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| {{BBL sidebar}}{{Sexual orientation}} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Homosexual transsexual''' is a controversial term used by some ] and ] to describe ] ] women who are exclusively or predominantly attracted to ]s.<ref name="lawrence2005">{{citation | |||
| |last=Lawrence | |||
| |first=Anne | |||
| | last2 = Latty | |||
| | first2 = Elizabeth M | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| |title=Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography. | |||
| |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| |volume=34 | |||
| |issue=2 | |||
| |pages=135-145 | |||
| |date=April | |||
| |year=2005 | |||
| |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4169645/Measurement-of-sexual-arousal-in.html | |||
| |doi=10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z | |||
| |id=1573-2800 }}</ref><ref name="leavitt1990">{{citation | |||
| |last=Leavitt | |||
| |first=Frank | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = Berger | |||
| | first2 = Jack C. | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| |title=Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males | |||
| |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| |volume=19 | |||
| |issue=5 | |||
| |pages=491-505 | |||
| |date=October | |||
| |year=1990 | |||
| |url=http://www.susans.org/reference/tserotic.html | |||
| |doi=10.1007/BF02442350 | |||
| |id=1573-2800 }}</ref><ref>Goozen, S. H., Slabbekoorn, D., Gooren, L. J., Sanders, G., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2002). Organizing and activating effects of sex hormones in homosexual transsexuals. ''Behavioral Neuroscience, 116,'' 982-988.</ref> It is less frequently used by proponents to describe ] transsexual men who are exclusively attracted to ]s.<ref name="chivers2000">Chivers, M. L., & Bailey, J. M. (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: A comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. ''], 29,'' 259-278.</ref> The basic concept is that some male-to-female transsexuals were always attracted to men and some psychologist call such transsexuals homosexual transsexuals. | |||
| Proponents of the term define this category based on testing or self-report, noting that self-report is not always reliable.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/><ref name="classicBlanchard">{{cite journal | |||
| |last=Blanchard | |||
| |first=Ray | |||
| |coauthors=Leonard H. Clemmensen, Betty W. Steiner | |||
| |title=Social desirability response set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients | |||
| |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| |volume=14 | |||
| |issue=6 | |||
| |pages= | |||
| |publisher=Springer | |||
| |location=Netherlands | |||
| |date=December 1985 | |||
| |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h155l12m870u11n6/ | |||
| |doi= | |||
| |id=1573-2800 | |||
| |accessdate=}}</ref> Previous taxonomies used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in ].<ref name="benjamin1966types">{{cite web|author=Benjamin H|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/chap_04.htm#Three%20different%20types%20of%20transsexuals|title="Three different types of transsexual" ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.''|publisher=Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref> Proponents have stated that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories because "non-homosexuals" were often screened out as candidates for surgery<ref name="morgan1978">Morgan AJ Jr (]). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. '']''. 7: 273-282.</ref> and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis. Key characteristics include conspicuous cross-gender behavior from childhood through adulthood, and a "]" ]. The term is also part of a two-type ] in which non-homosexual transsexual women have a condition called ] and are aroused by the idea or image of themselves as women.<ref name="blanchard1987"/> | |||
| Leavitt, who has used the term in a paper notes,"Transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage."<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Critics claim the term "homosexual transsexual" is "],"<ref name="bagemihl">Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In ''Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality''. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714</ref> "archaic,"<ref name="wahng">Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transamasculinity Asian American Gendering in ''Trappings of Transhood''. in Aldama AJ (ed.) ''Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State''. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X</ref> and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their ].<ref name="leiblum2000">Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). ''Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy'', Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6,Guilford Press of New York, c2000.</ref> | |||
| ==History of the term== | |||
| ] states that since the term "transsexual" is very new, it is necessary to examine historical specifics to identify transsexuality in history, and distinguish it from other roles that are described as "change of sex", such as homosexuality and heterosexual ] customs.<ref name="green">{{cite web|author=Green R|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/appendix_c.htm|title=Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects|publisher=Benjamin H, ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.'' Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref> Green describes the cultural roles of groups such as the ], ], ] and ], stating that these people are mentally indistinguishable from modern western transsexuals.<ref name="green"/> In part, because of this history, past researchers have referred to the "homosexual" category as being the "classic", "primary" or "true" transsexual.<ref name="classicBlanchard"/> At one time due to the ] bias of many psychologists, transsexual people who did not fit into this category were often screened from receiving hormones and ].<ref name="classicBlanchard"/><ref name="morgan1978"/> | |||
| ==Description by western science== | |||
| The concept of a taxonomy based on transsexual sexuality was first proposed by ] in 1923,<ref name="hirschfeld1923">Hirschfeld M (1923). Die intersexuelle Konstitution. ''Jarhbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen''. 1923: 3-27, ]</ref> and codified by ] in the ].<ref name="benjamin1966">Benjamin H (1966). '''' The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76</ref> ] proposed two types of cross-gender identity, based on his observation that ] is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males.<ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. ''],'' 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63.</ref> Published reports measure a "homosexual transsexual" at a Kinsey Scale 5-6 or a Modified Androphilia Scale 9.86±2.37.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/> ] saw that homosexual transsexuals were younger when applying for sex reassignment, reported a stronger cross-gender identity in childhood, had a more convincing cross-gender appearance, and functioned psychologically better than "non-homosexual" transsexuals.<ref name="blanchard1987">Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. '']'', Volume 16, Number 2 / April, 1987</ref> Blanchard found them comparatively short and light in proportion to their height than non-homosexuals.<ref name="blanchard1995">Blanchard R, Dickey R, Jones CL. Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus non-homosexual male gender dysphorics. '']'' 1995 Oct;24(5):543-54.</ref> Independent research done by Smith confirmed most of Blanchards findings, except for the difference in height-weight ratio.<ref name="psychology Research">{{cite journal | |||
| |last=Smith | |||
| |first=Yolanda L.S. | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors=Stephanie Van Goozen, Aj Kupier, Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis | |||
| |title=Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance | |||
| |journal=Psychiatry Research | |||
| |volume=137 | |||
| |issue=3 | |||
| |pages=151–160 | |||
| |date=] | |||
| |publisher=Elsevier | |||
| |url=http://akikos-planet.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/files/psychiatry_research__transsexual_subtypes_clinical_and_theoretical_significance.pdf | |||
| |format=] | |||
| |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008 | |||
| |accessdate=2007-06-26}}</ref> Dorner found that when injected with ] homosexual transsexual men showed an increased ] and ] response compared to heterosexual or bisexual transsexual men.<ref name="dorner1983">Dorner G, Rohde W, Schott G, Schnabl C (1983). On the LH response to oestrogen and LH-RH in transsexual men. ''Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology''. 1983 Nov;82(3):257-67.</ref> | |||
| ===Sexual activity=== | |||
| Leavitt and Berger further categorized homosexual transsexuals by three patterns of sexual activity, and how they used their penis. | |||
| *Inactive group (44%): sexually inactive. | |||
| *Avoidant group (19%): Avoided using their male genitalia during sex. | |||
| *Pleasure group (37%): Derived pleasure from using their male genitalia during sex. | |||
| Each group showed varying levels of masculinity and emotional disturbance in development.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> | |||
| Leavitt and Berger found that transsexuals in the avoidant group are different from those in the other two groups. They fit the description of the "nuclear transsexual".<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They had a strong cross gender identification, wanted female anatomy, had never married and little to no sexual activity with females.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Of all the subgroups this group had the least psychopathology.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> The transsexuals is the pleasure group behaved sexually in ways that were classically homosexual.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They were more likely than those in the avoidant group to have had sexual experience with females.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They also rated higher on a test of general fetishism.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Other than this transsexuals in the pleasure group were similar to the description of a "nuclear transsexual".<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They found that transsexuals in the inactive group had characteristics which most differed from that of the "nuclear transsexual".<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Characteristics such as strong heterosexual orientations (as determined from psychological test), and fetish histories. "The pattern exhibited generally conforms to that exhibited by heterosexual transsexuals."<ref name="leavitt1990"/> This group was found to share little with the other groups of transsexuals other than a stated sexual interest in males.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Leavitt and Berger also mentioned studies by Blanchard which suggest that heterosexual transsexuals will adjust their life stories to ensure that they get sex reassignment surgery.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> | |||
| ====Prostitution==== | |||
| In '']'', ] saw that the homosexual transsexuals he described were comfortable with ],<ref name="bailey2003">{{cite web|author=Bailey JM|date=2003|url=http://www.barkingduck.net/ehayes/essays/transsexualism.html|title=The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism|work=Women Who Once Were Boys }}Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0-309-08418-0</ref> and that they had a masculine sexual appetite and simply lusted after men.<ref name="bailey2003"/> In "]",], wrote that "Other transsexuals find prostitution a useful profession for emotional as well as practical reasons..."(<ref name="benjamin1966"/> pp. 50-51.) Benjamin goes on to note "How much more can his femininity be reaffirmed than by again and again attracting normal, heterosexual, and unsuspecting men and even being paid for rendering sex service as a woman?"<ref name="benjamin1966"/> | |||
| ====Frequency of Autogynephilia==== | |||
| Studies have variously found that between 10% and 36% of homosexual transsexuals report a history of sexual arousal to crossdressing. Bentler found 23%, while Freund reported 31%;<ref name="bentler1976">Bentler P M (1976). "A typology of transsexualism: Gender identity theory and data." '']'' 5: 567-584.</ref><ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. '']'' 11: 49-63.</ref> Leavitt and Berger reported 36% among all homosexual transsexuals, and 24% of the sexually active subjects;<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Blanchard found significantly lower numbers than his peers: 15% in his first study on the topic, and 10% in a paper two years later.<ref name="blanchard1985">Blanchard R (1985). "Typology of male-to-female transsexualism." '']'', 14, 247-261.</ref><ref name="blanchard1987"/> Blanchard saw ] in lower levels when comparing homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals, with levels of anatomic autogynephilia among some of the 117 androphilic subjects.<ref name="blanchard1989">Blanchard R (1989). "The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria." '']'', 177, 616-623.</ref> A lower percentage of the homosexual transsexuals reported being (or having been) married and sexually aroused while cross-dressing.<ref name="psychology Research"/> | |||
| ===Socioeconomic factors=== | |||
| Researchers have found several ] features that homosexual transsexuals tend to have in common.<ref name="zucker22002">{{cite journal|last=Cohen-Kettenis | |||
| |first=Peggy T. | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors=Owen A., Kaijser V., Bradley S. and Zucker K. | |||
| |title=Gender-Dysphoric Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic Characteristics and Behavioral Problems. | |||
| |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology | |||
| |volume=31 | |||
| |issue=1 | |||
| |pages=41–53 | |||
| |publisher=Springer Netherlands | |||
| |location=Netherlands | |||
| |date=February ] | |||
| |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x6130x8006745471/ | |||
| |doi=10.1023/A:1021769215342 | |||
| |id= | |||
| |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="MacFarlane">{{cite journal | |||
| |last=MacFarlane | |||
| |first=D. F. | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors= | |||
| |title=Transsexual prostitution in New Zealand: Predominance of persons of Maori extraction | |||
| |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| |volume=13 | |||
| |issue=4 | |||
| |pages=301–309 | |||
| |publisher=Springer | |||
| |location=Netherlands | |||
| |date=August ] | |||
| |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/q72x6l7515m35147/ | |||
| |doi=10.1007/BF01541903 | |||
| |id= | |||
| |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> Ken Zucker found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower ] and ], ] status, non-intact family, non-], and childhood ]<ref name="zucker22002"/> D.F. MacFarlane | |||
| studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were ],<ref name="MacFarlane"/> an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> In '']'' ] notes that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were ] or black;<ref name="bailey2003"/> in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white.<ref name="bailey2003"/> He saw that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting.<ref name="bailey2003"/> Bailey reported the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures.<ref name="bailey2003"/> MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * '']'' by J. Michael Bailey ISBN 978-0309084185 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * - Ray Blanchard, PhD 2000 | |||
| * The autobio of a woman who was called a homosexual transsexual by J. Michael Bailey in "The Man Who Would be Queen." She disagrees with and takes offense to that label. - Maria/Juanita/Sylvia | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Transgender|state=collapsed}} | |||
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