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'''Allegations of apartheid''' have been made with regard to countries and societies beyond ] in the years since the international condemnation of the now dismantled ] system. Activists and political theorists have used the term "apartheid" to describe other perceived social or political ]. Apartheid has been used in compound phrases coined to compare actual or alleged forms of ], discrimination or disparity to South African apartheid.


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==History==
{{R from less specific name}}
The term apartheid (meaning ''separateness'' in ]) referred to a system of segregation used in South Africa between 1948 and 1994 and "]", the political program of the now defunct ].
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{{R from short name}}
As a result of international attention and widespread opposition to the apartheid system in South Africa the concept of the ] was developed internationally and recognized in 1973 by the ] in the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid.<ref name="ICSPCA">{{cite web
{{R with history}}
|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/11.htm
{{R unprintworthy}}
|title=International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of ''Apartheid''
}}
|author=United Nations
|date=30 November
|year=2006
|accessdaymonth=8 October
|accessyear=2006}}</ref> "As such, apartheid was declared to be a ], with a scope that went far beyond South Africa. While the crime of apartheid is most often associated with the racist policies of South Africa after 1947, the term more generally refers to racially based policies in any state."<ref>{{cite book
|title=The International Law Commission of the United Nations
|first=Jeffrey S.
|last=Morton
|year=2000
|publisher=University of South Carolina Press
|isbn=1570031703
|pages=27}}</ref> In light of South African apartheid being dismantled by the end of 1993, legal scholars discussed whether the convention could be invoked by other victimized ].<ref>{{cite book
|title=Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy
|first=Jason S.
|last=Abrams
|coauthors=Steven Richard Ratner
|year=2001
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0198298714
|pages=122-123}}</ref> The U.N. again defined the crime in the 2002 ], the treaty establishing the ].<ref name="rome_art5">{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/2.htm#art.5
|title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Part 2, Article 5
|author=United Nations
|year=2002
|accessdaymonth=21 July
|accessyear=2007}}</ref>

==Post-South Africa==
{{seealso|Israel and the apartheid analogy}}
The term apartheid has been used in the ] to allege systematic discrimination against ]s by ]. In France the word apartheid has been used to describe the ] where Arab immigrants are not integrated with the general French population and live with inferior social services and housing.<ref name=Silverstein>Silverstein, Paul A. & Tetreault, Chantal., Civil Unrest in the French Suburbs, November 2005, ], June 11, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</ref><ref name=Follath>"The truth is that certain French citizens are treated as second-class citizens, if not the leprous members of the national community. Their children are sent to ghetto schools and taught by inexperienced teachers, they are crammed into inhumane public housing developments, and they are confronted with an essentially closed job market. In short, they live in a bleak, devastated universe. France is disintegrating before our eyes into socio-economic communities, into territorial and social apartheid. The rich live in their own ghettos. Institutionalized racism is a daily reality." Follath, Erich. , '']'', November 16, 2005.</ref> ] has been used to describe the ] of the poor (who are mostly dark-skinned) from wealthier classes.<ref>Ladle, Jane. ''Insight Guides: Brazil'', American Map, 1999, p. 76.</ref>

Other countries whose practices have been compared to apartheid include ],<ref>]. '']'', November 11, 2005.</ref> ] for its treatment of native peoples,<ref></ref> <ref></ref> the ] in regards to the ] pass system for peasant population,<ref name=rethinks>Luard, Tim. , '']'', November 10, 2005.</ref> as well as ].<ref>United States Congressional Serial Set, United States Government Printing Office, 1993, p. 110.</ref> ] has been accused of practicing ],<ref>° "One of the most disconcerting aspects of contemporary Cuba is the government's creation of exclusive 'foreigner-only' tourism zones where Cuban nationals aren't welcome. Effectively, there are two Cubas, a reality that reeks of something akin to tourism apartheid, as many observers have noted.", ] Travel Guide to Cuba, 2006. Retrieved ], 2006.</ref> ] for its treatment of ],<ref>{{cite book
|title=Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation
|first=John |last=Shea |pages=150 |year=1997 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=0786402288}}</ref> ] for its ] which has been described as a "hidden apartheid,"<ref></ref> ] for its nationality law which excludes Jews from citizenship<ref></ref> and its two-tiered citizenship system in general,<ref>{{cite book
|title=Citizenship and the State: A Comparative Study of Citizenship Legislation in Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon
|first=Uri
|last=Davis
|authorlink=Uri Davis
|year=1997
|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press
|isbn=0863722180
|pages=7}}</ref> ] for its treatment of ],<ref>"In the 1950s and 1960s the National government occasionally talked of abolishing the ] seats. Some politicians described special representation as a form of 'apartheid', like in South Africa." , Elections New Zealand website, April 9 2005. Retrieved November 3, 2006.</ref><ref>, '']'', Jun 15, 2000.</ref> ] for its educational discrimination against the ], <ref>{{cite web
| last =Traynor
| first =Ian
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Apartheid in the heart of Europe: how Roma children lose out on education
| work =
| publisher ='']''
| date =], ]
| url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/eu/story/0,,2211951,00.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-16 }}</ref> ],<ref></ref> ],<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =US Congressman Urging Independence for PR Lives Paradox
| work =
| publisher =San Juan Star
| date= 1999-02-12
| url =http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/vol3n08/Gutierrez-en.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-07-22 }}</ref>
<ref></ref> the ] of the former ],<ref>{{ru icon}} (1996)</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} (2004)</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} (2003)</ref> the ],<ref>{{ru icon}} (2006)</ref> ],<ref>, Australian Centre for Sri Lankan Unity, publication no. 25b.</ref> as well as the proposed state of ].<ref>, Australian Centre for Sri Lankan Unity, publication no. 25b.</ref>
Muslim countries accused of ] include ],<ref>, Women's Human Rights Resource Programme, ] ] Law Library.</ref> Iran, ],<ref></ref> and ].<ref name=Hanigsberg>"In 'From the Valley of the Chador,' Jan Goodwin (1994) discusses 'gender apartheid' in Saudi Arabia, unmasking a phenomenon that, she argues, has long been thought of as a 'personal problem' and revealing it to be a political issue that deserves attention from the international human rights community." Hanigsberg (1997), p. 76.</ref> ] has been compared to apartheid,{{Fact|date=July 2008}} as has ''de jure'' and ''de facto'' practice of ].{{Fact|date=July 2008}}

Terms such as "Islamic apartheid", "Muslim apartheid" or "]" have been used to describe discrimination against non-Muslims in Muslim countries, or Muslims' own resistance to integration.<ref>See, e.g., http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/12/islams_apartheid.html</ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref> <ref></ref><ref></ref> "Gender apartheid" (or "sexual apartheid") has been used to describe ] and ]<ref></ref><ref></ref>, particularly ].<ref> Phyllis Chesler, "", '']'', December 16, 2005</ref> The term "sexual apartheid" has also been used to describe discrimination against gays and lesbians.<ref></ref><ref></ref>

"Global apartheid" has been used by advocates for the developing world, including ] ], to describe what they believe is an "international system of minority rule"<ref></ref> and the disparity between a minority of the world's population in developed countries and the rest of the world.<ref>
* by Salih Booker and William Minter in '']'', ] ]
* resources from the Africa Action website.
* by ].
* by ]
* from the from the ]</ref>

Disparities between rich and poor in various countries has been described as ], ] or economic apartheid, particularly in countries where the poor are more likely to have darker skin than the rich<ref></ref> or in European countries to describe the disparity and perceived ghettoization of Muslim immigrants.<ref></ref>

The lack of access of many of the world's poor to clean water has been called "water apartheid" <ref>Lyon, David. , '']'', November 9, 2006.</ref> while the government of Iran has used the term "nuclear apartheid" to denounce international attempts to stop ].<ref>, Aljazeera, December 26, 2005.</ref> <ref>, News24.com, November 30, 2005.</ref>

==See also==
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==References==
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