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{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1826–1905)}}
{{Infobox_Philosopher
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
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{{Infobox religious biography
| region = Islamic scholar
| era = Modern era | religion = ]
| color = #B0C4DE | name = Maulana Rashid Ahmed Gangohi
| birth_date = 1826<ref name=haqislam/><ref name="hasani_eng"/>

| birth_place = ], ], ]<ref name=haqislam/>
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| death_date = 11 August 1905 (aged 78)<ref name=haqislam/><ref name="hasani_eng"/>

| death_place = ], ], ]
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| image_caption = | resting_place =
| nationality = ]

| denomination = ]
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| name = '''Rashid Ahmad Gangohi''' | | creed = ]
| birth = ] CE | movement = ]
| death = ] CE<ref name="peobook"/> | occupation =
| disciple_of = ]
| school_tradition =
| main_interests = Aqeedah, Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh | main_interests = ], ], ], ]
| notable_ideas = ]

| influences = <small>]<small/> | works =
| influences = ]<br>]<br>Abdul Ghani Dihlawi
| influenced = <small><br><small/>
| disciples = ]<ref name=nizam>{{Cite book|title=The Hundred (Bangla Mayer Eksho Kritishontan)|last=Nizampuri|first=Ashraf Ali|year=2013|publisher=Salman Publishers|pages=29|isbn=978-112009250-2|edition=1st}}</ref><br>Maulana Syed Shah Waris Hasan,<br>Shah Peer Muhammad Sahab
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
| serviceyears = 1857
| battles = ]
*{{small|]}}
}} }}
{{Deobandi}}


'''Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad Ayyūbī Anṣārī Gangohī''' (1826{{spaced ndash}}11 August 1905) ({{langx|ur|{{nq|مولانا رشید احمد گنگوہی}}}}) was an ] ] ], a leading figure of the ] ] and scholar of ], author of '']''.<ref name="hasani_eng"/> His lineage reaches back to ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shamela.ws/index.php/author/3035|title=Al-'Alam by al-Zirikli|publisher=shamela.ws}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ingram |first=Brannon |title=Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī |date=2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860 |work=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=580–582 |editor-last=Kassam |editor-first=Zayn R. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860 |isbn=978-94-024-1267-3 |access-date=2022-10-15 |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan}}</ref>
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'''Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi'''
(1244 AH – 1323 AH) (1826 AD – 1905 AD)


Along with ] he was a pupil of ]. Both studied the books of hadith under ''Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi'' and later became ] of ].<ref>Brannon Ingram ('''University of North Carolina'''), Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism, p 479.</ref> His lectures on '']'' and '']'' were recorded by his student Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi, later edited, arranged, and commented on by ], and published as '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=GENGÛHÎ, Reşîd Ahmed|last=Al-ghazali|first=Muhammad}}</ref>


==Name==
In ''Tazkiratur Rashid'' his name and nasab is given as follows: Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad{{#tag:ref|{{langx|ar|هدايت أحمد}}, Hidāyat Aḥmad, or {{lang|ar|هداية أحمد}}, Hidāyah Aḥmad|group="note"}} ibn Qāẓī Pīr Bak͟hsh ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām Ḥasan ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām ‘Alī ibn Qāẓī ‘Alī Akbar ibn Qāẓī Muḥammad Aslam al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī.<ref name="mirathi">{{cite book|author1=‘Āshiq Ilāhī Mīraṭhī|title=تذکرۃ الرشید / Taẕkiratur-Rashīd|date=1908|language=Urdu|publisher=Bilālī Sṭīm |location=Sāḍhaurah|url=https://archive.org/details/TazkeraTurRasheedPartI}}</ref> In the biographical work ''Nuzhat al-Khawatir'' he is mentioned with the nisbats "al-Anṣārī, al-Ḥanafī, ar-Rāmpūrī then al-Gangohī".<ref name="hasani">{{cite book|chapter=الشيخ العلامة رشيد أحمد الگنگوهي / ash-Shaykh al-‘Allāmah Rashīd Aḥmad al-Gangohī|author1=‘Abd al-Ḥayy ibn Fakhr ad-Dīn al-Ḥasanī|author2=Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī al-Ḥasanī an-Nadwī|title=نزهة الخواطر وبهجة المسامع والنواظر / Nuzhat al-khawāṭir wa-bahjat al-masāmi' wa-al-nawāẓir|volume=8|date=1999|pages=1229–1231|location=Bayrūt|publisher=Dār Ibn Ḥazm|edition=1st|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref name="hasani_eng">{{cite web|title=The Epitome of Shari'ah and Tariqah: Shaykh Rashid Ahmad al-Gangohi|url=http://www.deoband.org/2009/04/history/biographies-of-scholars/the-epitome-of-sharia-and-tariqa/|website=Deoband.org website|date=26 April 2009|others=Translated into English by Ismaeel Nakhuda}} Excerpted from ‘Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr ad-Din al-Hasani; Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali al-Hasani an-Nadwi. ''Nuzhat al-Khawatir'', Published 26 April 2009, Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref> In the introduction to ''al-Kawkab ad-Durri'' he is mentioned as "Mawlānā Abī Mas‘ūd Rashīd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī al-Kankawhī al-Ḥanafī al-Jishtī an-Naqshbandī al-Qādirī as-Suhrawardī".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Muhammad Yahya ibn Muhammad Ismail al-Kandahlawi|author2=Rashid Ahmad al-Kankawhi|author3=Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi|title=الكوكب الدري على جامع الترمذي / al-Kawkab ad-durrī 'alá Jāmi' at-Tirmidhī|page=12|language=Arabic|chapter=مقدمة المحشي / Muqaddimat al-Muhashshi}}</ref>


His given name was Rashid Ahmad; Abu Masud was his ].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} His heritage can be traced back to Prophet ]'s companion ].<ref name=haqislam/>
==Education==


==Biography==
Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) was an Ayyubi. He is from among the descendents of Hadhrat Abu Ayyub Ansari (Radiyallahu Anhu). When ] made Hijrah, Hadhrat ] hosted him.
Rashid Ahmad was born on Monday, 6 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1244 AH (1826 AD) in ], Saharanpur District, ] (in present-day ], India).<ref name="hasani_eng"/><ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/><ref name="kandhlawi">{{cite book|title=تاریخ مشائخ چشت / Tārīk͟h Mashā'ik͟h-i Chisht|publisher=Maktabatush-Shaik͟h|location=Biharabad, Karachi|year=1973|author=Muḥammad Zakarīyā Kāndhlawī|chapter=حضرت اقدس مولانا رشید احمد صاحب گنگوہی / Haẓrat Aqdas Maulānā Rashīd Aḥmad Ṣaḥib Gangohī|language=Urdu}}</ref><ref name="rizvi_eng">{{cite book|author1=Sayyid Mahbub Rizvi|title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband|date=1980|publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam|location=Dar al-Ulum, Deoband|translator=Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi|volume= 1}}</ref> He was born in the ] of Sarai, close to the tomb of ].<ref name="mirathi"/> Both his father ] Hidayat Ahmad and his mother Karimun Nisa belonged to ] Ayyubi families, claiming descent from ] RadiAllahu 'anhu.<ref name=haqislam/><ref name="mirathi"/> His ancestral village was ], but his grandfather ] Pir Bakhsh had settled in Gangoh.<ref name="mirathi"/>


Hidayat Ahmad was an ] connected to the Waliullahi tradition,<ref name="mirathi"/> and in '']'' (Sufism) an authorized ''khalifah'' (successor) of ].<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="rizvi_eng"/> He died in 1252 AH (1836) at the age of 35, when Rashid was seven.<ref name="mirathi"/> A few years later Rashid's younger brother Sa'id Ahmad also died, at the age of nine.
These Akaabir of Deoband were the children of Sahabah, one a Siddiqi, the other a Farooqi and now an Ayyubi. Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) was born in 1244 AH (1826) and he passed away on 1323 AH corresponding with 1905. Hadhrat Maulana was approximately 79 years of age.


After the death of Hidayat Ahmad the responsibility for Rashid's upbringing fell to his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh.<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="kandhlawi"/> He also had four maternal uncles: Muhammad Naqi, Muhammad Taqi, Abdul Ghani, and Muhammad Shafi.<ref name="mirathi"/> He was especially close to Abdul Ghani, who took on a fatherly role for him.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} He also had a close friendship with his younger cousin, Abun Nasr, son of Abdul Ghani's.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}
Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) acquired education at a very young age and many of his Asaatizah (teachers) were those who were also the Asaatizah of Maulana Qasim Nanotwi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) and some were also the Asaatizah of Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (Rahmatullahi Alayhi).


Rashid Ahmad received his elementary education from a local teacher, Miyanji Qutb Bakhsh Gangohi.<ref name="kandhlawi"/> He read the Qur'an in Gangoh, probably at home with his mother.<ref name="kandhlawi"/> Then he studied the primary Persian books with his older brother Inayat Ahmad.<ref name="mirathi"/> He completed Persian studies in ] with his maternal uncle Muhammad Taqi,<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/> and also partly with Muhammad Ghaus.<ref name="mirathi"/> Afterwards he studied the primary books of Arabic grammar (''sarf'' and ''nahw'') with Muhammad Bakhsh Rampuri,<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/> on whose encouragement he then traveled to Delhi in pursuit of knowledge in 1261 AH (1845), at the age of 17.<ref name="mirathi"/>
A common personality between them is Hadhrat Maulana Mamlook Ali (Rahmatullahi Alayhi). He was the father of Maulana Yaqub Nanotwi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) who was the first Sadr Mudarris (head teacher) of Darul Uloom Deoband. Whilst discussing the life of Maulana Qasim Nanotwi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi), it has been mentioned already that both Maulana Qasim Nanotwi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) and Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) studied hadith together under Sheikh Abdul Ghani Muhaddith Dehlawi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi).


After arriving in Delhi he studied Arabic with Qazi Ahmaduddin Punjabi Jehlami.<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/><ref name="hasani_eng"/> Afterwards he attended the classes of different teachers before becoming a pupil of ], a scholar of the Shah Waliullah line, and a professor at ]. It was in this period that Rashid Ahmad met and developed a close companionship with Mamluk Ali's nephew, ]. Both were private pupils of Mamluk Ali. After he completed his studies with Mamluk Ali, he stayed a few more years in Delhi to study under other teachers. He became a pupil of Mufti Sadruddin Azurdah, with whom he studied some books of the {{transl|ur|ulum-i aqliyah}} (rational sciences).<ref name="rizvi_eng"/> He studied the books of ] and ] under ''Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi''. Shah Ahmad Sa'id, the older brother of Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi, was also among his teachers.<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/><ref name="hasani_eng"/>
It is important to mention that Hadhrat Maulana lost his father at a very young and tender age of seven. So Maulana was actually raised as an orphan. The maternal uncles of Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) nurtured him and took great care of him. They were great Ulama.


After four years in Delhi, Rashid returned home to Gangoh.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} He married Khadijah, daughter of his uncle Muhammad Naqi, at the age of 21. It was not until after his marriage that he memorized the Qur'an. He then travelled to Thana Bhawan, where he gave bay'ah (allegiance) at the hand of Haji Imdadullah in the Sufi path. He remained in Imdadullah's company and service for 42 days. When he prepared to leave for Gangoh, Imdadullah held his hand and gave him permission to take disciples.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}
When Hadhrat Maulana was 21 years of age, he married his cousin. Generally it is noticed that when a person gets married, his life before marriage is different from his life after marriage.


While Nanautawi and Gangohi are often mentioned as co-founders of Darul Uloom Deoband, Rizvi writes that there is no historical evidence that Gangohi played a role in its establishment in 1283 AH.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} However, due to his close relationship with Nanautawi and others involved, it is unlikely that he was unaware of its founding.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} Rizvi cites a record of Gangohi's written inspection of the madrasah on 3 Rajab 1285 AH as the earliest evidence for his formal relationship with the madrasah. It was also common for graduates of the madrasah to attend Rashid Ahmad's hadith lectures in Gangoh.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}
Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) was not a Hafiz before marriage but surprisingly soon after marriage within a period of one year Hadhrat Maulana became a Hafiz all by himself. Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) memorized the Quran in approximately one year and in the following year, he performed Taraweeh.


Alongside Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi, Gangohi's efforts were instrumental in fostering a transnational, ] consciousness in the ] amongst the educated middle classes; during an era of increasing connectivity and arrival of new technologies of communication.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} He forbade Muslims from engaging in various customs which he regarded as stemming from ] and criticised those ] "who retained trappings of ‘Hindu’ culture and lifestyles"; whether in clothing or lifestyle. As a strong opponent of the ]; Gangohi also fiercely denounced the singing of patriotic British songs in English schools; denouncing it as an act of '']'' (disbelief).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Brannon|date=July 2009|title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism|journal=The Muslim World|location=9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|volume=99|pages=490–491|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref>
Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) like Hadhrat Maulana Qasim Nanotwi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) took bayat on the hands of Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (Rahmatullahi Alayhi). When he went to take bayat, his intention was to stay for a very short while but he remained there for forty-two days. He became very attached to Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (Rahmatullahi Alayhi).


In 1297 AH, after the death of Qasim, Rashid was made ''sarparast'' (patron) of Darul Uloom Deoband. From 1314 AH he was also ''sarparast'' of the Darul Uloom's sister madrasah, ].<ref name=darululoom> Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>
He went with a very sincere quest to gain the recognition of Allah Ta’ala, treading the path of sulook, piety, taqwa, tahaarah, and on the eighth day Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki made a statement that “Whatever Allah Ta’ala has bestowed upon me, Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) has all of that.”


In 1314 AH he also lost his eye-sight and became blind. In 1323 AH during the Tahujjad prayers (predawn prayers), he was bitten by a highly venomous snake.<ref>Reference: Ulema of Deoband. “Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullah Alayh)-P3 – Jamiatul Ulama Gauteng.” Jamiatul Ulama, 25 Aug. 2010, thejamiat.co.za/2010/08/25/hadhrat-maulana-rashid-ahmad-gangohi-rahmatullah-alayh-p3/.</ref> This led to him later dying on (the same day) Friday, 8 Jumada II 1323 AH (1905 AD) after the Adhan (call for prayer) for the Friday prayer.<ref name=haqislam> Published 14 February 2010, Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>
On the forty second day when Maulana was leaving, Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) also walked with him and instructed him, “If anyone requests to take bayat upon your hands then don’t refuse him.” basically appointing him as a khilafah.


==Fatwa Regarding Qadianis==
Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) said, “Hadhrat, who will come to me?” Hadhrat Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) told him, “What are you worried about who will come to you? All I am telling you is that when anyone comes to you, you must not refuse him. You don’t worry about who will come to you and who won’t come to you. Do what I am telling you to do.” Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) used to say, “Within myself, I don’t like to give bayat to anyone, but what can I do? Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) told me that I should not refuse anyone.”


Rashid Ahmad Gangohi pronounced Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani a deceiver (Dajjal) and his followers kuffar (disbelievers).<ref>Rashed Kandohli, N. H. (2012). Baqiyat Fatāwā Rashīdiyyah. (pp. 37–38). Hazrat Mufti Ilahi Baksh Academy. Retrieved from https://www.banuri.edu.pk/readquestion/qadyani-k-khilaf-hazrat-gangohi-ka-fatwa/11-06-2013</ref>
There’s so much to mention about Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) that require volumes upon volumes but for the sake of brevity we will only mention a few points.


== Legacy ==
==His Ilmi Maqaam (status in knowledge):==
His biographical works include: ''Yaad Yaraan'' by ] and Habibur Rahman Usmani,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, ] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pp=104–105}}</ref> ''Wasl al-Habeeb ma'a Wasī'at Nāmah wa Qaṣīdat Mudḥiḥa'' by ],<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, ] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pp=210–212}}</ref> ''Tazkiratur Rashid'' by ].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, ] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pp=213–241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Justin |date=2023 |title=Remembrances of Rashīd: life-histories as lessons in the Dēōband movement |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/remembrances-of-rashid-lifehistories-as-lessons-in-the-deoband-movement/4E23C49DC34DA9D102FC0E365BE84F74 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=933–948 |doi=10.1017/S1356186322000645 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref>
His depth and insight in Ilm was very great and very high. Maulana Qasim Nanotwi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) stated that Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) is Abu Hanifa al Athar, (the Abu Hanifa of this time).


==See also==
Hadhrat Maulana Anwar Shah Kashmiri (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) was a miracle from the miracles of Allah Ta’ala. He was known as Chalta Pirta Kutub Khana (a rotating library). Maulana Anwar Shah Kashmiri (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) states that if Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) is not higher that Allamah Shami then he is not lesser either. Any Alim who knows Shaami will know what is the maqaam of Shaami otherwise known as Raddul Muhtar.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes==
Maulana Anwar Shah Kashmiri’s statement shows the great Ilmi maqaam of Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi). Whenever the Ulama were stranded and had any Ilmi ishkaals (questions), they would present it to Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi). He would give them such answers that would satisfy them. One very great Alim, Maulana Fazlur Rahman Ganj Muraadabaani (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) said that Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) is such a personality that he has taken in oceans of Ma’rifat (recognition) of Allah but he doesn’t even belch.
{{Reflist|group=note}}


==References==
One day someone asked Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) “Hadhrat, if during the day if someone had some zikr to make, and he was unable to do that during the day and did it during the night, would he get the same reward as doing it during the day?” Hadhrat Maulana mentions, “Why not?” and immediately his tongue went to the verse,
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
“He (Allah) is the one who has made the night and the day as deputies for he who intends to remember Allah or express gratefulness.”
*

*
How apt and adequate is this proof! Allah Ta’ala says that Allah has made the night a deputy of the day. What he forgot to do in the day he can do it in the night for that person who wants to make zikr or for that person who wants to express shukr.
* {{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=J. |date=2023 |title=Remembrances of Rashid: life-histories as lessons in the Deoband movement |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c7a29684-8a72-41cd-86fb-348c2e80d884 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1017/S1356186322000645 |s2cid=259878312 |language=English |issn=1356-1863}}

One of his famous compilations is Fataawa Rashidiyyah. Hadhrat Maulana served the line of Fataawa very diligently and responsibly. When anyone used to ask him a question, he would give him the answer quickly as that person is in need of some guidance in Shariah.

==Hadhrat Maulana’s was also a Hakeem:==
It would be surprising to know that apart from Hadhrat Maulana being a very powerful Alim , and a person who reached the heights of spirituality, he was also a hakeem and doctor.

Once a woman from his family got sick and she told to Maulana Gangohi that “You are a learned person, I want you to look at some books and see if there is any cure for me.” All the doctors and hakeems had failed.

Then Hadhrat Maulana started searching the books of medicine. One of his uncles was also a hakeem. When Hadhrat Maulana felt that he had diagnosed what the sickness was and what the cure was, he went and presented his findings to his uncle. His uncle knew the insight and the wittiness of Hadhrat Maulana. When he looked into what Maulana had presented he said, “Yes this is the cure.” Then they gave the cure to the woman. Alhamdulillah the woman was cured.

This message spread far and wide and people would come to Maulana for cure. His son, Hakeem Masood followed his footsteps and became a renowned hakeem in India as well.

Various points regarding Hadhrat Maulana:
Maulana Gangohi was a close friend of Maulana Qasim Nanotwi. He would assist Maulana Qasim Nanotwi in issues of Darul Uloom Deoband.

He also had a hand in establishing Mazaahirul Uloom Saharanpur. Both of these Darul Ulooms were blessed with the guidance of these two great luminaries of Islam. It has been mentioned previously that Maulana Qasim Nanotwi had died at a young age and then the head of Darul Uloom Deoband was Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

Darul Uloom Deoband and Saharanpur were very close to the heart of Maulana Gangohi and he was always excited to see the success and prosperity of these two Darul Ulooms.

Maulana Gangohi performed several Hajj and after his third Hajj Maulana decided to conduct lessons of Sihah Sitta, the six famous books of Hadith. In one year he would teach all six books himself and Ulama would participate in this. The last lessons were conducted in 1895 due to him losing his eyesight.

==Death==
Hazrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi died in Gangoh on 1323 AH (1905 AD) on a Friday after the Jumuah Azaan.

==Malfoozat (sayings) of Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi==

Maulana Gangohi (Rahmatullahi Alayhi) mentioned, “Mujaahadaat aur Riyaadhaat key baad agar yi baat haasil ho jaaey key ham ku kuch haasil naa huwa tu bas sab kuch haasil ho gayaa.”

Maulana says that after effort and sacrifices, a person exerts himself in different things such as nafl salah, tilawat of the Quran Kareem, zikr and exercising taqwa and restraint. If after doing all this for the pleasure of Allah, he feels that he didn’t achieve anything, Hadhrat Maulana encourages and says, “Don’t think that you didn’t achieve anything, the fact that you feel negative regarding all your efforts, that alone is a great achievement hence he says, “Sab kuch haasil ho gayaa." (You achieved everything.)

Looking at it from the opposite side, if one were to perform many salats, make much zikr, tilawat and give a lot of charity or in the case of a student is very intelligent making a lot of effort in his studies and he says to himself, “I have done so much.” This is an expression of pride . The moment a person has pride, he has lost everything. On the contrary if a person exerts himself then says, “I didn’t do anything.” that is an expression of humbleness and humility. That would be a stepping- stone in attaining the Ma’rifat of Allah Ta’ala.

One of Hadhrat Maulana’s advices is, “Kisi tahammul set ziyaadah apney zimmey kaam na lo.” If one is given a responsibility then he should take only that which he can manage and which is within his capacity. A person should not take that which is not within his responsibility as he will then be accountable.

Another advice of Hadhrat Maulana is, “Kisi sey kisi qism key tawaqqu mat rako chunanchey muj sey mat rako yay baat deen wa dunya ka gur hey.” He says that don’t expect anything from anyone at anytime.

It is possible you may see someone who can fulfill your need you befriend him solely for your need. Maulana says don’t expect anything from anyone at anytime. When one looks at so many disputes and problems, they are based upon this.

A person had an expectation from somebody and it did not materialize and that led to a dispute because it went against his wishes.

At one stage Hadhrat Maulana advised that when one commits an error and he becomes despondent about it, “Bhai kiyu qissa phelaya, gunnah ho gayaa tobah kar lo.” “You made an error, so why make a big deal about it, why must you talk to everyone about it? Make taubah and forget about it.” When one commits a sin and keeps on pondering upon that and he does not make Taubah, he will not achieve anything.

If anyone claims to be free of any faults then that person is bold enough to claim to be an angel. The fact that one is a human being, one has to accept and agree that he will have shortcomings. Hence when one does make errors along with the sense of guilt, one should repent and make Taubah and carry on but not talk about it.

Once someone told Maulana about a certain lecturer who was very harsh in speech. Maulana said, “Wo mutashadid bahut hey, is qadir tashadud say islah nahi hu tiy hay.” Some young Ulama who have josh condemn issues left, right and center.

This era is of targheeb (encouragement). This is not an era of tarheeb (admonishment). Tarheeb should be done with a lot of hikmah and wisdom. Hadhrat Maulana stated, “In that way you cannot make Islah of the people, you have to be soft, loving, compassionate and in a diplomatic way try to make the islah of people.”

When People used to come to him for recommendations as people had their confidence in Hadhrat Maulana and would contribute due to his recommendations. Maulana would tell them “Why are you following people? If you have to build a masjid or a Madressah then make the walls of the building from mud. You don’t have to make it from concrete or something solid.”

The people would then turn around and say, “If we don’t make a solid wall and make a wall out of mud then it will perish.” Maulana would reply and say, “Even the one that is solid is going to perish one day.”

In one instance he mentioned regarding a Madressah, “Ham ko madressah maqsood nahi.” “Our purpose isn’t the Madressah.” The Madressah is a building but rather, “Radha-I-Haq maqsood hay” meaning, “The purpose of the Madressah is not the Madressah, the purpose of the Madressah being here is the ridhwan and pleasure of Allah Ta’ala.”

Once Hadhrat Maulana quoted his ustadh from which he had acquired hadith. He has stated, “Jis qadr apney nafs sey doori hay isi qadr qurb Haqq Ta’ala haasil hey.” meaning that to the extent that a person is far from his nafs, a person is close to Allah.

The closer one is to his nafs, the more distant he will be from Allah. How true are these statements! This can be understood from so many verses of the Quran Kareem, for example, “Don’t follow your desires; you’ll go far away from Allah Ta’ala.”

Hadhrat Maulana used to say, “I don’t want to give bayat to people, it’s not something which I would like to do from within myself, but Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki has emphasized that I shouldn’t refuse anyone.”

In another instance he mentions, “Tamam azkar wa ashghal wa muraqabaat ka khulaasah yeh hay key insaan ko Allah Ta’ala ki huzoori har waqt muyassar rahey.” “What’s the essence of all these efforts and sacrifices in the line of sulook and tasawwuf, what do we want to achieve from it? So Maulana says, “All the concern, all the engrossment and all the muraaqabah is that a person attains the consciousness of Allah Ta’ala all the time.” This is why it is required for a person to make zikr and to exert himself.

The end result of these exercises will be that at all times he will be trained to always think of Allah Ta’ala and to be conscious of the presence of Allah Ta’ala. Once a person has achieved this, then it becomes very easy for a person to be straight and upright. The reason a person will commit sins is because sometimes he forgets that Allah is watching him.

Although he knows that Allah Ta’ala is watching but sometimes the veils of ghaflah and obliviousness come over a person and only after the sin he realizes the wrong he has done.

How much of energy is exerted in speaking ill about the next person, that very same time and energy could be used in making the zikr of Allah and saying Allah, Allah. The benefit of this is the attainment of the ma’iyyat of Allah; he is conscious of Allah and Allah is also remembering him.

==His Books==
*''Fatawa e Rasheedia''
*''Hidaaya tush Shia''


==Notes==
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{{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|India}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
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Latest revision as of 01:40, 5 December 2024

Indian Islamic scholar (1826–1905)

Maulana Rashid Ahmed Gangohi
Personal life
Born1826
Gangoh, Ceded and Conquered Provinces, British India
Died11 August 1905 (aged 78)
Gangoh, United Provinces, British India
NationalityIndian
Main interest(s)Aqidah, Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh
Notable idea(s)Darul Uloom Deoband
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi
CreedMaturidi
MovementDeobandi
Muslim leader
Disciple ofHaji Imdadullah
Disciples
  • Ibrahim Ujani
    Maulana Syed Shah Waris Hasan,
    Shah Peer Muhammad Sahab
Influenced by
Influenced
Military service
Years of service1857
Battles/warsIndian War of Independence
Part of a series on the
Deobandi movement
Ideology and influences
Founders and key figures
Notable institutions
Darul ulooms and madrasas
Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat
Associated organizations

Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad Ayyūbī Anṣārī Gangohī (1826 – 11 August 1905) (Urdu: مولانا رشید احمد گنگوہی) was an Indian Deobandi Islamic scholar, a leading figure of the Deobandi jurist and scholar of hadith, author of Fatawa-e-Rashidiya. His lineage reaches back to Abu Ayyub al-Ansari.

Along with Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi he was a pupil of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi. Both studied the books of hadith under Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi and later became Sufi disciples of Haji Imdadullah. His lectures on Sahih al-Bukhari and Jami` at-Tirmidhi were recorded by his student Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi, later edited, arranged, and commented on by Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi, and published as Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari and Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi.

Name

In Tazkiratur Rashid his name and nasab is given as follows: Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad ibn Qāẓī Pīr Bak͟hsh ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām Ḥasan ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām ‘Alī ibn Qāẓī ‘Alī Akbar ibn Qāẓī Muḥammad Aslam al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī. In the biographical work Nuzhat al-Khawatir he is mentioned with the nisbats "al-Anṣārī, al-Ḥanafī, ar-Rāmpūrī then al-Gangohī". In the introduction to al-Kawkab ad-Durri he is mentioned as "Mawlānā Abī Mas‘ūd Rashīd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī al-Kankawhī al-Ḥanafī al-Jishtī an-Naqshbandī al-Qādirī as-Suhrawardī".

His given name was Rashid Ahmad; Abu Masud was his kunya. His heritage can be traced back to Prophet Muhammad's companion Ayub Ansari.

Biography

Rashid Ahmad was born on Monday, 6 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1244 AH (1826 AD) in Gangoh, Saharanpur District, British India (in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India). He was born in the mahallah of Sarai, close to the tomb of Abdul Quddus Gangohi. Both his father Maulana Hidayat Ahmad and his mother Karimun Nisa belonged to Ansari Ayyubi families, claiming descent from Abu Ayyub al-Ansari RadiAllahu 'anhu. His ancestral village was Rampur, but his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh had settled in Gangoh.

Hidayat Ahmad was an Islamic scholar connected to the Waliullahi tradition, and in tasawwuf (Sufism) an authorized khalifah (successor) of Shah Ghulam Ali Mujaddidi Dihlawi. He died in 1252 AH (1836) at the age of 35, when Rashid was seven. A few years later Rashid's younger brother Sa'id Ahmad also died, at the age of nine.

After the death of Hidayat Ahmad the responsibility for Rashid's upbringing fell to his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh. He also had four maternal uncles: Muhammad Naqi, Muhammad Taqi, Abdul Ghani, and Muhammad Shafi. He was especially close to Abdul Ghani, who took on a fatherly role for him. He also had a close friendship with his younger cousin, Abun Nasr, son of Abdul Ghani's.

Rashid Ahmad received his elementary education from a local teacher, Miyanji Qutb Bakhsh Gangohi. He read the Qur'an in Gangoh, probably at home with his mother. Then he studied the primary Persian books with his older brother Inayat Ahmad. He completed Persian studies in Karnal with his maternal uncle Muhammad Taqi, and also partly with Muhammad Ghaus. Afterwards he studied the primary books of Arabic grammar (sarf and nahw) with Muhammad Bakhsh Rampuri, on whose encouragement he then traveled to Delhi in pursuit of knowledge in 1261 AH (1845), at the age of 17.

After arriving in Delhi he studied Arabic with Qazi Ahmaduddin Punjabi Jehlami. Afterwards he attended the classes of different teachers before becoming a pupil of Mamluk Ali Nanautawi, a scholar of the Shah Waliullah line, and a professor at Delhi College. It was in this period that Rashid Ahmad met and developed a close companionship with Mamluk Ali's nephew, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi. Both were private pupils of Mamluk Ali. After he completed his studies with Mamluk Ali, he stayed a few more years in Delhi to study under other teachers. He became a pupil of Mufti Sadruddin Azurdah, with whom he studied some books of the ulum-i aqliyah (rational sciences). He studied the books of hadith and tafsir under Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi. Shah Ahmad Sa'id, the older brother of Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi, was also among his teachers.

After four years in Delhi, Rashid returned home to Gangoh. He married Khadijah, daughter of his uncle Muhammad Naqi, at the age of 21. It was not until after his marriage that he memorized the Qur'an. He then travelled to Thana Bhawan, where he gave bay'ah (allegiance) at the hand of Haji Imdadullah in the Sufi path. He remained in Imdadullah's company and service for 42 days. When he prepared to leave for Gangoh, Imdadullah held his hand and gave him permission to take disciples.

While Nanautawi and Gangohi are often mentioned as co-founders of Darul Uloom Deoband, Rizvi writes that there is no historical evidence that Gangohi played a role in its establishment in 1283 AH. However, due to his close relationship with Nanautawi and others involved, it is unlikely that he was unaware of its founding. Rizvi cites a record of Gangohi's written inspection of the madrasah on 3 Rajab 1285 AH as the earliest evidence for his formal relationship with the madrasah. It was also common for graduates of the madrasah to attend Rashid Ahmad's hadith lectures in Gangoh.

Alongside Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi, Gangohi's efforts were instrumental in fostering a transnational, pan-Islamic consciousness in the subcontinent amongst the educated middle classes; during an era of increasing connectivity and arrival of new technologies of communication. He forbade Muslims from engaging in various customs which he regarded as stemming from Hindu culture and criticised those Muslims "who retained trappings of ‘Hindu’ culture and lifestyles"; whether in clothing or lifestyle. As a strong opponent of the British rule; Gangohi also fiercely denounced the singing of patriotic British songs in English schools; denouncing it as an act of Kufr (disbelief).

In 1297 AH, after the death of Qasim, Rashid was made sarparast (patron) of Darul Uloom Deoband. From 1314 AH he was also sarparast of the Darul Uloom's sister madrasah, Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur.

In 1314 AH he also lost his eye-sight and became blind. In 1323 AH during the Tahujjad prayers (predawn prayers), he was bitten by a highly venomous snake. This led to him later dying on (the same day) Friday, 8 Jumada II 1323 AH (1905 AD) after the Adhan (call for prayer) for the Friday prayer.

Fatwa Regarding Qadianis

Rashid Ahmad Gangohi pronounced Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani a deceiver (Dajjal) and his followers kuffar (disbelievers).

Legacy

His biographical works include: Yaad Yaraan by Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Habibur Rahman Usmani, Wasl al-Habeeb ma'a Wasī'at Nāmah wa Qaṣīdat Mudḥiḥa by Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi, Tazkiratur Rashid by Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi.

See also

Notes

  1. Arabic: هدايت أحمد, Hidāyat Aḥmad, or هداية أحمد, Hidāyah Aḥmad

References

  1. ^ Profile of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi on haqislam.org website Published 14 February 2010, Retrieved 16 August 2018
  2. ^ "The Epitome of Shari'ah and Tariqah: Shaykh Rashid Ahmad al-Gangohi". Deoband.org website. Translated into English by Ismaeel Nakhuda. 26 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Excerpted from ‘Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr ad-Din al-Hasani; Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali al-Hasani an-Nadwi. Nuzhat al-Khawatir, Published 26 April 2009, Retrieved 16 August 2018
  3. Nizampuri, Ashraf Ali (2013). The Hundred (Bangla Mayer Eksho Kritishontan) (1st ed.). Salman Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 978-112009250-2.
  4. "Al-'Alam by al-Zirikli". shamela.ws.
  5. Ingram, Brannon (2018), Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.), "Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī", Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 580–582, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860, ISBN 978-94-024-1267-3, retrieved 15 October 2022
  6. Brannon Ingram (University of North Carolina), Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism, p 479.
  7. Al-ghazali, Muhammad (1988–2016). "GENGÛHÎ, Reşîd Ahmed". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
  8. ^ ‘Āshiq Ilāhī Mīraṭhī (1908). تذکرۃ الرشید / Taẕkiratur-Rashīd (in Urdu). Sāḍhaurah: Bilālī Sṭīm .
  9. ^ ‘Abd al-Ḥayy ibn Fakhr ad-Dīn al-Ḥasanī; Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī al-Ḥasanī an-Nadwī (1999). "الشيخ العلامة رشيد أحمد الگنگوهي / ash-Shaykh al-'Allāmah Rashīd Aḥmad al-Gangohī". نزهة الخواطر وبهجة المسامع والنواظر / Nuzhat al-khawāṭir wa-bahjat al-masāmi' wa-al-nawāẓir (in Arabic). Vol. 8 (1st ed.). Bayrūt: Dār Ibn Ḥazm. pp. 1229–1231.
  10. Muhammad Yahya ibn Muhammad Ismail al-Kandahlawi; Rashid Ahmad al-Kankawhi; Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi. "مقدمة المحشي / Muqaddimat al-Muhashshi". الكوكب الدري على جامع الترمذي / al-Kawkab ad-durrī 'alá Jāmi' at-Tirmidhī (in Arabic). p. 12.
  11. ^ Muḥammad Zakarīyā Kāndhlawī (1973). "حضرت اقدس مولانا رشید احمد صاحب گنگوہی / Haẓrat Aqdas Maulānā Rashīd Aḥmad Ṣaḥib Gangohī". تاریخ مشائخ چشت / Tārīk͟h Mashā'ik͟h-i Chisht (in Urdu). Biharabad, Karachi: Maktabatush-Shaik͟h.
  12. ^ Sayyid Mahbub Rizvi (1980). History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband. Vol. 1. Translated by Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi. Dar al-Ulum, Deoband: Idara-e Ihtemam.
  13. Ingram, Brannon (July 2009). "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism". The Muslim World. 99. 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 490–491. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. Profiles of many founders of Deoband including Rashid Ahmad Gangohi on darululoom-deoband.com website Retrieved 16 August 2018
  15. Reference: Ulema of Deoband. “Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (Rahmatullah Alayh)-P3 – Jamiatul Ulama Gauteng.” Jamiatul Ulama, 25 Aug. 2010, thejamiat.co.za/2010/08/25/hadhrat-maulana-rashid-ahmad-gangohi-rahmatullah-alayh-p3/.
  16. Rashed Kandohli, N. H. (2012). Baqiyat Fatāwā Rashīdiyyah. (pp. 37–38). Hazrat Mufti Ilahi Baksh Academy. Retrieved from https://www.banuri.edu.pk/readquestion/qadyani-k-khilaf-hazrat-gangohi-ka-fatwa/11-06-2013
  17. Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 104–105. hdl:10603/338413.
  18. Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 210–212. hdl:10603/338413.
  19. Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 213–241. hdl:10603/338413.
  20. Jones, Justin (2023). "Remembrances of Rashīd: life-histories as lessons in the Dēōband movement". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 33 (4): 933–948. doi:10.1017/S1356186322000645. ISSN 1356-1863.

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