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{{short description|Hip hop music by Latin American artists}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2008}}
{{Infobox music genre
{{Cleanup|date=March 2008}}
| name = Latin hip hop
'''Latin rap''' is not a homogeneous musical style but rather a term that covers all {{Fact|date=August 2008}} ] recorded by artists of ] origin.
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|]|]
}}
| cultural_origins = 1970s, ], ], U.S.
| instruments ={{Hlist|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]
}}
| derivatives =
| subgenres =
| fusiongenres =
| regional_scenes =
}}


'''Latin hip hop''' (also known as '''Latin rap''') is ] that is recorded by artists in the ] of ] and ] descent, along with Spanish-speaking countries in the ], ], ], ], and ].
==Early Latinos in Hip-Hop Music==


==Latin hip hop in the United States==
According to ], a writer for ] Magazine and ] historian; The first ] in Hip-Hop music was ], a product of a ] father and a ] mother who was born in ]. DJ Disco Wiz along with Casanova Fly (]) formed the pioneering ] Crew from 183rd Street and Valentine Avenue in the mid-1970s. Later on they both were joined by the first Latino MC, ]; who is Puerto Rican{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. Whip, unlike Wiz was exclusively an MC; Wiz was a DJ too. Casanova Fly (Grandmaster Caz) would rap and DJ at the same time.
===West Coast===
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, most Latin rap came from New York and the West Coast of the United States. Due to the heaviest Puerto Rican migration to New York City in the '50s, during the '70s, the birth of hip hop involved Latinos from the Caribbean islands. ] was from ]. Puerto Rico loved Hip Hop from America, and among the early rappers from the island were Ruben DJ, DJ Negro, and Vico-C.<ref> medium.com Retrieved 16 May 2024</ref>


], from ], was the first Latino artist to have a major bilingual single, the 1989 track "]". This song went platinum, leading Mellow Man Ace to be described as the "Godfather of Latin rap" and inducted into the Hip Hop Hall of Fame inductee. In 1990, fellow West Coast artist ] further brought Latinos to the rap forefront with his hit song "]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gold |first=Jonathan |date=August 20, 1990 |title=Kid Frost: Political Rap for Chicano Solidarity Pop music: His hit La Raza ・・|newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/281058443| access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> In 1991, Kid Frost, Mellow Man, ] and several other Latin rappers formed the rap super group ] and released a self-titled album which featured the hit "Lowrider (On the Boulevard)". The remake of the song ] was a A.L.T. hit later that year. ], of which Mellow Man Ace was a member before going solo, would become the first Latino rap group to reach platinum status in 1991. The group was also the first major hip-hop music group to include ] and Latin slang in their lyrics. Cypress Hill gained hit "Insane in the Brain"(1993) and Platinum record.<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=Cypress Hill|title=Insane in the Brain | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> Ecuadorian-born American rapper ] received heavy rotation on video and radio for his single ]. While commercially watered-down, his album enjoyed a status of being one of the first mainstream Spanglish CDs on the market. ] was a multi-platinum songwriter, music producer, and rapper who was perhaps best known for his production on ]'s albums ] and ].<ref name="ALLMUSIC"></ref> He also produced the 1990 single ] for his classmate ]'s album '']'', which eventually went platinum thanks to the single.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=candyman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152404/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=candyman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25|url-status=dead|title=RIAA Database| website=] |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref> ], A Lighter Shade of Brown, ], and ] were popular in latin rap scene.
Since Hip-Hop was experienced primarily via audio and not by video, most people never knew that DJ Disco Wiz was Puerto Rican & Cuban until they saw him. As explained by ] in the book "]" Prince Whipper Whip felt it necessary to keep his ] background a secret in order to gain more positive acceptance. The audience perception of Whip as a Black-American made ] the first public Puerto Rican MC according to the book. After DJ Disco Wiz; the second Puerto Rican DJ was an ex-salsa bassist turned DJ named ], who became the DJ along with ]) for the ]{{Fact|date=March 2007}}.


In the mid-1990s, the success of LA's ] led to additional Latin hip-hop artists finding label support. ] were a horn-sampling trio that found MTV support for their breakout bilingual single "Tres Delinquentes" in 1996. By the early 2000's, two Mexico-born, United States-raised Latin hip hop acts found success on major labels. LA's ] fused banda with hip-hop on hits like "No Hay Manera" while Milwaukee's ] told tales of Mexican immigrant life over more minimalist beats. Mr.Criminal, Mr.Capone-E, Mr.Knightowl, Ms.Krazie, Charlie Row Campo and Mr.Sancho released latin and Chicano rap CDs.<ref> AllMusic. 17 May 2024</ref>
In 1981 a group called ] released a 12" single on ] called "]" which was the first rap record to emphasize Spanglish{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. In the same year The ] featured a solo by ] on “The Sugar Hill Groove”. DJ and producer ] also mentions (in an interview on blackmagazine.it) the track "Spanglish" by Spanish Fly & The Terrible 2, came out in the same year on ] but was not as well known.


===East Coast===
In the early to mid-80's quite a few ] rappers and DJ’s hit the scene. Producer and DJ ] and ] were both a part of ]{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. The Master OC was also the producer of another crew named ] which featured another Puerto Rican MC named ]. Both of these crews were from ]. Out of the East New York section of ] came ] of The Fat Boys, who later went on to produce ]; and ], the beat box from ]. Both were Puerto Rican; as was ] from the Astoria Projects in Queens. Like Whipper Whip; Markie, Wise and Super Lover Cee's ethnic heritage was not that well known. Other lesser known MC’s and DJ’s included ], ], DJ Muscle and DJ Shiz who were all Puerto Ricans from The Bronx, while Mr. L of the TDR crew was half ] and half ]. ] along with his DJ partner and cousin DJ Duran from the Bronx are considered to be the first Dominican DJ’s in Hip-Hop (documented in The BX Factor magazine in 1996.){{Fact|date=March 2007}} Of ] heritage, ] from the Hells Kitchen section of Manhattan, and is most famous as a member of The ] Crew is the first MC in Hip-Hop with parents from Brazil{{Fact|date=March 2007}}.
] fused hip-hop with ] and other music genres. Chase was the DJ for the New York hip-hop group ], from 1978 and through the '80s.<ref>Roberts, Ed. "Cold Crush Brothers." Oldschoolhiphop.com. Retrieved 16 May 2024</ref> East Coast Latin artists such as the ] emerged in the early 1990s, with New Jersey native ] earning recognition for his lyricism and equal controversy for his subject matter. In 1992, Mesanjarz of Funk, led by the Spanish/English flow of Mr. Pearl, became the first Spanish rap group signed to a major label (Atlantic Records). In 1994, Platinum Producer and DJ ] used his own label, Hoody Records, to produce his single “Puerto Rico” which became a classic. In the late 1990s, Puerto Rican rapper ] became the first Latino solo artist to reach platinum sales for an LP with his debut album '']'', which included hit song "]". The genre even spawned a bicultural novelty, the Brooklyn-based crew ], who fused their dual Jewish and Latino cultures on songs like "Havana Nagila" and "Raza Hoodía."


===South and Midwest===
==Latin rap on the West Coast==
Latin rap (as well as its subgenre of ]) has thrived along the West Coast, Southwest and Midwestern states with little promotion due to the large Latino populations of those regions. ] is considered to be a pioneer of Latin hip-hop, due to him being one of the first Latinos combining Spanglish lyrics with freestyle, salsa, mambo, and regional Mexican banda. He scored four Billboard Hot Dance singles between 1993 and 1997, including one of the greatest ] songs of all time, "Shake Shake (Shake That Culo)". Besides bass music, he also recorded the Chicano anthem "Orale". ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States'' Volume 2, Page 301 states: "A new style of Latina and Latino hip-hop was created in Miami and Texas by the bass rappers ] and ], who mixed Latin styles with bass music".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYwRAQAAMAAJ&q=Latino+hip-hop |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States - Suzanne Oboler, Deena J. González - Google Books |date=2005-08-25 |isbn=9780195156003 |access-date=2018-01-17|last1=Oboler |first1=Suzanne |last2=González |first2=Deena J. |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>


==Latin hip hop in other countries==
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, most Latin rap came from the West Coast of the United States. Cuban-American artist ] was the first Latino artist to have a major bilingual single attached to his 1989 debut. Mellow Man, referred to as the "Godfather of Latin rap" and a Hip Hop Hall of Fame inductee, brought mainstream attention to Spanglish rhyming with his 1989 platinum single "Mentirosa". In 1990, fellow West Coast artist ] further brought Latinos to the rap forefront with his single "La Raza." ], of which Mellow Man Ace was a member before going solo, would become the first Latino rap group to reach platinum status in 1991. The group has since continued to release other gold and platinum albums. Ecuadorian born rapper ] received heavy rotation on video and radio for his single "Rico, Suave", while commercially watered-down, the album enjoyed a status of being one of the first mainstream Spanglish CDs on the market.
Latin rap in Puerto Rico has had a substantial impact on the genres (rap, and Latin rap) and relate a certain message to their respective audiences. Puerto Rican rap emerged as a form of cultural and social protest within the Puerto Rican context.<ref name="ReferenceA">Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols." In "Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas", ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Candida F Jaquez, 89. New York: Palgrave, 2003</ref> This is similar to the way American and Jamaican youth used rap and reggae/dancehall as a means to communicate their feelings on social, cultural, and political issues. In essence, Puerto Rican rap became the voice of the Puerto Rican youth in which they use dancehall and rap music as methods of expression for the Jamaican and working-class American youth counterparts as they made it in France too since 2003 "1492 Army".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


In the late 1990s, hip-hop took hold in Mexico, especially with the platinum success of Mexican rap pioneers ]. The genre also found prominence with Latin alternative artists who fused hip-hop rhymes with live instrumentation, including rap-rockers ] and ]-rockers ].
==Latin rap in the East Coast and Miami==


There are many hip-hop scenes in Latin America, including a growing rap movement in Buenos Aires and Montevideo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundsandcolours.com/articles/argentina/buenos-aires-rap-an-interview-with-diane-ghogomu-24155/|title=Buenos Aires Rap: An Interview with Diane Ghogomu|date=June 9, 2014|website=Sounds and Colours}}</ref>
On the East Coast, Latin artists such as the ] emerged in the early '90s, with New Jersey native ] earning recognition for his lyricism and equal controversy for his subject matter. In the late '90s, Puerto Rican rapper ] became the first Latino solo artist to reach platinum sales for an LP with his debut album ], which included hit song ]. Big Punisher died in 2000, at the age of 28. Other Latin artists on the East Coast would follow and receive a great deal of support from Latino consumers including rappers such as ] and ]. In Miami artists such as ] and ] have been successful with rhymes in Spanish and English as well.


Hip hop in Uruguay has had a significant presence since the late 1990s, with groups such as Sudacas en Guerra, Oeste Pro Funk, Plátano Macho and El Peyote Asesino. Starting in 2003, the genre began to develop progressively in the country, especially after latejapride* joined Bizarro Records. Since then, numerous groups and artists have emerged on the Uruguayan hip hop scene, including Beat Urbano, Arrajatabla Flow Club & The Warriors, Magia Negra Squad, Primate and Cubaguayo, among others.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/domingo/hip-hop-en-uruguay-la-tribu-urbana-que-se-transformo-en-una-cultura-de-masas | title=Hip hop en Uruguay: La tribu urbana que se transformó en una cultura de masas | date=5 March 2023 }}</ref>
==Southwest and Chicano rap==


Introduction: Since the late 1990s, Uruguay has witnessed the development of a thriving hip hop scene, marked by the contributions of early pioneers and a variety of influential groups.
Latin rap (as well as its subgenre of ]) has thrived along the West Coast, Southwest and Midwestern states with little promotion due to the large Latino populations of those regions. Texas artists such as ], ] and ] have enjoyed steady sales, and have headlined a number of successful Southwest tours. San Diego artist ] opened doors for Chicano Rap by receiving mainstream attention for his singles "Summer Nights", and "Bring Out The Freak In You". ] also had a huge impact with his single "Suga Suga". Artists Sinful of Tha Mexicanz, and Kemo the Blaxican have continued to improve the popularity of Spanglish rap on the West Coast.
2003 Onwards: A significant turning point was latejapride*'s signing with Bizarro Records, which led to a progressive development of the genre.
New Artists and Challenges: The emergence of acts like Beat Urbano, Arrajatabla Flow Club & The Warriors, and Magia Negra Squad, as well as the challenges faced, including the tragic murder of rapper Plef, illustrate the scene's evolution and resilience.
Conclusion
Each of these countries' hip-hop scenes reflects their unique cultural contexts and social issues. While facing distinct challenges, these communities continue to use hip-hop as a powerful tool for expression and social commentary.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.montevideo.com.uy/Noticias/Muros-que-hablan-el-graffiti-uruguayo-florece-en-memoria-de-Plef-uc813085 | title=Muros que hablan: El "graffiti" uruguayo florece en memoria de Plef }}</ref> Uruguayan Hip-Hop Development: New Rappers such as 44 Kid, Zanto, Davus, Mesita, and Rodridi recorded rap singles or albums.


==Urban Regional== ===Narco-rap===
A music scene, similar to the early underground ] scene, has emerged in northeastern Mexico (], ] and ]), where the musical phenomenon of hip-hop is being co-opted by the influence of organized crime and the ] in the region.


Some of the main exponents of the genre are ], DemenT and Big Los.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/es_mx/read/en-tamaulipas-los-narcos-disparan-a-ritmo-de-rap-0000156-v5n4 |title=En Tamaulipas los narcos disparan a ritmo de rap |publisher=VICE |date=2012-06-13 |access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2010/06/23/hfr-el-narco-rap-la-banda-sonora-del-horror-en-reynosa |title=El narco-rap, la banda sonora del horror en Reynosa|work=Mexico CNN|access-date=2016-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131031413/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2010/06/23/hfr-el-narco-rap-la-banda-sonora-del-horror-en-reynosa |archive-date=2016-01-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://diario.mx/El_Paso/2013-06-16_0ee2cdd6/se-suman-los-raperos-norteamericanos-a-la-ola-narco/ |title=Se suman los raperos norteamericanos a la 'ola narco' &#124; El Paso |publisher=Diario.mx |access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Maria |first=Juana |url=http://www.elnuevoheraldo.com/el_valle/noticias_locales/mcallen-reynosa-la-maldosa/article_b3e9d5da-e8e4-11e2-b83d-0019bb30f31a.html |title=McALLEN: 'Reynosa la Maldosa' - El Nuevo Heraldo: Noticias Locales |publisher=El Nuevo Heraldo |date=2013-07-09 |access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2013/06/us-rappers-dedicate-their-songs-to.html |title=US Rappers Dedicate Their Songs to Mexican Drug Lords |publisher=Borderland Beat |date=2013-06-17 |access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref>
In recent years the term "Urban Regional" was coined to refer to Spanish rap performed over beats infused with the sounds and melodies from popular Mexican music styles such as Banda, Cumbia, Norteno and others. ], ], ] and ] are among the most popular Urban Regional Artists.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/mexicos-narco-rappers-are-here-to-stay-cano-blunt-interview-reynosa |title=Mexico's Narco Rappers Are Here to Stay |publisher=VICE |date=2012-06-18 |access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuestraaparenterendicion.com/index.php/biblioteca/cronicas-y-reportajes/item/962-voy-a-morir-porque-creen-que-soy-un-zeta |title=Voy a morir porque creen que soy un Zeta |publisher=Nuestraaparenterendicion.com |access-date=2018-01-17}}</ref>


==Freestyle==
==Reggaeton movement==
{{main|Freestyle music}}
In the mid-1980s, ] was initially called "Latin hip hop". This dance music genre, not to be confused with improvised ]ping, was dominated, at the time, by ] beats and electronic Latin melodic and percussion elements, over which Latino vocalists sang melodramatic pop vocals, usually in English even though it was started by Nuyorican natives and African-Americans primarily.<ref name="gill">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/the-bluffers-guide-to-freestyle.htm | title=The Bluffer's Guide to Freestyle | magazine=] | access-date=June 15, 2012 | author=Gill, Michael F. | date=2007-08-13 }}</ref><ref name="voice">{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2006-04-11/music/let-the-music-play-again/ | title=Let the Music Play (Again) | newspaper=] | access-date=June 15, 2012 | author=Verán, Cristina | date=Apr 11, 2006 }}</ref> Freestyle has been primarily popular among Latinos in the New York City, Miami, Chicago and California club scenes, but achieved national mainstream pop success with hits by ], ], ], ], ] and ], among others.<ref name="gill"/><ref name="voice"/>


==Latin trap==
In Panama and Puerto Rico a new style was created, inspired by Hip-Hop: ]. While Puerto Rican rappers from the US like Big Pun made their mark in the American industry of Hip-Hop, Hip-Hop was merged with Latin, electronica and Reggae into a new style. Popular Reggaeton artists include ], ], ] and ]. Panamanian performers include ] and ].
{{main|Latin trap}}


In 2015, a new movement of ] referred to as "]" began to emerge.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7933904/latin-trap-brief-history-ozuna-bad-bunny-de-la-ghetto|title=Ozuna, Bad Bunny, De La Ghetto, Farruko & Messiah Narrate a Brief History of Latin Trap|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Also known as Spanish-language trap, Latin trap similar to mainstream trap which details "'la calle,' or the streets — hustling, sex, and drugs".<ref>{{cite news | last = Portilla | first = Christina | date = August 23, 2017 | title = Latin Trap Brings New Music to Miami | url = http://www.miaminewtimes.com/music/latin-trap-music-brings-a-new-kind-of-hip-hop-to-miami-9588021 | work = Miami New Times | access-date = April 24, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043321/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/music/latin-trap-music-brings-a-new-kind-of-hip-hop-to-miami-9588021 | archive-date = December 1, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> Prominent artists of Latin trap include Messiah, Fuego, Anuel AA and Bad Bunny.<ref name="fader">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/07/05/traps-latin-american-takeover-spotify-playlist-trap-land|title=Trap's Latin American Takeover|website=The FADER}}</ref> In July 2017, '']'' wrote "Rappers and ]eros from Puerto Rico to Colombia have taken elements of trap — the lurching bass lines, jittering 808s and the eyes-half-closed vibe — and infused them into banger after banger."<ref name="fader"/> In an August 2017 article for ]'s series, "A Brief History Of," they enlisted some of the key artists of Latin trap—including ], ], Bad Bunny, ] and Messiah—to narrate a brief history on the genre.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/08/latin-trap-history|title=Rappers Discuss Brief History Of Latin Trap|date=August 21, 2017|website=Vibe}}</ref> Elias Leight of '']'' noted " Fonseca featured Puerto Rican artists like Anuel AA, ] and ] on the compilation ''Trap Capos: Season 1'', which became the first "Latin trap" ] to reach Number One on ]'s ] chart."<ref name="auto">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/inside-latin-trap-the-viral-sound-too-hot-for-american-radio-255923/|title=Inside Latin Trap, the Viral Sound Too Hot for American Radio|first1=Elias|last1=Leight|magazine=] |date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> A ]ed version of ]'s ] "]" (which reached number one on the US ] chart), dubbed the "Latin Trap Remix", was officially released on August 18, 2017 and features Cardi B ] in the ] with ] recording artist Messiah contributing a ] ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bodak-yellow-feat-messiah-latin-trap-remix-single/1272198972|title=Bodak Yellow (feat. Messiah) - Single by Cardi B|via=music.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/08/cardi-b-drops-spanish-remix-bodak-yellow-featuring-messiah/|title=Cardi B Drops Spanish Remix of 'Bodak Yellow' With Messiah - XXL|first=Peter A.|last=Berry|website=XXL Mag|date=18 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/08/cardi-b-bodak-yellow-spanish-remix-messiah|title=Cardi B Premieres "Bodak Yellow" Spanish Remix With Messiah|date=August 18, 2017|website=Vibe}}</ref> In November 2017, '']'' wrote that "a surging Latin trap sound is responding to more recent developments in American rap, embracing the slow-rolling rhythms and gooey vocal delivery popularized by Southern hip-hop."<ref name="auto"/>
==Latin rap around the world==
In addition, Venezuelan hiphop has emerged in an explosive way with very talented artists such as Neutro shorty and big soto


==See also==
The constant migration of people from one country to another has greatly influenced the dispersion of cultures and music across the globe. In the music realm, this can be heard with many different genres, like ], (which later led to ]), ]/], ], and Latin rap. The latter form of music has been a hit especially in countries with a large number of migrators to the United States. For example, Mexico has a growing Hip-Hop scene with groups such as ], ], and ]. Similarly, the movement has spread to Puerto Rico, a country where many of its residents have moved to New York, Miami and Chicago over the years. Latin rap was jumpstarted by a wave of rappers that included ] and ]. Ruben DJ's hit, ''La Escuela'', (''The School'') and Vico C's hit, ''La Recta Final'', (''The End of the Road'') received considerable radio time during the late 1980s. In addition to 1) Latin rap in Puerto Rico developing around the same time as early American hip-hop and 2) rap and reggae simultaneously having a substantial impact on each other, all three genres (rap, Latin rap, and reggae/dancehall) relate a certain message to their respective audiences. Puerto Rican rap emerged as a form of cultural and social protest within the Puerto Rican context. <ref>Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols." In "Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas", ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Candida F Jaquez, 89. New York: Palgrave, 2003</ref> This is similar to the way American and Jamaican youth used rap and reggae/dancehall as a means to communicate their feelings on social, cultural, and political issues. In essence, Puerto Rican rap became the voice of Puerto Rican youth like dancehall and rap music are methods of expression for their Jamaican and lower-class U.S. youth counterparts. <ref>Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols." In "Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas", ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Candida F Jaquez, 89. New York: Palgrave, 2003</ref>
{{Portal|Latin America|Music}}
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Latin rap has also surfaced in the UK with a group called ] who list ] of ] as one of their members.


==Further reading==
It should also be noted that a number of East Coast rappers that have been usually identified as ] have parentage from a country that speaks Spanish or Portuguese, usually ], ], and ]. This list includes ], ], ], ], ], ] a.k.a. ], ], ], ], and ].
* Flores, Juan. ''''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

* George, Nelson. ''''. New York: Penguin, 1998.
==Noted Latino rappers and hip hop DJs==
* Kitwana, Bakari. ''''. Basic Books, 2002.

* Rivera, Raquel. ''''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
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==See also==
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==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* - Source for Latin rap news and interviews.
* at BrownPride.com - A collection of texts and links about Latin rap. *—Source for Latin rap news and interviews
* at BrownPride.com—a collection of texts and links about Latin rap

{{hiphop}}


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Latest revision as of 16:43, 15 December 2024

Hip hop music by Latin American artists
Latin hip hop
Stylistic origins
Cultural origins1970s, The Bronx, New York City, U.S.
Typical instruments

Latin hip hop (also known as Latin rap) is hip hop music that is recorded by artists in the United States of Hispanic and Latino descent, along with Spanish-speaking countries in the Caribbean, North America, Central America, South America, and Spain.

Latin hip hop in the United States

West Coast

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, most Latin rap came from New York and the West Coast of the United States. Due to the heaviest Puerto Rican migration to New York City in the '50s, during the '70s, the birth of hip hop involved Latinos from the Caribbean islands. DJ Kool Herc was from Jamaica. Puerto Rico loved Hip Hop from America, and among the early rappers from the island were Ruben DJ, DJ Negro, and Vico-C.

Mellow Man Ace, from Cuba, was the first Latino artist to have a major bilingual single, the 1989 track "Mentirosa". This song went platinum, leading Mellow Man Ace to be described as the "Godfather of Latin rap" and inducted into the Hip Hop Hall of Fame inductee. In 1990, fellow West Coast artist Kid Frost further brought Latinos to the rap forefront with his hit song "La Raza (song)." In 1991, Kid Frost, Mellow Man, A.L.T. and several other Latin rappers formed the rap super group Latin Alliance and released a self-titled album which featured the hit "Lowrider (On the Boulevard)". The remake of the song Tequila was a A.L.T. hit later that year. Cypress Hill, of which Mellow Man Ace was a member before going solo, would become the first Latino rap group to reach platinum status in 1991. The group was also the first major hip-hop music group to include Spanish and Latin slang in their lyrics. Cypress Hill gained hit "Insane in the Brain"(1993) and Platinum record. Ecuadorian-born American rapper Gerardo received heavy rotation on video and radio for his single Rico Suave. While commercially watered-down, his album enjoyed a status of being one of the first mainstream Spanglish CDs on the market. Johnny J was a multi-platinum songwriter, music producer, and rapper who was perhaps best known for his production on Tupac Shakur's albums All Eyez on Me and Me Against the World. He also produced the 1990 single Knockin' Boots for his classmate Candyman's album Ain't No Shame in My Game, which eventually went platinum thanks to the single. N2Deep, A Lighter Shade of Brown, Proper Dos, and Slow Pain were popular in latin rap scene.

In the mid-1990s, the success of LA's Cypress Hill led to additional Latin hip-hop artists finding label support. Delinquent Habits were a horn-sampling trio that found MTV support for their breakout bilingual single "Tres Delinquentes" in 1996. By the early 2000's, two Mexico-born, United States-raised Latin hip hop acts found success on major labels. LA's Akwid fused banda with hip-hop on hits like "No Hay Manera" while Milwaukee's Kinto Sol told tales of Mexican immigrant life over more minimalist beats. Mr.Criminal, Mr.Capone-E, Mr.Knightowl, Ms.Krazie, Charlie Row Campo and Mr.Sancho released latin and Chicano rap CDs.

East Coast

DJ Charlie Chase fused hip-hop with salsa and other music genres. Chase was the DJ for the New York hip-hop group the Cold Crush Brothers, from 1978 and through the '80s. East Coast Latin artists such as the Beatnuts emerged in the early 1990s, with New Jersey native Chino XL earning recognition for his lyricism and equal controversy for his subject matter. In 1992, Mesanjarz of Funk, led by the Spanish/English flow of Mr. Pearl, became the first Spanish rap group signed to a major label (Atlantic Records). In 1994, Platinum Producer and DJ Frankie Cutlass used his own label, Hoody Records, to produce his single “Puerto Rico” which became a classic. In the late 1990s, Puerto Rican rapper Big Punisher became the first Latino solo artist to reach platinum sales for an LP with his debut album Capital Punishment, which included hit song "Still Not a Player". The genre even spawned a bicultural novelty, the Brooklyn-based crew Hip Hop Hoodíos, who fused their dual Jewish and Latino cultures on songs like "Havana Nagila" and "Raza Hoodía."

South and Midwest

Latin rap (as well as its subgenre of Chicano rap) has thrived along the West Coast, Southwest and Midwestern states with little promotion due to the large Latino populations of those regions. Jonny Z is considered to be a pioneer of Latin hip-hop, due to him being one of the first Latinos combining Spanglish lyrics with freestyle, salsa, mambo, and regional Mexican banda. He scored four Billboard Hot Dance singles between 1993 and 1997, including one of the greatest Miami bass songs of all time, "Shake Shake (Shake That Culo)". Besides bass music, he also recorded the Chicano anthem "Orale". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States Volume 2, Page 301 states: "A new style of Latina and Latino hip-hop was created in Miami and Texas by the bass rappers DJ Laz and Jonny Z, who mixed Latin styles with bass music".

Latin hip hop in other countries

Latin rap in Puerto Rico has had a substantial impact on the genres (rap, and Latin rap) and relate a certain message to their respective audiences. Puerto Rican rap emerged as a form of cultural and social protest within the Puerto Rican context. This is similar to the way American and Jamaican youth used rap and reggae/dancehall as a means to communicate their feelings on social, cultural, and political issues. In essence, Puerto Rican rap became the voice of the Puerto Rican youth in which they use dancehall and rap music as methods of expression for the Jamaican and working-class American youth counterparts as they made it in France too since 2003 "1492 Army".

In the late 1990s, hip-hop took hold in Mexico, especially with the platinum success of Mexican rap pioneers Control Machete. The genre also found prominence with Latin alternative artists who fused hip-hop rhymes with live instrumentation, including rap-rockers Molotov and cumbia-rockers El Gran Silencio.

There are many hip-hop scenes in Latin America, including a growing rap movement in Buenos Aires and Montevideo.

Hip hop in Uruguay has had a significant presence since the late 1990s, with groups such as Sudacas en Guerra, Oeste Pro Funk, Plátano Macho and El Peyote Asesino. Starting in 2003, the genre began to develop progressively in the country, especially after latejapride* joined Bizarro Records. Since then, numerous groups and artists have emerged on the Uruguayan hip hop scene, including Beat Urbano, Arrajatabla Flow Club & The Warriors, Magia Negra Squad, Primate and Cubaguayo, among others.

Introduction: Since the late 1990s, Uruguay has witnessed the development of a thriving hip hop scene, marked by the contributions of early pioneers and a variety of influential groups. 2003 Onwards: A significant turning point was latejapride*'s signing with Bizarro Records, which led to a progressive development of the genre. New Artists and Challenges: The emergence of acts like Beat Urbano, Arrajatabla Flow Club & The Warriors, and Magia Negra Squad, as well as the challenges faced, including the tragic murder of rapper Plef, illustrate the scene's evolution and resilience. Conclusion Each of these countries' hip-hop scenes reflects their unique cultural contexts and social issues. While facing distinct challenges, these communities continue to use hip-hop as a powerful tool for expression and social commentary. Uruguayan Hip-Hop Development: New Rappers such as 44 Kid, Zanto, Davus, Mesita, and Rodridi recorded rap singles or albums.

Narco-rap

A music scene, similar to the early underground gangsta rap scene, has emerged in northeastern Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Coahuila), where the musical phenomenon of hip-hop is being co-opted by the influence of organized crime and the drug war in the region.

Some of the main exponents of the genre are Cano y Blunt, DemenT and Big Los.

Freestyle

Main article: Freestyle music

In the mid-1980s, freestyle music was initially called "Latin hip hop". This dance music genre, not to be confused with improvised freestyle rapping, was dominated, at the time, by electro funk beats and electronic Latin melodic and percussion elements, over which Latino vocalists sang melodramatic pop vocals, usually in English even though it was started by Nuyorican natives and African-Americans primarily. Freestyle has been primarily popular among Latinos in the New York City, Miami, Chicago and California club scenes, but achieved national mainstream pop success with hits by Lisa Lisa, the Cover Girls, George Lamond, Stevie B, TKA and Exposé, among others.

Latin trap

Main article: Latin trap

In 2015, a new movement of trap music referred to as "Latin trap" began to emerge. Also known as Spanish-language trap, Latin trap similar to mainstream trap which details "'la calle,' or the streets — hustling, sex, and drugs". Prominent artists of Latin trap include Messiah, Fuego, Anuel AA and Bad Bunny. In July 2017, The Fader wrote "Rappers and reggaetoneros from Puerto Rico to Colombia have taken elements of trap — the lurching bass lines, jittering 808s and the eyes-half-closed vibe — and infused them into banger after banger." In an August 2017 article for Billboard's series, "A Brief History Of," they enlisted some of the key artists of Latin trap—including Ozuna, De La Ghetto, Bad Bunny, Farruko and Messiah—to narrate a brief history on the genre. Elias Leight of Rolling Stone noted " Fonseca featured Puerto Rican artists like Anuel AA, Bryant Myers and Noriel on the compilation Trap Capos: Season 1, which became the first "Latin trap" LP to reach Number One on Billboard's Latin Rhythm Albums chart." A remixed version of Cardi B's hit single "Bodak Yellow" (which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart), dubbed the "Latin Trap Remix", was officially released on August 18, 2017 and features Cardi B rapping in the Spanish language with Dominican hip hop recording artist Messiah contributing a guest verse. In November 2017, Rolling Stone wrote that "a surging Latin trap sound is responding to more recent developments in American rap, embracing the slow-rolling rhythms and gooey vocal delivery popularized by Southern hip-hop." In addition, Venezuelan hiphop has emerged in an explosive way with very talented artists such as Neutro shorty and big soto

See also

Further reading

References

  1. Puerto Rican Underground medium.com Retrieved 16 May 2024
  2. Gold, Jonathan (August 20, 1990). "Kid Frost: Political Rap for Chicano Solidarity Pop music: His hit La Raza ・・". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  3. "American certifications – Cypress Hill – Insane in the Brain". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  4. allmusic Credits
  5. "RIAA Database". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  6. Mr. Sancho AllMusic. 17 May 2024
  7. Roberts, Ed. "Cold Crush Brothers." Oldschoolhiphop.Com. Oldschoolhiphop.com. Retrieved 16 May 2024
  8. Oboler, Suzanne; González, Deena J. (2005-08-25). The Oxford encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States - Suzanne Oboler, Deena J. González - Google Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195156003. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  9. ^ Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols." In "Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas", ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Candida F Jaquez, 89. New York: Palgrave, 2003
  10. "Buenos Aires Rap: An Interview with Diane Ghogomu". Sounds and Colours. June 9, 2014.
  11. "Hip hop en Uruguay: La tribu urbana que se transformó en una cultura de masas". 5 March 2023.
  12. "Muros que hablan: El "graffiti" uruguayo florece en memoria de Plef".
  13. "En Tamaulipas los narcos disparan a ritmo de rap". VICE. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  14. "El narco-rap, la banda sonora del horror en Reynosa". Mexico CNN. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  15. "Se suman los raperos norteamericanos a la 'ola narco' | El Paso". Diario.mx. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  16. Maria, Juana (2013-07-09). "McALLEN: 'Reynosa la Maldosa' - El Nuevo Heraldo: Noticias Locales". El Nuevo Heraldo. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  17. "US Rappers Dedicate Their Songs to Mexican Drug Lords". Borderland Beat. 2013-06-17. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  18. "Mexico's Narco Rappers Are Here to Stay". VICE. 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  19. "Voy a morir porque creen que soy un Zeta". Nuestraaparenterendicion.com. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  20. ^ Gill, Michael F. (2007-08-13). "The Bluffer's Guide to Freestyle". Stylus. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  21. ^ Verán, Cristina (Apr 11, 2006). "Let the Music Play (Again)". The Village Voice. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  22. ^ "Ozuna, Bad Bunny, De La Ghetto, Farruko & Messiah Narrate a Brief History of Latin Trap". Billboard.
  23. Portilla, Christina (August 23, 2017). "Latin Trap Brings New Music to Miami". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  24. ^ "Trap's Latin American Takeover". The FADER.
  25. "Rappers Discuss Brief History Of Latin Trap". Vibe. August 21, 2017.
  26. ^ Leight, Elias (November 7, 2017). "Inside Latin Trap, the Viral Sound Too Hot for American Radio". Rolling Stone.
  27. "Bodak Yellow (feat. Messiah) [Latin Trap Remix] - Single by Cardi B" – via music.apple.com.
  28. Berry, Peter A. (18 August 2017). "Cardi B Drops Spanish Remix of 'Bodak Yellow' With Messiah - XXL". XXL Mag.
  29. "Cardi B Premieres "Bodak Yellow" Spanish Remix With Messiah". Vibe. August 18, 2017.

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