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			{{short description\|Hat and stereotype for conspiracy theorists}}
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			{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2016}}
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			A '''tin foil hat''' is a ] made from one or more sheets of ] or ], or a piece of conventional headgear lined with foil, often worn in the belief or hope that it shields the ] from threats such as ]s, ], and ]. The notion of wearing homemade headgear for such protection has become a popular stereotype and byword for ], ], and belief in ] and ].

			"Tin foil" is a common ] for ] foil in English-speaking countries; packaging metal foil was formerly made out of ] before it was replaced with aluminium.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Foil - metallurgy \|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/foil-metallurgy \|website=Britannica.com \|publisher=] \|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref>
	A '''tin foil hat''' is a piece of ] made from one or more sheets of ], ] or similar material. People wear the hats in the belief that they act to shield the ] from such influences as ]s, or against alien interference, ] and ].
	The idea of wearing a tin foil hat for protection from such threats has become a popular ] and term of derision. The phrase serves as a ] for ] and is often used to characterize ].

			== Origin ==
	== Tin foil hats and paranoia ==
			Some people – "Tin Foil Hatters" – have a belief that such hats prevent ], spies, mobsters, corporations, extraterrestrial, or paranormal beings that employ ] or the ]. People in many countries who believe they are "]", subject to government, corporate, or criminal spying or harassment, have developed websites, conference calls, and support meetings to discuss their concerns, including the idea of protective headgear.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001399_3.html\|title=Mind Games\|last=Weinberger\|first=Sharon\|date=14 January 2007\|newspaper=Washington Post\|access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> ''Vice Magazine'' wrote that the tin foil hat in popular culture "can be traced back in a very weird and prescient short story written in 1927 by ]"<ref>{{cite web \|title=A Brief Cultural History of the Tin Foil Hat \|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mgbk4b/a-brief-cultural-history-of-the-tin-foil-hat \|website=Vice.com \|date=6 March 2015 \|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> titled "]", wherein the main character uses a metal hat to prevent being mind controlled by the villain scientist.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Huxley \|first1=Julian \|title=The Tissue-Culture King \|url=http://www.revolutionsf.com/fiction/tissue/ \|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Huxley1927">{{cite journal \|last=Huxley \|first=Julian \|title=The Tissue-Culture King \|date=August 1927 \|journal=] \|quote=Well, we had discovered that metal was relatively impervious to the telepathic effect, and had prepared for ourselves a sort of tin pulpit, behind which we could stand while conducting experiments. This, combined with caps of metal foil, enormously reduced the effects on ourselves.}}</ref> Over time the term "tin foil hat" has become associated with ] and ].<ref name="Crazy">{{cite web\|title=Hey Crazy – Get a New Hat \|url=http://www.bostonist.com/archives/2005/11/15/hey_crazyget_a_new_hat.php \|access-date=5 April 2007 \|date=15 November 2005 \|publisher=Bostonist \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503051428/http://www.bostonist.com/archives/2005/11/15/hey_crazyget_a_new_hat.php \|archive-date=3 May 2007 }}</ref>
	Various web sites claim that people believe in the efficacy of tin foil hats and similar devices to stop the voices in their head or prevent the government, paranormal beings, or aliens from reading and/or controlling their minds. These people believe that the foil deflects mind control signals from, for instance, project ], which allegedly transmits mind-control signals from mobile phone towers. These draw on the stereotypical images of mind control operating by ] or by technological means, like ]. Belief in the effectiveness of tin foil hats is popularly linked to mental illnesses such as paranoid ].<ref>{{ cite web \| title = Hey Crazy--Get a New Hat \| url = http://www.bostonist.com/archives/2005/11/15/hey_crazyget_a_new_hat.php \| accessdate = 2007-04-05 \| date = ] ] \| publisher = Bostonist }}</ref>

	== Scientific basis ==		== Scientific basis ==
			] have been documented for quite some time.<ref name="Ref_1979">{{cite journal \|title=Neurophysiologic effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation \|journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine \|volume=55 \|issue=11 \|first=W. R. \|last=Adey \|date=December 1979 \|pages=1079–1093\|pmid=295243 \|pmc=1807758 }}</ref><ref name="Lean2006">{{cite news \|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article362557.ece \|title=Electronic smog \|work=The Independent \|date=7 May 2006 \|access-date=9 June 2009 \|location=London \|first=Geoffrey \|last=Lean \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517030959/http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article362557.ece \|archive-date=17 May 2008 \|df=dmy-all }}</ref> The efficiency of a metal enclosure in blocking electromagnetic radiation depends on the thickness of the foil, as dictated by the "]" of the conductor for a particular wave frequency range of the radiation. For half-millimetre-thick aluminum foil, radiation above about 20 kHz (i.e., including both ] and ]s) would be partially blocked, although aluminum foil is not sold in this thickness, so numerous layers of foil would be required to achieve this effect.<ref name="Jackson1998">{{cite book \|title=Classical Electrodynamics \|first=John David \|last=Jackson \|publisher=Wiley Press \|year=1998 \|isbn=978-0-471-30932-1 }}</ref>
	]

			In 1962, ] discovered that the ] (i.e., the sounds induced by the reception of radio-frequency electromagnetic signals, heard as clicks and buzzes) can be blocked by a patch of ] (rather than foil) placed above the ].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Frey\|first=Allan H.\|date=1962-07-01\|title=Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy\|url=http://jap.physiology.org/content/17/4/689\|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology\|language=en\|volume=17\|issue=4\|pages=689–692\|issn=8750-7587\|pmid=13895081\|doi=10.1152/jappl.1962.17.4.689\|s2cid=12359057\|access-date=25 May 2017\|archive-date=16 September 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916192444/http://jap.physiology.org/content/17/4/689\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Elder & Chou 2003">{{cite journal \|doi=10.1002/bem.10163 \|last1=Elder \|first1=Joe A. \|last2=Chou \|first2=C.K. \|year=2003 \|title=Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy \|journal=Bioelectromagnetics \|volume=24 \|issue=S6 \|pages=S162–73 \|issn=0197-8462 \|pmid=14628312\|s2cid=9813447 \|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	The belief that a tin foil hat can significantly reduce the intensity of incident radio frequency (RF) radiation on the wearer's brain is not completely without a basis in scientific fact. A well constructed tin foil enclosure would approximate a ], reducing the amount of ] entering from outside. A common high school physics demonstration involves placing an AM radio on tin foil, and then covering the radio with a metal bucket. This leads to a noticeable reduction in signal strength. The efficiency of such an enclosure in blocking such radiation depends on the thickness of the tin foil, as dictated by the ], the distance the radiation can propagate in a particular non-ideal ]. For half-millimeter-thick tin foil, radiation above about 20 kHz (i.e., including both ] and ]s) would be partially blocked.<ref>{{ cite book \| title = Classical Electrodynamics \| first = John David \| last = Jackson \| publisher = Wiley Press \| year = 1998 }}</ref>

			In 2005, a ] experimental study<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Soniak\|first=Matt\|date=2012-09-28\|title=Tin Foil Hats Actually Make it Easier for the Government to Track Your Thoughts\|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/09/tin-foil-hats-actually-make-it-easier-for-the-government-to-track-your-thoughts/262998/\|access-date=2020-08-04\|website=The Atlantic\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2005-02-17\|title=On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets: An Empirical Study\|url=http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet/\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708230258/http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet/\|archive-date=2010-07-08}}</ref> by a group of MIT students found that tin foil hats do shield their wearers from radio waves over most of the tested spectrum, but amplified certain frequencies, around 2.6 GHz and 1.2 GHz.
	The effectiveness of the tin foil hat as ] for stopping radio waves is greatly reduced by the fact that it is not a complete enclosure. Placing an AM radio under a metal bucket without a conductive layer underneath demonstrates the relative ineffectiveness of such a setup. Because the effect of an ungrounded Faraday cage is to partially reflect the incident radiation, a radio wave that is incident on the inner surface of the hat (i.e., coming from underneath the hat-wearer) would be reflected and partially 'focused' towards the user's brain. While tin foil hats may have originated in some understanding of the Faraday cage effect, the use of such a hat to attenuate radio waves belongs properly to the realm of ].

		⚫	==In popular culture==
	A study by ]s at ] determined that a tin foil hat could either amplify or attenuate incoming radiation depending on frequency. The effect was observed to be roughly independent of the relative placement of the wearer and radiation source.<ref>{{ cite web \| url = http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet/ \| title = On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets \| subtitle = An Empirical Study \| first = Ali \| last = Rahimi \| coauthors = Ben Recht, Jason Taylor, Noah Vawter \| accessdate = 2007-04-05 \| date = ] ] \| publisher = Ali Rahimi }}</ref> At GHz wavelengths, the ] is less than the thickness of even the thinnest foil.

			In 2005, ] reported on an encounter between ] and security personnel at the UN ], titled "Stallman Gets in Trouble with UN Security for Wearing a Tin-Foil Hat".<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://perens.sourcelabs.com/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427230237/http://perens.sourcelabs.com/ \|archive-date=2006-04-27 \|title=Friday, November 18: Richard Stallman Gets in Trouble with UN Security for Wearing a Tin-Foil Hat \|date=2005-11-18}}</ref> The tin-foil hat in the title was figurative, as Stallman did not actually don a tin-foil hat, but instead wrapped an identification card containing a ] device in tin foil in protest against the intrusion on his privacy.
	Despite some allegations that ] (EMR) exposure has harmful effects on health ,<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article362557.ece\| title = Story on EMR radiation and health in ''The Independent.''}}</ref> at this time, no link has been verifiably proven between the radio-frequency EMR that tin foil hats are meant to protect against and subsequent ill health.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/healtheffects.html\|title = Occupational Safety and Health Administration page on Radio Frequency Emissions and Health}}</ref>

			In a 2016 article, the musician and researcher ] writing in paranormal magazine '']'' noted an early allusion to an "insulative electrical contrivance encircling the head during thought" in the unusual 1909 ] publication ''Atomic Consciousness''<ref name="Bathurst1909">{{cite book \|title=Atomic Consciousness Abridgement \|first=James \|last=Bathurst \|publisher=W. Manning, London \|year=1909}}</ref> by self-proclaimed "seer" John Palfrey (aka "James Bathurst") who believed such headgear was not effective for his "retention of thoughts and ideas" against a supposed "telepathic impactive impingement".<ref name="Wilson2016">{{cite magazine \|title=Atomic-Consciousness \|magazine=] \|date=June 2016 \|first=Daniel \|last=Wilson}}</ref>
⚫	== ~~Tin foil hats in~~ popular culture ==
	<!-- A few significant examples is sufficient here, folks. -->
	* '']'' character ] was briefly portrayed constructing and wearing his own tin foil hat as part of a storyline which saw him suffering from ].
	* The novel '']'' by Edward Savio portrays a character who believes that tin foil keeps harmful gamma rays away and becomes a media sensation, marketing a successful line of foil hats to Chicago.
	* In an episode of '']'', "]", Bart becomes paranoid after taking an ADD drug called Focusin, leading him to believe that ] is spying on him and begins donning a tin foil hat. At the end of the episode, Bart turns out to be right when he shoots a MLB satellite out of the sky.
	* The tin foil hat was an ] item for the ] '']'', created by ] to parody player paranoia about their character information being searchable on the World of Warcraft armory website.<ref>{{ cite web \| title = Introducing the Tinfoil Hat \| url = http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/info/items/tinfoilhat.xml }}</ref>
	* In ]'s 2002 film '']'', the Hesses don tin foil hats to protect from invading aliens.
	* One character in the 2007 film '']'' wears a tin foil hat in an attempt to block the titular "signal" turning people into murderous madmen.
	* In the 1956 novel '']'' by ], various characters wear tin foil hats to protect themselves from telepathic attacks.

			Tin foil hats have appeared in such films as '']'' (2002),<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://time.com/5682464/area-51-raid-hat/ \|title=Area 51 Raid But Make It Fashion: It Takes a Lot to Stand Out at Alien-Themed Festival But This Guy's Tin Foil Hat Is Working \|last=Lang \|first=Cady \|date=September 20, 2019 \|magazine=] \|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref> '']'' (2005),<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2017-07-09/dvdanger-dont-knock-twice/ \|title=DVDanger: Don't Knock Twice \|last=Whittaker\|first=Richard\|date=July 9, 2017\|work=]\|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> and '']'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/36153/futurama-into-the-wild-green-yonder/ \|title=Futurama: Into The Wild Green Yonder\|last=Miller III\|first=Randy\|date=February 1, 2009\|website=]\|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref>
⚫	== References ==

			The 2019 ] television series '']'' features the character Wade Tillman/Looking Glass, a police officer who wears a mask made of reflective foil, and while off-duty, a cap lined in foil to protect his mind from alien psychic attacks.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://screenrant.com/watchmen-show-easter-eggs-episode-5/ \|title=Watchmen: Biggest Comic Easter Eggs in Episode 5 \|last=Erdmann \|first=Kevin \|date=November 18, 2019 \|website=] \|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref>
	{{Reflist\|2}}

			In 2024, several teachers in ] ] posed themselves with tin foil hats, due a prank by a Belarusian prankster Vladislav Bokhan, who posed as an official from ]. He sent an "order" to local schools asking teachers to hold a "Helmet of the Fatherland" workshop. The workshop contained instructions for making Tin foil hats as a "patriotic campaign" and to "defend themselves from the irradiation from NATO satellites".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/belarus-russia-teachers-tinfoil-hat-prank/33198362.html\|title=Belarusian Artist Says Tinfoil Hat Prank Tests 'Fascistization' In Russian Society\|date=November 11, 2024\|website=]}}</ref>

			== See also ==
			* ]
			* ]
			* ], a Japanese term that includes those who believe they are being persecuted by electromagnetic waves
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]

		⚫	== References ==
			{{reflist}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==
			* {{commons category-inline\|Tin foil hats}}
	*
	* – from ]
	* – parody say some, original scientific research by Lyle Zapato, say others
	* – book by Lyle Zapato
	* – parody
	*
	* – performed at ]

			{{Hats}}
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			{{Pseudoscience\|state=autocollapse}}
			{{Conspiracy theories}}

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Latest revision as of 04:39, 30 December 2024

Hat and stereotype for conspiracy theorists

A tin foil hat is a hat made from one or more sheets of tin foil or aluminium foil, or a piece of conventional headgear lined with foil, often worn in the belief or hope that it shields the brain from threats such as electromagnetic fields, mind control, and mind reading. The notion of wearing homemade headgear for such protection has become a popular stereotype and byword for paranoia, persecutory delusions, and belief in pseudoscience and conspiracy theories.

"Tin foil" is a common misnomer for aluminium foil in English-speaking countries; packaging metal foil was formerly made out of tin before it was replaced with aluminium.

Origin

Some people – "Tin Foil Hatters" – have a belief that such hats prevent mind control by governments, spies, mobsters, corporations, extraterrestrial, or paranormal beings that employ ESP or the microwave auditory effect. People in many countries who believe they are "targeted individuals", subject to government, corporate, or criminal spying or harassment, have developed websites, conference calls, and support meetings to discuss their concerns, including the idea of protective headgear. Vice Magazine wrote that the tin foil hat in popular culture "can be traced back in a very weird and prescient short story written in 1927 by Julian Huxley" titled "The Tissue-Culture King", wherein the main character uses a metal hat to prevent being mind controlled by the villain scientist. Over time the term "tin foil hat" has become associated with paranoia and conspiracy theories.

Scientific basis

Effects of strong electromagnetic radiation on health have been documented for quite some time. The efficiency of a metal enclosure in blocking electromagnetic radiation depends on the thickness of the foil, as dictated by the "skin depth" of the conductor for a particular wave frequency range of the radiation. For half-millimetre-thick aluminum foil, radiation above about 20 kHz (i.e., including both AM and FM bands) would be partially blocked, although aluminum foil is not sold in this thickness, so numerous layers of foil would be required to achieve this effect.

In 1962, Allan H. Frey discovered that the microwave auditory effect (i.e., the sounds induced by the reception of radio-frequency electromagnetic signals, heard as clicks and buzzes) can be blocked by a patch of wire mesh (rather than foil) placed above the temporal lobe.

In 2005, a tongue-in-cheek experimental study by a group of MIT students found that tin foil hats do shield their wearers from radio waves over most of the tested spectrum, but amplified certain frequencies, around 2.6 GHz and 1.2 GHz.

In popular culture

In 2005, Bruce Perens reported on an encounter between Richard Stallman and security personnel at the UN World Summit on the Information Society, titled "Stallman Gets in Trouble with UN Security for Wearing a Tin-Foil Hat". The tin-foil hat in the title was figurative, as Stallman did not actually don a tin-foil hat, but instead wrapped an identification card containing a radio-frequency identification device in tin foil in protest against the intrusion on his privacy.

In a 2016 article, the musician and researcher Daniel Wilson writing in paranormal magazine Fortean Times noted an early allusion to an "insulative electrical contrivance encircling the head during thought" in the unusual 1909 non-fiction publication Atomic Consciousness by self-proclaimed "seer" John Palfrey (aka "James Bathurst") who believed such headgear was not effective for his "retention of thoughts and ideas" against a supposed "telepathic impactive impingement".

Tin foil hats have appeared in such films as Signs (2002), Noroi: The Curse (2005), and Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (2009).

The 2019 HBO television series Watchmen features the character Wade Tillman/Looking Glass, a police officer who wears a mask made of reflective foil, and while off-duty, a cap lined in foil to protect his mind from alien psychic attacks.

In 2024, several teachers in Russia's Voronezh Oblast posed themselves with tin foil hats, due a prank by a Belarusian prankster Vladislav Bokhan, who posed as an official from United Russia. He sent an "order" to local schools asking teachers to hold a "Helmet of the Fatherland" workshop. The workshop contained instructions for making Tin foil hats as a "patriotic campaign" and to "defend themselves from the irradiation from NATO satellites".

References

"Foil - metallurgy". Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Weinberger, Sharon (14 January 2007). "Mind Games". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
"A Brief Cultural History of the Tin Foil Hat". Vice.com. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
Huxley, Julian. "The Tissue-Culture King". Retrieved 9 March 2021.
Huxley, Julian (August 1927). "The Tissue-Culture King". Amazing Stories. Well, we had discovered that metal was relatively impervious to the telepathic effect, and had prepared for ourselves a sort of tin pulpit, behind which we could stand while conducting experiments. This, combined with caps of metal foil, enormously reduced the effects on ourselves.
"Hey Crazy – Get a New Hat". Bostonist. 15 November 2005. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
Adey, W. R. (December 1979). "Neurophysiologic effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 55 (11): 1079–1093. PMC 1807758. PMID 295243.
Lean, Geoffrey (7 May 2006). "Electronic smog". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
Jackson, John David (1998). Classical Electrodynamics. Wiley Press. ISBN 978-0-471-30932-1.
Frey, Allan H. (1 July 1962). "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy". Journal of Applied Physiology. 17 (4): 689–692. doi:10.1152/jappl.1962.17.4.689. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 13895081. S2CID 12359057. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Elder, Joe A.; Chou, C.K. (2003). "Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy". Bioelectromagnetics. 24 (S6): S162–73. doi:10.1002/bem.10163. ISSN 0197-8462. PMID 14628312. S2CID 9813447.
Soniak, Matt (28 September 2012). "Tin Foil Hats Actually Make it Easier for the Government to Track Your Thoughts". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
"On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets: An Empirical Study". 17 February 2005. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010.
"Friday, November 18: Richard Stallman Gets in Trouble with UN Security for Wearing a Tin-Foil Hat". 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006.
Bathurst, James (1909). Atomic Consciousness Abridgement. W. Manning, London.
Wilson, Daniel (June 2016). "Atomic-Consciousness". Fortean Times.
Lang, Cady (20 September 2019). "Area 51 Raid But Make It Fashion: It Takes a Lot to Stand Out at Alien-Themed Festival But This Guy's Tin Foil Hat Is Working". Time. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
Whittaker, Richard (9 July 2017). "DVDanger: Don't Knock Twice". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
Miller III, Randy (1 February 2009). "Futurama: Into The Wild Green Yonder". DVD Talk. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
Erdmann, Kevin (18 November 2019). "Watchmen: Biggest Comic Easter Eggs in Episode 5". Screen Rant. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
"Belarusian Artist Says Tinfoil Hat Prank Tests 'Fascistization' In Russian Society". Radio Free Europe. 11 November 2024.

External links

Media related to Tin foil hats at Wikimedia Commons

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