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{{Short description|German World War II submarine}}
'''Unterseeboot 234''' ('''U-234''') was a ] ] minelayer ] whose first and only mission into enemy territory consisted of the attempted delivery of uranium and other German advanced weapons technology to the ]. The ] surrendered to the ] after Germany's ] on ] ].
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = U234 KptLt Fehler USS Sutton.jpg
| Ship image size = 300px
| Ship caption = ''U-234'' surrendering. Crewmen of {{USS|Sutton|DE-771|3}} in foreground with ''Kapitänleutnant'' Johann-Heinrich Fehler (left-hand white cap)
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = ]
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
| Ship name = ''U-234''
| Ship ordered = 7 December 1940
| Ship builder = ], ]
| Ship yard number = 664
| Ship laid down = 1 October 1941
| Ship launched = 23 December 1943
| Ship commissioned = 2 March 1944
| Ship captured = Surrendered to {{USS|Sutton|DE-771|6}}, 14 May 1945
| Ship fate = Sunk by torpedo from {{USS|Greenfish|SS-351|6}} during trials, 20 November 1947
| Ship homeport =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class = ] ]
| Ship displacement = *{{convert|1763|t|LT|0|lk=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|2177|t|LT|0}} submerged
| Ship length = *{{convert|89.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}} ]
*{{convert|70.90|m|ftin|abbr=on}} ]
| Ship beam = *{{convert|9.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a
*{{convert|4.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull
| Ship height = {{convert|10.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught = {{convert|4.71|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion = *2 × ] ] F 46 a 9 pu 9 cylinder, four-stroke ]s, {{convert|4800|PS|bhp kW|abbr=on}}
*2 × ] GU 720/8-287 ]s, {{convert|1100|PS|bhp kW|abbr=on}}
| Ship speed = *{{convert|16.4|-|17|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
*{{convert|7|kn}} submerged
| Ship range = *{{convert|18,450|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced
*{{convert|93|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}} submerged
| Ship test depth = ]: {{convert|220|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship complement = 5 officers, 47 enlisted
| Ship sensors = *FuMO-61 Hohentwiel U
*FuMB-26 Tunis
| Ship EW =
| Ship armament = *2 × {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} stern ]s
*15 × ]es
*66 × SMA ]
*1 × ] (200 rounds)
| Ship notes =
}}
{{Infobox service record
|is_ship= yes
|label= Service record<ref name="uboatnet">{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u234.htm
|title=The Type XB boat U-234
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|access-date=2009-12-21
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/u234.html
|title=War Patrols by German U-boat U-234
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|access-date=2009-12-21
}}</ref>
|partof=
*]
*2 March 1944 - 28 February 1945
*]
*1 March 1945 - 8 May 1945
|codes=M 53 388
|commanders=
*'']'' ]
*2 March 1944 - 19 May 1945
|operations=*1 patrol:
*16 April - 19 May 1945
|victories= None
}}
|}


'''German submarine ''U-234''''' was a ] ] of ]'s '']'' during ], she was commanded by ] ]. Her first and only mission into enemy or contested territory consisted of the attempted delivery of ] and German advanced weapons technology to the ]. After receiving the order of Hitler's successor ] to surface and surrender and of Germany's ], the ]'s crew surrendered to the United States on 14 May 1945.
An anecdote regarding the name, U-234, of this vessel: Reportedly the German crew were bemused when the two Japanese military officials to travel on the craft had cargo brought on board that was labelled "U-235" &mdash; their thinking was something like: "Look, they didn't even get the name of the ship right." According to the report, the cargo was however labelled accurately -- it contained ]. It is extremely unlikely though that it was truly all uranium 235, as this would have been more of the material than even the U.S. ] produced during the war, and would have been enough material for around eight crude atomic bombs, considerably further along than the ] has ever been thought to have gone.


==Construction==
The U-234 sailed from Kiel in March 1945 with 240 metric tons of cargo for Japan. Its passengers included 5 German VIPs in addition to the two Japanese. The German personnel included General Ulrich Kessler of the Luftwaffe, who was to take over the Luftwaffe liaison duties in Tokyo, a Naval Fleet Judge Advocate to try cases of German traitors in Japan, Dr. Heinz Schlicke (renowned German scientist later grabbed up by the USA in ]), and an expert on the ] rocket. The two Japanese passengers, upon learning that the U-boat would surrender, took ] poison, committed ], and were ].
Originally built as a ] submarine, she was ] at the ] in ] on 1 October 1941; ''U-234'' was damaged during construction, but ] on 23 December 1943. Following the loss of {{GS|U-233||2}} in July 1944, it was decided not to use ''U-234'' as a minelayer; she was completed instead as a long-range cargo submarine with missions to Japan in mind.


==Sensors==
The U-234 had suffered a collision with another U-boat whilst submerged in the Baltic, so it had to be repaired before continuing her voyage from Christiansand in Norway. She surfaced at sea on ] ] and learned of Germany's surrender. After consulting with another U-boat (U-873 ?), her commander KaptLt Fehler radioed that he would sail for Halifax to surrender. The ] intercepted the U-234 on ] ] and took her crew off. The prize crew turned her south for ], ] where it is suggested by U.S. scientist Dr. Velma Hunt that the U-234 may have disgorged some cargo in secrecy. Her next call was ]. The U.S. Navy reportedly unloaded about 1,200 lb (550 kg) of uranium oxide from the U-234. Her cargo of two dismantled ] jet fighters was not listed at Portsmouth, fueling speculation that she had previously unloaded elsewhere. Author Robert K. Wilcox notes a discrepancy in cargo weights between the USN manifest and the cargo loaded in Germany.
===Radar===
''U-234'' was one of the few U-boats that was fitted with a ]-Radar Transmitter.
This equipment was installed on the starboard side of the conning tower.
]


===Radar detection===
Wolfgang Hirschfeld was radioman on U-109 under Korvettenkapitän Hans-Georg Fischer and then under Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Bleichrodt when they hunted in American waters during the late phases of Operation Paukenschlag, or Drumbeat. At the end of the war, he was Oberfunkmeister (Master Chief - Radio) aboard the U-234. Hirschfeld has revealed since the war that U-234 crew members were already aware that Japan had allegedly succeeded in test blasting an atomic weapon before their departure from Germany in March 1945.
''U-234'' was also fitted with the FuMB-26 ''Tunis'' antenna. The FuMB 26 ''Tunis'' combined the FuMB Ant. 24 Fliege and FuMB Ant. 25 Cuba II antennas. It could be mounted in either the Direction Finder Antenna Loop or separately on the bridge.
]


{{clear}}
During World War II, ] had developed a gas centrifuge for enrichment of uranium. Japan was also working on an atomic weapons program under Dr. Yoshio Nishina. By late in the war, Japan's A-bomb project was shifted to Hungnam in northern Korea with the 8th Imperial Japanese Army laboratory.


==Wartime service==
Rainer Karlsh, in his recent book, has suggested that Nazi Germany had successfully test-blasted a ] (not an actual atomic bomb) at ] in March 1945 and conducted other tests on Rügen Island.


''U-234'' returned to the ''Germaniawerft'' yard at Kiel on 5 September 1944, to be refitted as a transport. Apart from minor work, she had a ] added and 12 of her 30 mineshafts were fitted with special cargo containers the same diameter as the shafts and held in place by the mine release mechanisms. In addition, her keel was loaded with cargo, thought to be optical-grade glass and mercury, and her four upper-deck torpedo storage compartments (two on each side) were also occupied by cargo containers.<ref name=Op-16-Z>{{cite web |title=U-234 - Interrogation Report |publisher=U-boat Archive |url=http://www.uboatarchive.net/U-234INT.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802014237/http://www.uboatarchive.net/U-234INT.htm |archive-date=2 August 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>
U-boats like the U-234 were involved in shipments of uranium oxide to Japan, as were some I-class Japanese submarines that sailed for France under the Yanagi scheme. The I-52 was sunk in the Atlantic before reaching France but ] decrypts disclosed that 800 kg of uranium oxide awaited her at ] for the return voyage. The I-30 also sailed to Lorient and returned to ], but struck a mine after leaving there for Japan. The I-29 made a voyage to France in late 1943, reaching Lorient in March 1944; it returned to Singapore, but on the next stage of her voyage was also sunk.


===Cargo===
An interesting suggestion has also been made that uranium was sealed in solid gold cases aboard the U-234.


The cargo to be carried was determined by a special commission, the ''Marine Sonderdienst Ausland'', established towards the end of 1944, at which time the submarine's officers were informed that they were to make a special voyage to Japan. When loading was completed, the submarine's officers estimated that they were carrying 240 tons of cargo plus sufficient diesel fuel and provisions for a six- to nine-month voyage.<ref name=Op-16-Z/>
In November 1947, the U-234 was sunk off ] as a torpedo target.


The cargo included technical drawings, examples of the newest electric torpedoes, one crated ] jet aircraft, a ] glide bomb and what was later listed on the US Unloading Manifest{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} as {{convert|550|kg|abbr=on}} of ]. In the 1997 book ''Hirschfeld'', Wolfgang Hirschfeld reported that he saw about 10 lead cubes with {{convert|23|cm|in}} sides, and "U-235" painted on each, loaded into the boat's cylindrical mine shafts. According to cable messages sent from the dockyard, these containers held "U-powder".<ref name=Boyd>{{cite book | last= Boyd | first= Carl |author2=Akihiko Yoshida | title= The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II | publisher= Naval Institute Press | year= 2002 | pages= 164 | isbn= 1-55750-015-0}}</ref><ref name=scalia>{{cite book | last= Scalia | first= Joseph M. | title= Germany's Last Mission to Japan: The Failed Voyage of U-234 | publisher= Naval Institute Press | year= 2000 | isbn= 1-55750-811-9 }}</ref>
<!-- Okay, so like that edit on the Little Boy article, another flimsy quality submission from me. Again, time constraints. Somebody please improve. -->


When the cargo was loaded, ''U-234'' carried out additional trials near Kiel, then returned to the northern German city where her passengers came aboard.
==External links==
*http://www.antenna.nl/wise/447/4440.html (Link Broken)
*http://www.antenna.nl/wise/435/4303.html (Link Broken)
*http://www.ihffilm.com/840.html -- if I recall correctly, then the above anecdote was told in this film (but I may be wrong)
*http://uboat.net/boats/u234.htm
*http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557508119
*http://www.ussvance.com/Vance/nazisub.htm
*http://www.spiegel.de/sptv/special/0,1518,230670,00.html


===Passengers===
]

]
''U-234'' was carrying twelve passengers, including a German general, four German naval officers, civilian engineers and scientists and two Japanese naval officers. The German personnel included General ] of the '']'', who was to take over ''Luftwaffe'' liaison duties in ]; ], a Naval Fleet Judge Advocate who was to rid the German diplomatic corps in Japan of the remnants of the ] spy ring; ], a specialist in radar, infrared, and countermeasures and director of the Naval Test Fields in Kiel (later recruited by the US in ]); and August Bringewalde, who was in charge of Me 262 production at Messerschmitt.<ref name=scalia/>
]

The Japanese passengers were Lieutenant Commander Hideo Tomonaga of the ], a naval architect and submarine designer who had come to Germany in 1943 on the {{Jsub|I-29}}, and Lieutenant Commander Shoji Genzo, an aircraft specialist and former naval attaché.<ref name=Hirschfeld>{{cite book | last= Hirschfeld | first= Wolfgang | author-link= Wolfgang Hirschfeld |author2=Geoffrey Brooks | title= The Secret Diary of a U-Boat | publisher= Cassell | year= 2000 | isbn= 0-304-35498-8}}</ref>

===Voyage===
''U-234'' sailed from Kiel for ] in Norway on the evening of 25 March 1945, accompanied by escort vessels and three ] coastal U-boats, arriving in ] two days later. The submersible spent the next eight days carrying out trials on her snorkel, during which she accidentally collided with a Type VIIC U-boat performing similar trials. Damage to both submarines was minor, and despite a diving and fuel oil tank being holed, ''U-234'' was able to complete her trials. She then proceeded to Kristiansand, arriving on about 5&nbsp;April, where she underwent repairs and replenished her provisions and fuel.

''U-234'' departed Kristiansand for Japan on 15&nbsp;April 1945, running submerged at snorkel depth for the first 16 days, and surfacing after that only because her commander, {{lang|de|]}} Johann-Heinrich Fehler, considered he was safe from attack on the surface in the prevailing severe storm. From then on, she spent two hours running on the surface by night, and the remainder of the time submerged. The voyage proceeded without incident. The first sign that world affairs were overtaking the voyage was when the ''Kriegsmarine''{{'}}s ] stopped transmitting, soon followed by the ]. Fehler did not know it, but Germany's naval HQ had fallen into Allied hands.

Then, on 4 May, ''U-234'' received a fragment of a broadcast from British and American radio stations announcing that Admiral ] had become Germany's head of state following the ]. ''U-234'' surfaced on 10&nbsp;May for better radio reception and received Dönitz's last order to the submarine force, ordering all U-boats to surface, hoist white flags and surrender to Allied forces. Fehler suspected a trick and managed to contact {{GS|U-873||2}}, whose captain convinced him that the message was authentic.

At this point, the U-boat was almost equidistant from British, Canadian, and U.S. ports. Fehler decided not to continue his journey, and instead headed for the east coast of the United States. Fehler thought it likely that if they surrendered to Canadian or British forces, they would be imprisoned and it could be years before they were returned to Germany; he believed that the United States would probably just send them home.

Fehler consequently decided that he would surrender to U.S. forces, but radioed on 12&nbsp;May that he intended to sail to ], to surrender to ensure Canadian units would not reach him first. ''U-234'' then set course for ]. During the passage Fehler disposed of his ''Tunis'' radar detector, the new ''Kurier'' radio communication system, and all ]-related documents and other classified papers. On learning that the U-boat was to surrender, the two Japanese passengers committed suicide by taking an overdose of ], a barbiturate sedative and antiepileptic drug. They were ].<ref name=Hirschfeld/>

==Capture==

The difference between Kptlt. Fehler's reported course to Halifax and his true course was soon realized by US authorities who dispatched two destroyers to intercept ''U-234''. On 14 May 1945, she was encountered south of the ], Newfoundland by {{USS|Sutton|DE-771|6}}. Members of ''Sutton's'' crew took command of the U-boat and sailed her to the ], where '']'', '']'', and '']'' had already surrendered. Velma Hunt, a retired ] ] professor, has suggested ''U-234'' may have put into two ports between her surrender and her arrival at the Portsmouth Navy Yard: once in ], to land an American sailor who had been accidentally shot in the buttocks, and again at ], ].<ref>{{cite news | last= Hammond | first= Pat | title= NAZI SUB How U-234 Brought Its Deadly Secret Cargo to New Hampshire. | work= ] | date= April 30, 1995 | url= http://www.ussvance.com/Vance/nazisub.htm | access-date= 2008-07-26 | archive-date= 22 May 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070522203045/http://www.ussvance.com/Vance/nazisub.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref> News of ''U-234's'' surrender with her high-ranking German passengers made it a major news event. Reporters swarmed over the Navy Yard and went to sea in a small boat for a look at the submarine.

===Secret cargo===

Since its capture, the ''U-234'' was treated with unusual secrecy, something noted in the press at the time and attributed to its high-ranking passengers.<ref>{{cite periodical|title=Interviewing of Nazis Banned as Sub Comes to Portsmouth Today|journal=Boston Globe|date=19 May 1945|page=7}}. {{cite periodical|title=Navy Questions High Nazis on Seized U-Boat|journal=New York Herald Tribune|date=20 May 1945|page=1}}</ref> Even in 1945, rumors circulated that the submarine had contained uranium,<ref>{{cite periodical|title=Denies Security for U.S. Rests in Atom Bombs|journal=Chicago Daily Tribune|last=Trohan|first=Walter|date=21 September 1945|page=5|quote="Even the Japs were found to be far advanced in the theory of breaking down atoms of uranium to release tremendous energy. An intercepted German submarine was found to be carrying a supply of uranium to Japan evidently for the use of Japanese scientists."}}</ref> but documents about the contents of the cargo, and its fate, remained classified for much of the Cold War.

Various sources, including contemporary documents and later memoirs, cite the uranium contents as being {{convert|560|kg|lb}} of ], separated into ten containers made out of lead and lined with gold. Many of the accounts, however, have inconsistencies and disagree on specifics, as historian Joseph Scalia has documented. Those onboard the boat appear to have been told that the contents were dangerous if opened; it is suspected that, if this was not simply a lie meant to keep them from inspecting them more closely, it may have been related to their potential ].<ref>Uranium, when exposed to air, can catch fire or even explode. This is especially the case for fine uranium dust. The Germans had suffered ], with the L-IV reactor experiment in ]. {{cite book|last=Walker|first=Mark|title=German National Socialism and the quest for nuclear power, 1939-1949|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1989|pp=84-85}}</ref> Some have suggested that they did not contain uranium at all, but rather other pyrophoric alloys, or even biological or chemical weapons materials, although these suggestions would be contradicted by all of the other sources.<ref name="scalia"/>

No serious historian believes that the uranium would have been anything other than un-enriched. While Germany did have a ], German, American, and Soviet sources all indicate clearly that Germany lacked the facilities to enrich uranium (or produce any other kinds of ]) in production-level quantities. Rather, Scalia documents that the Japanese asked the Germans for the uranium officially for the purpose of research into chemical catalysts for the production of aviation fuel. It may have actually been desired for part of the small ], although Japan did not itself have the facilities necessary to weaponize it.<ref name="scalia"/><ref name=Boyd/>

The ultimate disposition of the uranium has never been confirmed. Scalia traced its movement after capture from ] to the ], and that it was shipped from there to an unspecified destination in late June 1945. After that, there are conflicting accounts. Major ], the former head of ] security, said in 1995 that the uranium was then directly sent to ] in ], where it was enriched as part of the weapons program. While it has been suggested that perhaps the uranium was enriched and some of it made its way into the ] atomic bomb that was dropped on ], it does not appear that there was sufficient time for this to occur, and that, if enriched, it simply became part of the ever-growing postwar American uranium stockpile.<ref name="scalia"/>

]

==Disposition==

As she was not needed by the US Navy, ''U-234'' was sunk off 40 miles northeast of ], Cape Cod as a ] target by {{USS|Greenfish|SS-351|6}} on 20 November 1947 at ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ericwiberg.com/2015/10/u-234-under-johann-heinrich-fehler-surrendered-portsmouth-nh-19-may-1945-en-route-to-japan-w-german-japanese-materiel | title=U-234 under Johann-Heinrich Fehler, surrendered Portsmouth NH 19 May 1945 en route to Japan w/ German, Japanese materiel | date=27 October 2015 }}</ref>

==In popular culture==

* '']'', the 1992 film directed by ]<ref></ref>
* Documentary film, ''Hitler's Last U-Boat'' Directed by Andreas Gutzeit International Historical Films, Inc. (2001) ASIN B0000646UH
* ''Empire and Honor'', the last published novel in W.E.B. Griffin's ], features ''U-234'' carrying uranium oxide proceeding not to the United States as happened in real life, but going instead to Argentina, where escaped SS officers take control of the boat and plan to sell its uranium oxide to the Soviet Union.

==See also==

* ]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography==
*{{cite book | last1 = Busch | first1 = Rainer | last2 = Röll | first2 = Hans-Joachim | translator-last = Brooks | translator-first = Geoffrey | title = German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary | publisher = Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press | location = London, Annapolis, Md | year = 1999 | isbn = 1-55750-186-6 }}
* Geoffrey Brooks: Hitler's Terror Weapons, Pen & Sword (2002): {{ISBN|0-85052-896-8}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Gröner
|first1=Erich
|last2=Jung
|first2=Dieter
|last3=Maass
|first3=Martin
|translator-last1=Thomas
|translator-first1=Keith
|translator-last2=Magowan
|translator-first2=Rachel
|year=1991
|title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels
|volume=2
|series=German Warships 1815–1945
|location=London
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|isbn=0-85177-593-4
|ref=CITEREFGröner1991
}}
*Webber, Bert, (1985), "Silent Siege-II, Japanese Attacks On North America In WWII. Webber Research Group. {{ISBN|0-936738-26-X}}
* Wolfgang Hirschfeld; Geoffrey Brooks, ''The Story of a U-Boat NCO 1940-1946'' Naval Institute Press (1996) {{ISBN|1-55750-372-9}}
* Arthur Naujoks, Lee Nelson "The Last Great Secret of the Third Reich", 2002. Council Press.
* ], ''Germany's Last Mission to Japan: The Failed Voyage of U-234'' Naval Institute Press (2000) {{ISBN|1-55750-811-9}}
* ]: ''The Warring Seas'', 1955. A biography of the career of ''U-234'' commander Johann Fehler.
* ], ''Tides of Justice'', a short story featuring ''U-234'' in ] edited by ] ] (June 2008)

== External links==
*{{Cite web
|url= http://uboat.net/boats/u234.html
|title= The Type XB boat U-234
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|access-date= 31 January 2015
}}
*{{cite web
| url =http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0234.html
| title =''U 234''
| last =Hofmann
| first =Markus
| website =Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de
| language =de
| access-date=31 January 2015
}}
* {{cite news | title= Das Schicksal von U-234 ("The fate of U-234") | publisher= SPIEGEL ONLINE | year= 2003 | url= http://www.spiegel.de/sptv/special/0,1518,230670,00.html }}
*
*
*

{{German Type X submarines}}
{{1947 shipwrecks}}
{{Subject bar
| commons=y
| commons-search=Category:U-234 (submarine, 1943)
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:U0234}}
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Latest revision as of 22:02, 23 December 2024

German World War II submarine

U-234 surrendering. Crewmen of Sutton (DE-771) in foreground with Kapitänleutnant Johann-Heinrich Fehler (left-hand white cap)
History
Nazi Germany
NameU-234
Ordered7 December 1940
BuilderGermaniawerft, Kiel
Yard number664
Laid down1 October 1941
Launched23 December 1943
Commissioned2 March 1944
CapturedSurrendered to USS Sutton, 14 May 1945
FateSunk by torpedo from USS Greenfish during trials, 20 November 1947
General characteristics
Class and typeType X submarine minelayer
Displacement
  • 1,763 tonnes (1,735 long tons) surfaced
  • 2,177 tonnes (2,143 long tons) submerged
Length
Beam
  • 9.20 m (30 ft 2 in) o/a
  • 4.75 m (15 ft 7 in) pressure hull
Height10.20 m (33 ft 6 in)
Draught4.71 m (15 ft 5 in)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 16.4–17 knots (30.4–31.5 km/h; 18.9–19.6 mph) surfaced
  • 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) submerged
Range
  • 18,450 nautical miles (34,170 km; 21,230 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
  • 93 nmi (172 km; 107 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depthCalculated crush depth: 220 m (720 ft)
Complement5 officers, 47 enlisted
Sensors and
processing systems
  • FuMO-61 Hohentwiel U
  • FuMB-26 Tunis
Armament
Service record
Part of:
Identification codes: M 53 388
Commanders:
Operations:
  • 1 patrol:
  • 16 April - 19 May 1945
Victories: None

German submarine U-234 was a Type XB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II, she was commanded by Kapitänleutnant Johann-Heinrich Fehler. Her first and only mission into enemy or contested territory consisted of the attempted delivery of uranium oxide and German advanced weapons technology to the Empire of Japan. After receiving the order of Hitler's successor Admiral Dönitz to surface and surrender and of Germany's unconditional surrender, the submarine's crew surrendered to the United States on 14 May 1945.

Construction

Originally built as a minelaying submarine, she was laid down at the Germaniawerft in Kiel on 1 October 1941; U-234 was damaged during construction, but launched on 23 December 1943. Following the loss of U-233 in July 1944, it was decided not to use U-234 as a minelayer; she was completed instead as a long-range cargo submarine with missions to Japan in mind.

Sensors

Radar

U-234 was one of the few U-boats that was fitted with a FuMO-61 Hohentwiel U-Radar Transmitter. This equipment was installed on the starboard side of the conning tower.

FuMO-61 Hohentwiel U-Radar Transmitter

Radar detection

U-234 was also fitted with the FuMB-26 Tunis antenna. The FuMB 26 Tunis combined the FuMB Ant. 24 Fliege and FuMB Ant. 25 Cuba II antennas. It could be mounted in either the Direction Finder Antenna Loop or separately on the bridge.

FuMB-26 Tunis Radar Detection

Wartime service

U-234 returned to the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel on 5 September 1944, to be refitted as a transport. Apart from minor work, she had a snorkel added and 12 of her 30 mineshafts were fitted with special cargo containers the same diameter as the shafts and held in place by the mine release mechanisms. In addition, her keel was loaded with cargo, thought to be optical-grade glass and mercury, and her four upper-deck torpedo storage compartments (two on each side) were also occupied by cargo containers.

Cargo

The cargo to be carried was determined by a special commission, the Marine Sonderdienst Ausland, established towards the end of 1944, at which time the submarine's officers were informed that they were to make a special voyage to Japan. When loading was completed, the submarine's officers estimated that they were carrying 240 tons of cargo plus sufficient diesel fuel and provisions for a six- to nine-month voyage.

The cargo included technical drawings, examples of the newest electric torpedoes, one crated Me 262 jet aircraft, a Henschel Hs 293 glide bomb and what was later listed on the US Unloading Manifest as 550 kg (1,210 lb) of uranium oxide. In the 1997 book Hirschfeld, Wolfgang Hirschfeld reported that he saw about 10 lead cubes with 23 centimetres (9.1 in) sides, and "U-235" painted on each, loaded into the boat's cylindrical mine shafts. According to cable messages sent from the dockyard, these containers held "U-powder".

When the cargo was loaded, U-234 carried out additional trials near Kiel, then returned to the northern German city where her passengers came aboard.

Passengers

U-234 was carrying twelve passengers, including a German general, four German naval officers, civilian engineers and scientists and two Japanese naval officers. The German personnel included General Ulrich Kessler of the Luftwaffe, who was to take over Luftwaffe liaison duties in Tokyo; Kay Nieschling, a Naval Fleet Judge Advocate who was to rid the German diplomatic corps in Japan of the remnants of the Richard Sorge spy ring; Heinz Schlicke, a specialist in radar, infrared, and countermeasures and director of the Naval Test Fields in Kiel (later recruited by the US in Operation Paperclip); and August Bringewalde, who was in charge of Me 262 production at Messerschmitt.

The Japanese passengers were Lieutenant Commander Hideo Tomonaga of the Imperial Japanese Navy, a naval architect and submarine designer who had come to Germany in 1943 on the Japanese submarine I-29, and Lieutenant Commander Shoji Genzo, an aircraft specialist and former naval attaché.

Voyage

U-234 sailed from Kiel for Kristiansand in Norway on the evening of 25 March 1945, accompanied by escort vessels and three Type XXIII coastal U-boats, arriving in Horten Naval Base two days later. The submersible spent the next eight days carrying out trials on her snorkel, during which she accidentally collided with a Type VIIC U-boat performing similar trials. Damage to both submarines was minor, and despite a diving and fuel oil tank being holed, U-234 was able to complete her trials. She then proceeded to Kristiansand, arriving on about 5 April, where she underwent repairs and replenished her provisions and fuel.

U-234 departed Kristiansand for Japan on 15 April 1945, running submerged at snorkel depth for the first 16 days, and surfacing after that only because her commander, Kapitänleutnant Johann-Heinrich Fehler, considered he was safe from attack on the surface in the prevailing severe storm. From then on, she spent two hours running on the surface by night, and the remainder of the time submerged. The voyage proceeded without incident. The first sign that world affairs were overtaking the voyage was when the Kriegsmarine's Goliath transmitter stopped transmitting, soon followed by the Nauen station. Fehler did not know it, but Germany's naval HQ had fallen into Allied hands.

Then, on 4 May, U-234 received a fragment of a broadcast from British and American radio stations announcing that Admiral Karl Dönitz had become Germany's head of state following the death of Adolf Hitler. U-234 surfaced on 10 May for better radio reception and received Dönitz's last order to the submarine force, ordering all U-boats to surface, hoist white flags and surrender to Allied forces. Fehler suspected a trick and managed to contact U-873, whose captain convinced him that the message was authentic.

At this point, the U-boat was almost equidistant from British, Canadian, and U.S. ports. Fehler decided not to continue his journey, and instead headed for the east coast of the United States. Fehler thought it likely that if they surrendered to Canadian or British forces, they would be imprisoned and it could be years before they were returned to Germany; he believed that the United States would probably just send them home.

Fehler consequently decided that he would surrender to U.S. forces, but radioed on 12 May that he intended to sail to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to surrender to ensure Canadian units would not reach him first. U-234 then set course for Newport News, Virginia. During the passage Fehler disposed of his Tunis radar detector, the new Kurier radio communication system, and all Enigma machine-related documents and other classified papers. On learning that the U-boat was to surrender, the two Japanese passengers committed suicide by taking an overdose of Luminal, a barbiturate sedative and antiepileptic drug. They were buried at sea.

Capture

The difference between Kptlt. Fehler's reported course to Halifax and his true course was soon realized by US authorities who dispatched two destroyers to intercept U-234. On 14 May 1945, she was encountered south of the Grand Banks, Newfoundland by USS Sutton. Members of Sutton's crew took command of the U-boat and sailed her to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, where U-805, U-873, and U-1228 had already surrendered. Velma Hunt, a retired Penn State University environmental health professor, has suggested U-234 may have put into two ports between her surrender and her arrival at the Portsmouth Navy Yard: once in Newfoundland, to land an American sailor who had been accidentally shot in the buttocks, and again at Casco Bay, Maine. News of U-234's surrender with her high-ranking German passengers made it a major news event. Reporters swarmed over the Navy Yard and went to sea in a small boat for a look at the submarine.

Secret cargo

Since its capture, the U-234 was treated with unusual secrecy, something noted in the press at the time and attributed to its high-ranking passengers. Even in 1945, rumors circulated that the submarine had contained uranium, but documents about the contents of the cargo, and its fate, remained classified for much of the Cold War.

Various sources, including contemporary documents and later memoirs, cite the uranium contents as being 560 kilograms (1,230 lb) of uranium oxide, separated into ten containers made out of lead and lined with gold. Many of the accounts, however, have inconsistencies and disagree on specifics, as historian Joseph Scalia has documented. Those onboard the boat appear to have been told that the contents were dangerous if opened; it is suspected that, if this was not simply a lie meant to keep them from inspecting them more closely, it may have been related to their potential pyrophoricity. Some have suggested that they did not contain uranium at all, but rather other pyrophoric alloys, or even biological or chemical weapons materials, although these suggestions would be contradicted by all of the other sources.

No serious historian believes that the uranium would have been anything other than un-enriched. While Germany did have a nuclear program during World War II, German, American, and Soviet sources all indicate clearly that Germany lacked the facilities to enrich uranium (or produce any other kinds of fissile material) in production-level quantities. Rather, Scalia documents that the Japanese asked the Germans for the uranium officially for the purpose of research into chemical catalysts for the production of aviation fuel. It may have actually been desired for part of the small Japanese nuclear weapons program, although Japan did not itself have the facilities necessary to weaponize it.

The ultimate disposition of the uranium has never been confirmed. Scalia traced its movement after capture from Portsmouth Naval Shipyard to the Indian Head Naval Station, and that it was shipped from there to an unspecified destination in late June 1945. After that, there are conflicting accounts. Major John Lansdale, the former head of Manhattan Project security, said in 1995 that the uranium was then directly sent to Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where it was enriched as part of the weapons program. While it has been suggested that perhaps the uranium was enriched and some of it made its way into the Little Boy atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima, it does not appear that there was sufficient time for this to occur, and that, if enriched, it simply became part of the ever-growing postwar American uranium stockpile.

A torpedo from USS Greenfish sinks U-234 off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in a 1947 training exercise.

Disposition

As she was not needed by the US Navy, U-234 was sunk off 40 miles northeast of Provincetown, Cape Cod as a torpedo target by USS Greenfish on 20 November 1947 at 42°37’N 69°33’W.

In popular culture

  • The Last U-Boat, the 1992 film directed by Frank Beyer
  • Documentary film, Hitler's Last U-Boat Directed by Andreas Gutzeit International Historical Films, Inc. (2001) ASIN B0000646UH
  • Empire and Honor, the last published novel in W.E.B. Griffin's Honor Bound series, features U-234 carrying uranium oxide proceeding not to the United States as happened in real life, but going instead to Argentina, where escaped SS officers take control of the boat and plan to sell its uranium oxide to the Soviet Union.

See also

References

  1. Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type XB boat U-234". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  2. Helgason, Guðmundur. "War Patrols by German U-boat U-234". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  3. ^ "U-234 - Interrogation Report". U-boat Archive. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009.
  4. ^ Boyd, Carl; Akihiko Yoshida (2002). The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Naval Institute Press. p. 164. ISBN 1-55750-015-0.
  5. ^ Scalia, Joseph M. (2000). Germany's Last Mission to Japan: The Failed Voyage of U-234. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-811-9.
  6. ^ Hirschfeld, Wolfgang; Geoffrey Brooks (2000). The Secret Diary of a U-Boat. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35498-8.
  7. Hammond, Pat (30 April 1995). "NAZI SUB How U-234 Brought Its Deadly Secret Cargo to New Hampshire". New Hampshire Sunday News. Archived from the original on 22 May 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  8. "Interviewing of Nazis Banned as Sub Comes to Portsmouth Today". Boston Globe. 19 May 1945. p. 7.. "Navy Questions High Nazis on Seized U-Boat". New York Herald Tribune. 20 May 1945. p. 1.
  9. Trohan, Walter (21 September 1945). "Denies Security for U.S. Rests in Atom Bombs". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5. Even the Japs were found to be far advanced in the theory of breaking down atoms of uranium to release tremendous energy. An intercepted German submarine was found to be carrying a supply of uranium to Japan evidently for the use of Japanese scientists.
  10. Uranium, when exposed to air, can catch fire or even explode. This is especially the case for fine uranium dust. The Germans had suffered an explosive accident relating to uranium's chemical properties in June 1942, with the L-IV reactor experiment in Leipzig. Walker, Mark (1989). German National Socialism and the quest for nuclear power, 1939-1949. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85.
  11. "U-234 under Johann-Heinrich Fehler, surrendered Portsmouth NH 19 May 1945 en route to Japan w/ German, Japanese materiel". 27 October 2015.
  12. IMDB link

Bibliography

  • Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
  • Geoffrey Brooks: Hitler's Terror Weapons, Pen & Sword (2002): ISBN 0-85052-896-8
  • Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
  • Webber, Bert, (1985), "Silent Siege-II, Japanese Attacks On North America In WWII. Webber Research Group. ISBN 0-936738-26-X
  • Wolfgang Hirschfeld; Geoffrey Brooks, The Story of a U-Boat NCO 1940-1946 Naval Institute Press (1996) ISBN 1-55750-372-9
  • Arthur Naujoks, Lee Nelson "The Last Great Secret of the Third Reich", 2002. Council Press.
  • Joseph Mark Scalia, Germany's Last Mission to Japan: The Failed Voyage of U-234 Naval Institute Press (2000) ISBN 1-55750-811-9
  • A. V. Sellwood: The Warring Seas, 1955. A biography of the career of U-234 commander Johann Fehler.
  • Richard Dean Starr, Tides of Justice, a short story featuring U-234 in The Avenger Chronicles edited by Joe Gentile Moonstone Books (June 2008)

External links

German Type X submarines
Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1947
Shipwrecks
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1946 1948
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