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| {{Short description|Korean-style grilled meat cuisine in Japan}} | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Italic title|reason=]}} | |||
| {{Infobox food | |||
| | name = | |||
| | image = Yakiniku 002.jpg | |||
| | image_size = | |||
| | image_alt = | |||
| | caption = Yakiniku | |||
| | alternate_name = | |||
| | type = Korean-Japanese cuisine | |||
| | course = | |||
| | country = ] (original)<br/>] (introduced) | |||
| | region = | |||
| | associated_cuisine = | |||
| | creator = ] | |||
| | year = | |||
| | mintime = | |||
| | maxtime = | |||
| | served = | |||
| | main_ingredient = | |||
| | minor_ingredient = | |||
| | variations = | |||
| | serving_size = 100 g | |||
| | calories = | |||
| | calories_ref = | |||
| | protein = | |||
| | fat = | |||
| | carbohydrate = | |||
| | glycemic_index = | |||
| | similar_dish = ] | |||
| | cookbook = | |||
| | commons = | |||
| | other = | |||
| | no_recipes= false | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Nihongo|2=焼き肉/焼肉|3='''Yakiniku'''|lead=yes}}, meaning "] ]", is a ] term that, in its broadest sense, refers to grilled meat cuisine. | |||
| Today, "yakiniku" commonly refers to a style of cooking bite-size meat (usually ] and ]) and vegetables on ]s or ]s over a flame of wood charcoals carbonized by ] (''sumibi'', 炭火) or a gas/electric grill. It is one of the most popular ]es in Japan. The origin of contemporary yakiniku is considered to be ], one of the most popular dishes in ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Indigenous and colonial others |last=Weiner |first=Michael |date=2004 |page=236 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-20856-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxGTRiFdNQgC&pg=PA237 |quote=Yakiniku is a Japanese word simply meaning "cooked meat" and used to denote a grilled meat cuisine found in Korean restaurants in Japan. The mainland Korean equivalent is bulgogi but the two cuisines are not entirely the same. Yakuniku is a variant of cooked meat that has been modified by Zainichi Koreans to appeal to Japanese tastes.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-29 |title=「焼肉」名前の由来とは... え、朝鮮半島の南北対立が背景なの？【焼肉の日】 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2016/08/28/829-yakinikiu_n_11756602.html |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=ハフポスト |language=ja}}</ref> | |||
| '''Yakiniku''' (焼き肉 or 焼肉), meaning "]ed ]", is a ] term which, in its broadest sense, refers to grilled meat dishes. | |||
| "Yakiniku" originally referred to western "]" food, the term being popularized by Japanese writer ] (仮名垣魯文) in his ''Seiyo Ryoritsu'' (i.e. "western food handbook") in 1872 (]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/bunko11/bunko11_a1925/index.html|title=西洋料理通. 巻上,附録 / 仮名垣魯文 編; 暁斎 画}}</ref> The term later became associated with ]n-derived cuisine (]) during the early ].<ref>''Modern Japanese cuisine: food, power and national identity'', Katarzyna Joanna Cwiertka</ref><ref>Lie, John (2001). ''Multiethnic Japan''. Harvard University Press, 77 {{ISBN|0-674-01358-1}}</ref><ref>japan-guide.com "Yakiniku-ya specialize in Korean style barbecue, where small pieces of meat are cooked on a grill at the table. Other popular Korean dishes such as bibimba are also usually available at a yakiniku-ya."</ref><ref>Chantal Garcia Japanese BBQ a best kept L.A. secret, Daily Trojan, 11/10/04</ref><ref>Noelle Chun Yakiniku lets you cook and choose, The Honolulu Advertiser, August 20, 2004</ref><ref>Yakiniku and Bulgogi: Japanese, Korean, and Global Foodways 中國飲食文化 Vol.6 No.2 (2010/07)</ref> Due to the ], the terms associated with Korea in Japan were divided into North Korea (Kita Chōsen) and South Korea (Kankoku); the reference to a "yakiniku restaurant" arose as a ] term for restaurants of either origin.<ref> | |||
| Today, it commonly refers to a ]ese style of cooking bite-sized meat (usually ] and ]) and vegetables on ]s or ]s over flame of wood charcoals carbonized by ] (''sumibi'', 炭火) or gas/electric grill. In North America, China and Taiwan, ''Yakiniku'' is also referred to as either "Japanese barbecue" or "Korean barbecue" <ref>Noelle Chun , ], August 20, 2004.</ref><ref>Chantal Garcia , ], 11/10/04.</ref> due to its Korean origins. | |||
| It is thought to have originated from ], a dish of grilled offal, invented by Korean immigrants in the ] area after the ].<ref> | |||
| {{Cite book | {{Cite book | ||
| | first = John | last = Lie | | first = John | last = Lie | ||
| | author-link = | | author-link = John Lie (professor) | ||
| | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Pjpb7UgTheoC&pg=PA73 | |||
| | title = Multiethnic Japan | |||
| | title = Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity | |||
| | place = | |||
| | publisher = University of California Press | |||
| | pages = 77 | |||
| | year = 2008 | |||
| | publisher = Harvard University Press | |||
| | |
| isbn = 978-0-520-25820-4 | ||
| | |
| page = 73}} | ||
| </ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-29|title=「焼肉」名前の由来とは... え、朝鮮半島の南北対立が背景なの？【焼肉の日】|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2016/08/28/829-yakinikiu_n_11756602.html|access-date=2021-11-09|website=ハフポスト|language=ja}}</ref> | |||
| | isbn = 0674013581}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| In a yakiniku restaurant, diners order |
The present style of yakiniku restaurants are derived from Korean restaurants in Osaka and Tokyo, which opened around 1945 by ].<ref name="proper">pulgogi.net "History of Yakiniku" "昭和20年頃、焼肉屋のルーツといわれる東京の「明月館」、大阪千日前の「食道園」が開店しました。" ・ "昭和40年代 朝鮮半島問題がきっかけとなって、韓国を支持する派閥が自らの店を「韓国料理屋」と名乗りました。これに伴い、それまで全てが「朝鮮料理」「ホルモン屋」であったモノが、北朝鮮を支持する経営者が「焼肉店」を名乗るようになりました。これは苦肉の策で、プルゴギを日本語に直訳しました"</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=【クックドア】日本の焼肉屋の歴史をご紹介|url=https://www.cookdoor.jp/yakiniku/dictionary/22102_yakin_002/|access-date=2021-11-09|website=www.cookdoor.jp}}</ref> In a yakiniku restaurant, diners order prepared raw ingredients (individually or as a set) which are brought to the table. The ingredients are cooked by the diners on a grill built into the table, several pieces at a time. The ingredients are then dipped in sauces known as '']'' before being eaten. The most common sauce is made of ] mixed with ], ], sugar, garlic, fruit juice and sesame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebarafoods.com/products/detail/YK300.html|title=焼肉のたれ 辛口|website=エバラ食品|access-date=Sep 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebarafoods.com/products/detail/Y300.html|title=焼肉のたれ 醤油味|website=エバラ食品|access-date=Sep 27, 2019}}</ref> ]-and-] or ]-based dips are sometimes used. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Etymology=== | ===Etymology=== | ||
| ] | |||
| Before Meiji Era, Japanese did not eat meat. and Japanese did not have a Meat-eating culture.<ref> On the revolution in Japanese meat-eating habits during the Meiji period, see Shibusawa, comp., Japanese Life and Culture in the Meiji Era, 65–69. For more on Japanese food culture in general, see Michael Ashkenazi and Jeanne Jacob, The Essence of Japanese Cuisine: An Essay on Food and Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000).</ref> it was officially legalised in 1871 following ].<ref>{{ja icon}} , 歴史と世間のウラのウラ.</ref> as part of an effort to introduce western culture to the country<ref>{{ja icon}} , ] Institute for International Food Culture.</ref> The ] himself was brought in to be publicly observed eating beef on January 24, 1873 to promote beef consumption.<ref>Donald Ritche , ], March 11, 2007.</ref><ref>Kanagaki Robun - Agura Nabe in 1871-2 (仮名垣魯文著『安愚楽鍋』) ASIN B000JA7KJU</ref> ''Steak'' and ''roasted meat'' were translated as ''yakiniku'' (焼肉) and ''iriniku'' (焙肉), respectively, as proposed western-style menus in ''Seiyō Ryōri Shinan'' published in 1872,<ref>{{ja icon}} 敬学堂主人 (Keigakudō shujin) ''西洋料理指南 (Seiyō Ryōri Shinan)'', 1872, .</ref> although this usage of the former word was eventually replaced by the loanword ''sutēki''. | |||
| ]'']] | |||
| ] | |||
| After officially being prohibited for many years, beef consumption was legalised in 1871 following the ]<ref>{{in lang|ja}} , 歴史と世間のウラのウラ</ref> as part of an effort to introduce western culture to the country.<ref>{{in lang|ja}} , ] Institute for International Food Culture</ref> The ] became part of a campaign to promote beef consumption, publicly eating beef on January 24, 1873.<ref>Donald Ritche , '']'', March 11, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://api.porta.ndl.go.jp/ndlopac/cgi-bin/ndlopac/ndl-book?kywd=41006897|title=PORTA統合のお知らせ}}</ref> ''Steak'' and ''roasted meat'' were translated as ''yakiniku'' (焼肉) and ''iriniku'' (焙肉), respectively, as proposed western-style menus in ''Seiyō Ryōri Shinan''<ref>{{in lang|ja}} 敬学堂主人 (Keigakudō shujin) ''西洋料理指南 (Seiyō Ryōri Shinan)'', 1872, .</ref> although this usage of the former word was eventually replaced by the loanword ''sutēki''. | |||
| '']'' (], Japanese transliteration of ]), is a style of grilling mutton, which is also referred to as a type of yakiniku. It was first conceived 1931 in Hokkaidō, where it has ever since been a popular blue-collar dish, but has only recently gained nationwide popularity.<ref>{{ja icon}} , ], 2003/01/09.</ref><ref>, ], Feb. 3, 2006.</ref> | |||
| '']'', the Japanese transliteration of ], is a style of grilling mutton, which is also referred to as a type of yakiniku. The dish was conceived in ], where it has been a popular blue-collar dish that has only recently gained nationwide popularity. The name Jingisukan is thought to have been invented by Sapporo-born Tokuzo Komai, who was inspired by the grilled mutton dishes of ]. The first written mention of the dish under this name was in 1931.<ref>{{in lang|ja}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813181611/http://www5.hokkaido-np.co.jp/sapporokenbu/oh-sapporo/jingisukan |date=2004-08-13 }}, '']'', 2003/01/09.</ref><ref>, '']'', Feb. 3, 2006.</ref> | |||
| ===Origin=== | ===Origin=== | ||
| {{see also|Names of Korea}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Common Japanese style of ''yakiniku'', drawing heavy influences from Korean dishes such as ] and ], became widespread in Japan during the 20th century, most notably after the ]. Restaurants serving this dish either advertised themselves as '']'' ({{lang|ja|ホルモン焼き}}, offal-grill) or simply {{nihongo|] (Korean) cuisine|朝鮮料理|''Chōsen ryōri''}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/6613/ |script-title=ja:戦後ホルモン焼きから誕生した焼肉 素材を生かし肉を楽しむ食べ方へ |newspaper=KoreaWorldTimes |date=2020-01-22 |language=ja|access-date=2020-09-05}}</ref> The division of the ] led to disagreements in the mid-1960s in the naming of "Korean food", with pro-South businesses changing their signs to "{{nihongo|''Kankoku ryōri''|韓国料理}}" ('Kankoku' being the Japanization of 'Hanguk' (한국), the name for Korea used in ]) to replace the term {{nihongo|"Chōsen"|朝鮮}} (from ], 조선), an older name for Korea which by then had been appropriated by the North.<ref name="proper"/> | |||
| According to "Nippon Yakiniku Monogatari written by Toshio Miyatsuka" , the name "yakiniku" became widespread in the latter half of the 1960s, and before that, "yakiniku" was called "Korean cuisine (朝鮮料理, Chōsen ryōri)". The ] was divided into north and south, and in Japan around this time, the restaurants that served yakiniku and ] called themselves "Chōsen ryōri (朝鮮料理, ] cuisine)", but with ] in 1965, the name "Kankoku ryōri (韓国料理, Korean cuisine)" has increased. Eventually, North Koreans in Japan claimed "Chōsen ryōri" and South Koreans in Japan claimed "Kankoku ryōri", which means "Korean cuisine", which means yakiniku today. It is said that the word "yakiniku" was used as a compromise of political conflict to put an end to this turmoil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-29|title=「焼肉」名前の由来とは... え、朝鮮半島の南北対立が背景なの？【焼肉の日】|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2016/08/28/829-yakinikiu_n_11756602.html|access-date=2021-11-09|website=ハフポスト|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=宮塚|first=利雄|title=日本焼肉物語|id={{ASIN|4334783880|country=jp}} }}</ref> | |||
| Common Japanese style of ''Yakiniku'', drawing influences from Korean dishes such as ] and ], became widespread in Japan during the 20th century, most notably after the ]. Restaurants serving this dish either advertised themselves as '']'' (ja:ホルモン焼き, offal-grill) or simply {{nihongo|] (Korean) cuisine|朝鮮料理|''chōsen ryori''}}. The division of the ] led to disagreements in the mid-1960s in the naming of "Korean food", with pro-South businesses changing their signs to "{{nihongo|''kankoku ryori''|韓国料理}}" (named after ]) rather than sticking to the term ''chōsen'' (]), the name of the old, undivided Korea. | |||
| Ventilated barbecue systems, introduced by Shinpo Co., Ltd. in March 1980,<ref>{{ |
Ventilated barbecue systems, introduced by Shinpo Co., Ltd. in March 1980,<ref>{{in lang|ja}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213044438/http://www.shinpo.co.jp/ov/history/index.html |date=2008-02-13 }} Shimpo Co., Ltd. "1980年3月 無煙ロースター（モスマック）の販売を開始。(introduced a smokeless roaster (''Mosumakku'') in March, 1980)." OGASAWARA SEIJI (小笠原静司)/SHINPO KK, ロースターの排気システム 特公昭57-052050 (, JPB57075620 (1982)). YAMADA TAKESHI (山田武司)/SHINPO KK, ロースターの消煙装置 特開昭61-234822 (, JPA61234822 (1986)).</ref> quickly spread throughout Japan as they enabled diners to eat yakiniku in a smoke-free environment and greatly extended the clientele. | ||
| The popularity of yakiniku was given a further boost in 1991 when the easing of beef import restrictions led to a drop in the price of beef.<ref>{{nihongo|Kazuhiro Soga|曽我 和弘|Soga Kazuhiro}}, Kansai food business society, http://shokubi.hp.infoseek.co.jp/soga.htm 炭火焼きブームは何故起こったのか], "この炭火焼ブームは焼肉ブームに端を発している。規制緩和の問題により、肉が輸入自由化となり、米・豪から安い輸入肉が入るようになった。このことにより激安焼肉店が生まれてくるわけだが、店としては「肉が旨い」というフレーズを使いたい。かといってその代名詞である「和牛オンリー」とは言いづらい、そのため「旨い」という印象を与える「炭火」という言葉を使ってそのイメージアップをはかっているのである。"</ref> However, the industry was dealt an unprecedented blow in 2001 with the occurrence of ] (mad cow disease) in Japan.<!--<ref>{{in lang|ja}} , onekoreanews.net, 2007-1-1.</ref>--><!--]--> | |||
| Many yakiniku restaurants in Japan have been run by ] including the president of All Japan Yakiniku Association<ref>{{ja icon}} , ], 2007-5-30. "冒頭挨拶で朴泰道会長は、牛肉の輸入再開問題について言及した。"</ref> and thus yakiniku industry is sometimes regarded as an "ethnic industry".<ref>{{ja icon}} , ], 19991004. "在日同胞が生み、育て、民族産業とも言われる焼肉業界。"</ref> | |||
| == Similarity to and difference from Korean barbecue == | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Japanese yakiniku usually differs from authentic Korean dishes such as ] and ] in several aspects.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} | |||
| The word ''karubi'', Japanese pronunciation of ]), when used in Japan, solely refers to beef short rib{{Or|date=July 2008}}<!--In Korean cuisine, galbi generally refers to beef short ribs-->, and is not used to refer to similar meat in other animals as they are in Korea, such as ''Dwaeji galbi'' (돼지갈비 pork galbi) or ''Dakk galbi'' (닭갈비 chicken galbi). | |||
| Cutting grilled meat with scissors, as done in Korea, is not standard practice in yakiniku restaurants and customers grill meat by themselves in yakiniku restaurants. | |||
| The most popular style of ''yakiniku''<ref>{{ko icon}} , ], 2008.02.04.</ref> in Japanese cuisine corresponds to Korean ''sen galbi gui'' (생(鮮)갈비구이) or '']'', and marinated ''yangnyeom galbi'' (양념(藥念)갈비) is generally considered as more Korean. | |||
| ==Typical Ingredients== | |||
| ==Typical ingredients== | |||
| ]'', Japanese charcoal briquettes made from sawdust.]] | |||
| ]'', Japanese ].]] | |||
| Typical ingredients include: | Typical ingredients include: | ||
| * Beef | |||
| * |
** Rōsu — loin and chuck slices | ||
| ** Karubi or baraniku — short ribs. From the Korean word "]". In Japan, it is usually served without the bones, unless it is ''hone-tsuki-karubi''. | |||
| ** Rōsu - loin and chuck slices | |||
| ** Harami — tender meat around the ]. | |||
| ** Karubi or baraniku - short ribs. From the Korean word "]". In Japan it is usually served without the bones, unless it is specified as ''hone-tsuki-karubi'' (galbi on the bone). | |||
| ** Tan — beef ]. From the English word "tongue". Often served with crushed Welsh onion (]), salt and lemon juice. | |||
| * ''Horumon'' or ''motsu'' - Offal. | |||
| ** |
** Misuji — tender meat around the shoulder. | ||
| * Pork | |||
| ** Rebā - beef ]. From the German word "]". | |||
| ** Butabara or ] — pork belly. | |||
| ** Tan - beef ]. From the English word "tongue". Often served with salt and lemon juice.. | |||
| ** P-toro / Tontoro — fatty meat around the cheek and the neck. From the word "Pork ]". | |||
| ** Tetchan - ]. From the Chinese word "大肠" (da chang). May simply be referred to as ''horumon''. | |||
| * ''Horumon'' or ''motsu'' — offal. ''Horumon'' means "discarded items" and comes from the ]. | |||
| ** Hatsu - ]. From the English word "heart". | |||
| ** Rebā — beef ]. From the German word "]". | |||
| ** Mino / Hachinosu - beef ] | |||
| ** Tetchan — ]. From the Korean word "]". May simply be referred to as ]. | |||
| ** Hatsu — ]. From the English word "heart". | |||
| ** Kobukuro — Pork uterus. Enjoyed for its gristly texture. | |||
| ** Tēru — From the English word "tail". Slices of beef tail cut crosswise, bone attached. | |||
| ** Mino / Hachinosu — beef ] | |||
| ** Gatsu — Pork stomach. From the English word "gut". | |||
| * Chicken | * Chicken | ||
| * Seafood |
* Seafood — squid, shellfish, shrimp. | ||
| * Vegetables |
* Vegetables — bell pepper, carrots, ] and other mushrooms, onions, cabbage, eggplant, ] (moyashi), garlic and '']'' squash are common. | ||
| ''Yakiniku'' is usually served with ] or beer. Korean soups, ], ], ], ] and other sometimes Korean-influenced ] are other common side dishes as well as raw meat dishes such as ], ] of meat, liver, and ]. | |||
| ==Yakiniku Day== | ==Yakiniku Day== | ||
| In |
In 1993, the All Japan Yakiniku Association proclaimed 29 August as official "Yakiniku Day" (焼き肉の日, ''yakiniku no hi''),<ref>{{cite book |last=Piatti-Farnell |first= Lorna|author-link= |date= June 2013|title= Beef: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eczuOAyembMC |location= |publisher= ]|page= 45|isbn=9781780231174}}</ref> a form of ] (numerical wordplay), as the date 8月29 can be (roughly) read as ya-(tsu)ki-ni-ku (8 = ya, 2 = ni, 9 = ku). | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| {{div col|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| *] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 83: | Line 114: | ||
| * ], a chain of yakiniku restaurants | * ], a chain of yakiniku restaurants | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * {{portal-inline|Food}} | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
| {{commons| |
{{commons category|Yakiniku}} | ||
| {{cookbook|Cookbook:Beef Yakiniku}} | |||
| * , the official site of the All Japan Yakiniku Association (in Japanese) | * , the official site of the All Japan Yakiniku Association (in Japanese) | ||
| * | |||
| {{Japanese food and drink}} | |||
| {{Barbecue}} | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
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Latest revision as of 05:32, 3 December 2024
Korean-style grilled meat cuisine in Japan
 Yakiniku | |
| Type | Korean-Japanese cuisine |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Korea (original) Japan (introduced) |
| Created by | Zainichi |
| Similar dishes | Korean BBQ |
Yakiniku (Japanese: 焼き肉/焼肉), meaning "grilled meat", is a Japanese term that, in its broadest sense, refers to grilled meat cuisine.
Today, "yakiniku" commonly refers to a style of cooking bite-size meat (usually beef and offal) and vegetables on gridirons or griddles over a flame of wood charcoals carbonized by dry distillation (sumibi, 炭火) or a gas/electric grill. It is one of the most popular dishes in Japan. The origin of contemporary yakiniku is considered to be Korean barbecue, one of the most popular dishes in Korean cuisine.
"Yakiniku" originally referred to western "barbecue" food, the term being popularized by Japanese writer Kanagaki Robun (仮名垣魯文) in his Seiyo Ryoritsu (i.e. "western food handbook") in 1872 (Meiji period). The term later became associated with Korean-derived cuisine (Korean barbecue) during the early Shōwa period. Due to the Korean War, the terms associated with Korea in Japan were divided into North Korea (Kita Chōsen) and South Korea (Kankoku); the reference to a "yakiniku restaurant" arose as a politically correct term for restaurants of either origin.
The present style of yakiniku restaurants are derived from Korean restaurants in Osaka and Tokyo, which opened around 1945 by Koreans in Japan. In a yakiniku restaurant, diners order prepared raw ingredients (individually or as a set) which are brought to the table. The ingredients are cooked by the diners on a grill built into the table, several pieces at a time. The ingredients are then dipped in sauces known as tare before being eaten. The most common sauce is made of soy sauce mixed with sake, mirin, sugar, garlic, fruit juice and sesame. Garlic-and-shallot or miso-based dips are sometimes used.
History
Etymology
After officially being prohibited for many years, beef consumption was legalised in 1871 following the Meiji Restoration as part of an effort to introduce western culture to the country. The Emperor Meiji became part of a campaign to promote beef consumption, publicly eating beef on January 24, 1873. Steak and roasted meat were translated as yakiniku (焼肉) and iriniku (焙肉), respectively, as proposed western-style menus in Seiyō Ryōri Shinan although this usage of the former word was eventually replaced by the loanword sutēki.
Jingisukan, the Japanese transliteration of Genghis Khan, is a style of grilling mutton, which is also referred to as a type of yakiniku. The dish was conceived in Hokkaidō, where it has been a popular blue-collar dish that has only recently gained nationwide popularity. The name Jingisukan is thought to have been invented by Sapporo-born Tokuzo Komai, who was inspired by the grilled mutton dishes of Northeastern Chinese cuisine. The first written mention of the dish under this name was in 1931.
Origin
See also: Names of Korea
Common Japanese style of yakiniku, drawing heavy influences from Korean dishes such as bulgogi and galbi, became widespread in Japan during the 20th century, most notably after the Second World War. Restaurants serving this dish either advertised themselves as horumonyaki (ホルモン焼き, offal-grill) or simply Joseon (Korean) cuisine (朝鮮料理, Chōsen ryōri). The division of the Korean peninsula led to disagreements in the mid-1960s in the naming of "Korean food", with pro-South businesses changing their signs to "Kankoku ryōri (韓国料理)" ('Kankoku' being the Japanization of 'Hanguk' (한국), the name for Korea used in South Korea) to replace the term "Chōsen" (朝鮮) (from Joseon, 조선), an older name for Korea which by then had been appropriated by the North.
According to "Nippon Yakiniku Monogatari written by Toshio Miyatsuka" , the name "yakiniku" became widespread in the latter half of the 1960s, and before that, "yakiniku" was called "Korean cuisine (朝鮮料理, Chōsen ryōri)". The Korean Peninsula was divided into north and south, and in Japan around this time, the restaurants that served yakiniku and naengmyeon called themselves "Chōsen ryōri (朝鮮料理, Joseon cuisine)", but with treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965, the name "Kankoku ryōri (韓国料理, Korean cuisine)" has increased. Eventually, North Koreans in Japan claimed "Chōsen ryōri" and South Koreans in Japan claimed "Kankoku ryōri", which means "Korean cuisine", which means yakiniku today. It is said that the word "yakiniku" was used as a compromise of political conflict to put an end to this turmoil.
Ventilated barbecue systems, introduced by Shinpo Co., Ltd. in March 1980, quickly spread throughout Japan as they enabled diners to eat yakiniku in a smoke-free environment and greatly extended the clientele.
The popularity of yakiniku was given a further boost in 1991 when the easing of beef import restrictions led to a drop in the price of beef. However, the industry was dealt an unprecedented blow in 2001 with the occurrence of BSE (mad cow disease) in Japan.
Typical ingredients
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Typical ingredients include:
- Beef
- Rōsu — loin and chuck slices
- Karubi or baraniku — short ribs. From the Korean word "galbi". In Japan, it is usually served without the bones, unless it is hone-tsuki-karubi.
- Harami — tender meat around the diaphragm.
- Tan — beef tongue. From the English word "tongue". Often served with crushed Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum), salt and lemon juice.
- Misuji — tender meat around the shoulder.
- Pork
- Butabara or Samugyopusaru — pork belly.
- P-toro / Tontoro — fatty meat around the cheek and the neck. From the word "Pork toro".
- Horumon or motsu — offal. Horumon means "discarded items" and comes from the Kansai dialect.
- Rebā — beef liver. From the German word "Leber".
- Tetchan — intestine. From the Korean word "Dae-chang(대창, 大腸)". May simply be referred to as horumon.
- Hatsu — heart. From the English word "heart".
- Kobukuro — Pork uterus. Enjoyed for its gristly texture.
- Tēru — From the English word "tail". Slices of beef tail cut crosswise, bone attached.
- Mino / Hachinosu — beef tripe
- Gatsu — Pork stomach. From the English word "gut".
- Chicken
- Seafood — squid, shellfish, shrimp.
- Vegetables — bell pepper, carrots, shiitake and other mushrooms, onions, cabbage, eggplant, bean sprout (moyashi), garlic and kabocha squash are common.
Yakiniku Day
In 1993, the All Japan Yakiniku Association proclaimed 29 August as official "Yakiniku Day" (焼き肉の日, yakiniku no hi), a form of goroawase (numerical wordplay), as the date 8月29 can be (roughly) read as ya-(tsu)ki-ni-ku (8 = ya, 2 = ni, 9 = ku).
See also
- Asado
- Yakitori
- Teriyaki
- Teppanyaki
- Shichirin
- Yakisoba
- Galbi
- Bulgogi
- Gyu-Kaku, a chain of yakiniku restaurants
- Cuisine of Japan
- Barbecue
- Korean barbecue
Food portal
References
- Weiner, Michael (2004). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Indigenous and colonial others. Taylor & Francis. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-415-20856-7.
Yakiniku is a Japanese word simply meaning "cooked meat" and used to denote a grilled meat cuisine found in Korean restaurants in Japan. The mainland Korean equivalent is bulgogi but the two cuisines are not entirely the same. Yakuniku is a variant of cooked meat that has been modified by Zainichi Koreans to appeal to Japanese tastes.
- "「焼肉」名前の由来とは... え、朝鮮半島の南北対立が背景なの？【焼肉の日】". ハフポスト (in Japanese). 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- "西洋料理通. 巻上,附録 / 仮名垣魯文 編; 暁斎 画".
- Modern Japanese cuisine: food, power and national identity, Katarzyna Joanna Cwiertka
- Lie, John (2001). Multiethnic Japan. Harvard University Press, 77 ISBN 0-674-01358-1
- japan-guide.com "Yakiniku-ya specialize in Korean style barbecue, where small pieces of meat are cooked on a grill at the table. Other popular Korean dishes such as bibimba are also usually available at a yakiniku-ya."
- Chantal Garcia Japanese BBQ a best kept L.A. secret, Daily Trojan, 11/10/04
- Noelle Chun Yakiniku lets you cook and choose, The Honolulu Advertiser, August 20, 2004
- Yakiniku and Bulgogi: Japanese, Korean, and Global Foodways 中國飲食文化 Vol.6 No.2 (2010/07)
- Lie, John (2008). Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity. University of California Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-520-25820-4.
- "「焼肉」名前の由来とは... え、朝鮮半島の南北対立が背景なの？【焼肉の日】". ハフポスト (in Japanese). 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- ^ pulgogi.net "History of Yakiniku" "昭和20年頃、焼肉屋のルーツといわれる東京の「明月館」、大阪千日前の「食道園」が開店しました。" ・ "昭和40年代 朝鮮半島問題がきっかけとなって、韓国を支持する派閥が自らの店を「韓国料理屋」と名乗りました。これに伴い、それまで全てが「朝鮮料理」「ホルモン屋」であったモノが、北朝鮮を支持する経営者が「焼肉店」を名乗るようになりました。これは苦肉の策で、プルゴギを日本語に直訳しました"
- "【クックドア】日本の焼肉屋の歴史をご紹介". www.cookdoor.jp. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- "焼肉のたれ 辛口". エバラ食品. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
- "焼肉のたれ 醤油味". エバラ食品. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
- (in Japanese) 日本における肉食の歴史, 歴史と世間のウラのウラ
- (in Japanese) 館内展示パネル－洋食 欧米食と和食の融合, Kikkoman Institute for International Food Culture
- Donald Ritche What made Japan join the fast-food nations?, The Japan Times, March 11, 2007.
- "PORTA統合のお知らせ".
- (in Japanese) 敬学堂主人 (Keigakudō shujin) 西洋料理指南 (Seiyō Ryōri Shinan), 1872, P28.
- (in Japanese) /03.html「探偵団がたどる ジンギスカン物語」調査報告その３ ルーツを探る Archived 2004-08-13 at the Wayback Machine, Hokkaido Shimbun, 2003/01/09.
- "Ghengis Khan gets hip", The Japan Times, Feb. 3, 2006.
- 戦後ホルモン焼きから誕生した焼肉 素材を生かし肉を楽しむ食べ方へ. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
- "「焼肉」名前の由来とは... え、朝鮮半島の南北対立が背景なの？【焼肉の日】". ハフポスト (in Japanese). 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- 宮塚, 利雄. 日本焼肉物語. ASIN 4334783880.
- (in Japanese) 会社概要－沿革 Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine Shimpo Co., Ltd. "1980年3月 無煙ロースター（モスマック）の販売を開始。(introduced a smokeless roaster (Mosumakku) in March, 1980)." OGASAWARA SEIJI (小笠原静司)/SHINPO KK, ロースターの排気システム 特公昭57-052050 (EXHAUST SYSTEM OF ROASTER, JPB57075620 (1982)). YAMADA TAKESHI (山田武司)/SHINPO KK, ロースターの消煙装置 特開昭61-234822 (SMOKE DISTINCTING APPARATUS OF ROASTER, JPA61234822 (1986)).
- Kazuhiro Soga (曽我 和弘, Soga Kazuhiro), Kansai food business society, http://shokubi.hp.infoseek.co.jp/soga.htm 炭火焼きブームは何故起こったのか], "この炭火焼ブームは焼肉ブームに端を発している。規制緩和の問題により、肉が輸入自由化となり、米・豪から安い輸入肉が入るようになった。このことにより激安焼肉店が生まれてくるわけだが、店としては「肉が旨い」というフレーズを使いたい。かといってその代名詞である「和牛オンリー」とは言いづらい、そのため「旨い」という印象を与える「炭火」という言葉を使ってそのイメージアップをはかっているのである。"
- Piatti-Farnell, Lorna (June 2013). Beef: A Global History. Reaktion Books. p. 45. ISBN 9781780231174.
External links
- Yakiniku Web, the official site of the All Japan Yakiniku Association (in Japanese)
- 'Life picture of east Asia' 2008-2 Kanagawa University (in Japanese), p. 112
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