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| {{Short description|Political organisation in Poland}} | |||
| {{POV}} | |||
| {{Infobox political party | |||
| {{Citecheck}} | |||
| | name = National Radical Camp | |||
| {{onesource}} | |||
| | logo = ] | |||
| {{otheruses|National Radical Camp (disambiguation)}} | |||
| | colorcode = #009F3C | |||
| | leader = Adrian Kaczmarkiewicz | |||
| | president = | |||
| | chairman = | |||
| | secretary = Adrianna Gąsiorek | |||
| | general_secretary = | |||
| | first_secretary = | |||
| | secretary_general = | |||
| | presidium = | |||
| | spokesperson = | |||
| | foundation = 1993 | |||
| | ideology = {{*}}] ]<br>{{*}}]<br>{{*}}]<br>{{*}}]<br>{{*}}{{illm|National radicalism|lt=National radicalism|pl|Narodowy radykalizm}}<br>{{*}}]<br>{{*}}]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onr.com.pl/tag/lgbt/|title = LGBT}}</ref><br>{{*}}]<br>{{*}}] | |||
| | headquarters = Ogrodowa 4/10<br>42-200 ] | |||
| | international = | |||
| | website = https://www.onr.com.pl/ | |||
| | country = Poland | |||
| | abbreviation = '''ONR''' | |||
| | dissolution = | |||
| | colours = {{Color box|#467d53|border=darkgray}} Green {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} White | |||
| | membership = | |||
| | position = ] | |||
| | religion = ] | |||
| | national = | |||
| | flag = ] | |||
| | caption = | |||
| | deputy_leader = | |||
| | Website = https://www.onr.com.pl/ | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''National Radical Camp''' ({{langx|pl|Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny}}; ONR) is a radical ] and ] ] political organisation following in its activities the organization of the same name that existed before the ] in Poland. | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''National Radical Camp''' ({{lang-pl|Obóz Narodowo Radykalny, ONR}}) is a ] ] youth movement. | |||
| The current incarnation revived in 1993 is a ] movement in Poland much like its historical predecessors.<ref name="Gera">{{cite web |last1=Gera |first1=Vanessa |date=10 November 2017 |title=Polish far-right march goes global, drawing people from afar |url=https://www.apnews.com/7c92733db6f04e8ea912808ecc4837e6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113020435/https://apnews.com/7c92733db6f04e8ea912808ecc4837e6 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=AP News |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> It has often been described as ] and sometimes as ].<ref name="ROP2">{{cite web |date=23 June 2008 |title=ROP: in the Myślenice the ONR propagated fascism |url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/rpo-w-myslenicach-onr-propagowalo-faszyzm-6037416989926017a |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=] |publisher=] |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="Dryjanska2">{{cite web |last1=Dryjańska |first1=Anna |date=7 May 2017 |title=Between fascism and Nazism. We are analyzing the ONR point-to-point statement with the extreme right-wing researcher |url=http://natemat.pl/207439,miedzy-faszyzmem-i-nazizmem-a-onr-em-analizujemy-deklaracje-nacjonalistow-punkt-po-punkcie-z-badaczem-skrajnej-prawicy |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=] |language=pl}}</ref> As of 2012 it is registered as a ].<ref name="National Court Register">{{cite web |title=Association of the National Radical Camp |url=http://www.krs-online.com.pl/stowarzyszenie-oboz-narodowo-radykalny-krs-772664.html |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=National Court Register |language=pl}}</ref> | |||
| The ONR was created in 1993 with the intention to be a successor of pre-WW2 ] movement {{fact}}. | |||
| National Radical Camp is especially active in Southern ], drawing its members from among ] ],<ref>http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2006/poland.htm</ref>{{verification needed}} | |||
| The ONR considers itself an ideological descendant of the 1930s-era '''National Radical Camp''', an ], ], and ] political movement which existed in the pre-World War II ],<ref>{{cite web |author=Christian Davies |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Poland's president addresses far right at independence march |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/poland-far-right-independence-centenary |work=Guardian}}</ref> an illegal Polish ],<ref name="WIEM">{{in lang|pl}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530015637/http://213.180.130.202/8927,,,,oboz_narodowo_radykalny,haslo.html?drukuj=1|date=30 May 2011}} ]</ref> and ] political party formed on 14 April 1934 mostly by the youth radicals who left the ] of the ] movement.<ref name="WIEM" /> | |||
| ONR attracted some publicity in 2005, 2007<ref>http://www.jewish.org.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=878&Itemid=72</ref> and 2008 <ref>http://miasta.gazeta.pl/krakow/1,44425,5338606,Bezkarne_gesty_ONR_u_w_Myslenicach.html</ref>due to its demonstrations commemorating anniversary of the anti-Jewish ] in ] in 1936.<ref name="roth">{{cite journal | |||
| | date = 2005 | |||
| | title = Poland 2005 | |||
| | journal = | |||
| | publisher = ],] | |||
| | location = ], ] | |||
| | url = http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/poland.htm | |||
| | language = English | |||
| }}</ref><ref>{{pl icon}}</ref> | |||
| == |
== Ideology == | ||
| The modern National Radical Camp, like its predecessors, is ].<ref name="ROP">{{cite web |date=23 June 2008 |title=ROP: in the Myślenice the ONR propagated fascism |url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/rpo-w-myslenicach-onr-propagowalo-faszyzm-6037416989926017a |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=] |publisher=] |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="Dryjanska">{{cite web |last1=Dryjańska |first1=Anna |date=7 May 2017 |title=Between fascism and Nazism. We are analyzing the ONR point-to-point statement with the extreme right-wing researcher |url=http://natemat.pl/207439,miedzy-faszyzmem-i-nazizmem-a-onr-em-analizujemy-deklaracje-nacjonalistow-punkt-po-punkcie-z-badaczem-skrajnej-prawicy |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=] |language=pl}}</ref> The ] ] considers the organization a fascist group promoting racial and national hatred and has called on Poland to de-legalize it by enforcing its constitutional ban on such groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Komitet ONZ apeluje o delegalizację m.in. Młodzieży Wszechpolskiej i ONR-u. "Promują nienawiść" |url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,25210065,komitet-onz-apeluje-o-delegalizacje-m-in-mlodziezy-wszechpolskiej.html |access-date=2019-09-20 |website=gazeta.pl |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=UN Committee calls on Poland to delegalise radical right groups |url=https://polandin.com/44459040/un-committee-calls-on-poland-to-delegalise-radical-right-groups |access-date=2019-09-20 |website=polandin.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, Poland’s Supreme Court ruled that the National Radical Camp could be called fascist. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Daniel |first1=Tilles |date=28 February 2021 |title=Far-right group can be called "fascist", rules Poland's Supreme Court |newspaper=Notes from Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/02/28/far-right-group-can-be-called-fascists-rules-polands-supreme-court/}}</ref> | |||
| The party flag of the organization was included in the police handbook as an explicitly racist symbol and has made usage of the ], an old symbol appropriated by ].<ref name="DW1">{{Cite web |last=(www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche Welle |title=Poland: Racism on the rise {{!}} Europe {{!}} DW.COM {{!}} 17.12.2016 |url=http://www.dw.com/en/poland-racism-on-the-rise/a-36812032 |access-date=2017-04-30 |website=DW.COM |language=en}}</ref> The ] subsequently pulled the book from circulation after a complaint from MP ].<ref name="DW1" /> | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| In 2015, an ONR demonstration ended with the burning of an effigy of an ultra-Orthodox Jew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sokol |first=Sam |date=2015-11-19 |title=Jew burned in effigy by Polish anti-migrant demonstrators |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Jew-burned-in-effigy-during-Polish-demonstration-against-Muslim-refugees-434679 |access-date=2019-11-22 |website=www.jpost.com}}</ref> Proceedings were opened for violating laws against "insulting people based on religion, ethnicity, race or nationality".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keating |first=Joshua |date=2015-11-20 |title=Anti-Refugee Polish Nationalists Didn't Get the Message That They're Not Supposed to Hate Jews Anymore |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/11/jewish-effigy-burned-at-polish-anti-migrant-rally.html |access-date=2019-11-22 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| {{Poland-stub}} | |||
| {{Fascism-stub}} | |||
| In 2019, the Lublin-Południe District Prosecutor's Office opened proceedings against ONR for "public propagation of a totalitarian regime" after they published a Tweet celebrating Belgian fascist and ] ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=ONR upamiętnił urodziny belgijskiego oficera SS. Prokuratura wszczęła śledztwo |url=https://lublin.onet.pl/onr-upamietnil-urodziny-belgijskiego-oficera-ss-prokuratura-wszczela-sledztwo/7y563fv |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=Onet Lublin |language=pl}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| == Marches == | |||
| ] | |||
| ], July 2007. The banner carries the inscription "Niesiemy Polsce Odrodzenie My Nowe Pokolenie" ("We, the new generation, bring rebirth to Poland").]] | |||
| ] | |||
| === Myślenice rallies === | |||
| ONR attracted publicity in 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009 for unauthorized marches during the anniversary of the anti-Jewish riot in ] in 1936.<ref name="GWK">Bartłomiej Kuraś, Source: ] ]. Retrieved January 23, 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeitschrift OSTEUROPA {{!}} Fiddler as a Fig Leaf |url=https://www.zeitschrift-osteuropa.de/hefte/international/impulses-for-europe/fiddler-as-a-fig-leaf/ |access-date=2018-02-26 |website=www.zeitschrift-osteuropa.de |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ONR po raz czwarty |work=Miasto-info.pl - Myślenice oczami mieszkańców |url=http://miasto-info.pl/myslenice/1166,onr-po-raz-czwarty.html |access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> In 2005 the group had a couple of hundred members.<ref name="roth">{{cite web |date=2005 |title=Poland 2005 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/poland.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502185931/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2005/poland.htm |archive-date=2 May 2008 |website=The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism |publisher=], ] |location=Tel Aviv, Israel |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
| An illegal rally held on June 30, 2007 resulted in a court case, in which the ONR leader, Wojciech Mazurkiewicz, was ] only because the magistrate warning was issued too late, according to the presiding ].<ref name="gazeta.pl/wyrok">{{cite web |author=Bartłomiej Kuraś |date=2008-05-28 |title=Myślenice: wyrok po myśli ONR-u |url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,5255698.html |access-date=January 25, 2013 |publisher=Gazeta Wyborcza Kraków |language=pl}}</ref> The 2008 rally led by the same ONR leader was taped by police with the intention of sharing the video with the local prosecutors office according to ] Police.<ref name="GWK" /><ref>{{in lang|pl}} Retrieved from ] archive, {{nobreak|January 24, 2013.}}</ref> | |||
| ONR members at a 2008 rally in Myślenice made a ] before disbanding. When questioned by reporters at the scene, the ONR leader claimed it is different from the ].<ref name="dziennik.pl(2008-06-21)">PAP (2008-06-21), {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416073551/http://www.dziennik.pl/wydarzenia/article195823|date=16 April 2013}} ''Dziennik.pl'' Kraj. Retrieved January 25, 2013.</ref> | |||
| === Independence Day marches === | |||
| ] | |||
| The association has also been known as initiators of marches during the ] of Poland. One of them (in Warsaw), as a co-initiative of several different nationalist movements in 2010, evolved in 2012 into one of the biggest events during the day, which now attracts a more diverse community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2014 |title=Transmisja Marszu Niepodległości (Video coverage of the event by a Catholic publisher) |url=http://www.radiomaryja.pl/multimedia/transmisja-marszu-niepodleglosci/ |website=Radiomaryja.pl |publisher=Radio Maryja |language=pl}}</ref> Since 2012, it has been organized by a registered association which was founded and is co-chaired by ONR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historia Marszu Niepodległości (The history of The Independence March) |url=https://marszniepodleglosci.pl/ |access-date=November 14, 2014 |website=Official site of the March of the Independence |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stowarzyszenie Marsz Niepodległości (The Association The Independence March) |url=http://www.krs-online.com.pl/stowarzyszenie-marsz-niepodleglosci-krs-720405.html |access-date=November 14, 2014 |website=National Court Register |language=pl}}</ref> | |||
| On 11 November 2017, 60,000 people marched in an Independence Day celebration procession co-organized by the ONR along with the ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-12 |title=White nationalists call for ethnic purity at Polish demonstration |language=en-US |work=POLITICO |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/white-nationalists-call-for-ethnic-purity-at-polish-independence-day-march/ |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=60,000 join far-right march on Poland's Independence Day |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/poland-independence-day-nationalists-march-1.4399092 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=CBC News |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> People from the group "Black Block", which consisted of associations "Niklot" and "Szturmowcy", carried banners that read "White Europe", "Europe Will Be White" and "Clean Blood".<ref name="Hinshaw">{{cite news |last1=Hinshaw |first1=Drew |date=11 November 2017 |title=Polish Nationalist Youth March Draws Thousands in Capital |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |location=Warsaw |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/polish-nationalist-youth-march-draws-thousands-in-capital-1510429006 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Day">{{cite web |last1=Day |first1=Matthew |date=12 November 2017 |title=Nationalist protesters disrupt Poland independence day events |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/12/europe/poland-warsaw-nationalist-march/index.html |access-date=12 November 2017 |publisher=CNN |location=Warsaw}}</ref> There were also others who were chanting "Death to enemies of the homeland" and "Catholic Poland, not secular".<ref name="Day" /> Foreign guests included self-identified Italian fascist ], Slovak ] MP ], and several members of Hungary's far-right ] party.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Charnysh |first=Volha |date=2018-01-19 |title=The Rise of Poland's Far Right |language=en-US |journal=Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/poland/2017-12-18/rise-polands-far-right |access-date=2019-11-18 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> American ] ] planned to speak at the march, but was banned from doing so,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-12 |title=Poland nationalist rally with neo-Nazi slogans, calls for 'Islamic holocaust' draws biggest crowd ever |language=en |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/poland-nationalist-rally-neo-nazi-slogans-calls-islamic-holocaust-draws-708984 |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> with the Ministry announcing in a later statement that Spencer's views were "in conflict with the legal order of Poland".<ref name="guspencer">{{cite news |date=27 October 2017 |title=Poland to white nationalist Richard Spencer: keep out |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/27/poland-to-richard-spencer-keep-out |access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> The march was cited in a ] resolution that called for member states to act decisively against far-right extremism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Polish reputation at stake over banned neo-Nazi march |url=https://euobserver.com/political/143327 |access-date=2019-11-22 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2018 |title=Ban overturned on Polish independence march by nationalists |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46143753/}}</ref> | |||
| For the march in 2018, the Italian ] party ] was invited.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Christian |date=2018-11-11 |title=Poland's president addresses far right at independence march |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/poland-far-right-independence-centenary |access-date=2019-11-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bill |first=Stanley |date=9 November 2019 |title=Nationalism or patriotism? Poland's March of Independence |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2019/11/09/nationalism-or-patriotism-polands-march-of-independence-2019/}}</ref> Far-right activists and groups from Hungary, Estonia, Belarus, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, USA and Portugal joined the event in 2021 and formed the “Nationalistic Column” with Polish far-right organizations and movements, including but not limited to: “Trzecia Droga”, “Szturmowcy”, Autonomiczni Nacjonaliści, All-Polish Youth, National Rebirth of Poland (NOP) and the ONR.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sepioło |first1=Mariusz |date=17 December 2021 |title=Nazizm pod flagą biało-czerwoną |url=https://frontstory.pl/marsz-niepodleglosci-nazizm-nacjonalizm-miedzynarodowka/ |website=frontstory.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Marsz Niepodległości 2021: Nacjonalistyczna kolumna |url=https://www.onr.com.pl/2021/11/12/marsz-niepodleglosci-2021-nacjonalistyczna-kolumna/ |website=ONR - Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny}}</ref> | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Ref-list}} | |||
| {{Polish political parties}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 18:22, 14 December 2024
Political organisation in Poland| National Radical Camp | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | ONR |
| Leader | Adrian Kaczmarkiewicz |
| Secretary | Adrianna Gąsiorek |
| Founded | 1993 |
| Headquarters | Ogrodowa 4/10 42-200 Częstochowa |
| Ideology | • Polish ultranationalism • Neo-fascism • Anti-globalization • Hard Euroscepticism • National radicalism [pl] • Anti-communism • Anti-LGBT • Anti-immigration • Anti-capitalism |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Colours | Green White |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
| https://www.onr.com.pl/ | |
The National Radical Camp (Polish: Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny; ONR) is a radical right-wing and nationalist Polish political organisation following in its activities the organization of the same name that existed before the Second World War in Poland.
The current incarnation revived in 1993 is a far-right movement in Poland much like its historical predecessors. It has often been described as fascist and sometimes as neo-Nazi. As of 2012 it is registered as a common-interest association.
The ONR considers itself an ideological descendant of the 1930s-era National Radical Camp, an ultranationalist, patriotic, and antisemitic political movement which existed in the pre-World War II Second Polish Republic, an illegal Polish anti-communist, and nationalist political party formed on 14 April 1934 mostly by the youth radicals who left the National Party of the National Democracy movement.
Ideology
The modern National Radical Camp, like its predecessors, is fascist. The United Nations Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considers the organization a fascist group promoting racial and national hatred and has called on Poland to de-legalize it by enforcing its constitutional ban on such groups. In 2021, Poland’s Supreme Court ruled that the National Radical Camp could be called fascist.
The party flag of the organization was included in the police handbook as an explicitly racist symbol and has made usage of the Celtic Cross, an old symbol appropriated by neo-Nazis. The Interior Ministry subsequently pulled the book from circulation after a complaint from MP Adam Andruszkiewicz.
In 2015, an ONR demonstration ended with the burning of an effigy of an ultra-Orthodox Jew. Proceedings were opened for violating laws against "insulting people based on religion, ethnicity, race or nationality".
In 2019, the Lublin-Południe District Prosecutor's Office opened proceedings against ONR for "public propagation of a totalitarian regime" after they published a Tweet celebrating Belgian fascist and SS officer Léon Degrelle.
Marches
Myślenice rallies
ONR attracted publicity in 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009 for unauthorized marches during the anniversary of the anti-Jewish riot in Myślenice in 1936. In 2005 the group had a couple of hundred members.
An illegal rally held on June 30, 2007 resulted in a court case, in which the ONR leader, Wojciech Mazurkiewicz, was acquitted only because the magistrate warning was issued too late, according to the presiding judge. The 2008 rally led by the same ONR leader was taped by police with the intention of sharing the video with the local prosecutors office according to Lesser Poland Police.
ONR members at a 2008 rally in Myślenice made a Roman salute before disbanding. When questioned by reporters at the scene, the ONR leader claimed it is different from the Nazi salute.
Independence Day marches
The association has also been known as initiators of marches during the National Independence Day of Poland. One of them (in Warsaw), as a co-initiative of several different nationalist movements in 2010, evolved in 2012 into one of the biggest events during the day, which now attracts a more diverse community. Since 2012, it has been organized by a registered association which was founded and is co-chaired by ONR.
On 11 November 2017, 60,000 people marched in an Independence Day celebration procession co-organized by the ONR along with the All-Polish Youth. People from the group "Black Block", which consisted of associations "Niklot" and "Szturmowcy", carried banners that read "White Europe", "Europe Will Be White" and "Clean Blood". There were also others who were chanting "Death to enemies of the homeland" and "Catholic Poland, not secular". Foreign guests included self-identified Italian fascist Roberto Fiore, Slovak neo-Nazi MP Milan Mazurek, and several members of Hungary's far-right Jobbik party. American white supremacist Richard Spencer planned to speak at the march, but was banned from doing so, with the Ministry announcing in a later statement that Spencer's views were "in conflict with the legal order of Poland". The march was cited in a European Parliament resolution that called for member states to act decisively against far-right extremism.
For the march in 2018, the Italian neo-fascist party Forza Nuova was invited. Far-right activists and groups from Hungary, Estonia, Belarus, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, USA and Portugal joined the event in 2021 and formed the “Nationalistic Column” with Polish far-right organizations and movements, including but not limited to: “Trzecia Droga”, “Szturmowcy”, Autonomiczni Nacjonaliści, All-Polish Youth, National Rebirth of Poland (NOP) and the ONR.
References
- "LGBT".
- Gera, Vanessa (10 November 2017). "Polish far-right march goes global, drawing people from afar". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- "ROP: in the Myślenice the ONR propagated fascism". Wirtualna Polska (in Polish). Polish Press Agency. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- Dryjańska, Anna (7 May 2017). "Between fascism and Nazism. We are analyzing the ONR point-to-point statement with the extreme right-wing researcher". NaTemat.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- "Association of the National Radical Camp" (in Polish). National Court Register. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- Christian Davies (November 11, 2018). "Poland's president addresses far right at independence march". Guardian.
- ^ (in Polish) Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny Archived 30 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine WIEM Encyklopedia
- "ROP: in the Myślenice the ONR propagated fascism". Wirtualna Polska (in Polish). Polish Press Agency. 23 June 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- Dryjańska, Anna (7 May 2017). "Between fascism and Nazism. We are analyzing the ONR point-to-point statement with the extreme right-wing researcher". NaTemat.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- "Komitet ONZ apeluje o delegalizację m.in. Młodzieży Wszechpolskiej i ONR-u. "Promują nienawiść" [UN Committee calls for the banning of, inter alia, All-Polish Youth and ONR. "They promote hatred"]". gazeta.pl (in Polish). 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
- S.A, Telewizja Polska. "UN Committee calls on Poland to delegalise radical right groups". polandin.com. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
- Daniel, Tilles (28 February 2021). "Far-right group can be called "fascist", rules Poland's Supreme Court". Notes from Poland.
- ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Poland: Racism on the rise | Europe | DW.COM | 17.12.2016". DW.COM. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
- Sokol, Sam (2015-11-19). "Jew burned in effigy by Polish anti-migrant demonstrators". www.jpost.com. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
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