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{{Short description|Egyptian general and Wāli of Egypt and Sudan (1789–1848)}}
{{dablink|This article is about the nineteenth century Ottoman general known as Ibrahim Pasha.}}
{{Other uses|Ibrahim Pasha (disambiguation)}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
'''Ibrahim Pasha''' (] – ] ]), a ] general of ]. He is better known as the son of ]. He is however considered to be ]. Ibrahim served as ] for his father from ] to ] ].
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ibrahim Pasha<br/>{{lang|ar|إبراهيم باشا}}
|title = ]
| succession = ''] of ]'', also including ], ] (incl. ] and ]), ], ], ], ]<br/>
| image = Ibrahim Pasha, Larivière.jpg
| caption = Portrait by ] c. 1846
| reign = 20 July 1848 – 10 November 1848
| native_lang1 = Egyptian Arabic
| native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|ar|إبراهيم باشا}}
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| spouse 1 = Hadidja Qadin
| spouse 2 = Shivekiar Qadin
| spouse 3 = ]
| spouse 4 = Ulfet Qadin
| spouse 5 = Gulzar Qadin
| spouse 6 = Sara Qadin
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|Prince Muhammed Bey|]|]|]|}}
| house = ]
| father = ]
| mother = ]
| birth_date = 1789
| birth_place = ] or ], ], ], ]<br>
(present day ], ])
| death_date = {{BirthDeathAge |df=yes| | 1789 | | | 1848 | 11 | 10 | yes}}
| death_place = ], ]
| date of burial = 10 November 1848<br/>(11 hours after his death)
| place of burial = ] Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i, ], ]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{Flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}}<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg}} ]
| branch = ]<br/>]
| battles = {{hidden
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|{{tree list}}
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'''Ibrahim Pasha''' ({{langx|ar|إبراهيم باشا}} ''Ibrāhīm Bāshā''; 1789 – 10 November 1848) was an Egyptian general and politician;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presidency.eg/en/مصر/الحكام/ابراهيم-باشا/ |title=Ibrahim Pasha|website=presidency.eg|access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> he was the commander of both the ] and ] armies and the eldest son of ], the Ottoman ] and unrecognized ] of ] and ]. Ibrahim served as a ] in the Egyptian army that his father established during his reign, taking his first command of Egyptian forces when he was merely a teenager. In the final year of his life, he was appointed Regent for his still-living father and became the effective ruler of Egypt and Sudan, owing to the latter's ill health. His rule also extended over the other dominions that his father had brought under Egyptian rule, namely ], ], ], ], and ]. Ibrahim pre-deceased his father, dying 10 November 1848, only four months after rising to power. He was succeeded as Regent by his nephew (son of Muhammad Ali's second oldest son), ], who upon Muhammad Ali's death the following year inherited the Egyptian throne.
==Early career==


Ibrahim remains one of the most celebrated members of the ], particularly for his impressive military victories, including several crushing defeats of the ]. Among Egyptian historians, Ibrahim, his father Muhammad Ali, and his son ] are held in far higher esteem than other rulers from the dynasty, who were largely viewed as indolent and corrupt; this is largely the result of efforts by his grandson ] to ensure the positive portrayal of his paternal ancestors in the Royal Archives that he created, which were the primary source for Egyptian history from the 1920s until the 1970s.<ref>Khaled Fahmy, ''Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt'' (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009)</ref> Today, a statue of Ibrahim occupies a prominent position in Egypt's capital, ].
Ibrahim Pasha was born in the town of ] , currently located in the ] ] of ]. This town was also native to his adoptive father.


== Background ==
In ] and during his father's ], Ibrahim, an ] of sixteen years of age, was sent as a hostage to the ] capitan pasha (]). But when Muhammad Ali was recognized as ] and had managed to defeat the expedition of ] ] of the ], Ibrahim was allowed to return to Egypt.
His mother was ] (1770-1824). She was the widow of Ottoman official Serezli Ali Bey, and a daughter of the Ottoman Major Ali Aga of Nusratli. Ibrahim was her first-born son with Muhammad Ali of Egypt (her first born was Princess Tawhida). It is further known that he was born in the village of ''Nusratli'' (today ]), near the town of ], the Ottoman province of ], in what is now the eastern parts of ] in Greece.


In 1805, during his father's ], the adolescent Ibrahim, at 16, was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman ]. However, Ibrahim was allowed to return to ] once his father was recognised as ] of Egypt by the ], and had ] of ] ].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Ibrahim Pasha |volume=14 |pages=223–224|inline=1}}</ref>
When Muhammad Ali went to ] to prosecute the war against the ]s in ], Ibrahim was left in command of ]. He continued the war with the broken power of the ]s, whom he suppressed. In ] he succeeded his brother ] in command of the Egyptian forces in ].


When Muhammad Ali went to ] to prosecute the war against the ] in 1813, Ibrahim was left in command of ]. He continued the war against the broken power of the ]s, whom he suppressed. In 1816 he succeeded his brother ] in command of the Egyptian forces in Arabia.<ref name=EB1911/>
==Campaigns against the Wahhabis==


== Campaigns against the house of Saud==
Muhammad Ali had already begun to introduce ]an discipline into his army, and Ibrahim had probably received some training, but his first campaign was conducted more in the old ]tic style than his later operations. The campaign lasted two years, and terminated in the destruction of the Wahhabis as a political power. Ibrahim landed at ], the port of ], on ] ]. The holy cities had been recovered from the Wahhabis, and Ibrahim's task was to follow them into the desert of ] and destroy their fortresses. Such training as the Egyptian troops had received, and their artillery, gave them a marked superiority in the open field. But the difficulty of crossing the desert to the Wahhabi stronghold of ], some 400 miles east of Medina, and the courage of their opponents, made the conquest a very arduous one. Ibrahim displayed great energy and tenacity, sharing all the hardships of his army, and never allowing himself to be discouraged by failure. By the end of September ] he had forced the Wahhabi leader to surrender, and had taken Deraiya, which he ruined.
{{Main article|Ottoman–Saudi War}}
Muhammad Ali had already begun to introduce European discipline into his army, and Ibrahim had probably received some training, but his first campaign was conducted more in the old Asiatic style than his later operations. The campaign lasted two years, and ended in the destruction of the ] as a political power. Muhammad Ali landed at ], the port of ], in 1813. The holy cities had been recovered from the Saudis, and Ibrahim's task was to follow them into the desert of ] and destroy their fortresses. Such training as the Egyptian troops had received, and their artillery, gave them a marked superiority in the open field. But the difficulty of crossing the desert to the Saudis stronghold of ], some 400 miles east of Medina, made the conquest a very arduous one. Ibrahim displayed great energy and tenacity, sharing all the hardships of his army, and never allowing himself to be discouraged by failure. By the end of September 1818 he had forced the Saudi leader ] to surrender, and had taken Diriyah, which he sacked.<ref name=EB1911/> Ibrahim pasha was called in Egyptian “Qahir Al Wahhabiyyin” (annihilator of the wahhabis) for his brutality against ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Egyptian empire 1805-1885 |url=http://www.kobiljski.org/CCNY%20Fall%202007%20Modern%20Egypt/Ibrahim%20Egyptian%20Empire014.pdf}}</ref>


==Operations in the Morea== == Operations in the Morea ==
{{further|Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani}}{{see also|Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1820-24#Submission of Sennar}}
] in the year 1826, (by Giuseppe Pietro Mazzola).]]
] and Colonel Sève (], right).]]


On ] ] he made a triumphal entry into ]. After his return Ibrahim gave effective support to the Frenchman, Colonel Sève (]), who was employed to drill the army on the European model. Ibrahim set an example by submitting to be drilled as a recruit. In ], Muhammad Ali was appointed governor of the ] by Ottoman Sultan ]. Mahmud actually required the assistance of the Egyptian army in the contemporary ] (] - ]). On 11 December 1819 he made a triumphal entry into ]. After his return Ibrahim gave effective support to the Frenchman, Colonel Sève (]), who was employed to drill the army on the European model. Ibrahim set an example by submitting to be drilled as a recruit. In 1824, Muhammad Ali was appointed governor of the ] (the ] peninsula in southern Greece) by Ottoman Sultan ].<ref name=EB1911/> Mahmud actually required the assistance of the well-trained ] against the contemporary ], which his forces had been unable to quell: in 1822 the Greeks had decisively defeated an army of some 30,000 men under ] ].


Ibrahim was sent to ] with a squadron and an army of 17,000 men. The expedition sailed on ] ], but was for some months unable to do more than come and go between ] and ]. The fear of the Greek ]s stopped his way to the Morea. When the Greek sailors mutinied from want of pay, Ibrahim was able to land at Modon on ] ]. He remained in the Morea until the capitulation of ] ] was forced on him by the intervention of the ]. Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese with a squadron and an army of 17,000 men. The expedition sailed on 4 July 1824, but was for some months unable to do more than come and go between ] and ]. The fear of the Greek ]s stopped his way to the Morea. When the Greek sailors mutinied from want of pay, Ibrahim was able to land at ] on 26 February 1825. He remained in the Morea until the capitulation of 1 October 1828 was forced on him by the intervention of the ].<ref name=EB1911/>


Ibrahim's operations in the Morea were energetic and ferocious. He easily defeated the Greeks in the open field, and though the siege of ] proved costly to his own troops and to the Ottoman forces who operated with him, he brought it to a successful termination on ] ]. The Greek ] bands harassed his army, and in revenge he desolated the country and sent thousands of the inhabitants into ] in Egypt. These measures of repression aroused great indignation in Europe and led to the intervention of the naval squadrons of the He defeated the Greeks in the open field, and though the siege of ] proved costly to his own troops and to the Ottoman forces who operated with him, he brought it to a successful termination on 24 April 1826. But he was defeated in ] three times in a row. The Greek ] bands harassed his army, and in revenge he desolated the country and sent thousands of the inhabitants into ] in Egypt. These measures of repression aroused great indignation in Europe and led to the intervention of the naval squadrons of the ], the ] and ] in the ] (20 October 1827). Their victory was followed by the landing of a French expeditionary force in the so-called ]. By the terms of the capitulation of 1 October 1828, Ibrahim evacuated the country.<ref name=EB1911/>
United Kingdom, the ] and ] in the ] (], ]). Their victory was followed by the landing of a French expeditionary force. By the terms of the capitulation of ] ], Ibrahim evacuated the country.


==Campaigns in Syria== == Campaigns in Syria ==
{{main article|Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33)|Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)}}
{{See also|Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)|Peasants' revolt in Palestine}}
In 1831, his father's quarrel with the ] having become flagrant, Ibrahim was sent to conquer ]. He ] after a severe siege on 27 May 1832, occupied ], defeated an Ottoman army ] on 8 July, defeated another Ottoman army at ] on 29 July, invaded ], and finally routed the ] ] at ] on 21 December.<ref name=EB1911/> It was there in Syria where he met ] the mystic, according to accounts Umar Tal healed the son of Ibrahim Pasha from a deadly fever. Umar Tal was inspired by Ibrahim Pasha, when Umar returned to ] he followed the trends set by the Pasha. Umar Tal later became the commander of the ] in what is now ], ], and ].


The ] on 6 May left Syria for a time in the hands of Muhammad Ali. Ibrahim was undoubtedly helped by Colonel Sève and the European officers in his army. After the campaign of 1832 and 1833, Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria. He might perhaps have administered successfully, but the exactions he was compelled to enforce by his father soon caused the popularity of his government to decline and provoked revolts.<ref name=EB1911/> He was assisted by French officer ] from 1834 to 1837, who was his Chief-of-Staff.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ_pm2UtD8EC&pg=PA114 |title=An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860|first=Leila Tarazi|last= Fawaz|page=114 |date= January 1994|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520087828|access-date=2012-05-13}}</ref>
It is fairly certain that the Turkish government, jealous of his power, had laid a plot to prevent him and his troops from returning to Egypt. English officers who saw him at Navarino describe him as short, grossly fat and deeply marked with ]. His obesity did not cause any abatement of activity when next he took the field. In 1831, his father's quarrel with the ] having become flagrant, Ibrahim was sent to conquer ]. He carried out his task with truly remarkable energy. He took ] after a severe siege on ] ], occupied ], defeated an Ottoman army at ] on ] defeated another Ottoman army at ] on ], invaded ], and finally routed the ] at ] on ].


During the 1834 ], Ibrahim Pasha ] the ] city of ] for 17 days, in pursuit of the revolt's leader ]. After a hole was blasted into the town's walls in late August, Al-Karak was destroyed and the orchards outside the town were uprooted as punitive measures against the residents for hosting Qasim. Fearing further retaliation from Ibrahim Pasha, the rebel leaders were handed to the Egyptians.<ref name="Rogan31-2">Rogan, 1995 pp. -2</ref>
The convention of ] on ] left Syria for a time in the hands of Muhammad Ali. Ibrahim was undoubtedly helped by Colonel Sève arid the European officers in his army, but his intelligent docility to their advice, as well as his personal hardiness and energy, compare most favourably with the sloth, ignorance and arrogant conceit of the Ottoman generals opposed to him. He is entitled to full credit for the diplomatic judgment and tact he showed in securing the support of the inhabitants, whom he protected and whose rivalries he utilized. After the campaign of 1832 and ] Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria. He might perhaps have administered successfully, but the exactions he was compelled to enforce by his father soon caused the popularity of his government to decline and provoked revolts.


In ] the Porte felt strong enough to renew the struggle, and war broke out once more. Ibrahim won his last victory for his father at ] on ], ]. But the United Kingdom and the ] intervened to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Their squadrons cut his communications by sea with Egypt, a general revolt isolated him in Syria, and he was finally compelled to evacuate the country in February ]. In 1838, the Porte felt strong enough to renew the struggle, and war broke out once more. Ibrahim won his ] for his father at ] on 24 June 1839. But the United Kingdom and the ] intervened to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Their squadrons cut his communications by sea with Egypt, a general revolt isolated him in Syria, and he was finally compelled to evacuate the country in February 1841.<ref name=EB1911/>


The Karakis were to take their revenge from Ibrahim Pasha, 6 years later when the Pasha and his Egyptian army were driven out of Damascus. In 1841, as the Pasha and his troops took the Hajj road from Damascus, they were persistently attacked all the way from ] to ]. The weary army were killed and robbed, and by the time Ibrahim Pasha reached Gaza, the commander had lost most of his army, ammunition and animals.<ref name="cup">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&pg=PA31|page=31|title=Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921|access-date=2016-06-08|date=2002-04-11|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521892230}}</ref>
==Last years==
Ibrahim spent the rest of his life in peace, but his health was ruined. In ] he paid a visit to ], where he was received with some respect and a great deal of curiosity. When his father became ], Ibrahim was appointed ] in his place. He held his regency from July till the time of his death on ], ].


== Last years ==
{{start box}}
Ibrahim spent the rest of his life in peace, but his health was ruined. In 1846, he paid a visit to Western Europe, where he was received with some respect and a great deal of curiosity. When his father became ], Ibrahim was appointed ] in his place. He held his regency from July till the time of his death on 10 November 1848.<ref name=EB1911/>
{{succession box|title=]|before=]|after=]|years=]}}
{{end box}}


==Bibliography== == Honours ==
*] of ]-1817
See Edouard Gouin, ''L'Egypte au XIX' siècle'' (Paris, 1847); Aimé Vingtrinier, ''Soliman-Pasha'' (Colonel Sève) (Paris, 1886). A great deal of unpublished material of the highest interest with regard to Ibrahim's personality and his system in Syria is preserved in the ] archives; for references to these see ''Cambridge Mod. Hist.'' x. 852, bibliography to chap. xvii.
*Knight of the ] of ]-1845
*Grand Cross of the ] of ]-1845
*Grand Cross of the ] (GCTE) of ]-1846


==Reference== == See also ==
* ]
*{{1911}}


==External links== == Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
*
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== Bibliography ==
]
* See Edouard Gouin, ''L'Egypte au XIX' siècle'' (Paris, 1847); ], ''Soliman-Pasha'' (Colonel Sève) (Paris, 1886). A great deal of unpublished material of the highest interest with regard to Ibrahim's personality and his system in Syria is preserved in the ] archives; for references to these see ''Cambridge Mod. Hist.'' x. 852, bibliography to chap. xvii.
]
* {{Cite book |last=Bodart |first=Gaston |date=1908 |publisher=C. W. Stern |publication-place=Vienna and Leipzig |language=de |title=Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ |author-link=Gaston Bodart |access-date=1 July 2023}}
]

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
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* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Ibrahim Pasha|short=x}}

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Latest revision as of 22:51, 2 December 2024

Egyptian general and Wāli of Egypt and Sudan (1789–1848) For other uses, see Ibrahim Pasha (disambiguation).

Ibrahim Pasha
إبراهيم باشا
Khedive
Portrait by Charles-Philippe Larivière c. 1846
Wāli of Egypt, also including Sudan, Syria (incl. Palestine and Transjordan), Hejaz, Morea, Thasos, Crete
Reign20 July 1848 – 10 November 1848
PredecessorMuhammad Ali
SuccessorAbbas Hilmi I
Born1789
Kavala or Nusratlı, Drama, Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
(present day Kavala, Greece)
Died10 November 1848 (aged 58–59)
Cairo, Egypt Eyalet
Burial10 November 1848
(11 hours after his death)
Hosh al-Basha Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i, Cairo, Egypt
Wives
  • Hadidja Qadin
  • Shivekiar Qadin
  • Hoshiyar Qadin
  • Ulfet Qadin
  • Gulzar Qadin
  • Sara Qadin
Issue
Egyptian Arabicإبراهيم باشا
HouseAlawiyya
FatherMuhammad Ali Pasha
MotherAmina Hanim
Military career
Allegiance Ottoman Empire
Egypt Eyalet
Service / branchOttoman Army
Egyptian Army
Battles / warsTreelike list

Ibrahim Pasha (Arabic: إبراهيم باشا Ibrāhīm Bāshā; 1789 – 10 November 1848) was an Egyptian general and politician; he was the commander of both the Egyptian and Ottoman armies and the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman Wāli and unrecognized Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Ibrahim served as a general in the Egyptian army that his father established during his reign, taking his first command of Egyptian forces when he was merely a teenager. In the final year of his life, he was appointed Regent for his still-living father and became the effective ruler of Egypt and Sudan, owing to the latter's ill health. His rule also extended over the other dominions that his father had brought under Egyptian rule, namely Syria, Hejaz, Morea, Thasos, and Crete. Ibrahim pre-deceased his father, dying 10 November 1848, only four months after rising to power. He was succeeded as Regent by his nephew (son of Muhammad Ali's second oldest son), Abbas, who upon Muhammad Ali's death the following year inherited the Egyptian throne.

Ibrahim remains one of the most celebrated members of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, particularly for his impressive military victories, including several crushing defeats of the Ottoman Empire. Among Egyptian historians, Ibrahim, his father Muhammad Ali, and his son Isma'il the Magnificent are held in far higher esteem than other rulers from the dynasty, who were largely viewed as indolent and corrupt; this is largely the result of efforts by his grandson Fuad I of Egypt to ensure the positive portrayal of his paternal ancestors in the Royal Archives that he created, which were the primary source for Egyptian history from the 1920s until the 1970s. Today, a statue of Ibrahim occupies a prominent position in Egypt's capital, Cairo.

Background

His mother was Amina Hanim (1770-1824). She was the widow of Ottoman official Serezli Ali Bey, and a daughter of the Ottoman Major Ali Aga of Nusratli. Ibrahim was her first-born son with Muhammad Ali of Egypt (her first born was Princess Tawhida). It is further known that he was born in the village of Nusratli (today Nikiforos), near the town of Drama, the Ottoman province of Rumelia, in what is now the eastern parts of Macedonian region in Greece.

In 1805, during his father's struggle to establish himself as ruler of Egypt, the adolescent Ibrahim, at 16, was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman Kapudan Pasha. However, Ibrahim was allowed to return to Egypt once his father was recognised as Wāli of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan, and had defeated the British military expedition of Major General Alexander Mackenzie Fraser.

When Muhammad Ali went to Arabia to prosecute the war against the Al Saud in 1813, Ibrahim was left in command of Upper Egypt. He continued the war against the broken power of the Mameluks, whom he suppressed. In 1816 he succeeded his brother Tusun Pasha in command of the Egyptian forces in Arabia.

Campaigns against the house of Saud

Main article: Ottoman–Saudi War

Muhammad Ali had already begun to introduce European discipline into his army, and Ibrahim had probably received some training, but his first campaign was conducted more in the old Asiatic style than his later operations. The campaign lasted two years, and ended in the destruction of the House of Saud as a political power. Muhammad Ali landed at Yanbu, the port of Medina, in 1813. The holy cities had been recovered from the Saudis, and Ibrahim's task was to follow them into the desert of Nejd and destroy their fortresses. Such training as the Egyptian troops had received, and their artillery, gave them a marked superiority in the open field. But the difficulty of crossing the desert to the Saudis stronghold of Diriyah, some 400 miles east of Medina, made the conquest a very arduous one. Ibrahim displayed great energy and tenacity, sharing all the hardships of his army, and never allowing himself to be discouraged by failure. By the end of September 1818 he had forced the Saudi leader Abdullah bin Saud to surrender, and had taken Diriyah, which he sacked. Ibrahim pasha was called in Egyptian “Qahir Al Wahhabiyyin” (annihilator of the wahhabis) for his brutality against Wahhabis.

Operations in the Morea

Further information: Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of ManiSee also: Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1820-24 § Submission of Sennar
Ibrahim Pasha attacks Missolonghi in the year 1826, (by Giuseppe Pietro Mazzola).
Ibrahim Pasha, with father Muhammad Ali Pasha and Colonel Sève (Suleiman Pasha, right).

On 11 December 1819 he made a triumphal entry into Cairo. After his return Ibrahim gave effective support to the Frenchman, Colonel Sève (Suleiman Pasha), who was employed to drill the army on the European model. Ibrahim set an example by submitting to be drilled as a recruit. In 1824, Muhammad Ali was appointed governor of the Morea (the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece) by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II. Mahmud actually required the assistance of the well-trained Egyptian Army against the contemporary Greek Revolution, which his forces had been unable to quell: in 1822 the Greeks had decisively defeated an army of some 30,000 men under Sultanzade Mahmud Dramali Pasha.

Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese with a squadron and an army of 17,000 men. The expedition sailed on 4 July 1824, but was for some months unable to do more than come and go between Rhodes and Crete. The fear of the Greek fire ships stopped his way to the Morea. When the Greek sailors mutinied from want of pay, Ibrahim was able to land at Modon on 26 February 1825. He remained in the Morea until the capitulation of 1 October 1828 was forced on him by the intervention of the Western powers.

He defeated the Greeks in the open field, and though the siege of Missolonghi proved costly to his own troops and to the Ottoman forces who operated with him, he brought it to a successful termination on 24 April 1826. But he was defeated in Mani three times in a row. The Greek guerrilla bands harassed his army, and in revenge he desolated the country and sent thousands of the inhabitants into slavery in Egypt. These measures of repression aroused great indignation in Europe and led to the intervention of the naval squadrons of the United Kingdom, the Restored Kingdom of France and Russia in the Battle of Navarino (20 October 1827). Their victory was followed by the landing of a French expeditionary force in the so-called Morea expedition. By the terms of the capitulation of 1 October 1828, Ibrahim evacuated the country.

Campaigns in Syria

Main articles: Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33) and Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) See also: Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) and Peasants' revolt in Palestine

In 1831, his father's quarrel with the Porte having become flagrant, Ibrahim was sent to conquer Ottoman Syria. He took Acre after a severe siege on 27 May 1832, occupied Damascus, defeated an Ottoman army at Homs on 8 July, defeated another Ottoman army at Beilan on 29 July, invaded Asia Minor, and finally routed the Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha at Konya on 21 December. It was there in Syria where he met Umar Tal the mystic, according to accounts Umar Tal healed the son of Ibrahim Pasha from a deadly fever. Umar Tal was inspired by Ibrahim Pasha, when Umar returned to Sokoto he followed the trends set by the Pasha. Umar Tal later became the commander of the Toucouleur in what is now Guinea, Senegal, and Mali.

The Convention of Kütahya on 6 May left Syria for a time in the hands of Muhammad Ali. Ibrahim was undoubtedly helped by Colonel Sève and the European officers in his army. After the campaign of 1832 and 1833, Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria. He might perhaps have administered successfully, but the exactions he was compelled to enforce by his father soon caused the popularity of his government to decline and provoked revolts. He was assisted by French officer Beaufort d'Hautpoul from 1834 to 1837, who was his Chief-of-Staff.

During the 1834 peasants' revolt in Palestine, Ibrahim Pasha besieged the Transjordanian city of Al-Karak for 17 days, in pursuit of the revolt's leader Qasim al-Ahmad. After a hole was blasted into the town's walls in late August, Al-Karak was destroyed and the orchards outside the town were uprooted as punitive measures against the residents for hosting Qasim. Fearing further retaliation from Ibrahim Pasha, the rebel leaders were handed to the Egyptians.

In 1838, the Porte felt strong enough to renew the struggle, and war broke out once more. Ibrahim won his last victory for his father at Nezib on 24 June 1839. But the United Kingdom and the Austrian Empire intervened to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Their squadrons cut his communications by sea with Egypt, a general revolt isolated him in Syria, and he was finally compelled to evacuate the country in February 1841.

The Karakis were to take their revenge from Ibrahim Pasha, 6 years later when the Pasha and his Egyptian army were driven out of Damascus. In 1841, as the Pasha and his troops took the Hajj road from Damascus, they were persistently attacked all the way from Qatraneh to Gaza. The weary army were killed and robbed, and by the time Ibrahim Pasha reached Gaza, the commander had lost most of his army, ammunition and animals.

Last years

Ibrahim spent the rest of his life in peace, but his health was ruined. In 1846, he paid a visit to Western Europe, where he was received with some respect and a great deal of curiosity. When his father became senile, Ibrahim was appointed Regent in his place. He held his regency from July till the time of his death on 10 November 1848.

Honours

See also

Notes

  1. "Ibrahim Pasha". presidency.eg. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  2. Khaled Fahmy, Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009)
  3. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ibrahim Pasha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–224.
  4. "The Egyptian empire 1805-1885" (PDF).
  5. Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (January 1994). An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. University of California Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780520087828. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  6. Rogan, 1995 31 pp. -2
  7. Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge University Press. 11 April 2002. p. 31. ISBN 9780521892230. Retrieved 8 June 2016.

Bibliography

  • See Edouard Gouin, L'Egypte au XIX' siècle (Paris, 1847); Aimé Vingtrinier, Soliman-Pasha (Colonel Sève) (Paris, 1886). A great deal of unpublished material of the highest interest with regard to Ibrahim's personality and his system in Syria is preserved in the British Foreign Office archives; for references to these see Cambridge Mod. Hist. x. 852, bibliography to chap. xvii.
  • Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) (in German). Vienna and Leipzig: C. W. Stern. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

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Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Muhammad Ali dynastyBorn: 1789 Died: 10 November 1848
Preceded byMuhammad Ali Pasha Wāli of Egypt and Sudan
1848 		Succeeded byAbbas Hilmi I
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