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{{short description|Term used in esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine}}
]
{{ redirect3|Subtle energy|For the mystical concept of psychospiritual bodies overlaying the physical body, see ]}} {{redirect|Subtle energy|the mystical concept of psychospiritual bodies overlaying the physical body|Subtle body}}
{{redirect|Cosmic energy}}{{Not to be confused|Energy}}
The term '''''energy''''' has been widely adopted into the fields of spirituality, complementary medicine <ref name="NCCAM">{{cite web | url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/energymed.htm | title=Energy Medicine Overview | author=The 'National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=2006-10-13 }}</ref><ref name=Atwood>{{cite web | url=http://www.csicop.org/si/2003-09/alternative-medicine.html | title=Ongoing Problem with the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine | author=Kimball C. Atwood | publisher=Skeptical Inquirer magazine | date=September, 2003}}</ref>etc. to refer to a variety of forces, known and unknown, measurable and immeasurable, actual and putative, physical and spiritual, often, though not always, conceived as "fields" or subtle forms surrounding the earth or any living thing, supposed to be directly perceptible and accessible to the human mind as "rays", "fields" or "vibrations".<ref>e.g. Playfair G.L. and Hill S., "The Cycles of Heaven", Pan Books 1978 p.12 "We discuss the fascinating new concept of man's "energy body" and its radiations, and how it may be interacting with its energetic surroundings.." See also ibid. Ch12 passim.</ref>
{{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}}


Proponents and practitioners of various ] forms of ] and ] refer to a variety of claimed experiences and phenomena as being due to "'''energy'''" or "'''force'''" that defy measurement or ], and thus are distinct from uses of the term "]" in science.<ref name="Stenger">{{cite journal |last=Stenger |first=Victor J |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508003317/http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Medicine/Biofield.html |url=http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Medicine/Biofield.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-05-08 |title=Bioenergetic Fields |journal=The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine |volume=3 |number=1 |date=Spring–Summer 1999 |access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Jonathan C. |title=Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1405181228 |pages=268–274}}</ref>
In many cases "energy" is conceived of as a universal life force: to this extent "spiritual energy" theories resemble scientific ]<ref></ref> and may even invoke the ] of Victorian physics.<ref>Playfair and Hill op. cit.</ref> Additionally, or alternatively, such notions are often aligned with or derived from conceptions found in other cultures, such as the Chinese idea of ] and the ] of the Upanisads.<ref></ref> Many such ideas arise from the primitive idea of life as breath - a relationship implicit also in the word "spirit".


Claims related to energy therapies are most often ], rather than being based on repeatable ] evidence, thus not following the ].<ref name="energy">{{cite web |url=http://skepdic.com/energy.html |title=energy – (according to New Age thinking) |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |date=2011-12-19 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref><ref name=Barrett>{{cite web |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/reich.html |title=Some Notes on Wilhelm Reich, M.D |publisher=Quackwatch.org |date=2002-02-15 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref><ref name="Jarvis">{{cite web |last1=Jarvis |first1=William T. |url=https://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |title=Reiki |publisher=National Council Against Health Fraud |date=2000-12-01 |access-date=2014-05-02}}</ref>
Such a usage is already evident in ]'s ''The Marriage of Heaven and Hell'' (1793);


There is no ] for the existence of such energy,<ref name="Smith"/><ref name="Stenger"/> and physics educators criticize the use of the term "energy" to describe ideas in esotericism and spirituality as unavoidably confusing.<ref name="arias">{{cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=A. G. |date=August 2012 |title=Use and misuse of the concept energy |journal=Latin American Journal of Physics Education |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=400 |citeseerx=10.1.1.669.3285}}</ref>
''"Energy is the only life and is from the Body and Reason is the bound or outward circumference of Energy. Energy is Eternal Delight."'' <ref>Milton Klonsky, "William Blake: The Seer and his Visions", Orbis 1977.</ref>


==History==
Blake's alignment of energy with affective emotion is noteworthy, for it depicts energy as the psychic continuum that unites body and mind, thus reflecting ]'s celebrated tripartite division of the human psyche into the appetitive, the spirited and the rational.<ref>Jonathan Locke Hart, "Northrop Frye: The Theoretical Imagination", Routledge 1994, Kathleen Raine, "Blake and Tradition", Routledge, 2002, Plato, "The Republic", trans. Desmond Lee, Harmondsworth.</ref> Such an integration of "energy" into systematic esoteric expositions of the universe and/or the human psyche is frequently found combined, as in ] and ], into an account of a ] of "inner planes" or "subtle bodies".<ref>Mead, G. R. S. (1967). "The Doctrine of the Subtle Body in Western Tradition". Theosophical Publishing House. Onians, Richard Broxton. (1951). "The Origins of European Thought About the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>
Concepts such as "life force", "'']''" and "'']''" existed from antiquity. In the 18th century, ] ignited debate with his theory of ]. Attention to ] grew in the 18th and 19th centuries. Interest continued into the 20th century, largely fuelled by adherents of the ] movement.<ref name="Stenger"/><ref name="Smith"/>
It will be evident from the above that such an idea of energy, to the extent that it is expressed with rational rigour, may draw upon comparative religion, biology, physics, medicine or even all at once. Moreover, the status of any such idea may generally be assumed to be a matter of controversy. Further, many themes commonly discussed under this rubric are elaborated in Misplaced Pages in their own articles. All this being the case, these present remarks can be and need be no more than tentative. It is therefore intended that a list of such articles be compiled here, divided into general headings and commented upon only sufficiently to aid, hopefully, a primary orientation in this far-reaching matter.


As biologists studied ] and ], particularly before the discovery of genes, a variety of organisational forces were posited to account for their observations. German biologist ] (1867–1941), proposed ], an energy which he believed controlled organic processes.<ref name="Vitalism">{{cite book | last=Bechtel | first=William | last2=Richardson | first2=Robert C. |editor-last=Craig | editor-first=Edward | title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=Taylor |chapter=Vitalism |chapter-url=http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~bill/teaching/philbio/vitalism.htm|year=1998|volume=9: Sociology of Knowledge to Zoroastrianism|oclc=38096851|isbn=9780415187145|quote=Vitalism has fallen out of favour, though it had advocates even into the twentieth century. }}</ref> However such ideas are discredited and modern ] has all but abandoned the attempt to associate additional energetic properties with ].<ref name="Vitalism"/>
===Bio-energy and field theories===


It is not the scientific concept of energy that is being referred to in the context of spirituality and alternative medicine. As ] writes:
The success of the scientific Enlightenment's treatment of energy in natural science quickly led to attempts to study the energies of life, a process which at first derived much strength from ]'s neurological discoveries. Some, like ], identified these energies with magnetism, others continued to assume that living organisms were constituted of special materials subject to special forces - a view which became known as ].


{{quote|That's all that energy is: a measurement of work capability. But in popular culture, 'energy' has somehow become a noun. "Energy" is often spoken of as if it is a thing unto itself, like a region of glowing power, that can be contained and used. Here's a good test. When you hear the word "energy" used, substitute the phrase "measurable work capability". Does the usage still make sense? Remember, energy itself is not the thing being measured: energy is the measurement of work performed or of potential... Thus, this New Age concept of the body having an "energy field" is fatally doomed. There is no such thing as an energy field; they are two unrelated concepts.<ref>{{Skeptoid |id=4411 |number=411 |title=Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields |date=22 April 2014 }}; Also see {{Skeptoid|id=4002|number=2|title=New Age Energy: An examination of energy, as new agers use the term.|date=11 October 2006}}</ref>}}
As microbiologists studied ] and ], particularly before the discovery of the genes, a variety of organisational forces were posited to account for the observations. From the time of ], however, the importance of "energy-fields" began to wane and the proposed forces became more mind-like.


Despite the lack of scientific support, spiritual writers and thinkers have maintained ideas about energy and continue to promote them either as useful allegories or as fact.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonas |first1=WB |last2=Crawford |first2=CC |title=Science and spiritual healing: a critical review of spiritual healing, "energy" medicine, and intentionality. |journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |date=March 2003 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=56–61 |pmid=12652884}}</ref> The field of ] purports to manipulate energy, but there is no credible evidence to support this.<ref name="energy"/>
Sometimes, however, as in the work of ], the electromagnetic fields of organisms have been studied precisely as the hypothetical medium of such organisational "forces".


The concept of "''qi''" (energy) appears throughout traditional ]n ], such as in the art of ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latham |first1=Kevin |title=Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1851095827 |page=285}}</ref> Qi philosophy also includes the notion of "negative qi", typically understood as introducing negative ] like outright ] or more moderate expressions like ] or ].<ref name="Norden2011">{{cite book |last1=Van Norden |first1=Bryan W. |title=Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtK5750bm30C&pg=PA98 |year= 2011 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1603846158 |page=98}}</ref> Deflecting this negative qi through ] is a preoccupation in ].<ref name="Leonard">{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=George J. |author-link=George Leonard |title=The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts |date=1999 |publisher=Garland Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0203344590 |page=204}}</ref> The traditional explanation of ] states that it works by manipulating the circulation of qi through a network of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson-Wood |first1=Denis |last2=Lawson-Wood |first2=Joyce |title=Acupuncture Handbook |date=1983 |publisher=Health Science Press |page=133 |isbn=0-8277-1427-0}}</ref> Practitioners of ], a pseudoscientific healing modality, believe that ''qi'' is transmitted to the client via the palms of the practitioner’s hands. In ], the ancient Chinese martial art, participants aim to concentrate and balance the body's ''qi'', providing benefits to mental and physical health.<ref>{{Citation |title=Slow and Steady: The Health Benefits of Tai Chi |date=2023-09-05 |issue=Health essentials |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/the-health-benefits-of-tai-chi |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref>
* ] - ] of ]. ]
* ] of ]
* ] of ]
* ] of biologist ]
* ] of ]
* ] of ]
* ] of chemist ]
* ] of ]
* ] of ]
* ]
* ] of ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


In ], ], and ], '']'' ({{lang|sa|]}}, {{IAST|prāṇa}}; the ] word for breath, "life force” or "vital principle")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prana|title=Prana |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=2015-04-22}}</ref> permeates reality on all levels including inanimate objects.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sacred journey: living purposefully and dying gracefully |last=Rama |first=Swami |date=2002|publisher=Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust|isbn=978-8188157006|location=India|oclc=61240413}}</ref> In Hindu literature, prāṇa is sometimes described as originating from the ] and connecting the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1982/emay82/prana582.shtml |title=Prana: the Universal Life Force |author=Swami Satyananda Saraswati |author-link=Satyananda Saraswati |publisher=Bihar School of Yoga |website=Yoga Magazine |date=September 1981 |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>
===Scientific references===


==In popular culture==
Electromagnetism and living systems.


In ], a series of popular science-fiction films, the natural flow of energy known as ] is believed to have originated from the concept of ''qi''.
* ] and ] - their general nature.
* ] - the scientific study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
* ] (radiation biology) - the interdisciplinary field of science that studies the biological effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation of the whole electromagnetic spectrum, including radioactivity (alpha, beta and gamma), x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, microwaves, radio wave, low-frequency radiation (such as alternating or pulsing fields or currents), ultrasound, thermal radiation (heat) and related modalities.
* ] - the magnetic properties of living systems and ] - the study of effect of magnets upon living systems. See also ]
* ] - the electromagnetic properties of living systems and ] - the study of the effect of electromagnetic fields on living systems.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ], ] and ] - a discipline that has given rise to many scientific field theories.
* ] - the study of energy exchange on the molecular level of living systems.
* ], ], ]
* ] - a marked phosphoresecence found in fungi, deep-sea creatures etc., as against ] - a much weaker electromagnetic radiation, thought by ], its discoverer, to be a form of signalling.


==Locations==
===Modern western psychotherapies===
There are various ]s that people of various belief systems find ] or having an "energy" with significance to humans.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ivakhiv|first1=Adrian |title=Orchestrating Sacred Space: Beyond the 'Social Construction' of Nature |journal=] |date=24 February 2007 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |doi=10.1558/ecotheology.v8i1.1642|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~aivakhiv/Orchestrating_Sacred_Space.pdf |access-date=3 January 2017|issn=1363-7320}}</ref> The idea that some kind of "negative energy" is responsible for creating or attracting ]s or ]s appears in contemporary paranormal culture and beliefs as exemplified in the TV shows '']'' and '']''.<ref name="Fahy">{{cite book|last1=Fahy|first1=Thomas|title=The Philosophy of Horror|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyhorror00fahy|url-access=limited|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=978-0813125732|page=}}</ref>


==See also==
(''See main articles'' ] ''and'' ])
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

* ]
These are therapeutic approaches that depend on the idea of "energy". The following are mostly neo-Reichian therapies which aim to release emotional tension from the body;
* ]

* ]
* ] and ]
* ]
* ] and ] of ]
* ]
* ] of ]
* ] of ]
* ] therapy of ]
* ], the ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

There have also been attempts to align the psycho-analytic theories of ] regarding the ]s of the ] with the memory-like morphogenetic force-fields postulated by biologists like ] and ].

* ]
* ]

===Energy Medicine===

Complementary interventions that depend on a form of energy, whether '''veritable''' (known to science) or '''putative''' (unknown to science).

''See main article'' ].

===Parapsychology===

These pages do not cover all of parapsychology but only those that are concerned with some "energy". Some effects studied in that discipline, such telepathy and dowsing at a distance, are by nature attempting to go beyond normal time-space: these are excluded.

* ]
* ] phenomena
* ]
* ] as ]
* ]: Rebirth in a new physical body.
* ]s: Phenomena attributed to ]s, also ]s, ], ], ]s and ]. ].
* ]: Perception of biofields

===Dowsing===

Some dowsers talk about " earth rays".

* ]
*]
* ]
*]
* ]
* ]
* ]

===Earth Energy===
* ]
* ]
* ]s
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]/]
* ]
* ]
* ]
{{div col end}}


==References==
===Chinese theories===
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
Chinese acupuncture theory states that ]'s mode of action is by virtue of manipulating the circulation of ''']''' energy through hypothesised ]. To the extent that acupuncture is regarded as efficacious in western medicine, its palliative effects are usually described as obtained physiologically by blocking or stimulating nerve cells and causing changes in the perception of pain in the ].<ref name="NCCAM2006-Acupuncture">{{cite web | url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/ | year=2006 | publisher=National Institute of Health. | accessdate=2006-03-02 | title=Get the Facts, Acupuncture}}</ref> However the idea of qi is not confined to medicine: it appears throughout traditional ]n culture, for example, in the art of ], in ] and spiritual tracts.
* {{Commonscat-inline}}
* ] in ] - ] - ] - ]
* ] of ] - ] - ]


{{Pseudoscience}}
===Indian vitalism===
{{Parapsychology|state=collapsed}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Energy (Esotericism)}}
* ], ], ], ], ] in Indian ] and ]
]
* ] - the ] and ] in ]
]

]
=== Other Cultures===
* ], ], ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] in ] cultures and in anthropology
* ] or the quintessence of classical physics
* ] in some branches of ], similar ideas in ] and ]
* Qudra in ]
* ] in various systems
* ] in ] cultures
* ] in ]
* ] in ]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Stenudd, Stefan |title=Life Energy Encyclopedia: Qi, Prana, Spirit, and Other Life Forces around the World |publisher=BookSurge |location= |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=1439200688 |oclc= |doi= }}

]
]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]

]
]
]

Latest revision as of 10:55, 15 December 2024

Term used in esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine "Subtle energy" redirects here. For the mystical concept of psychospiritual bodies overlaying the physical body, see Subtle body. "Cosmic energy" redirects here. For other uses, see Cosmic energy (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Energy.
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Proponents and practitioners of various esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine refer to a variety of claimed experiences and phenomena as being due to "energy" or "force" that defy measurement or experimentation, and thus are distinct from uses of the term "energy" in science.

Claims related to energy therapies are most often anecdotal, rather than being based on repeatable empirical evidence, thus not following the scientific method.

There is no scientific evidence for the existence of such energy, and physics educators criticize the use of the term "energy" to describe ideas in esotericism and spirituality as unavoidably confusing.

History

Concepts such as "life force", "qi" and "élan vital" existed from antiquity. In the 18th century, Franz Mesmer ignited debate with his theory of animal magnetism. Attention to vitalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries. Interest continued into the 20th century, largely fuelled by adherents of the New Age movement.

As biologists studied embryology and developmental biology, particularly before the discovery of genes, a variety of organisational forces were posited to account for their observations. German biologist Hans Driesch (1867–1941), proposed entelechy, an energy which he believed controlled organic processes. However such ideas are discredited and modern science has all but abandoned the attempt to associate additional energetic properties with life.

It is not the scientific concept of energy that is being referred to in the context of spirituality and alternative medicine. As Brian Dunning writes:

That's all that energy is: a measurement of work capability. But in popular culture, 'energy' has somehow become a noun. "Energy" is often spoken of as if it is a thing unto itself, like a region of glowing power, that can be contained and used. Here's a good test. When you hear the word "energy" used, substitute the phrase "measurable work capability". Does the usage still make sense? Remember, energy itself is not the thing being measured: energy is the measurement of work performed or of potential... Thus, this New Age concept of the body having an "energy field" is fatally doomed. There is no such thing as an energy field; they are two unrelated concepts.

Despite the lack of scientific support, spiritual writers and thinkers have maintained ideas about energy and continue to promote them either as useful allegories or as fact. The field of energy medicine purports to manipulate energy, but there is no credible evidence to support this.

The concept of "qi" (energy) appears throughout traditional East Asian culture, such as in the art of feng shui and Chinese martial arts. Qi philosophy also includes the notion of "negative qi", typically understood as introducing negative moods like outright fear or more moderate expressions like social anxiety or awkwardness. Deflecting this negative qi through geomancy is a preoccupation in feng shui. The traditional explanation of acupuncture states that it works by manipulating the circulation of qi through a network of meridians. Practitioners of reiki, a pseudoscientific healing modality, believe that qi is transmitted to the client via the palms of the practitioner’s hands. In tai chi, the ancient Chinese martial art, participants aim to concentrate and balance the body's qi, providing benefits to mental and physical health.

In yoga, Ayurveda, and Indian martial arts, prana (प्राण, prāṇa; the Sanskrit word for breath, "life force” or "vital principle") permeates reality on all levels including inanimate objects. In Hindu literature, prāṇa is sometimes described as originating from the Sun and connecting the elements.

In popular culture

In Star Wars, a series of popular science-fiction films, the natural flow of energy known as the Force is believed to have originated from the concept of qi.

Locations

There are various sacred natural sites that people of various belief systems find numinous or having an "energy" with significance to humans. The idea that some kind of "negative energy" is responsible for creating or attracting ghosts or demons appears in contemporary paranormal culture and beliefs as exemplified in the TV shows Paranormal State and Ghost Hunters.

See also

References

  1. ^ Stenger, Victor J (Spring–Summer 1999). "Bioenergetic Fields". The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine. 3 (1). Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  2. ^ Smith, Jonathan C. (2010). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 268–274. ISBN 978-1405181228.
  3. ^ "energy – (according to New Age thinking)". The Skeptic's Dictionary. 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  4. "Some Notes on Wilhelm Reich, M.D". Quackwatch.org. 2002-02-15. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  5. Jarvis, William T. (2000-12-01). "Reiki". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
  6. Arias, A. G. (August 2012). "Use and misuse of the concept energy". Latin American Journal of Physics Education. 6 (1): 400. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.3285.
  7. ^ Bechtel, William; Richardson, Robert C. (1998). "Vitalism". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 9: Sociology of Knowledge to Zoroastrianism. Taylor. ISBN 9780415187145. OCLC 38096851. Vitalism has fallen out of favour, though it had advocates even into the twentieth century.
  8. Dunning, Brian (22 April 2014). "Skeptoid #411: Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields". Skeptoid.; Also see Dunning, Brian (11 October 2006). "Skeptoid #2: New Age Energy: An examination of energy, as new agers use the term". Skeptoid.
  9. Jonas, WB; Crawford, CC (March 2003). "Science and spiritual healing: a critical review of spiritual healing, "energy" medicine, and intentionality". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 9 (2): 56–61. PMID 12652884.
  10. Latham, Kevin (2007). Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 285. ISBN 978-1851095827.
  11. Van Norden, Bryan W. (2011). Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy. Hackett Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 978-1603846158.
  12. Leonard, George J. (1999). The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 204. ISBN 978-0203344590.
  13. Lawson-Wood, Denis; Lawson-Wood, Joyce (1983). Acupuncture Handbook. Health Science Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-8277-1427-0.
  14. Slow and Steady: The Health Benefits of Tai Chi, Cleveland Clinic, 2023-09-05
  15. "Prana". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
  16. Rama, Swami (2002). Sacred journey: living purposefully and dying gracefully. India: Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust. ISBN 978-8188157006. OCLC 61240413.
  17. Swami Satyananda Saraswati (September 1981). "Prana: the Universal Life Force". Yoga Magazine. Bihar School of Yoga. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  18. Ivakhiv, Adrian (24 February 2007). "Orchestrating Sacred Space: Beyond the 'Social Construction' of Nature" (PDF). Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture. 8 (1): 11–29. doi:10.1558/ecotheology.v8i1.1642. ISSN 1363-7320. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  19. Fahy, Thomas (2010). The Philosophy of Horror. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 77. ISBN 978-0813125732.

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