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{{Short description|Adherents of Islam}}
{{Expand|date=July 2008}}
{{hatnote group|{{redirect-distinguish|Muslim|muslin}}{{other uses}}}}
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{{redirect|Musalman|the newspaper|The Musalman|the character|Musalman (character)|the film|Musalman (film)|other uses|Mussulman (disambiguation){{!}}Mussulman}}
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A '''Muslim''' ({{lang-ar|مسلم}}), {{pronEng|ˈmʊslɪm}}, is an adherent of the ] of ]. The feminine form is '''Muslimah'''<ref></ref> ({{lang-ar|مسلمة}}). Literally, the word means "one who submits (to ])". ''Muslim'' is the ] of the same verb of which ''Islām'' is the ].<ref>Burns & Ralph, ''World Civilizations'', 5th ed., p. 371</ref> Muslims believe that there is only one God, translated in Arabic as ''Allāh''. Muslims believe that Islam existed long before ] and that the religion had evolved with time from the time of ] until the time of Muhammad and was completed with the revelation of verse 3 of Surah al-Maeda:<blockquote>''This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion''.</blockquote>The ] describes many Biblical ] and messengers as Muslim: ], ] (Arabic: ''Nuh''), ] (Arabic: ''Mūsā'') and ] (Arabic: ''ˤĪsā'') and his apostles. The Qur'ān states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached his message and upheld his values. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'ān, Jesus’ disciples tell Jesus, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we submit and obey (''wa ashahadu bil-muslimūna'')."
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2022}}
{{infobox religious group
| group = Muslims
| population = {{circa}} '''1.9 billion'''<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> <br /> (25% of the global population){{increase}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ | title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population | newspaper=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project | date=7 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country |title=Muslim Population By Country 2021 |website=World Population Review |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206043631/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto2">Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. 6 April 2017. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911221844/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |date=11 September 2018 }}" (data analysis). ''Fact Tank''. US: ].</ref> <br /> (Worldwide, 2020 ])
| image = Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg
| caption = ''Prayer in ]'' (1865) by ]
| region1 = ]
| pop1 = ]
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama| title=Satu Data - Kementerian Agama RI}}</ref>
| region2 = ]
| pop2 = ]
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf|title=TABLE 9 : POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS - 2023}}</ref>
| region3 = ]
| pop3 = ]
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/ | title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations | publisher=]|date=1 April 2019 }}</ref>
| region4 = ]
| pop4 = ]
| ref4 =<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewforum.org/interactives/muslim-population-graphic/#/Bangladesh|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=2011-01-15|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=2017-05-24|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524215707/http://www.pewforum.org/interactives/muslim-population-graphic/#/Bangladesh|archive-date=24 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


| region5 = ]
Most Muslims consider making ritual prayer five times a day a religious duty ('']'') (see the section on Ismāˤīlīs below for exceptions); these five prayers are known as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''. There is also a special Friday prayer called '']''. Currently, the number of Muslims is estimated to be 1.3 billion.
| pop5 = ]
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref>

| region6 = ]
| pop6 = ]
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104191953/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/|url-status=live}}</ref>

| region7 = ]
| pop7 = ]
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208143639/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/|url-status=live}}</ref>

| region8 = ]
| pop8 = ]
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| region9 = ]
| pop9 = ]
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html|title=Refworld - 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom - China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|website=Refworld|access-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017100901/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html|archive-date=17 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

| region10 = ]
| pop10 = ]
| ref10 = <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2019|title=SUDAN 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SUDAN-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf|access-date=Nov 15, 2021|website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sudan|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

| languages = ] (also ]), ],<ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, Muhammad Mojlum|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|publisher=Kube Publishing|year=2013|location=]|page=2|quote="Bengali-speaking Muslims... one of the largest linguistic groups... second only to the Arabs"}}</ref> ], ], ], other ], ], ], ], ], and other ] languages{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|loc=p. 27, footnote 3}}<ref>{{cite report|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 |last1=Grim |first1=Brian J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |access-date=10 March 2017 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|date=2018-10-03|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=12 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222210/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects|date=30 May 2011|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| religions = 80–90% ]<ref name=Sunni /><ref name="Sunni Islam" /><br />10–20% ]<ref name="Shia" /><ref name="Religions">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=25 August 2010 |website=] |publisher=] |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327071408/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=27 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Pew_2009/><br />~1% ]<ref name="ahmadi" /><br />~1% Other Islamic traditions<ref name=affiliation>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|archive-date=26 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

'''Muslims''' ({{langx|ar|المسلمون|translit=al-Muslimūn|lit=submitters ]]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Muslim |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150907223337/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Muslim |archive-date=7 September 2015 |publisher=etymonline.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> are people who adhere to ], a ] religion belonging to the ] tradition. They consider the ], the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the ] (or '']'') as it was revealed to ], the main ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|vauthors=Welch, Alford T, Moussalli, Ahmad S, Newby, Gordon D|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor-first=John L.|editor-last=Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|url-status=usurped}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous ]s, such as the ] (]), the ] (]), and the ] (]). These earlier revelations are associated with ] and ], which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Connections . Religion {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/themes/religion/index.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad ('']'') as recorded in traditional accounts (]).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qurʼan and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad: Selections Annotated & Explained|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzx8HlsGnTcC&pg=PR21|access-date=31 August 2013|year=2007|publisher=SkyLight Paths Publishing|isbn=978-1-59473-222-5|pages=21–}}</ref>

With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise around 25% of the world's total population.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion"/> In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at:<ref name="comps.world">{{Cite web |title=Center of Muslim Population Studies (CoMPS) |url=https://comps.world/ | access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> 45% of ], 25% of ] and ] collectively,<ref name="pewaspa">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Asia-Pacific |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309233927/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 6% of ],<ref name="peweur">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Europe |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407080033/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 1% of the ].<ref name="pewame">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Americas |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-americas.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407082305/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-americas.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kington |first=Tom |date=31 March 2008 |title=Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/31/religion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902042814/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/31/religion |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=17 November 2008 |website=The Guardian |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim Population |url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525045557/http://www.muslimpopulation.com/index.html |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=17 November 2008 |publisher=IslamicPopulation.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604221011/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=17 November 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the ],<ref name="pewmena">{{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |title=Region: Middle East-North Africa |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309233947/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |date=27 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim22">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Middle East-North Africa |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725215915/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=22 December 2011 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2009-10-07 |title=Middle East-North Africa Overview |language=en-US |work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128210559/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/ |archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> 90% of ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=December 2012|website=Pew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113632/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii|title=CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography|last=Rowland|first=Richard H.|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|language=en|access-date=2017-05-25|volume=2|pages=161–164|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916105914/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii |access-date=2017-05-25 |last=Rowland |first=Richard H. |volume=2 |pages=161–164 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916105914/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> 65% of the ],<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web |title=Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref name="eurasianet.org">{{Cite web |title=The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus |url=https://eurasianet.org/the-many-languages-of-islam-in-the-caucasus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721131035/https://eurasianet.org/the-many-languages-of-islam-in-the-caucasus |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Eurasianet |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Armenia information">{{cite web |title=Statistical Service of Armenia |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144321/http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=Armstat}}</ref><ref name="News.am">{{cite news |title=Armenia Population |agency=countrymeters.info |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115837/http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |archive-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=humans.txt |title=Azərbaycan əhalisinin sayı 10 milyon nəfərə çatıb |url=http://www.yap.org.az/az/view/news/32999/azerbaycan-ehalisinin-sayi-10-milyon-nefere-chatib |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601041031/http://www.yap.org.az/az/view/news/32999/azerbaycan-ehalisinin-sayi-10-milyon-nefere-chatib |archive-date=1 June 2019 |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle East :: Georgia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> 42% of ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320170459/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Yusuf">{{Cite journal|last=Yusuf|first=Imtiyaz|title=The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|journal=Oxford Islamic Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320170459/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=usurped}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 32% of ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/|title=Region: Asia-Pacific|date=27 January 2011|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061404/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/politics/muslims-moment-khan/index.html|title=The moment American Muslims were waiting for|editor-last=Burke|editor-first=Daniel Burke|website=CNN Religion|date=29 July 2016|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312235900/http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/politics/muslims-moment-khan/index.html|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 42% of ].<ref name="pewssa">{{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |title=Region: Sub-Saharan Africa |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309234009/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim32">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728160720/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=22 December 2011 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

While there are several ], as well as ], the two largest denominations are ] (75–90% of all Muslims)<ref name="Sunni-eb">* {{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=2013-09-24 |website=] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225005131/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516213612/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3&dq=Sunni+Islam#v=onepage&q=Sunni%20Islam |date=16 May 2020 }} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
* {{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |title=Sunni |publisher=] |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5&nbsp;billion Muslims. |access-date=20 December 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012090751/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=2010-08-25 |website=] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327071408/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=27 March 2010 }}</ref> and ] (10–20% of all Muslims).<ref name="Shia" /><ref name="Religions"/><ref name=Pew_2009>{{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |work=] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=17 January 2022 |page=1 |quotation=Of the total Muslim population, 10-13% are Shia Muslims and 87-90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%) live in just four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.}}</ref> By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=kaubzRxh-U0C}} |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415448512 |page= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |date=2016-01-08 |title=How South Asia Will Save Global Islam |language=en-US |newspaper=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102711/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> By country, ] is the largest in the ], holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide;<ref name="Islam_by_country" /><ref name="pew2015countries">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=2017-02-07|archive-date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504075835/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|url-status=live}}</ref> with ] having the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Y P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+has+second+largest+muslim+population+in+the+world&pg=PT5 |title=Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=9789385505638 |quote=Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.}}</ref> Outside of the Muslim-majority countries, ] and ] are home to the largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively.<ref>{{Citation|title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population|date=21 April 2018|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230|work=]|language=en|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim122">{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/|title=Muslim Population by Country|website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx|archive-date=9 February 2011|access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/features/islam-russia-180307094248743.html&ved=2ahUKEwjnwtPN1OXfAhXNSxUIHQhBA4gQFjAMegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw27U7hQK-1THu2LP_Be0os7&ampcf=1&cshid=1547207388328|title=Islam in Russia|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175543/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/features/islam-russia-180307094248743.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjnwtPN1OXfAhXNSxUIHQhBA4gQFjAMegQIBhAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw27U7hQK-1THu2LP_Be0os7%26ampcf%3D1%26cshid%3D1547207388328|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to high ], Islam is the ] in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/main-factors-driving-population-growth/|title=Main Factors Driving Population Growth|date=2015-04-02|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-US|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201205139/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/main-factors-driving-population-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/|title=The world's fastest-growing religion is ...|last1=Burke|first1=Daniel|date=4 April 2015|access-date=18 April 2015|agency=CNN|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515234633/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="USNewsLippman2">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god|title=No God But God|author=Lippman, Thomas W.|date=2008-04-07|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=2013-09-24|quote=Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116181425/https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims have ] of varying severity, especially in China, India, some parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabashi |first=Hamid |title=Muslim cleansing: A global pandemic? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/12/22/muslim-cleansing-a-global-pandemic |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Discrimination and Persecution Against Muslims Worldwide {{!}} Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission |url=http://humanrightscommission.house.gov/events/hearings/discrimination-and-persecution-against-muslims-worldwide |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=humanrightscommission.house.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ochab |first=Dr Ewelina U. |title=Muslims Have Become A Persecuted Minority In India, Experts Warn |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2022/07/16/muslims-have-become-a-persecuted-minority-in-india-experts-warn/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=China: Draconian repression of Muslims in Xinjiang amounts to crimes against humanity |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/06/china-draconian-repression-of-muslims-in-xinjiang-amounts-to-crimes-against-humanity/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>


{{Islam}}<!-- Before reverting 'God' to 'Allah', read through the talk page -->
==Etymology== ==Etymology==
{{See also|Islam#Etymology}}
{{main|S-L-M}}
The word ''muslim''{{efn|{{langx|ar|مسلم|link=no}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈmʊslɪm|IPA}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|s|l|ᵻ|m}} {{respell|MUZZ|lim|,_|MUUZ|lim|,_|MUUSS|lim}}}} or ''moslem''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|z|l|ə|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|l|ə|m}} {{respell|MOZ|ləm|,_|MOSS|ləm}}<ref name="muslim pron" />}} is the ] of the same verb of which ''islām'' is a ], based on the ] '']'' "to be whole, intact".<ref>Burns & Ralph, ''World Civilizations'', 5th ed., p. 371.</ref><ref>Entry for ''šlm'', p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, {{ISBN|0-618-08230-1}}.</ref> A female adherent is a ''muslima'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمة}}; also ] as ''muslimah'').<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817020605/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/muslimah |date=17 August 2016 }}. ''Oxford Dictionaries''. Oxford University Press. 2016</ref> The plural form in Arabic is ''muslimūn'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمون}}) or ''muslimīn'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمين}}), and its feminine equivalent is ''muslimāt'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمات}}).


The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". For most of the 20th century, the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse. That spelling and its pronunciation was opposed by many Muslims in English-speaking countries because it resembled the Arabic word ''aẓ-ẓālim'' ({{lang|ar|الظَّالِم}}), meaning "the oppressor".<ref name=vanishingmoslems>Baker, Paul, Costas Gabrielatos, and Tony McEnery. , ''Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes: The Representation of Islam in the British Press'', ], 2013, pages 76-78.</ref> In the United States, the ] instructed news outlets to switch to the spelling "Muslim" in 1991, making it the most common spelling thereafter.<ref>, '']'', January 1, 1991, page 11A, via ]. See also Newspapers.com search results for the word "Moslem", which show a sharp decline immediately after the AP's decision.</ref><ref>Chen, Yii-Ann Christine. , ], July 8, 2002, Web. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref> The last major newspaper in the United Kingdom to use the spelling "Moslem" was the '']'', which switched to "Muslim" in 2004.<ref name=vanishingmoslems/>
Arabic ''muslimun'' is the stem IV ]<ref>also known as "infinitive", c.f. Burns & Ralph, ''World Civilizations'', 5th ed., p. 371</ref> of the ] '']'' "to be whole, intact". A literal translation would be "one who wants or seeks wholeness", where "wholeness" translates ''islāmun''. In a religious sense, '']'' translates to "faith, piety", and ''Muslim'' to "one who has (religious) faith or piety".
The feminine form of ''muslimun'' is '''muslimatun''' ({{lang-ar|مسلمة}}).


The word ''Mosalman'' or ''Mussulman'' ({{langx|fa|مسلمان|translit=mosalmân}}, alternatively ''musalmān'') is a common equivalent for ''Muslim'' used in ] and ]. In English it was sometimes spelled '''Mussulman''' and has become ] in usage; however, cognates of this word remain the standard term for "Muslim" in various other European languages. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term '']s'' or ''Mahometans''.<ref>See for instance the second edition of '']'' by ], revised by ] (Oxford, 1965).</ref> Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be ], Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> Other obsolete terms include ''Muslimite''<ref>{{Cite OED|Muslimite}}</ref> and ''Muslimist''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Tahir|title=Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimbritaincom00abba|url-access=registration|date=2005|pages=}}</ref> In Medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called ].
== Other words for Muslim ==
The ordinary word in English is "Muslim", pronounced /'mʊs.lɪm/ or /'mʌz.ləm/. The word is pronounced /'mʊslɪm/ in Arabic. It is sometimes spelled "Moslem", which some regard as offensive.<ref>http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/cohesionreportingdiversity ''Reporting Diversity'' guide for journalists</ref>


The Muslim philologist ] said:
Until at least the mid 1960s, many English-language writers used the term '']s'' or ''Mahometans''.<ref>See for instance the second edition of '']'' by ], revised by ] (Oxford, 1965)).</ref> Many Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.


{{Blockquote|a Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God, for just as we say in Arabic that something is {{'}}''salima''{{'}} to a person, meaning that it became solely his own, so in the same way {{'}}''Islām''{{'}} means making one's religion and faith God's alone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdelnour |first1=Mohammed Gamal |title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation |date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004461765 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>}}
English writers of the 19th century and earlier sometimes used the words Mussulman, Musselman, or Mussulmaun. Variant forms of this word are still used by many ]. These words are similar to the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] words for "Muslim".


In several places in the ], the word ''muslim'' conveys a universal meaning, beyond the description of the followers of ], for example:<ref>] (2015), <u>The Study Quran</u>, HarperCollins, footnote p. 146</ref>
==Islam==
Most Muslims accept as a Muslim anyone who has publicly pronounced the ], which states, "There is no god except God and ] is His Messenger." Currently, there are an estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, making it the second largest religion in the world.<ref>Teece (2003), p.10</ref>


{{blockquote |
==Muslim and mu'min==
One of the verses in the ] makes a distinction between a ''']''', a believer, and a '''Muslim''':
:''The Arabs of the desert say, "We believe." (tu/''']'''u) Say thou: Ye believe not; but rather say, "We profess Islam;" (a''']'''na) for the faith (]) hath not yet found its way into your hearts. But if ye obey <!-- Left bracketed because I have not found the original yet --> and His Apostle, he will not allow you to lose any of your actions: for is Indulgent, Merciful (] 49:14, ]).


"Abraham was not a Jew, nor a Christian, but he was a true Muslim , and he was not a polytheist." -- Quran 3:67 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/67/|title=Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:67|website=www.islamawakened.com}}</ref>
According to the academician ], contemporary usage of the terms "Islam" and "Muslim" for the faith and its adherents is a modern innovation. As shown in the ]ic passage cited above, early Muslims distinguished between the Muslim, who has "submitted" and does the bare minimum required to be considered a part of the community, and the mu'min, the believer, who has given himself or herself to the faith heart and soul. Ernst writes:


"Then when Jesus perceived their disbelief he said, 'Who will be my helpers of God.' The disciples said 'We will be the helpers of God; we believe in God and bear witness that we are Muslims .'" -- Quran 3:52 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/52/|title=Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:52|website=www.islamawakened.com}}</ref>
: "The Arabic term ''Islam'' itself was of relatively minor importance in classical theologies based on the Qur'an. If one looks at the works of theologians such as the famous ] (d. 1111), the key term of religious identity is not ''Islam'' but '']''(faith), and the one who possesses it is the '']'' (believer). Faith is one of the major topics of the Qur'an; it is mentioned hundreds of times in the sacred text. In comparison, ''Islam'' is a relatively less common term of secondary importance; it only occurs eight times in the Qur'an. Since, however, the term ''Islam'' had a derivative meaning relating to the community of those who have submitted to ], it has taken on a new political significance, especially in recent history."<ref>Ernst, Carl, ''Following ]'', University of North Carolina Press, 2003, p. 63</ref>
}}According to ], until the 8th century, the term ''muslim'' was more inclusive, including anyone who was considered to be submitting to God (e.g. Christians and Jews).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donner |first=Fred M. |date=January 23, 2018 |title=Talking about Islam's origins |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/talking-about-islams-origins1/31AC247FCBBE328951FC1FC9A3F9ABED |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X17001409 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>


==Qualifier==
For another term in Islam for a non-Muslim who is a ] believer (usually applied historically in a pre-Islamic context), see ].
{{Islam, iman and ihsan}}
To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the '']'' in front of Muslim witnesses,<ref>Galonnier, Juliette. "Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process1." Moving in and out of Islam. University of Texas Press, 2018. 44-66.
</ref> one of the ], a ] and trust that professes that there is ] ] ''(])'' and that ] is God's messenger.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pillars of Islam |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170426134526/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859 |archive-date=2017-04-26 |date=26 April 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ''ašhadu ʾan-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh'' ({{lang|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله}}) "I testify that there is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHG_VulBdd4C&q=convert+islam+shahada&pg=PA87|title=Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer, ''Islam'', Info base Publishing, 2009|page=87|access-date=26 August 2012|isbn=9781438117782|last1=Gordon|first1=Matthew|last2=Gordon|first2=Professor of Middle East Islamic History Matthew S|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320105511/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHG_VulBdd4C&q=convert+islam+shahada&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref>


In ], the shahada has two parts: ''la ilaha illa'llah'' (there is no god but ]), and ''Muhammadun rasul Allah'' (] is the messenger of God),<ref name="LS">Lindsay, p.&nbsp;140–141</ref> which are sometimes referred to as the first ''shahada'' and the second ''shahada''.<ref name="Cornell9">Cornell, p.&nbsp;9</ref> The first statement of the shahada is also known as the '']''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Anthony Sells|title=Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC|year=1999|publisher=White Cloud Press|page=151|isbn=9781883991265|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301182642/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC|url-status=live}}</ref>
== See also ==

{{Islam and iman}}
In ], the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning ], the first ] and the fourth ] of ]: {{lang|ar|وعليٌ وليُّ الله}} ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh}}), which translates to "Ali is the '']'' of God".<ref>''The Later Mughals'' by ] p.&nbsp;130</ref>
* ]

* ]
In ], the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but ] (''la ilaha illa'llah'' ).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
* ]

* ]
The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the ]: the declaration of faith ('']''), daily prayers ('']''), almsgiving ('']''), fasting during the month of ] ('']''), and the pilgrimage to ] ('']'') at least once in a lifetime.<ref name="WSU" /><ref name="CIA" />

==In Islamic theology==
{{main|Prophets and messengers in Islam}}
The majority of ] accept that works do not determine if someone is a Muslim or not. God alone would know about the belief of a person. Fellow Muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith. Only the ] developed an understanding of Muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms.<ref>Johansen, Baber. Contingency in a sacred law: legal and ethical norms in the Muslim fiqh. Vol. 7. Brill, 1999.</ref>

When asked about one's beliefs, it is recommended to say the '']'', for example, "''in-sha'allah'' I am Muslim a believer" (so God will, I am Muslim), since only God knows the future of a person.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | title=Early Sunni Doctrine concerning Faith as Reflected in the "Kitab al-Iman" of Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim b. Sallam (d. 224/839) | journal=Studia Islamica | issue=32 | date=1970 | pages=233–254 | doi=10.2307/1595222 | jstor=1595222 }}</ref> Among ], it is also seen as a sign of humility and the individual's longing to improve, because the creature has no assurance of their own state (of belief) until the end of life.<ref>Watt, W. Montgomery. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: al-Taftazani on the Creed of al-Nasafi. Translated, with introduction and notes, by Earl Edgar Elder, pp. xxxii+ 187. New York: Columbia University Press (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege). 1950. 30s." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 83.1-2 (1951): 129-129.</ref>

The ] describes many prophets and messengers within ] and ], and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] and his ] are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, ] and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, ] tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (''wa-shahad be anna muslimūn'')." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the ] (]) to the prophets and messengers amongst the ],{{sfn|Lang|2015|p=98}} the ] (]) to ] and the ] (]) to Jesus, who are all considered important ].<ref name="Books of Islam">{{cite web |title=The Books of Islam |url=https://catstevens.com/think/spiritual-domain/the-books-of-islam/ |website=Yusuf / Cat Stevens |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111044624/https://catstevens.com/think/spiritual-domain/the-books-of-islam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{main|Islam#Demographics}}
{{See also|List of countries by Muslim population}}
]
The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,<ref name=Distrib>{{cite web|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|date=October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=22 February 2017|quote=Of the total Muslim population, 30%-40% are Shia Muslims and 60-70% are Sunni Muslims.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205171040/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%).<ref name="Islam_by_country" /> About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa. Non-majority India contains 10.9% of the world's Muslims.<ref name="Distrib" /><ref>{{cite book
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-515713-0
| last = Esposito
| first = John L.
| title = What everyone needs to know about Islam
| url = https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo
| url-access = registration
| page =
| date = 15 October 2002
}} and {{Cite book
| edition = Rev. 3rd ed., updated with new epilogue.
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-518266-8
| last = Esposito
| first = John
| title = Islam : the straight path
| location = New York
| pages = 2, 43
| year = 2005
}}</ref> ] form the ] in the world,<ref>Margaret Kleffner Nydell , Intercultural Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1931930252}}, page xxiii, 14</ref> followed by ],<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016|isbn=978-0822353188 }}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, ]|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref>

Over 75–90% of Muslims are ].<ref name=Sunni /><ref name="Sunni Islam" /> The second and third largest sects, ] and ], make up 10–20%,<ref name="Shia" /><ref name="Religions"/><ref name=Pew_2009/> and 1%<ref name="ahmadi" /> respectively. While the majority of the population in the ] identify as either Sunni or Shi'a, a significant number of Muslims identify as ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|website=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|access-date=20 October 2018|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406033738/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Islam is the ] and the ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/index.html|title=The fastest growing religion in the world is ...|last=Burke|first=Daniel|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511135834/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/index.html|archive-date=11 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> primarily due to the young age and high ] of Muslims,<ref name="pew"/> with Muslims having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, ] has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who ] and those who ] are roughly equal.<ref name="Global Islam" /><ref name="pew">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation-1.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref>

As of 2010, 49 countries countries in the world had Muslim majorities, in which Muslims comprised more than 50% of the population.<ref name="Global Islam" /> In 2010, 74.1% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 25.9% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> A Pew Center study in 2010 found that 3% of the world's Muslims population live in non-Muslim-majority ].<ref name="Global Islam" /> ] is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population).<ref name="Global Islam" /> Followed by Ethiopia (28 million), China (22 million), Russia (16 million) and Tanzania (13 million).<ref name="pew" /> Sizable minorities are also found in ] (5.2 million or 0.6%), ] (714,000 or 1.9%) and parts of ] (44 million or 6%).<ref name="Global Islam" />

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest ]s (3.1) of any major religious group.<ref name="Pew2016">{{cite web |access-date=19 December 2016 |title=Religion and Education Around the World |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=13 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152619/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The study also found that Muslims (tied with ]) have the lowest average levels of ] with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.<ref name="Pew2016"/> About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,<ref name="Pew2016"/> and Muslims have the lowest average levels of ] of any major religious group, with only 8% having ] and ] degrees.<ref name="Pew2016"/>

==Culture==
{{Main|Islamic culture}}
Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of ] culture, from the ] to early ] period, were predominantly ], ], ] and ]ine. With the rapid expansion of the Arab ]s, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the ]n, ] (], ], ] ], ]), ], ], ]n, ], ]n, ], ], ], ], ], and ] cultures.

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
*]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<div class="references-small">
<ref name="WSU">{{cite web |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/5PILLARS.HTM |title=arkan ad-din the five pillars of religion |publisher=] |location=United States |first=Richard |last=Hooker |date=14 July 1999|access-date=17 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203124633/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/5PILLARS.HTM <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=3 December 2010}}</ref>
<references/>

</div>
<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=25 August 2010 |website=] |publisher=] |location=United States |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="muslim pron"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220112121/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muslim |date=20 February 2016 }}. '']'': {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|s|l|ᵻ|m}}; '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515200017/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moslem |date=15 May 2011 }}'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|z|l|ə|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|l|ə|m}}</ref>

<ref name="Shia">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii/Shii-dynasties |title=Shiʿi, Islam |quote=In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi. |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 January 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sunni>See:
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PA51&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317195234/http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran |date=17 March 2012 }} "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&pg=PA15&dq=&hl=en&ei=e4XoTt-TDIaL8gOG692iCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=sunni%2075%25&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
* {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |title=Sunnite |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine-tenths of all the adherents of Islām. |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809124159/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |archive-date=9 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{Cite book |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |quote=A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent. |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260 |url-access=registration |access-date=19 December 2011 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201807/http://www.pewforum.org/muslim/mapping-the-global-muslim-population.aspx |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |work=BBC News |quote=The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206173334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |archive-date=6 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0060) |title=Sunni and Shia Islam |publisher=] |quote=Sunni constitute 85 percent of the world's Muslims. |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216211306/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+af0060%29 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |work=] |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=24 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210020455/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=10 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=25 August 2010 |website=] |publisher=] |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide... |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3&dq=Sunni+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2DLuTujOEcesrAej29DdCA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Sunni%20Islam&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Ts0GkJBKgC&pg=PA20&dq=&hl=en&ei=hf7hTrCmNsvB8QOllfmCBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAw |date=4 September 2015 }} "around 80% are Sunni"
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_ngX--ji4C&pg=PA103&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "The Sunnis (approximately 80%)"
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C&pg=PA265&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBTgU |date=4 September 2015 }} N. Ross Reat "80% being the Sunni"
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&pg=PA32&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "The Sunni segment, accounting for at least 80% of the world's Muslim population"
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA252&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"</ref>
<ref name="Sunni Islam">From ]: See:
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PA51&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317195234/http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran |date=17 March 2012 }} "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population"
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&pg=PA15&dq=&hl=en&ei=e4XoTt-TDIaL8gOG692iCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=sunni%2075%25&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population"
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA252&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"
* {{Cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201807/http://www.pewforum.org/muslim/mapping-the-global-muslim-population.aspx |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |work=] |quote=The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124100835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm |archive-date=24 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |work=] |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=24 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210020455/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=10 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA3 |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."</ref>

<ref name="ahmadi">See:
*{{Cite book|title=Breach of Faith|quote=Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8|access-date=29 March 2014|date=June 2005|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314122619/https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72|title=Asian Religions in British Columbia|quote=The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world|first1=Larry|last1=DeVries|first2=Don|last2=Baker|first3=Dan|last3=Overmyer|name-list-style=amp|access-date=29 March 2014|isbn=978-0-7748-1662-5|publisher=University of Columbia Press|date=2011-01-01|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314152120/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|quote=The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million|author=Juan Eduardo Campo|page=24|access-date=29 March 2014|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314141228/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/| title=Ahmadiyya Muslims| date=20 January 2012| publisher=pbs.org| access-date=6 October 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131006204711/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/| archive-date=6 October 2013| df=dmy-all}}
*A figure of 10–20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also ].</ref>
<ref name="Islam_by_country">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=Number of Muslim by country|date=27 January 2011|publisher=nationmaster.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2011-02-09 |df=dmy-all |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>
}}

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{wiktionary|مسلمان}}
* Find Muslim Owned businesses, Masjids (Mosques) and Islamic Centers all over the world.
{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:Muslim}}
* Quran, Hadith and Athan (Azan) with Prayer times on Ms Windows and Mobile Phones.
{{Commons category|Muslims}}
*
{{Wikiquote}}
*
* – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
* – University of Chicago
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922184915/http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/ |date=22 September 2021 }} – An Islamophobia news clearing house
*
*]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/understanding-islam |title=Understanding Islam |website=Susan Headden |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=25 August 2010}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 August 2000 |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=3 July 2007}}


{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
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Latest revision as of 00:05, 31 December 2024

Adherents of Islam "Muslim" redirects here. Not to be confused with muslin. For other uses, see Muslims (disambiguation). "Musalman" redirects here. For the newspaper, see The Musalman. For the character, see Musalman (character). For the film, see Musalman (film). For other uses, see Mussulman.

Muslims
Prayer in Cairo (1865) by Jean-Léon Gérôme
Total population
c. 1.9 billion
(25% of the global population)Increase
(Worldwide, 2020 Pew Research Center)
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia244,410,757
Pakistan231,690,000
India194,810,000
Bangladesh153,700,000
Nigeria99,100,000
Egypt95,000,000
Iran82,900,000
Turkey82,800,000
Algeria42,000,000
Sudan40,400,000
Religions
80–90% Sunni Islam
10–20% Shia Islam
~1% Ahmadiyya
~1% Other Islamic traditions
Languages
Arabic (also Sacred), Bengali, Hindustani, Indonesian, Persian, other South Asian languages, African languages, Southeast Asian languages, Turkic languages, Iranian languages, and other Muslim world languages

Muslims (Arabic: المسلمون, romanizedal-Muslimūn, lit.'submitters ') are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous revelations, such as the Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injeel (Gospel). These earlier revelations are associated with Judaism and Christianity, which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam. The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad (sunnah) as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith).

With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise around 25% of the world's total population. In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at: 45% of Africa, 25% of Asia and Oceania collectively, 6% of Europe, and 1% of the Americas. Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the Middle East–North Africa, 90% of Central Asia, 65% of the Caucasus, 42% of Southeast Asia, 32% of South Asia, and 42% of sub-Saharan Africa.

While there are several Islamic schools and branches, as well as non-denominational Muslims, the two largest denominations are Sunni Islam (75–90% of all Muslims) and Shia Islam (10–20% of all Muslims). By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population. By country, Indonesia is the largest in the Muslim world, holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide; with Pakistan having the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia. Outside of the Muslim-majority countries, India and China are home to the largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively. Due to high Muslim population growth, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world. Muslims have experienced persecution of varying severity, especially in China, India, some parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Etymology

See also: Islam § Etymology

The word muslim or moslem is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M "to be whole, intact". A female adherent is a muslima (مسلمة; also transliterated as muslimah). The plural form in Arabic is muslimūn (مسلمون) or muslimīn (مسلمين), and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt (مسلمات).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". For most of the 20th century, the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse. That spelling and its pronunciation was opposed by many Muslims in English-speaking countries because it resembled the Arabic word aẓ-ẓālim (الظَّالِم), meaning "the oppressor". In the United States, the Associated Press instructed news outlets to switch to the spelling "Muslim" in 1991, making it the most common spelling thereafter. The last major newspaper in the United Kingdom to use the spelling "Moslem" was the Daily Mail, which switched to "Muslim" in 2004.

The word Mosalman or Mussulman (Persian: مسلمان, romanizedmosalmân, alternatively musalmān) is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central and South Asia. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage; however, cognates of this word remain the standard term for "Muslim" in various other European languages. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans. Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God. Other obsolete terms include Muslimite and Muslimist. In Medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called Saracens.

The Muslim philologist Ibn al-Anbari said:

a Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God, for just as we say in Arabic that something is 'salima' to a person, meaning that it became solely his own, so in the same way 'Islām' means making one's religion and faith God's alone.

In several places in the Quran, the word muslim conveys a universal meaning, beyond the description of the followers of Muhammad, for example:

"Abraham was not a Jew, nor a Christian, but he was a true Muslim , and he was not a polytheist." -- Quran 3:67

"Then when Jesus perceived their disbelief he said, 'Who will be my helpers of God.' The disciples said 'We will be the helpers of God; we believe in God and bear witness that we are Muslims .'" -- Quran 3:52

According to Fred Donner, until the 8th century, the term muslim was more inclusive, including anyone who was considered to be submitting to God (e.g. Christians and Jews).

Qualifier

Part of a series on
Islam and Iman
Islam Iman Ihsan
Individuals
Groups
Terms

To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the Shahada in front of Muslim witnesses, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger. It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ašhadu ʾan-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh (أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله) "I testify that there is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."

In Sunni Islam, the shahada has two parts: la ilaha illa'llah (there is no god but Allah), and Muhammadun rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God), which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada. The first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl.

In Shia Islam, the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam: وعليٌ وليُّ الله (wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh), which translates to "Ali is the wali of God".

In Quranist Islam, the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but Allah (la ilaha illa'llah ).

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam: the declaration of faith (shahadah), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.

In Islamic theology

Main article: Prophets and messengers in Islam

The majority of theological traditions of Islam accept that works do not determine if someone is a Muslim or not. God alone would know about the belief of a person. Fellow Muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith. Only the Khawārij developed an understanding of Muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms.

When asked about one's beliefs, it is recommended to say the Istit̲h̲nāʾ, for example, "in-sha'allah I am Muslim a believer" (so God will, I am Muslim), since only God knows the future of a person. Among Asharites, it is also seen as a sign of humility and the individual's longing to improve, because the creature has no assurance of their own state (of belief) until the end of life.

The Qur'an describes many prophets and messengers within Judaism and Christianity, and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses, and Jesus and his apostles are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an. The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus' disciples tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the Tawrat (Torah) to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, the Zabur (Psalms) to David and the Injil (Gospel) to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets.

Demographics

Main article: Islam § Demographics See also: List of countries by Muslim population
World Muslim population by percentage (2012)

The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims, followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%). About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa. Non-majority India contains 10.9% of the world's Muslims. Arab Muslims form the largest ethnic group among Muslims in the world, followed by Bengalis, and Punjabis.

Over 75–90% of Muslims are Sunni. The second and third largest sects, Shia and Ahmadiyya, make up 10–20%, and 1% respectively. While the majority of the population in the Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shi'a, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational.

With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of earth's population, Islam is the second-largest and the fastest-growing religion in the world, primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of Muslims, with Muslims having a rate of (3.1) compared to the world average of (2.5). According to the same study, religious switching has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who embrace Islam and those who leave Islam are roughly equal.

As of 2010, 49 countries countries in the world had Muslim majorities, in which Muslims comprised more than 50% of the population. In 2010, 74.1% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 25.9% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority. A Pew Center study in 2010 found that 3% of the world's Muslims population live in non-Muslim-majority developed countries. India's Muslim population is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Followed by Ethiopia (28 million), China (22 million), Russia (16 million) and Tanzania (13 million). Sizable minorities are also found in the Americas (5.2 million or 0.6%), Australia (714,000 or 1.9%) and parts of Europe (44 million or 6%).

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group. The study also found that Muslims (tied with Hindus) have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions. About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling, and Muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group, with only 8% having graduate and post-graduate degrees.

Culture

Main article: Islamic culture

Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to early Umayyad period, were predominantly Arab, Byzantine, Persian and Levantine. With the rapid expansion of the Arab Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Indonesian, Pakistani (Punjabi, Pashtun, Baloch Kashmiri, Sindhi), Hindustani, Bengali, Nigerian, Egyptian, Persian, Turkic, Caucasian, Malay, Somali, Berber, and Moro cultures.

See also

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Notes

  1. Arabic: مسلم, IPA: [ˈmʊslɪm]; English: /ˈmʌzlɪm/, /ˈmʊzlɪm/, /ˈmʊslɪm/ MUZZ-lim, MUUZ-lim, MUUSS-lim
  2. /ˈmɒzləm/, /ˈmɒsləm/ MOZ-ləm, MOSS-ləm

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