 1912. Powerful was assigned as a tender to HMS Impregnable in 1913. She was reassigned to a training role on 23 September and was renamed Impregnable I in November 1919. The ship was paid off on 27 March 1929 and was sold in August 1929 for breaking up.

Notes

  1. "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Citations

  1. ^ Roberts, p. 67
  2. Friedman, p. 335
  3. ^ Burt, pp. 8, 13
  4. Friedman, p. 343
  5. Bronze medallion showing on the obverse a ship and the words 'H.M.S. "POWERFUL"'. The reverse bears the words 'H.M.S. POWERFUL LENGTH 500 FEET 2500 HORSE POWER LAUNCHED BY HER GRACE THE DUCHESS OF DEVONSHIRE AT BARROW IN FURNESS 24TH JULY 1895 THIS MEDAL IS MADE OF BRONZE FROM H.M.S. POWERFUL'. Medallion held by the Australian War Memorial - image reference ID Number: REL/09940
  6. Burt, p. 12
  7. Burt, pp. 12–13
  8. Illustrated London News Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine and elsewhere
  9. Navy website
  10. The Heroes of Ladysmith Marching Through London Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine and The Queen's Reception to the Heroes of Ladysmith
  11. Memorials & Monuments in Portsmouth City Centre quoting the Daily News Archived 2 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  12. "The Field Gun Run". Naval Traditions. Royal Naval Museum Library. 2000. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  13. McKenzie, R. "History of School". Egerton Primary School. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  14. Crowe, George (1903). The commission of H.M.S. "Terrible," 1898–1902. London: G Newnes. p. 199. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  15. ^ Burt, p. 13
  16. Friedman, p. 234
  17. "No. 27922". The London Gazette. 15 June 1906. p. 4157. Information, dated 12 April 1906, has been received from Captain L. Halsey, His Majesty's ship Powerful, that ...
  18. "No. 27950". The London Gazette. 18 September 1906. p. 6326. Information, dated 26 July 1906, has been received from Captain L. Halsey, His Majesty's ship Powerful, that ...
  19. Grazebrook, Lieutenant Commander A. W. (30 September 1975). "Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey, GCMG, GCVO, KCIE, CB, DLJP 1872–1949". Naval Historical Society of Australia. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  20. "HALSEY, Sir Lionel (1872–1949), Admiral". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  21. "HMS Powerful at Fremantle, 1 December 1905 [picture]". State Library of Western Australia. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  22. "Australasian telecommunications: beginnings". Caslon Analytics. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  23. Inglis, K.S. (1979). "Bean, Charles Edwin Woodrow (1879–1968)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  24. Bell, J. A. (1962). "DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL REPAIR FACILITIES AT AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND 1841–1962 From a Lecture by J.A. Bell, AMRINA Deputy Constructive Manager HMNZ Dockyard Devonport". RNZN Communicators' Association. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  25. Friedman, p. 231

References

Further reading

External links

Powerful-class cruisers

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