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			{{Short description\|1537–1895 Korean gate in Seoul}}
⚫	{{Infobox Korean name\|\|
			{{About\|\|the remnants of Yeongeunmun designated as a Historic Site of South Korea\|Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul}}
⚫	hangul=영은문\|
			{{Infobox building
⚫	hanja={{linktext\|迎\|恩\|門}}\|
	rr=Yeongeunmun\|		\| name = Yeongeunmun
			\| native_name = 영은문
⚫	mr=Yŏngŭnmun\|
			\| native_name_lang = ko
	img=Yeongeunmun-Inwang.jpg
			\| image = Yeongeunmun_Gate.JPG
⚫	}}
			\| image_size = 200px
			\| image_caption = Picture of Yeongeunmun before demolition
			\| coordinates = {{coord\|37.57220\|126.96030\|display=inline,title}}
			\| former_names = Yeongjomun
			\| alternate_names = Yeonjumun, Yeoneunmun
			\| status = demolished
			\| building_type = Gate
			\| location_country = Korea
			\| completion_date = 1537 (renamed in 1539)
			\| demolition_date = 1895
			\| module =
		⚫	{{Infobox Korean name
			\| child = yes
		⚫	\| hangul = 영은문
		⚫	\| hanja = {{linktext\|迎\|恩\|門}}
		⚫	\| rr = Yeongeunmun
		⚫	\| mr = Yŏngŭnmun
			\| koreanipa =
			\| context = old
		⚫	}}}}
			'''Yeongeunmun''' ({{Korean\|영은문\|迎恩門}}) or '''Yeongeunmun Gate''' was a ]-era former gate near present day ], South Korea. Since it was a symbol of China's diplomatic influence on the ], the ] of the Joseon government intentionally demolished it in February 1895, seeking complete political independence of Joseon from China.

			== History ==
	The '''Yeongeunmun''' (gate of welcoming imperial favors) was a gate located in ], present-day ]. During the ], the Korean king himself welcomed embassies from the emperor of China there. It was removed a year after the ] in ].
			{{Further\|Sadae\|Qing invasion of Joseon}}
			For a long time, the ] continued its diplomatic policy with the ] in an arrangement respecting the political influence of China. This was called ''Sadae'' ({{Korean\|labels=no\|사대\|事大}}), which translates literally as "serving" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|사\|事\|Sa}}) the "greater" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|대\|大\|Dae}}) country (usually translated into suzerainty, flunkeyism or as "serving the Great"). This mode of diplomatic relationship was later enforced by the ], through the ] in 1636.<ref name="nikheng">{{cite web \|url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/kh/view.do?category=english&levelId=kh_001_0050_0050_0050 \|title=History of Korea > V. Joseon Society Focused on the Yangban Class > 5. The Struggle against the Japanese and Manchus \|website=contents.history.go.kr \|publisher=National Institute of Korean History \|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>

			Located at the current northwestern part of Seoul, South Korea, the Yeongeunmun was one of Joseon's material symbols of Sadae. In 1407, ] built a special ] for Chinese envoys to rest en route from China to Joseon, outside of Seoul's ]. It was named "Mohwa Pavilion" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|모화루\|慕華樓\|Mohwaru}}), literally in meaning of "Pavilion" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|루\|樓\|Ru}}) "admiring" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|모\|慕\|Mo}}) "Chinese civilization" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|화\|華\|Hwa}}).<ref>{{Cite book \|title=太宗恭定大王實錄 \|trans-title=태종실록 - 태종 7년 8월 22일 '송도의 연빈관을 모방하여 서문 밖에 새로 모화루를 짓다' \|url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kca_10708022_001 \|publisher=National Institute of Korean History \|language=Korean \|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Its name was later changed to "Mohwa Guesthouse" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|모화관\|慕華館\|Mohwagwuan}}) in 1430 by King ] of Joseon, simply changing meaning of "Pavilion" to "Guesthouse" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|관\|館\|Gwan}}).<ref>{{Cite book \|title=世宗莊憲大王實錄 - 地理志 \|trans-title=세종실록지리지 - 경도 한성부 \|url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_400020 \|publisher=National Institute of Korean History \|language=Korean \|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>
	Located just outside the West Gate (敦義門) of the walled capital city, the Yeongeunmun was was on the road to ] as an adjacent to the ] (慕華館), literally hall of longing for China). Its nearest post station was the Hongjewon (弘濟院).

			King Sejong also built a ] ({{Korean\|labels=no\|홍살문\|紅살門}}) near the Mohwa Guesthouse. This guesthouse had an arrow-shaped decoration on its top. It was then reconstructed into a new gate in 1537, and became notorious{{Citation needed\|date=August 2024}} after it was officially named as ''Yeongjomun'' ({{Korean\|labels=no\|영조문\|迎詔門}}) by ], literally in meaning of "Gate" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|문\|門\|Mun}}) "welcoming" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|영\|迎\|Yeong}}) "messages from China" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|조\|詔\|Jo}}).<ref>{{Cite book \|title=中宗恭僖徽文昭武欽仁誠孝大王實錄 \|trans-title=중종실록 - 중종 32년 1월 2일 '삼공이 홍문을 영조문으로 할 것을 건의하다' \|url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kka_13201002_001 \|publisher=National Institute of Korean History \|language=Korean \|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Yet, Chinese diplomats insisted they were not just delivering messages, so the name of gate was changed to ''Yeongeunmun'' in 1539, meaning "Gate welcoming grace from China". Though its official name was confirmed as Yeongeunmun from that time, it was also called as Yeonjumun or Yeoneunmun. The structure had a hip roof and columns over two long plinths.<ref name="cha">{{cite web \|url=http://english.cha.go.kr/chaen/search/selectGeneralSearchDetail.do?mn=EN_02_02&sCcebKdcd=13&ccebAsno=00330000&sCcebCtcd=11 \|title=Historic Site - Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul \|website=english.cha.go.kr \|publisher=Cultural Heritage Administration \|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref>
	]Embassies were occasionally sent to Korea by the emperor of China to announce imperial succession, investiture of a crown prince and others. When they reached the Hongjewon, they took off their traveling clothes and changed into formal attire. The next day, they received a reception from the king himself in front of the gate.<ref>To be precise, this routine was established during the ] ]. Before the Hongjewon was constructed, the nearest station was the ] in modern-day ]. Due to its great distance from the capital, the envoys' arrival at the capital was often delayed until night. Fore more information, see ''Tongmungwan-ji'' 通文館志, Vol. 5, Sadae 事大, Gyoyeongui 郊迎儀.</ref> The ] performed by the king changed several times. To take an example, ] performed a rite named "wu bai san koutou" (五拜三叩頭, to kneel 5 times on the ground and ] 3 times) with the crown prince and his followers, to show his allegiance to the Chinese emperor.<ref>Jungjong Sillok 中宗實錄: the dingwei (10th) day of the 4th month, Jungjong 34<!-- conversion to the Gregorian calendar? --></ref> After the reception, the envoys entered the capital.

			== Demolition ==
	The Mohwagwan was first built in 1407 as "Mohwaru" (慕華楼)<ref>Taejong Sillok 太宗實錄: the guimao (22nd) day of the 8th month, Taejong 34</ref> and then renovated in 1430.<ref>Sejong Sillok 世宗實錄: the yiyou (15th) day of the 12nd month, Sejong 12</ref> As an adjacent to the Mohwagwan, a gate with ] pillars was build on the road.
			{{Further\|Gabo Reform\|Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul}}
			In the late 19th century, The ] of Joseon tried to modernize the country. One of its political goals was to turn Joseon into a completely independent state. So in February 1895, during a period called the ], the Gaehwa Party demolished Yeongeunmun to show Joseon's enthusiasm of independence around the world. They thought the Mohwa Guesthouse could be reformed into another use, yet Yeongeunmun had to be demolished.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_040_0040_0020_0030_0020 \|title=신편 한국사 > 근대 > 40권 청일전쟁과 갑오개혁 > III. 갑오경장 > 2. 제2차 개혁 > 3) 제2차 개혁의 내용 \|website=contents.history.go.kr \|publisher=National Institute of Korean History \|language=Korean \|access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> Meanwhile, ], a Korean-American political activist supporting independence of Joseon, planned the building of a new gate near the ruins of a demolished Yeongeunmun to symbolize the independent status of Joseon and his plan eventually obtained support from ]. After Joseon was reestablished into the ] in 1897, there was a new gate built by ], named as ']', at the site overlooking the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun. Also, the Mohwa Guesthouse was reformed into an "Independence Hall" ({{Korean\|labels=no\|독립관\|獨立館\|Dongnipgwan}}).<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Fuchs \|first1=Eckhardt \|last2=Kasahara \|first2=Tokushi \|last3=Saaler \|first3=Sven \|title=A New Modern History of East Asia \|date=2017 \|publisher=V&R unipress GmbH \|pages=145–147 \|isbn=9783737007085 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> For this long historical background, in 1963, South Korean government has designated the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun as a ], and relocated them to another place for preservation in 1979.<ref name="cha"/>

			==Gallery==
	In 1537 the gate was rebuilt in accordance with Chinese customs. It was roofed with blue tiles and had "Yeongjomun" (迎詔門), literally gate of welcoming imperial decrees, written on the front tablet.<ref>Jungjong Sillok 中宗實錄: the renwu (2nd) day of the 1st month, Jungjong 32<!-- conversion to the Gregorian calendar? --></ref> In 1539 it was renamed to "Yeongeunmun" because the name of "Yeongjomun" was accused by the Chinese ambassador Xue Tingchong (薛廷寵). He claimed that since the imperial envoys carried imperial orders (勅), imperial decrees (詔) and imperial gifts, it was inappropriate to mention only imperial decree.<ref>Ŏ Sook-kwon 魚叔權: ''Folkloristic Notes'' (P'ae-kwan Chap-ki 稗官雜記), Im Dong-kwun et al ed. Korean Folklore Texts in Chinese Characters, pp. 98-99, Taipei, 1971.</ref> The tablet was written by Zhu Zhifan (朱之蕃), who came to Korea as an ambassador in 1606.
			{{Commons}}
			<gallery>
			File:Fengshitu.jpg\|Picture describing Qing envoy greeted by the King of Joseon
			File:영은문.png\|Picture of Yeongeunmun from other side
			</gallery>

		⚫	== See also ==
	As a result of the ] (1895), China recognized the "full and complete independence and autonomy" of Korea. In the next year Yeongeunmun was demolished leaving its two stone pillars. In front of the remnant, the ] was build by ].
			{{div col}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{div col end}}

	==~~Footnotes~~==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

			{{Authority control}}
	==References==
	* Keijō-fu 京城府: ''Keijō-fu shi'' 京城府史, Vol. 1, pp. 375-376, 1934.

⚫	==See also==
	*]
	*]

	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
			]

			]
	]
⚫	]
	]

Latest revision as of 19:00, 20 November 2024

1537–1895 Korean gate in Seoul For the remnants of Yeongeunmun designated as a Historic Site of South Korea, see Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul.

Yeongeunmun
영은문
Picture of Yeongeunmun before demolition

Former names	Yeongjomun
Alternative names	Yeonjumun, Yeoneunmun
General information
Status	Demolished
Type	Gate
Country	Korea
Coordinates	37°34′20″N 126°57′37″E / 37.57220°N 126.96030°E / 37.57220; 126.96030
Completed	1537 (renamed in 1539)
Demolished	1895

Korean name
Hunminjeongeum	영은문
Hanja	迎恩門
Revised Romanization	Yeongeunmun
McCune–Reischauer	Yŏngŭnmun

Yeongeunmun (Korean: 영은문; Hanja: 迎恩門) or Yeongeunmun Gate was a Joseon-era former gate near present day Seoul, South Korea. Since it was a symbol of China's diplomatic influence on the Joseon, the Gaehwa Party of the Joseon government intentionally demolished it in February 1895, seeking complete political independence of Joseon from China.

History

Further information: Sadae and Qing invasion of Joseon

For a long time, the Joseon Dynasty continued its diplomatic policy with the Late Chinese Empires in an arrangement respecting the political influence of China. This was called Sadae (사대; 事大), which translates literally as "serving" (사; 事; Sa) the "greater" (대; 大; Dae) country (usually translated into suzerainty, flunkeyism or as "serving the Great"). This mode of diplomatic relationship was later enforced by the Qing dynasty, through the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1636.

Located at the current northwestern part of Seoul, South Korea, the Yeongeunmun was one of Joseon's material symbols of Sadae. In 1407, King Taejong of Joseon built a special state guest house for Chinese envoys to rest en route from China to Joseon, outside of Seoul's west gate. It was named "Mohwa Pavilion" (모화루; 慕華樓; Mohwaru), literally in meaning of "Pavilion" (루; 樓; Ru) "admiring" (모; 慕; Mo) "Chinese civilization" (화; 華; Hwa). Its name was later changed to "Mohwa Guesthouse" (모화관; 慕華館; Mohwagwuan) in 1430 by King Sejong the Great of Joseon, simply changing meaning of "Pavilion" to "Guesthouse" (관; 館; Gwan).

King Sejong also built a Hongsalmun (홍살문; 紅살門) near the Mohwa Guesthouse. This guesthouse had an arrow-shaped decoration on its top. It was then reconstructed into a new gate in 1537, and became notorious after it was officially named as Yeongjomun (영조문; 迎詔門) by Jungjong of Joseon, literally in meaning of "Gate" (문; 門; Mun) "welcoming" (영; 迎; Yeong) "messages from China" (조; 詔; Jo). Yet, Chinese diplomats insisted they were not just delivering messages, so the name of gate was changed to Yeongeunmun in 1539, meaning "Gate welcoming grace from China". Though its official name was confirmed as Yeongeunmun from that time, it was also called as Yeonjumun or Yeoneunmun. The structure had a hip roof and columns over two long plinths.

Demolition

Further information: Gabo Reform and Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul

In the late 19th century, The Gaehwa Party of Joseon tried to modernize the country. One of its political goals was to turn Joseon into a completely independent state. So in February 1895, during a period called the Gabo Reform, the Gaehwa Party demolished Yeongeunmun to show Joseon's enthusiasm of independence around the world. They thought the Mohwa Guesthouse could be reformed into another use, yet Yeongeunmun had to be demolished. Meanwhile, Soh Jaipil, a Korean-American political activist supporting independence of Joseon, planned the building of a new gate near the ruins of a demolished Yeongeunmun to symbolize the independent status of Joseon and his plan eventually obtained support from King Gojong. After Joseon was reestablished into the Korean Empire in 1897, there was a new gate built by Soh Jaipil, named as 'Independence Gate', at the site overlooking the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun. Also, the Mohwa Guesthouse was reformed into an "Independence Hall" (독립관; 獨立館; Dongnipgwan). For this long historical background, in 1963, South Korean government has designated the ruins of the demolished Yeongeunmun as a Historic Site of South Korea, and relocated them to another place for preservation in 1979.

Gallery

Picture describing Qing envoy greeted by the King of Joseon
Picture of Yeongeunmun from other side

References

"History of Korea > V. Joseon Society Focused on the Yangban Class > 5. The Struggle against the Japanese and Manchus". contents.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
太宗恭定大王實錄 [태종실록 - 태종 7년 8월 22일 '송도의 연빈관을 모방하여 서문 밖에 새로 모화루를 짓다'] (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
世宗莊憲大王實錄 - 地理志 [세종실록지리지 - 경도 한성부] (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
中宗恭僖徽文昭武欽仁誠孝大王實錄 [중종실록 - 중종 32년 1월 2일 '삼공이 홍문을 영조문으로 할 것을 건의하다'] (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
^ "Historic Site - Plinths of Yeongeunmun Gate, Seoul". english.cha.go.kr. Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
"신편 한국사 > 근대 > 40권 청일전쟁과 갑오개혁 > III. 갑오경장 > 2. 제2차 개혁 > 3) 제2차 개혁의 내용". contents.history.go.kr (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
Fuchs, Eckhardt; Kasahara, Tokushi; Saaler, Sven (2017). A New Modern History of East Asia. V&R unipress GmbH. pp. 145–147. ISBN 9783737007085.

Categories:

Latest revision as of 19:00, 20 November 2024

History

Demolition

Gallery

See also

References