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			{{short description\|American conservative think tank}}
	'''The Claremont Institute''' is a ] ] based in ]. The institute was founded in ] at the ]. Its leading scholar is ], a professor at ] and the ]. Its current Vice President is ], a recent graduate of the college.
			{{confused\|text=the ]}}
			{{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2024}}
			{{infobox organization
			\| name = Claremont Institute
			\| full_name = Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy
			\| logo = Claremont Institute logo.svg
			\| image_border =
			\| image_size = 150
			\| caption =
			\| formation = {{start date and age\|1979\|p=y}}
			\| founding_location = {{plainlist\|
			* ]
			* United States
			}}
			\| founders =
			\| purpose = Policy advocacy
			\| type = ]
			\| status = ]
			\| tax_id = 95-3443202
			\| professional_title =
			\| headquarters = {{plainlist\|
			* Ste 120
			* 1317 W Foothill Blvd
			* {{nowrap\|] 91786-3675}}
			* United States {{efn\|IRS Form-990 yr2018 shows corporate address in Upland}}<ref name=irs2028>{{cite web
			\|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/953443202/202030379349301208/full\|title=Claremont Institute – IRS Form-990 yr2018\|website=ProPublica – Nonprofit Explorer\|date=February 4, 2020\|access-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref>
			}}
			\| location_city = ]
			\| location_country = US
			\| location_city2 = ]
			\| location_country2 = US
			\| membership =
			\| language =
			\| leader_title = President
			\| leader_name = Ryan P. Williams{{efn\|Williams became president in 2017}}<ref name=Board />
			\| leader_title2 = Chair
			\| leader_name2 = {{nowrap\|]{{efn\|name=Klingenstein}}<ref name=Board />}}
			\| key_people = {{plainlist\|
			* ]
			* ]
			}}
			\| num_staff =
			\| revenue = $9,466,224<ref name=irs2020 />
			\| revenue_year = 2020{{efn\|name=fiscal2020\|fiscal year ending June 30, 2021 – IRS Form-990 yr2020}}
			\| expenses = $8,071,035<ref name=irs2020 />
			\| expenses_year = 2020{{efn\|name=fiscal2020}}
			\| website = {{official URL}}
			}}
			{{Conservatism US\|think tanks}}

			The '''Claremont Institute''' is an American ] ] based in ], founded in 1979 by four students of ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news \|last=Johnson \|first=Eliana \|date=August 23, 2018 \|title=Trump speechwriter's ouster sparks racially charged debate \|language=en \|work=]\|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/23/trump-think-tank-racism-claremont-794070 \|access-date=August 27, 2018}}</ref> It produces the '']'', ''The American Mind'', and other publications.
	The institute publishes a quarterly literary magazine entitled the ] and as publications of its own, mostly Jaffa's works. It is known for espousing a legal philosophy called ] whereby the ] is treated as a legal document and component of the government's organizing doctrines along side the ]. Most of the Institute's members are followers of the teachings of ] including Jaffa, who was a student of Strauss.

			The institute was an early defender of ].<ref name=":0" /> After ] won the ] and Trump refused to concede, Claremont Institute senior fellow ] aided Trump in his failed attempts to overturn the election results.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|author=Jamie Gangel and Jeremy Herb\|date=September 20, 2021\|title=Memo shows Trump lawyer's six-step plan for Pence to overturn the election\|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/politics/trump-pence-election-memo/index.html\|url-status=live\|access-date=September 21, 2021\|website=]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920211941/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/politics/trump-pence-election-memo/index.html \|archive-date=September 20, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news\|last=Bump\|first=Philip\|date=September 21, 2021\|title=By memo or by mob, Trump and his team positioned the country for chaos\|newspaper=]\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/09/21/by-memo-or-by-mob-trump-his-team-positioned-country-chaos/}}</ref>
	The Institute calls its neo-conservative philosophy "Claremont Conservatism." This philosophy encompasses the Institute's interpretations of historical figures, particularly the American Founding Fathers, ], and ]. Uncommon for a conservative organization, the Claremont Institute tends to reject the constitutional philosophy of ] and often publishes material that is critical or derisive of conservative strict constructionists such as ], ], and ].

			==History==
	According to some Institute writers, their legal philosophy is closer to that of ], although outside of the Institute Thomas is widely considered a strict constructionist in the model of Scalia.
			The Claremont Institute was founded in 1979 by four students of ] political theorist ], a professor emeritus at ] and the ], although the institute has no affiliation with any of the ].<ref name=":0" /> Under Jaffa and ], the institute became a leading Straussian-influenced conservative think tank, publishing on topics such as statesmanship, ] scholarship, and modern conservative issues.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=The Claremont Institute\|url=https://www.neh.gov/article/claremont-institute\|access-date=December 13, 2020\|website=The National Endowment for the Humanities\|date=November 21, 2019}}</ref>{{Primary source inline\|date=September 2021}}

			Arnn served as its president from 1985 until 2000, when he became the twelfth president of ].<ref>{{cite news \|title=National News Briefs; Conservative College Names New President \|newspaper=] \|date=April 7, 2000 \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/07/us/national-news-briefs-conservative-college-names-new-president.html \|access-date=February 26, 2011}}</ref> ] has been the chairman of the board of trustees since approximately 2010.{{efn\|name=Klingenstein\|Klingenstein became chairman in fiscal year ending June 30, 2011}}<ref name=irs2010>{{cite web\|title=Claremont Institute – IRS Form-990 yr2010\|website=ProPublica – Nonprofit Explorer\|access-date=June 16, 2023\|date=December 27, 2012\|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/953443202/2012_03_EO%2F95-3443202_990_201106}}</ref> ] was president from 2015 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Michael Pack\|url=https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/management-team/michael-pack/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=USAGM}}</ref> Ryan P. Williams assumed the post in 2017.
	The Institute has a variety of nicknames, some derisive and others embraced willingly, including Super-Hawks, Jaffanese Americans, Claremonsters, Lincoln Conservatives, and Claremontistas.
			<ref name=Board>{{cite web \|url=https://www.claremont.org/page/board-of-directors/ \|title=Board of Directors \|website=The Claremont Institute \|access-date=December 3, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.claremont.org/leadership-bio/ryan-p-williams\|website=Claremont Institute\|title=Leadership\|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref>

			The Claremont Institute publishes ''The Claremont Review of Books'',<ref>{{Cite web\|title=About us\|url=https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/about-us/\|access-date=June 24, 2021\|website=Claremont Review of Books}}</ref> ''The American Mind'',<ref>{{Cite web\|title=About\|url=https://americanmind.org/about/\|access-date=September 21, 2020\|website=The American Mind}}</ref> ''The American Story Podcast'',<ref>{{Cite web\|title=About Us\|url=https://theamericanstorypodcast.org/about/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=The American Story}}</ref> and Claremont Books.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Claremont Books\|url=https://www.claremont.org/page/claremont-books/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=claremont.org}}</ref> A Washington, D.C., branch of the Claremont Institute, called the Center for the American Way of Life, opened in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=About\|url=https://dc.claremont.org/about/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=The American Way of Life}}</ref>
	==Criticisms==
	===Disputes with Ludwig von Mises Institute===
	The ] (LvMI) is one of Claremont's most frequent sparring partners among conservative think tanks. Though both fall on the political right and hold similar positions on many moral and economic issues in general, the two differ greatly inideology. The LvMI has a ] persuasion, emphasizes economic philosophers such as ] and the ], and espouses a southern ] ideology.

			Claremont Institute fellowships have gone to prominent figures on the ] such as ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Publius Alumni\|url=https://www.claremont.org/page/fellowships/publius-fellowship-alumni/\|access-date=June 24, 2021\|website=claremont.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|last=Fisher\|first=Mark\|date=July 30, 2022\|title=The Claremont Institute triumphed in the Trump years. Then came Jan. 6.
	Claremont, by contrast, is of a neo-conservative persuasion, emphasizes moral philosophers such as ], and espouses a northern ] ideology. The two differ radically in their opinions about ] and have engaged in several public criticisms of each other revolving around whether Lincoln should be embraced or shunned by conservatives. This controversy over Lincoln's meaning to conservatives predates either think tank, and encompasses Jaffa's debates on the subject with '']'' editor ] and scholar ].
			\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/07/24/claremont-john-eastman-trump/\|access-date=August 23, 2022\|newspaper=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Lincoln Fellowship Alumni\|url=https://www.claremont.org/page/fellowships/lincoln-fellowship/former-lincoln-fellows/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=claremont.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Ball\|first=Molly\|date=September 17, 2014\|title=The Making of a Conservative Superstar\|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/09/the-making-of-a-conservative-superstar/380307/\|access-date=June 24, 2021\|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> The institute caused controversy by granting a fellowship in 2019 to the ] conspiracy theorist ].<ref name="Charen">{{cite news\|last1=Charen\|first1=Mona\|date=July 12, 2019\|title=Claremont's New Class of Fellows Would Make Its Founders Weep\|publisher=National Review Online\|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/07/claremont-would-make-its-founders-weep/\|access-date=July 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Stuart\|first=Gwynedd\|date=September 10, 2020\|title=Donald Trump's Politics of White Fear Have Roots in Southern California\|url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/claremont-institute-trump/\|access-date=December 14, 2020\|website=Los Angeles Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=August 13, 2020\|title=Qwazy for QAnon\|url=https://thebulwark.com/qwazy-for-qanon/\|access-date=December 14, 2020\|website=The Bulwark}}</ref> '']'' columnist ] wrote that "Claremont stands out for beclowning itself with this embrace of the smarmy underside of American politics."<ref name="Charen" /> In 2020, Mark Joseph Stern of '']'' magazine called the institute "a racist fever swamp with deep connections to the conspiratorial ]", citing Posobiec's fellowship and the publication of a 2020 ] by senior fellow ] that questioned ]'s ] for the vice presidency.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Eastman\|first=John C.\|date=August 12, 2020\|title=Some Questions for Kamala Harris About Eligibility\|url=https://www.newsweek.com/some-questions-kamala-harris-about-eligibility-opinion-1524483\|access-date=May 8, 2021\|website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Stern\|first=Mark Joseph\|date=August 14, 2020\|title=The White Supremacist 'Scholars' Pushing the Kamala Harris Birther Lie\|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/08/kamala-harris-birther-birthright-citizenship-claremont.html\|access-date=December 9, 2020\|website=]}}</ref> In 2022, ''The American Mind'' published an editorial by Raw Egg Nationalist,<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Nationalist\|first=Raw Egg\|date=March 1, 2022\|title=The Decline is Real \|url= https://americanmind.org/salvo/the-decline-is-real/\|access-date=June 16, 2022\|website=The American Mind}}</ref> an author affiliated with neo-Nazi publishing house ].<ref name=":alt2">{{Cite web\|last=Field\|first=Laura\|date=April 22, 2022\|title=The Decay at the Claremont Institute Continues \|url= https://www.thebulwark.com/the-decay-at-the-claremont-institute-continues/?amp\|access-date=June 16, 2022\|website=The Bulwark}}</ref><ref name=":alt">{{Cite web\|last1=Gais \|first1=Hannah \|last2=Squire \|first2=Megan \|last3=Wilson \|first3=Jason \|last4=Hayden \|first4=Michael Edison\|date=June 13, 2022\|title=White Nationalist Book Publishers Revealed \|url= https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2022/06/13/white-nationalist-book-publishers-revealed\|access-date=June 16, 2022\|website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref>

			===Trump advocacy and connections===
	Associates of LvMI have attacked the Claremont Institute with a variety of charges. Referencing the organization's view of the 16th President, philosophy professor ] calls Claremont "the prime font of Lincoln-worship in our times." ] asserts that the Claremont Institute's treatment of Lincoln is particularly cultish, describing its members as having a "genuinely religious zeal directed toward the 16th president." McCarthy cites Institute scholars who frequently use religious imagery such as "Father Abraham" and references to the "scripture" of the Declaration of Independence as evidence of this approach. According to McCarthy, these viewpoints are the source of the Claremont Institute's tension with other conservative organizations despite their common views on such issues as limited government, ], and morality:
			The Claremont Institute was an early defender of ].<ref name=":0" /> '']'' stated Claremont "arguably has done more than any other group to build a philosophical case for Trump's brand of conservatism".<ref name="thed_Trum" />
	:"On many specific issues Claremontians and other members of the right are in agreement, and the Claremontians often provide some of the most intelligent and effective criticism of our mutual foes on the left. Unfortunately though whatever our common ground there will always be this fundamental, religiously-grounded incompatibility between those of us who want autonomy of one kind or another and those who want to impose their version of natural rights on the rest of us. The problem with Claremontianism is not so much that it is a kind of religion, but that it practices forced conversion."

			In September 2016, the institute's ''Claremont Review of Books'' published ]'s "The Flight 93 Election" editorial. Written under a pseudonym, it compared the prospect of conservatives letting Trump lose to ] in the ] with passengers not charging the cockpit of the ] hijacked by Al-Qaeda in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Schuessler\|first=Jennifer\|date=February 20, 2017\|title='Charge the Cockpit or You Die': Behind an Incendiary Case for Trump (Published 2017)\|work=]\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/arts/charge-the-cockpit-or-you-die-behind-an-incendiary-case-for-trump.html\|access-date=December 14, 2020\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The article went viral and received widespread coverage across the political spectrum. ] devoted a day of his radio series to reading the entire essay.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Review of After the Flight 93 Election by Michael Anton\|url=https://www.realclearbooks.com/books_of_the_week/2019/02/22/after_the_flight_93_election_by_michael_anton_110189.html\|access-date=December 13, 2020 \|website=RealClearBooks \|date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> Anton would go on to serve under President Trump as spokesman for the ], holding the position from 2017 to 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|date=April 9, 2018\|title=Trump's national security spokesman Michael Anton is resigning\|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/08/trumps-national-security-spokesman-michael-anton-is-resigning.html\|access-date=December 13, 2020\|website=]}}</ref>
	===Other criticisms===
	] pundit ], responding to Claremont's criticisms, accused Harry Jaffa of venerating a "Mythic Lincoln" possessing "immaculate" and Christ-like qualities of redemption and purity. The historical Lincoln, asserts Sobran, was a "lesser, more complicated figure" with human characteristics and human flaws. Political writer Derek Copold similarly satirized the Claremont Institute in ] by likening the it to a radical ] sect headed by the "Abratollah Jaffa" and poked fun at the Institute's ] for his tendency to liken opposing viewpoints to ]

			The institute became a significant player in the Trump administration, adding a Washington office and contributing ideas and personnel to the administration.<ref name=Kesler/> In 2019, Trump awarded the Claremont Institute with a ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=The Claremont Institute \|url=https://www.neh.gov/award/claremont-institute \|website=National Endowment for the Humanities \|access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=November 18, 2019\|title=White House announces first National Medal of Arts recipients of Trump administration: Jon Voight, more\|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2019/11/18/president-donald-trump-announces-his-first-medal-arts-recipients-jon-voight/4226868002/\|access-date=December 9, 2020\|website=]}}</ref> In June 2020, former Claremont Institute president ] became head of the ] under Trump.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Ellison\|first=Sarah\|date=June 19, 2020\|title=How Trump's obsessions with media and loyalty coalesced in a battle for Voice of America\|newspaper=]\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/how-trumps-obsessions-with-media-and-loyalty-coalesced-in-a-battle-for-voice-of-america/2020/06/19/f57dcfe0-b1b1-11ea-8758-bfd1d045525a_story.html\|access-date=September 21, 2021\|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
	==Book reviews==

	In recent years the some of the institute's writers have penned highly critical book reviews of popular conservative book titles, typically published in the ]. Included are ]''The Tempting of America'' and ''Slouching Towards Gomorrah,'' ]'s '']'' and most recently ]' ''Politically Incorrect Guide to American History''. The subjects of these reviews have responded directly, accusing the Institute of waging character assassination campaigns.
			During the 2020 ], the institute received between $350,000 and $1 million in federally backed small-business loans from ] as part of the ]. The institute stated this would allow it to retain 29 jobs.<ref name="thed_Trum">{{Cite news \|title=Trump's Small Biz Rescue Bailed Out Kushner's Family, Obama's Aides and Other Political Elite \|work=] \|date=July 6, 2020 \|access-date=July 9, 2020 \|url= https://www.thedailybeast.com/trumps-small-biz-rescue-bailed-out-kushners-family-obamas-aides-and-other-political-elite/}}</ref><ref name="proj_CLAR">{{Cite web \|title=Claremont Institute for the Study lf Statesmanship & Political Philosophy \|last1=Syed \|first1=Moiz \|last2=Willis \|first2=Derek \|work=ProPublica \|access-date=July 9, 2020 \|url= https://projects.propublica.org/coronavirus/bailouts/loans/claremont-institute-for-the-study-of-statesmanship-political-philosophy-3cc47182cc3ec82aa59bcb92e06d503e}}</ref>

			According to a November 2021 '']'' article,<ref>{{Cite news\| last = Joseph\| first = Cameron\| title = Meet the Obscure Think Tank Powering Trump's Biggest Lies\| work = Vice\| access-date = July 28, 2022 \| date = November 4, 2021 \| url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjb4y3/john-eastman-claremont-institute-supporting-jan-6-trumpism \|location=Washington}}</ref> the actions of ] Claremont Institute leaders—senior fellows ], Brian Kennedy, ], and Michael Anton, as well as Ryan P. Williams (the institute's president), and ]<ref>{{Cite web \| last = Klingenstein\| first = Tom\| title = Winning the Cold Civil War \|url=https://tomklingenstein.com/assets/pdfs/winning_the_cold_civil_war4.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media\| people = Tom Klingenstein (Director)\| title = Defending The American Way of Life During a Cold Civil War\| access-date = June 16, 2022\| date = November 29, 2021\| time = 4:28\| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKaru9ZZdtw}}</ref> (chairman of the board)—culminated in the ]. Williams has stated that the institute's mission "is to save western civilization". ''Vice'' asserted that Codevilla, who frequently denounced the "ruling class", coined the term "cold civil war" in 2017. On January 5, 2021, using the hashtag #HoldTheLine, Claremont president emeritus Brian Kennedy tweeted from ]: "We are in a constitutional crisis and also in a revolutionary moment... We must embrace the spirit of the American Revolution to stop this communist revolution."<ref name="Cameron_20211104">{{Cite news\| last = Joseph\| first = Cameron\| title = Meet the Obscure Think Tank Powering Trump's Biggest Lies\| work = Vice\| access-date = June 16, 2022 \| date = November 4, 2021 \| url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjb4y3/john-eastman-claremont-institute-supporting-jan-6-trumpism \|location=Washington}}</ref> In early January 2021, along with Trump and other advisors, Eastman unsuccessfully attempted to persuade then-vice president ] to ]. He also spoke at Trump's rally on January 6, 2021, before the attack on the Capitol.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web\|last=Jenkins\|first=Cameron\|date=September 21, 2021\|title=Trump lawyer offered six-point plan for Pence to overturn election: book\|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/573133-trump-lawyer-offered-six-point-plan-for-pence-to-overturn-election\|access-date=October 2, 2021\|website=]}}</ref> The details of Eastman's attempt, described in ] by journalists ] and ], made national headlines in September 2021.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

			Shortly afterward, the ] canceled panels involving Eastman and Claremont at its 2021 conference.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|last=Hedgepeth\|first=Lee\|date=September 27, 2021\|title=Conservative group calls decision to not host Trump lawyer at conference 'gutless,' others say it's not enough\|url=https://www.cbs42.com/news/politics/conservative-group-calls-decision-to-cancel-its-in-person-panels-at-political-science-conference-gutless-but-some-say-the-move-doesnt-go-far-enough/\|url-status=live\|access-date=October 2, 2021\|website=Nexstar Media\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929055523/https://www.cbs42.com/news/politics/conservative-group-calls-decision-to-cancel-its-in-person-panels-at-political-science-conference-gutless-but-some-say-the-move-doesnt-go-far-enough/ \|archive-date=September 29, 2021 }}</ref> In April 2022, ] of '']'' wrote in a guest essay that the Claremont Institute, as well as the institute's magazine ''American Mind'' and other publications, comprised the "substantial intellectual infrastructure that has buoyed the Trumpist right and its willingness to rupture moral codes and to discard traditional norms".<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Edsall \|first1=Thomas \|title=With or Without Trump, the MAGA Movement Is the Future of the Republican Party \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/20/opinion/trump-trumpism-republican-party.html \|access-date=July 3, 2022 \|work=] \|date=April 20, 2022}}</ref> An anonymous former fellow said Eastman's ideas are based on the doctrine of natural rights, which has been a key element of the institute's politics for many years. He said, "That's how Claremont goes from this quirky intellectual outfit to one of the main intellectual architects of trying to overthrow the republic."<ref name=Kesler/> Senior fellow ], who believes Eastman's advice was wrong, said the institute is split between "some who continue to believe that the election was stolen and some who have denied that from the beginning".<ref name=Kesler>{{cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/07/24/claremont-john-eastman-trump/?carta-url=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.washingtonpost.com%2Fcar-ln-tr%2F3776ebc%2F62dd6a60cfe8a21601034d82%2F5de1dfc5ade4e25a93873aa0%2F13%2F72%2F62dd6a60cfe8a21601034d82&wp_cu=2c697e82fddcd25d73653f684bc9aa4b%7CC0D9D57CBFC5027EE0430100007F87D6\|title=The Claremont Institute triumphed in the Trump years. Then came Jan. 6\|last1=Fisher\|first1=Marc\|last2=Stanley-Becker\|first2=Isaac\|date=July 24, 2022\|newspaper=]\|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>

			The Claremont Institute has hosted ] on their podcast. Haywood, a far-right extremist, has described the January 6 attacks as an "electoral justice protest" and wrote about his desire to lead as a "warlord" of an "armed patronage network" following the collapse of the United States.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news \|last=Wilson \|first=Jason \|date=August 22, 2023 \|title=US businessman is wannabe 'warlord' of secretive far-right men's network \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/22/charles-haywood-claremont-institute-sacr-far-right \|access-date=November 26, 2023 \|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Haywood founded an organisation, the ], to which Claremont has donated $26,248.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Wilson \|first1=Jason \|title=US businessman is wannabe 'warlord' of secretive far-right men's network \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/22/charles-haywood-claremont-institute-sacr-far-right \|access-date=March 11, 2024 \|work=] \|date=August 22, 2023}}</ref> Claremont's president Ryan Williams acknowledged that Claremont "acted as a fiscal sponsor to help the Society for American Civic Renewal (SACR) establish itself as an incorporated 501(c)(10)"; he also acknowledged being a founding board member of SACR, continuing into 2024.<ref name=fraternal>{{cite news \|last1=Wilson \|first1=Jason \|title=Revealed: US conservative thinktank's links to extremist fraternal order \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/11/claremont-institute-society-for-american-civic-renewal-links \|access-date=March 11, 2024 \|work=] \|date=March 11, 2024}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' described SACR as an "exclusive, men-only fraternal order which aims to replace the US government with an authoritarian 'aligned regime', and which experts say is rooted in extreme Christian nationalism and religious autocracy.<ref name=fraternal/>

			===Biden years===
			In 2021, Claremont senior fellow Glenn Ellmers wrote a controversial essay in ''The American Mind'', arguing that the United States had been destroyed by internal enemies and that a "counter-revolution" was necessary to defeat the majority of the people who "can no longer be considered fellow citizens". According to Ellmers, "Most people living in the United States today—certainly more than half—are not Americans in any meaningful sense of the term."<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Beauchamp\|first=Zack\|date=April 1, 2021\|title=The conservative movement is rejecting America\|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/4/1/22356594/conservatives-right-wing-democracy-claremont-ellmers\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=]}}</ref>

			Williams, the institute's president, said its mission is to "save Western civilization", particularly from the threat he said is posed by the ].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Green\|first=Emma\|date=October 1, 2021\|title=The Conservatives Dreading{{snd}}And Preparing for{{snd}}Civil War\|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/10/claremont-ryan-williams-trump/620252/\|access-date=January 2, 2022\|website=]}}</ref> In 2023, the Claremont Institute hired ] professor ] as its inaugural senior director of state coalitions.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Richert \|first1=Kevin \|title=Boise State professor Scott Yenor takes a Florida-based job with a conservative think tank \|url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/2023/02/09/boise-state-professor-scott-yenor-takes-a-florida-based-job-with-a-conservative-think-tank/ \|work=Idaho Capital Sun \|date=February 9, 2023 \|access-date=July 27, 2024 \|archive-date=July 11, 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711220728/https://idahocapitalsun.com/2023/02/09/boise-state-professor-scott-yenor-takes-a-florida-based-job-with-a-conservative-think-tank/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

			Claremont is a member of the advisory board of ],<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Advisory Board \|url=https://www.project2025.org/about/advisory-board/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119034220/https://www.project2025.org/about/advisory-board/ \|archive-date=November 19, 2023 \|access-date=July 8, 2024 \|publisher=]}}</ref> a collection of ] and ] policy proposals from the ] to reshape the ] and consolidate ] should the ] nominee win the ].<ref name="Mascaro-20234">{{Cite news \|last=Mascaro \|first=Lisa \|date=August 29, 2023 \|title=Conservative Groups Draw Up Plan to Dismantle the US Government and Replace It with Trump's Vision \|url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2024-conservatives-trump-heritage-857eb794e505f1c6710eb03fd5b58981 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922112031/https://apnews.com/article/election-2024-conservatives-trump-heritage-857eb794e505f1c6710eb03fd5b58981 \|archive-date=September 22, 2023 \|access-date=July 8, 2024 \|work=]}}</ref>

	==Publications==		==Publications==
			The Claremont Institute publishes the '']'', edited by ], which features regular columns by ], ], Michael Anton, and Spencer Klavan. The institute also publishes ''The American Mind''. Claremont Vice President of Education Matt Peterson serves as editor, and James Poulos is executive editor. The publication has featured essays by ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=The Soros Cover-Up\|url=https://americanmind.org/salvo/the-soros-cover-up/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=The American Mind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=American Industrial Policy and the Rise of China\|url=https://americanmind.org/memo/american-industrial-policy-and-the-rise-of-china/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=The American Mind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=A GOP That Works\|url=https://americanmind.org/memo/a-gop-that-works/\|access-date=June 29, 2021\|website=The American Mind}}</ref>
	*
	*Local Liberty

			==Finances==
	==Notable staff and fellows==
			The fiscal year for the organization is from the beginning of July to the end of June of the following calendar year.
	*] (President)
			Finances for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2021{{efn\|name=irs2020\|as shown on IRS Form-990 yr2020}} (the latest available), consist of: revenue of $9,466,224; expenses of $8,071,035; and donations of $8,392,413.
	*] (Vice President)
			<ref name=irs2020>{{cite web \|url=https://pdf.guidestar.org/PDF_Images/2021/953/443/2021-953443202-19863635-9.pdf \|title=Claremont Institute – IRS Form-990 yr2020 \|date=June 30, 2021 \|website=GuideStar \|access-date=July 6, 2022 }}</ref>
	*] (Washington Fellow)
	*] (Fellow in California Studies)
	*] (Senior Fellow)
	*] (Institute Fellow)
	*] (Distinguished Fellow)
	*] (Institute Fellow)
	*] (Institute Fellow)
	*] (Director of Claremont's Center for Local Government)
	*] (Distinguished Fellow)
	*] (Institute Fellow)

			==Notes==
	== Notable Lincoln Fellowship alumni ==
			{{notelist}}
	*], ]man

	*], ]
			==References==
	*], ]ist for '']''
			{{Reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			* {{cite magazine \|last1=Stewart \|first1=Katherine \|last2=Segers \|first2=Grace \|last3=McCormack \|first3=Win \|last4=Otten \|first4=Tori \|last5=Aronoff \|first5=Kate \|title=The Claremont Institute: The Anti-Democracy Think Tank \|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/174656/claremont-institute-think-tank-trump \|access-date=August 12, 2023 \|magazine=The New Republic \|date=August 10, 2023}}

	==External links==		==External links==
			* {{official website}}
	*
			* {{ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer\|953443202}}
	* the official Claremont Institute ]
			* on ]

			{{portal\|Conservatism}}
			{{Conservatism US footer}}
			{{Conservatism footer}}
			{{authority control}}

			{{WikidataCoord}}
	Other Claremont McKenna College ("CMC") related institutes:
	*
	*

	]		]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]

Latest revision as of 12:14, 13 December 2024

American conservative think tank Not to be confused with the Claremont Institution.

Claremont Institute
Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy

Formation	1979 (45 years ago) (1979)
Founded at	Claremont, California United States
Type	Nonprofit
Tax ID no.	95-3443202
Legal status	501(c)(3)
Purpose	Policy advocacy
Headquarters	Ste 120 1317 W Foothill Blvd Upland, CA 91786-3675 United States
Location	Claremont, California, US Upland, California, US
President	Ryan P. Williams
Chair	Thomas D. Klingenstein
Key people	John C. Eastman Charles R. Kesler
Revenue	$9,466,224 (2020)
Expenses	$8,071,035 (2020)
Website	claremont.org

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v t e

The Claremont Institute is an American conservative think tank based in Upland, California, founded in 1979 by four students of Harry V. Jaffa. It produces the Claremont Review of Books, The American Mind, and other publications.

The institute was an early defender of Donald Trump. After Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election and Trump refused to concede, Claremont Institute senior fellow John Eastman aided Trump in his failed attempts to overturn the election results.

History

The Claremont Institute was founded in 1979 by four students of Straussian political theorist Harry V. Jaffa, a professor emeritus at Claremont McKenna College and the Claremont Graduate University, although the institute has no affiliation with any of the Claremont Colleges. Under Jaffa and Larry P. Arnn, the institute became a leading Straussian-influenced conservative think tank, publishing on topics such as statesmanship, Lincoln scholarship, and modern conservative issues.

Arnn served as its president from 1985 until 2000, when he became the twelfth president of Hillsdale College. Thomas Klingenstein has been the chairman of the board of trustees since approximately 2010. Michael Pack was president from 2015 to 2017. Ryan P. Williams assumed the post in 2017.

The Claremont Institute publishes The Claremont Review of Books, The American Mind, The American Story Podcast, and Claremont Books. A Washington, D.C., branch of the Claremont Institute, called the Center for the American Way of Life, opened in February 2021.

Claremont Institute fellowships have gone to prominent figures on the right such as Laura Ingraham, Ben Shapiro, Mark Levin, Mary Kissel, and Charles C. Johnson. The institute caused controversy by granting a fellowship in 2019 to the Pizzagate conspiracy theorist Jack Posobiec. National Review columnist Mona Charen wrote that "Claremont stands out for beclowning itself with this embrace of the smarmy underside of American politics." In 2020, Mark Joseph Stern of Slate magazine called the institute "a racist fever swamp with deep connections to the conspiratorial alt-right", citing Posobiec's fellowship and the publication of a 2020 essay by senior fellow John Eastman that questioned Kamala Harris's eligibility for the vice presidency. In 2022, The American Mind published an editorial by Raw Egg Nationalist, an author affiliated with neo-Nazi publishing house Antelope Hill.

Trump advocacy and connections

The Claremont Institute was an early defender of Donald Trump. The Daily Beast stated Claremont "arguably has done more than any other group to build a philosophical case for Trump's brand of conservatism".

In September 2016, the institute's Claremont Review of Books published Michael Anton's "The Flight 93 Election" editorial. Written under a pseudonym, it compared the prospect of conservatives letting Trump lose to Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election with passengers not charging the cockpit of the United Airlines aircraft hijacked by Al-Qaeda in 2001. The article went viral and received widespread coverage across the political spectrum. Rush Limbaugh devoted a day of his radio series to reading the entire essay. Anton would go on to serve under President Trump as spokesman for the National Security Council, holding the position from 2017 to 2018.

The institute became a significant player in the Trump administration, adding a Washington office and contributing ideas and personnel to the administration. In 2019, Trump awarded the Claremont Institute with a National Humanities Medal. In June 2020, former Claremont Institute president Michael Pack became head of the U.S. Agency for Global Media under Trump.

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the institute received between $350,000 and $1 million in federally backed small-business loans from Chain Bridge Bank as part of the Paycheck Protection Program. The institute stated this would allow it to retain 29 jobs.

According to a November 2021 Vice article, the actions of pro-Trump Claremont Institute leaders—senior fellows John Eastman, Brian Kennedy, Angelo Codevilla, and Michael Anton, as well as Ryan P. Williams (the institute's president), and Thomas D. Klingenstein (chairman of the board)—culminated in the January 6 attack on the Capitol. Williams has stated that the institute's mission "is to save western civilization". Vice asserted that Codevilla, who frequently denounced the "ruling class", coined the term "cold civil war" in 2017. On January 5, 2021, using the hashtag #HoldTheLine, Claremont president emeritus Brian Kennedy tweeted from Capitol Hill: "We are in a constitutional crisis and also in a revolutionary moment... We must embrace the spirit of the American Revolution to stop this communist revolution." In early January 2021, along with Trump and other advisors, Eastman unsuccessfully attempted to persuade then-vice president Mike Pence to overturn the 2020 presidential election results. He also spoke at Trump's rally on January 6, 2021, before the attack on the Capitol. The details of Eastman's attempt, described in a book by journalists Bob Woodward and Robert Costa, made national headlines in September 2021.

Shortly afterward, the American Political Science Association canceled panels involving Eastman and Claremont at its 2021 conference. In April 2022, Thomas B. Edsall of The New York Times wrote in a guest essay that the Claremont Institute, as well as the institute's magazine American Mind and other publications, comprised the "substantial intellectual infrastructure that has buoyed the Trumpist right and its willingness to rupture moral codes and to discard traditional norms". An anonymous former fellow said Eastman's ideas are based on the doctrine of natural rights, which has been a key element of the institute's politics for many years. He said, "That's how Claremont goes from this quirky intellectual outfit to one of the main intellectual architects of trying to overthrow the republic." Senior fellow Charles Kesler, who believes Eastman's advice was wrong, said the institute is split between "some who continue to believe that the election was stolen and some who have denied that from the beginning".

The Claremont Institute has hosted Charles Haywood on their podcast. Haywood, a far-right extremist, has described the January 6 attacks as an "electoral justice protest" and wrote about his desire to lead as a "warlord" of an "armed patronage network" following the collapse of the United States. Haywood founded an organisation, the Society for American Civic Renewal, to which Claremont has donated $26,248. Claremont's president Ryan Williams acknowledged that Claremont "acted as a fiscal sponsor to help the Society for American Civic Renewal (SACR) establish itself as an incorporated 501(c)(10)"; he also acknowledged being a founding board member of SACR, continuing into 2024. The Guardian described SACR as an "exclusive, men-only fraternal order which aims to replace the US government with an authoritarian 'aligned regime', and which experts say is rooted in extreme Christian nationalism and religious autocracy.

Biden years

In 2021, Claremont senior fellow Glenn Ellmers wrote a controversial essay in The American Mind, arguing that the United States had been destroyed by internal enemies and that a "counter-revolution" was necessary to defeat the majority of the people who "can no longer be considered fellow citizens". According to Ellmers, "Most people living in the United States today—certainly more than half—are not Americans in any meaningful sense of the term."

Williams, the institute's president, said its mission is to "save Western civilization", particularly from the threat he said is posed by the progressive movement. In 2023, the Claremont Institute hired Boise State University professor Scott Yenor as its inaugural senior director of state coalitions.

Claremont is a member of the advisory board of Project 2025, a collection of conservative and right-wing policy proposals from the Heritage Foundation to reshape the US federal government and consolidate executive power should the Republican nominee win the 2024 presidential election.

Publications

The Claremont Institute publishes the Claremont Review of Books, edited by Charles R. Kesler, which features regular columns by Martha Bayles, Mark Helprin, Michael Anton, and Spencer Klavan. The institute also publishes The American Mind. Claremont Vice President of Education Matt Peterson serves as editor, and James Poulos is executive editor. The publication has featured essays by Newt Gingrich, Todd Young, Marco Rubio, Jim Banks, and Tom Cotton.

Finances

The fiscal year for the organization is from the beginning of July to the end of June of the following calendar year. Finances for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2021 (the latest available), consist of: revenue of $9,466,224; expenses of $8,071,035; and donations of $8,392,413.

Notes

IRS Form-990 yr2018 shows corporate address in Upland
Williams became president in 2017
^ Klingenstein became chairman in fiscal year ending June 30, 2011
^ fiscal year ending June 30, 2021 – IRS Form-990 yr2020
as shown on IRS Form-990 yr2020

References

"Claremont Institute – IRS Form-990 yr2018". ProPublica – Nonprofit Explorer. February 4, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ "Board of Directors". The Claremont Institute. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
^ "Claremont Institute – IRS Form-990 yr2020" (PDF). GuideStar. June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
^ Johnson, Eliana (August 23, 2018). "Trump speechwriter's ouster sparks racially charged debate". Politico. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Jamie Gangel and Jeremy Herb (September 20, 2021). "Memo shows Trump lawyer's six-step plan for Pence to overturn the election". CNN. Archived from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
^ Bump, Philip (September 21, 2021). "By memo or by mob, Trump and his team positioned the country for chaos". The Washington Post.
"The Claremont Institute". The National Endowment for the Humanities. November 21, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
"National News Briefs; Conservative College Names New President". The New York Times. April 7, 2000. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
"Claremont Institute – IRS Form-990 yr2010". ProPublica – Nonprofit Explorer. December 27, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
"Michael Pack". USAGM. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
"Leadership". Claremont Institute. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
"About us". Claremont Review of Books. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
"About". The American Mind. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
"About Us". The American Story. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
"Claremont Books". claremont.org. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
"About". The American Way of Life. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
"Publius Alumni". claremont.org. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
Fisher, Mark (July 30, 2022). "The Claremont Institute triumphed in the Trump years. Then came Jan. 6". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
"Lincoln Fellowship Alumni". claremont.org. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
Ball, Molly (September 17, 2014). "The Making of a Conservative Superstar". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
^ Charen, Mona (July 12, 2019). "Claremont's New Class of Fellows Would Make Its Founders Weep". National Review Online. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
Stuart, Gwynedd (September 10, 2020). "Donald Trump's Politics of White Fear Have Roots in Southern California". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
"Qwazy for QAnon". The Bulwark. August 13, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
Eastman, John C. (August 12, 2020). "Some Questions for Kamala Harris About Eligibility". Newsweek. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
Stern, Mark Joseph (August 14, 2020). "The White Supremacist 'Scholars' Pushing the Kamala Harris Birther Lie". Slate. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
Nationalist, Raw Egg (March 1, 2022). "The Decline is Real". The American Mind. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
Field, Laura (April 22, 2022). "The Decay at the Claremont Institute Continues". The Bulwark. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
Gais, Hannah; Squire, Megan; Wilson, Jason; Hayden, Michael Edison (June 13, 2022). "White Nationalist Book Publishers Revealed". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
^ "Trump's Small Biz Rescue Bailed Out Kushner's Family, Obama's Aides and Other Political Elite". The Daily Beast. July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
Schuessler, Jennifer (February 20, 2017). "'Charge the Cockpit or You Die': Behind an Incendiary Case for Trump (Published 2017)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
^ "Trump's national security spokesman Michael Anton is resigning". CNBC. April 9, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
"Review of After the Flight 93 Election by Michael Anton". RealClearBooks. February 22, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ Fisher, Marc; Stanley-Becker, Isaac (July 24, 2022). "The Claremont Institute triumphed in the Trump years. Then came Jan. 6". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
"The Claremont Institute". National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
"White House announces first National Medal of Arts recipients of Trump administration: Jon Voight, more". USA Today. November 18, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
Ellison, Sarah (June 19, 2020). "How Trump's obsessions with media and loyalty coalesced in a battle for Voice of America". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
Syed, Moiz; Willis, Derek. "Claremont Institute for the Study lf Statesmanship & Political Philosophy". ProPublica. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
Joseph, Cameron (November 4, 2021). "Meet the Obscure Think Tank Powering Trump's Biggest Lies". Vice. Washington. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
Klingenstein, Tom. "Winning the Cold Civil War" (PDF).
Tom Klingenstein (Director) (November 29, 2021). Defending The American Way of Life During a Cold Civil War. Event occurs at 4:28. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
Joseph, Cameron (November 4, 2021). "Meet the Obscure Think Tank Powering Trump's Biggest Lies". Vice. Washington. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
^ Hedgepeth, Lee (September 27, 2021). "Conservative group calls decision to not host Trump lawyer at conference 'gutless,' others say it's not enough". Nexstar Media. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^ Jenkins, Cameron (September 21, 2021). "Trump lawyer offered six-point plan for Pence to overturn election: book". The Hill. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
Edsall, Thomas (April 20, 2022). "With or Without Trump, the MAGA Movement Is the Future of the Republican Party". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
Wilson, Jason (August 22, 2023). "US businessman is wannabe 'warlord' of secretive far-right men's network". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
Wilson, Jason (August 22, 2023). "US businessman is wannabe 'warlord' of secretive far-right men's network". The Guardian. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
^ Wilson, Jason (March 11, 2024). "Revealed: US conservative thinktank's links to extremist fraternal order". The Guardian. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
Beauchamp, Zack (April 1, 2021). "The conservative movement is rejecting America". Vox. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
Green, Emma (October 1, 2021). "The Conservatives Dreading – And Preparing for – Civil War". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
Richert, Kevin (February 9, 2023). "Boise State professor Scott Yenor takes a Florida-based job with a conservative think tank". Idaho Capital Sun. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
"Advisory Board". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
Mascaro, Lisa (August 29, 2023). "Conservative Groups Draw Up Plan to Dismantle the US Government and Replace It with Trump's Vision". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
"The Soros Cover-Up". The American Mind. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
"American Industrial Policy and the Rise of China". The American Mind. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
"A GOP That Works". The American Mind. Retrieved June 29, 2021.

External links

Official website
"Claremont Institute Internal Revenue Service filings". ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
Appearances on C-SPAN

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People

Presidents	Adams (John) Adams (John Quincy) G. H. W. Bush G. W. Bush Cleveland Coolidge Harding Hoover McKinley Nixon Reagan W. H. Taft Trump Washington
Jurists	Alito Barrett Bork Burger Colson George Goldsmith Gorsuch Harlan II Kavanaugh Kennedy O'Connor Parker Rehnquist Roberts Scalia Sessions Sutherland Taft Thomas Vermeule Yoo
Intellectuals	Adams Anton Babbitt Bacevich Bell Bellow Bloom Boorstin Buckley Burnham Calhoun Chambers Conquest Deneen Eastman Eliot Genovese Gottfried Hanson Hazony Hoppe Hurston Jaffa Kendall Kimball Kirk Kirkpatrick Kreeft Kristol Kuehnelt-Leddihn Lasch Lind Lovecraft Loury Lukacs Mansfield Mencken Meyer Molnar Murray Nisbet O'Connor Ong Ransom Rieff Santayana Sowell Strauss Viereck Voegelin Washington Weaver Yarvin
Other figures	Ailes Atwater Beck Breitbart Carlson Cheney Coulter Cruz DeSantis Dilling Elder Falwell Gingrich Giuliani Goldwater Hannity Ingraham Limbaugh Lindbergh Lodge Lovecraft McCain McCarthy McConnell Novak O'Reilly Palin Rand Paul Ron Paul Pence Perot Quayle Romney Rove Rumsfeld Ryan Sessions Schlafly Shapiro Stone Robert A. Taft Booker T. Washington