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{{Short description|17th century monument in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{POV|date=April 2008}}
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2007}}
{{Infobox Korean name {{Infobox Korean name
|img=Samjeondo Monument 01.JPG
|img=
|hangul=삼전도비 |hangul=삼전도비
|hanja=三田渡碑 |hanja={{linktext|三|田|渡|碑}}
|rr=Sam-jeon-do-bi |rr=Samjeondobi
|mr=Sam-jŏn-do-bi |mr=Samjŏndobi
}} }}
The '''Samjeondo Monument''' ({{Korean|hangul=삼전도비|hanja=三田渡碑}}) is a monument marking the submission of the Korean ] to the ]-led ] in 1636 after the ]. Its original name was '''Daecheong Hwangje Gongdeok Bi''' (大淸皇帝功德碑), which means the stele to the merits and virtues of the Emperor of the Great Qing. Initially erected at Samjeondo, near the Sambatnaru crossing point of the ] in modern-day ], it was thereafter buried and erected again several times. It is designated as the 101st historic site of South Korea.
⚫ {{wikisourcelang|zh|大淸皇帝功德碑}}
The '''Samjeondo Monument''' (South Korean Historic site no. 11) is a monument marking ]'s submission to China's ] in ]. It is located in Seokchon-dong, Songpa-gu, ], ] today. The formal name is:


==Names== ==Erection==
⚫ Following the siege of ], ] was forced to surrender and accept ] to Qing China in 1636. The following year, ], founding emperor of the Qing dynasty, ordered King Injo to put up a monument "in honor of the excellent virtues of the Qing Emperor". In 1639 it was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of surrender had been conducted.<ref name=kang>{{cite book|last=Kang|first=David C.|title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute|year=2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=104–105}}</ref> Inscriptions were written in Manchu and Mongolian on the front side and in ] on the back; they have almost identical contents. The ] version was composed by Yi Gyeongseok (李景奭), and the rest seem to have been translated from it.
⚫ *in ]: Daicing gurun-i Enduringge Han-i gung erdemui bei (])
⚫ *in ]: {{Unicode|Dayičing ulus-un Boɤda Qaɤan-u erdem bilig-i daɤurisɤaɤsan bei}}
*in ]: Daqing Huangdi Gongde Bei (大清皇帝功德碑)


⚫ Samjeondo, meaning "crossing of the three fields", was located near the Sambatnaru, a major crossing point of the ] in early Joseon times. The Sambatnaru way was the shortest route to the stronghold of ] and the southern provinces. It was also the one most often used to visit the tomb of ] at the foot of Mt. Daemosan.
⚫ which can be translated as "the stele to the merits and virtues of the August Sovereign of Qing."


==History== ==Timeline==
Because of the strong emotional charge attached to it, this monument has been buried and then erected again several times from 1639 till nowadays.
⚫ Following the siege of ], the ] surrendered to and was forced to accept vassal status to the Manchu Empire in 1636. The following year, ], Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, ordered Korea to put up a monument in honor of the excellent virtues of the Manchu Emperor. In ] it was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of surrender had been conducted. Inscriptions were written in Manchu and Mongolian on the front side and in Chinese on the back; they have almost identical contents. The Chinese version was composed by Yi Gyeongseok (李景奭), and the rest seem to have been translated from it.


* 1895. The monument was buried down as a result of the ] that concluded the ].
⚫ Samjeondo, meaning "crossing of the three fields", was located near the Sambatnaru, a major crossing point of the ] in early Joseon times. The Sambatnaru way was the shortest route to the stronghold of Gwangju and the southern provinces. It was also the one most often used to visit the tomb of King Taejong at the foot of Mt. Daemosan.
* 1913. The monument is erected again.
* ???. The monument is buried after 1945. During ]'s presidency (1948–1960), orders were given to destroy the stele, but the Ministry of Culture had it buried instead.<ref>Keith L. Pratt et al. (editors), '''' (London: Routledge, 2004), .</ref>
* 1957. South Korean Government designates the site as Historic Site No 101 (1957/02/01).<ref>{{cite web|last=Songpa-gu Office|title=Samjeondo Monument|url=http://english.songpa.go.kr/eng/s01_05_01_tab05.jsp|publisher=Songpa-gu Office|accessdate=29 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120707235338/http://english.songpa.go.kr/eng/s01_05_01_tab05.jsp|archivedate=7 July 2012}}</ref>
*1963. The monument becomes visible after the river floods.
* 1983. Monument is placed in a park, 37.503351 N,127.107083 E,<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Map|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=37.503351,127.107083&z=17&t=h&hl=en|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Panoramio|
url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/4342755|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref> i.e. in ], ], ], ]


* 2010. Monument is relocated 37.510407 N, 127.101635 E.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Map|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=37.510407,127.101635&z=17&t=h&hl=en|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Panoramio|
] who king of the Joseon Dynasty had to kneel 3 times on the ground and hit his head 9 times on the ground (]), to show his vassal status to ] who the first Emperor of the ].<ref>
url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/56516560|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>
{{cite book|title=仁祖 34卷, 15年 (1636) 正月30日 |publisher=]|language=Korean|quote=龍胡入報, 出傳汗言曰: “前日之事, 欲言則長矣。 今能勇決而來, 深用喜幸。” 上答曰: “天恩罔極。” 龍胡等引入, 設席於壇下北面, 請上就席, 使淸人臚唱。 上行'''三拜九叩頭禮'''。}}</ref>


==Names==
The monument was buried after the Qing army was wiped out during the ] but was re-erected in 1895. In 1956 the South Korean ministry of culture and education reinterred the monument, considering it a record of national humiliation. It was unearthed in 1963 however due to a flood, and was eventually registered as a cultural property, in recognition that even shameful events in history must be remembered. In 1983 the city of Seoul built a small park around the monument. Understandably, the South Korean government has done little besides this to attract attention to the site, which is generally considered shameful by patriotic Koreans.
⚫ *in ]: Daicing gurun-i Enduringge Han-i gung erdemui bei (])
⚫ *in ]: Dayičing ulus-un Boγda Qaγan-u erdem bilig-i daγurisγaγsan bei (])
*in ]: Dàqīng huángdì gōngdé bēi ('''大淸皇帝功德碑''')


⚫ which can be translated as "the stele to the merits and virtues of the Emperor of the Great Qing."
==Contents==
⚫ Both the Manchu and Koreans saw the inscription as the litmus test for Korea's attitude toward the Manchu Emperor, so ] frayed his nerves to it. As a result, it greatly flattered the Manchus; namely, the inscription narrates how the king of Korea came to attach himself to the virtue of the Manchu Emperor from a Korean point of view. Although one-sided, it provides a concise account of the Manchu-Korean relationship.


==Content==
⚫ The inscription starts with the description of the second Manchu campaign against Korea in 1636. The Manchu army besieged the Namhan fortress, where King Injo took refuge. He admitted his guilt, accepted the imperial edict and surrendered at Samjeondo. Since Hong Taiji felt compassion for the king, he mercifully sent the king back to the capital and rapidly withdrew the army without doing harm to the people.


===Description===
⚫ In the next paragraph, the inscription traces the history back to the ] in 1619. The Korean army, led by ], put on the appearance of supporting the Ming Dynasty but surrendered to the Manchus. However, all of the soldiers except the high-ranking ones were released by ], and the inscription emphasizes the merciful act. Since Korea still displayed disobedient behavior, Hong Taiji commenced the first Manchu invasion of Korea in 1627. He did not overthrow the kingdom but established a Confucian "elder brother-younger brother" relationship. The inscription then goes on to describe the second Manchu campaign. When Hong Taiji declared the new dynasty of Qing in 1636, Korea did not accept it even though the Empire announced a war. The inscription stressed his benevolent acts during the war.
⚫ Both the Qing and Joseon dynasties saw the inscription as the litmus test for the latter's attitude toward the Qing emperor, so ] ensured that it flattered the Qing dynasty: the inscription narrates how the king of Joseon came to attach himself to the virtue of the Qing emperor from a Joseon point of view. Although one-sided, it provides a concise account of the Qing-Joseon relationship.


⚫ The inscription starts with the description of the Qing campaign against Joseon in 1636. The Qing army besieged the Namhan fortress, where King Injo took refuge. He admitted his guilt, accepted the imperial edict and surrendered at Samjeondo. Since Hong Taiji felt compassion for the Joseon king, he mercifully sent the king back to the capital and rapidly withdrew the army without doing harm to the people.
⚫ Next, the inscription explains the background of erection of the monument. It says that the king voluntarily erected the monument at Samjeondo to let the excellent virtue of the Emperor be known around the world.


⚫ In the next paragraph, the inscription traces the history back to the ] in 1619. The Joseon army, led by ], put on the appearance of supporting the ] but surrendered to the Qing dynasty. However, all of the soldiers except the high-ranking ones were released by ], and the inscription emphasizes the merciful act. Since Joseon still displayed disobedient behavior, Hong Taiji commenced the ] in 1627. He did not overthrow the kingdom but established a Confucian "elder brother-younger brother" relationship. The inscription then goes on to describe the second campaign. When Hong Taiji proclaimed the Qing dynasty in 1636, Joseon did not accept it even though Qing China announced a war. The inscription stressed his benevolent acts during the war.
⚫ Finally, the inscription summarizes the entire course of events in verse.{{Or|date=April 2008}}

⚫ Next, the inscription explains the background of erection of the monument. It says that the king voluntarily erected the monument at Samjeondo to let the excellent virtue of the Qing emperor be known around the world.

⚫ Finally, the inscription summarizes the entire course of events in verse.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Oshibuchi Hajime 鴛淵一
|title=Shinsho ni okeru Mansen kankei to Sandento no hibun 淸初に於ける淸鮮關係と三田渡の碑文
|journal=Shirin 史林 (The Journal of History)
|volume=13
|issue=1–4
|year=1928
|language=Japanese
}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Samjeondo Monument 01.JPG|New location, reverse
File:Samjeondo Monument 04.JPG| ]
File:Samjeondo Monument 05.JPG| Stone tortoise
File:Samjeondo Monument 06.JPG| Historic context
File:Samjeondo Monument 07.JPG| Plaque relating details of the stele's relocation
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Samjeondo Monument2.jpg|Stele at its previous location
Image:Samjeondo Monument3.jpg|The two tortoises
Image:Samjeondo Monument4.jpg|Depiction of kneeling Injo, created in 1983, later demolished.
File:Samjeondo Monument2-part.jpg|Enlarged view of the stele's reverse top-cap carvings
File:大清皇帝功德碑毁損01.png|Acts of vandalism in 2007
File:大清皇帝功德碑毁損02.png|Acts of vandalism in 2007(back)
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
⚫ {{wikisourcelang|zh|大淸皇帝功德碑}}
* *


{{coord|37|30|38|N|127|6|6|E|source:zhwiki|display=title}}
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]


⚫ ]
]
]
]
]
]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 13:28, 4 February 2024

17th century monument in Seoul, South Korea
Samjeondo Monument
Korean name
Hangul삼전도비
Hanja三田渡碑
Revised RomanizationSamjeondobi
McCune–ReischauerSamjŏndobi

The Samjeondo Monument (Korean: 삼전도비; Hanja: 三田渡碑) is a monument marking the submission of the Korean Joseon dynasty to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in 1636 after the latter's invasion of the former. Its original name was Daecheong Hwangje Gongdeok Bi (大淸皇帝功德碑), which means the stele to the merits and virtues of the Emperor of the Great Qing. Initially erected at Samjeondo, near the Sambatnaru crossing point of the Han River in modern-day Seoul, it was thereafter buried and erected again several times. It is designated as the 101st historic site of South Korea.

Erection

Following the siege of Namhansanseong, King Injo of Joseon was forced to surrender and accept tributary status to Qing China in 1636. The following year, Hong Taiji, founding emperor of the Qing dynasty, ordered King Injo to put up a monument "in honor of the excellent virtues of the Qing Emperor". In 1639 it was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of surrender had been conducted. Inscriptions were written in Manchu and Mongolian on the front side and in Hanmun on the back; they have almost identical contents. The Hanmun version was composed by Yi Gyeongseok (李景奭), and the rest seem to have been translated from it.

Samjeondo, meaning "crossing of the three fields", was located near the Sambatnaru, a major crossing point of the Han River in early Joseon times. The Sambatnaru way was the shortest route to the stronghold of Gwangju and the southern provinces. It was also the one most often used to visit the tomb of King Taejong of Joseon at the foot of Mt. Daemosan.

Timeline

Because of the strong emotional charge attached to it, this monument has been buried and then erected again several times from 1639 till nowadays.

  • 1895. The monument was buried down as a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki that concluded the First Sino-Japanese War.
  • 1913. The monument is erected again.
  • ???. The monument is buried after 1945. During Syngman Rhee's presidency (1948–1960), orders were given to destroy the stele, but the Ministry of Culture had it buried instead.
  • 1957. South Korean Government designates the site as Historic Site No 101 (1957/02/01).
  • 1963. The monument becomes visible after the river floods.
  • 1983. Monument is placed in a park, 37.503351 N,127.107083 E, i.e. in Seokchon-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea
  • 2010. Monument is relocated 37.510407 N, 127.101635 E.

Names

  • in Manchu: Daicing gurun-i Enduringge Han-i gung erdemui bei ()
  • in Mongolian: Dayičing ulus-un Boγda Qaγan-u erdem bilig-i daγurisγaγsan bei ()
  • in Hanmun: Dàqīng huángdì gōngdé bēi (大淸皇帝功德碑)

which can be translated as "the stele to the merits and virtues of the Emperor of the Great Qing."

Content

Description

Both the Qing and Joseon dynasties saw the inscription as the litmus test for the latter's attitude toward the Qing emperor, so King Injo ensured that it flattered the Qing dynasty: the inscription narrates how the king of Joseon came to attach himself to the virtue of the Qing emperor from a Joseon point of view. Although one-sided, it provides a concise account of the Qing-Joseon relationship.

The inscription starts with the description of the Qing campaign against Joseon in 1636. The Qing army besieged the Namhan fortress, where King Injo took refuge. He admitted his guilt, accepted the imperial edict and surrendered at Samjeondo. Since Hong Taiji felt compassion for the Joseon king, he mercifully sent the king back to the capital and rapidly withdrew the army without doing harm to the people.

In the next paragraph, the inscription traces the history back to the Battle of Sarhū in 1619. The Joseon army, led by Gang Hong-rip, put on the appearance of supporting the Ming dynasty but surrendered to the Qing dynasty. However, all of the soldiers except the high-ranking ones were released by Nurhaci, and the inscription emphasizes the merciful act. Since Joseon still displayed disobedient behavior, Hong Taiji commenced the Later Jin invasion of Joseon in 1627. He did not overthrow the kingdom but established a Confucian "elder brother-younger brother" relationship. The inscription then goes on to describe the second campaign. When Hong Taiji proclaimed the Qing dynasty in 1636, Joseon did not accept it even though Qing China announced a war. The inscription stressed his benevolent acts during the war.

Next, the inscription explains the background of erection of the monument. It says that the king voluntarily erected the monument at Samjeondo to let the excellent virtue of the Qing emperor be known around the world.

Finally, the inscription summarizes the entire course of events in verse.

Gallery

  • New location, reverse New location, reverse
  • Stone tortoise Stone tortoise
  • Stone tortoise Stone tortoise
  • Historic context Historic context
  • Plaque relating details of the stele's relocation Plaque relating details of the stele's relocation
  • Stele at its previous location Stele at its previous location
  • The two tortoises The two tortoises
  • Depiction of kneeling Injo, created in 1983, later demolished. Depiction of kneeling Injo, created in 1983, later demolished.
  • Enlarged view of the stele's reverse top-cap carvings Enlarged view of the stele's reverse top-cap carvings
  • Acts of vandalism in 2007 Acts of vandalism in 2007
  • Acts of vandalism in 2007(back) Acts of vandalism in 2007(back)

See also

References

  1. Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. Columbia University Press. pp. 104–105.
  2. Keith L. Pratt et al. (editors), Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary (London: Routledge, 2004), page 401.
  3. Songpa-gu Office. "Samjeondo Monument". Songpa-gu Office. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  4. "Google Map". Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  5. "Panoramio". Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  6. "Google Map". Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  7. "Panoramio". Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  8. Oshibuchi Hajime 鴛淵一 (1928). "Shinsho ni okeru Mansen kankei to Sandento no hibun 淸初に於ける淸鮮關係と三田渡の碑文". Shirin 史林 (The Journal of History) (in Japanese). 13 (1–4).

External links

37°30′38″N 127°6′6″E / 37.51056°N 127.10167°E / 37.51056; 127.10167

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