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{{Short description|British Catholic nun and art historian (1930–2018)}}
'''Sister Wendy Beckett''' (born 25 February 1930) is a South African-born British art expert, ] and contemplative ] who became an unlikely celebrity during the 1990s, presenting a series of acclaimed ] documentaries for the ].
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sister Wendy
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Portrait of Sister Wendy Beckett.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Portrait, 2022
| birth_name = Wendy Mary Beckett
| birth_date = {{birth-date|25 February 1930}}
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|12|26|1930|2|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = ], ], England
| education = ]
| occupation = {{hlist|]|]}}
| known_for = Several ] art history documentaries
| notable_works =
}}
'''Wendy Mary Beckett'''<ref>Oxford University List of Members for the Year 1972, London, OUP, 1972, p.720, which records full name.</ref> (25 February 1930 – 26 December 2018), better known as '''Sister Wendy''', was a ] religious sister and ]<ref name="Wintle" /> who became known internationally during the 1990s when she presented a series of ] television documentaries on the ].<ref name="MJ98" /> Her programmes, such as ''Sister Wendy's Odyssey'' and ''Sister Wendy's Grand Tour,'' often drew a 25 percent share of the British viewing audience.<ref name="Sella" /> In 1997 she made her debut on US public television, with '']'' describing her as "a sometime hermit who is fast on her way to becoming the most unlikely and famous art critic in the history of television."<ref name="Bruni" />

Beckett was formerly a member of the ].


==Biography== ==Biography==
===Early life===
]'s painting ]]]
Beckett was born in ] in the ], but was later raised in ], ], where her father was studying medicine.<ref name="stanford">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/dec/26/sister-wendy-beckett-obituary | title=Sister Wendy Beckett obituary | newspaper=The Guardian | date=26 December 2018 | last1=Stanford | first1=Peter }}</ref> In 1946, she entered the ], a Roman Catholic congregation of ]s dedicated to education. She was sent to England where she completed her ] and then studied at ], where she was awarded a ] degree<ref name="JW96" /> in English Literature.<ref name="CA07" /> ] was president of her final examinations board and asked her to stay on at the university, an invitation which she declined.<ref name="DT18" /> From childhood Beckett suffered from a weak heart and later had to give up teaching, after having ] brought on by stress.<ref name="stanford"/>


Outside her academic work, she lived in a ] which maintained the strict code of silence typical in convents prior to the changes following the ] (1962–1965). After attending the ] in Liverpool and earning a teaching diploma in 1954, she returned to South Africa to teach at Notre Dame Convent, a school for girls in ], ], where she taught English and Latin.<ref name=NCR/> Later she moved to ] where she was appointed the ] of the local convent, while she also lectured at the ].<ref name=NYT18/><ref name=NCR/>
She was born in South Africa and raised in ], Scotland. She became a nun in 1946 in the order of the ]. She was sent to England to begin her novitiate and studied at ] at ], where she was awarded a ]. Outside of her academic studies, she lived in a ] that maintained a strict code of silence.


===Return to England===
After attending a teacher's training college in Liverpool and earning a teaching diploma in 1954, she returned to South Africa to teach at the ]. Health problems in 1970 forced her to abandon teaching and return to England to live in the grounds of a ] monastery. She spent many years translating ] scripts before deciding to pursue her favourite subject of art in 1980.
In 1970, health problems forced Beckett to abandon teaching and to return to England. She obtained ] permission to leave her congregation and to become a ] and ]. She began living in a ] on the grounds of a ] at ], Norfolk, and her caravan was later replaced by a mobile home.<ref name="Wintle" /> Besides having received the ] ] and a nun who brought her provisions, she dedicated her life to solitude and prayer, but allotted two hours of work per day to earn her living.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sister-Wendy-Beckett|title=Sister Wendy Beckett – British nun and art critic|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>


==Interest in art==
Obtaining papal permission for her to become a ] in 1970, Sister Wendy's order arranged for her to live under the protection of the ] nuns at their monastery at Quidenham, Norfolk, in the east of England. She leads a contemplative lifestyle, and currently lives in a caravan on the grounds. Besides receiving the Carmelite prioress and a nun who brings her provisions, she dedicates her life solely to monastic ] and ], but allows herself two hours of work per day.
Beckett spent many years translating ] scripts before deciding, in 1980, to pursue art. Her first book, ''Contemporary Women Artists,'' was published in 1988.<ref name="EB16" />'' Sister Wendy Contemplates Saint Paul in Art'' was published in 2008 to celebrate the Year of ]. In May 2009, ''Encounters with God: In Quest of the Ancient Icons of Mary'' was published, which follows Beckett's pilgrimage to see the earliest ]s of ] which had survived the ]. Beckett continued writing about her interest in icons in the second volume of her ''Sister Wendy Contemplates'' series, published in July 2011. This book, entitled ''The Iconic Jesus'', takes the reader through scenes from the ], accompanied by Beckett's reflections. Her next book, published in 2011, ''The Christ Journey'', consists of her commentaries on the artwork of Greg Tricker.<ref name="TCJ" />


Beckett required medical treatment as an outpatient at a local hospital.{{when|date=February 2022}} The television chef ], a Roman Catholic convert, volunteered to drive her there each week. Smith also drove her around the country to meet the artists when Beckett was writing her book about contemporary women artists. Through this the two became good friends.<ref name="DT08" />
In 2007, Sister Wendy gave her blessing to '']'', a new West End musical penned loosely around the events in her life.


Having overheard her commentary while attending an art exhibit, a film crew asked to videotape her. This brought her to the attention of a BBC producer and led, in 1992, to the debut ''Sister Wendy's Odyssey''.<ref name="EB16" />
She was caricatured by the character 'Sister Bendy' in the television show '']''.


Beckett was often effusively verbal in her descriptions of the human body in paintings, both male and female. In view of her religious state, this came as a surprise to some viewers. She insisted, however, on describing the depiction of the human anatomy in art when it was called for, stating that "God did not make a mistake when He created the human body, so I am not making a mistake by describing it." "None of the Sisters has ever raised an eyebrow at anything I've said or written because they're not cramped by this false idea that sexuality is something wrong ... God looked at His creation and thought it was good, thought it was beautiful, we're made in the image of God, and there's nothing amiss in any part of the human body."<ref>{{Citation |last=Kirk |first=Michael |title=Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1334277/ |type=Biography |access-date=2024-01-05 |others=Wendy Beckett, Bill Moyers |publisher=New Television Workshop, WGBH Boston}}</ref>
==Documentaries==
In addition to writing more than a dozen books, Sister Wendy has narrated the documentaries:


==Television and media work==
* ''Sister Wendy's Odyssey'' (1992)
Beckett narrated the following documentaries:
* ''Sister Wendy's Grand Tour'' (1997)
* ''Sister Wendy's Odyssey'' (1992)<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46687275|title=TV art historian Wendy Beckett dies|date=26 December 2018|access-date=27 December 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref>
* ''Sister Wendy's Story of Painting'' (1997)
* ''Sister Wendy's American Collection'' (2001) * ''Sister Wendy's Grand Tour'' (1994)<ref name=bbc/>
* ''Sister Wendy's Pains of Glass'' (1995)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://culturevulture.net/television/sister-wendys-american-collection/ |title=Sister Wendy's American Collection |publisher=culturevulture.net |first=Arthur |last=Lazere |date=8 August 2001|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
* ''Sister Wendy at the Norton Simon Museum'' (2006)
* ''Sister Wendy's Story of Painting'' (1996)<ref name=bbc/>
* ''Saints with Sister Wendy'' (1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/sister_wendy_brings_the_saints_to_life|title=Sister Wendy Brings the Saints to Life|website=National Catholic Register|date=30 November 1997 |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
* ''Sister Wendy's American Collection'' (2001)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/sisterwendy/|title=Sister Wendy's American Collection|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
* ''Sister Wendy at the Norton Simon Museum'' (2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jan/15/sister-wendy-norton-simon-museum/|title=Sister Wendy At The Norton Simon Museum|website=KPBS Public Media|date=15 January 2013|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
In 2006 she narrated an audio commentary for tourists to the ] at the Vatican:
* ''Sister Wendy's Sistine Chapel'' Artineraries Tour (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itravelmag.com/travel-articles/vatican-museum-digital-tour-anniversary-3-06/|title=500 Years On, The Vatican Museums Go Digital|work=itravelmag.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>


Additionally, she features in the following:
==Miscellaneous==
* ''Sister Wendy in Conversation with ]'' (1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/sisterwendy/about/book.html|title=Sister Wendy's American Collection – About the Series – Buy the Book|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
* Three appearances on '']'' (3 October 1997; 18 November 1997; 19 September 2000) are available on DVD.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/obituaries/sister-wendy-beckett-dead.html|title=Sister Wendy Beckett, Nun Who Became a BBC Star, Dies at 88|first=Robert D.|last=McFadden|date=26 December 2018|access-date=27 December 2018|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
* ''The Art of Dying'' (2009) (] interviews Sister Wendy on the helpfulness of art in the face of death)<ref name="AoD" />
* ''Churches: How to Read Them'' (2010) (] and Sister Wendy discuss the intense medieval devotion to the Virgin Mary and its effect on Reformation)<ref name="CHRT" />
* ''Treasures of Heaven'' (2011) (] talks to Sister Wendy about relics and reliquaries)<ref name="ToH" />
* ''Sister Wendy and the Art of the Gospel'' (25 December 2012)<ref name="SWAG" /><ref name="CTVC" />


As a television presenter, she is known for having had ], a speech impediment which affected her pronunciation of Rs.<ref name="Sella" /><ref name="LAW02" /><ref name="NYT97" />
* Sister Wendy has a first class degree in English Literature from ].<ref>Interview with Clive Anderson, BBC Radio 2, 28 January, 2007 </ref>


=== Other media ===
* '']: The Sister Wendy Musical'' is from the same stable that brought us '']'', and was launched in London's West End.


A musical, '']'', written by ] and Beccy Smith<ref name="TS07" /> was performed at the ] in the West End in 2007 and ] in 2008.
* Noted actress ] portrays Sister Wendy in the West End.


In December 2012 Sister Wendy was the guest for ]'s '']''. Her favourite choice was "]" (D 957 No. 4) by ], her chosen book was "an enormous book of logical puzzles", and her luxury item was a "refrigerated tabernacle".<ref name="DID" />
* ] and ]<ref>{{cite web
|last=Shenton
|first=Mark
|title=Reviews: Postcards from God
|publisher=The Stage
|url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/15584/postcards-from-god
|date=2007-01-11
|accessdate=2007-06-25}}</ref> penned the story of Wendy Beckett for the stage but it first began as an ] project.


In 1993, Sister Wendy recorded an abridged audio version of '']'' by ]. This recording, from the translation by M. L. Del Mastro and adapted for Sister Wendy by Donna K. Triggs, was finally released as a CD in 2021, entitled ''Revelations of Divine Love by Julian of Norwich read by Sister Wendy Beckett''.<ref></ref>
* Sister Wendy wrote and narrated the first Audio Guide to the Vatican and St. Peter's Basilica "Sister Wendy's Sistine Chapel" Artineraries Tour, April 2006

==Death==
Beckett died on 26 December 2018 at the Carmelite Monastery in ], Norfolk. She was 88.<ref name="BBC18" />

==Publications==

* ''Dearest Sister Wendy ... A Surprising Story of Faith and Friendship''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dearest Sister Wendy ... A Surprising Story of Faith and Friendship |url=https://orbisbooks.com/products/dearest-sister-wendy-a-surprising-story-of-faith-and-friendship |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Orbis Books}}</ref> (2022)
* ''The Christ Journey – the art of Greg Tricker''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piano-nobile.com/publications/42/|title=Publication: The Christ Journey – Sister Wendy Beckett reflects on the art of Greg Tricker|website=Piano Nobile|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> (2011)
* ''Sister Wendy Contemplates the Iconic Jesus''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC1iygAACAAJ|title=Sister Wendy Contemplates- the Iconic Jesus|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 2018|publisher=Saint Paul Publications|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780854398126}}</ref> (2011)
* ''Encounters With God: In Quest of Ancient Icons of Mary''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orbisbooks.com/encounters-with-god.html|title=encounters-with-god|website=www.orbisbooks.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> (2009)
* ''Sister Wendy Contemplates Saint Paul in Art''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stpauls.org.uk/sister-wendy-contemplates-saint-paul-in-art-4813.html|title=Sister Wendy Contemplates Saint Paul in Art – 9780854397525 by Beckett, Wendy- St Pauls Publishing of 0/11/2008|website=stpauls.org.uk|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> (2008)
* ''Bernard of Clairvaux: Sermons for Advent And the Christmas Season'', with John Leinenweber (Editor), Irene Edmonds (Translator), Wendy Mary Beckett (Translator), Conrad Greenia (Translator) (2008)
* ''Sister Wendy on Prayer''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/sister-wendy-on-prayer-9781408183465/ |title=Sister Wendy on Prayer |publisher=.bloomsbury.com |date=2017 |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> (2007)
* ''Sister Wendy's Meditations on the Mysteries of Our Faith''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3_OAQAACAAJ|title=Sister Wendy's Meditations on the Mysteries of Our Faith|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 2018|publisher=Liguori Publications|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780764815775}}</ref> (2007)
* ''Speaking to the Heart: 100 Favourite Poems''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hachette.com.au/wendy-beckett/speaking-to-the-heart-100-favourite-poems|title=Speaking to the Heart: 100 Favourite Poems by Wendy Beckett - Books|website=www.hachette.com.au|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> (2006)
* ''Sky-blue Is the Sapphire' Crimson the Rose: Stillpoint of Desire in John of Forde'' by John, abbot of Forde, translated by Wendy Beckett<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/skyblueissapphir0000john|title=Sky-blue is the sapphire, crimson the rose: still-point of desire in John of Forde|last1=John|first2=Wendy.|last2=Beckett|first3=Hilary.|last3=Costello|date=27 December 2018|publisher=Cistercian Publications|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Hathi Trust|isbn=9780879075699|url-access=registration}}</ref> (2006)
* ''Joy Lasts: On the Spiritual in Art''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KG-S4h5mw8sC|title=Joy Lasts: On the Spiritual in Art|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 2018|publisher=Getty Publications|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780892368433}}</ref> (2006)
* ''Sister Wendy's Impressionist Masterpieces''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KrgAAAAMAAJ|title=Sister Wendy's Impressionist Masterpieces|first1=Wendy|last1=Beckett|first2=Robert M. L.|last2=Winston|first3=Patricia|last3=Wright|date=27 December 2018|publisher=DK Pub.|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780789463067}}</ref> (2001)
* ''Sister Wendy's American Masterpieces''<ref name=brit/> (2001)
* ''Sister Wendy's American Collection''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sisterwendysamer00wend|url-access=registration|title=Sister Wendy's American Collection|first1=Wendy|last1=Beckett|first2=Associates Toby|last2=Eady|date=24 October 2000|publisher=HarperCollins|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780060195564}}</ref> (2000)
* ''In the Midst of Chaos, Peace'' (with Mary J. Dorcy and Dan Paulos)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=su1RPgAACAAJ|title=In the Midst of Chaos, Peace|first1=Wendy|last1=Beckett|first2=Mary Jean|last2=Dorcy|date=27 December 1999|publisher=Ignatius Press|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780898707649}}</ref> (2000)
* ''Sister Wendy's Book of Muses'' (with Justin Pumfrey)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sisterwendysbook00beck|url-access=registration|title=Sister Wendy's Book of Muses|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=1 November 2000|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780810943889}}</ref> (2000)
* ''Sister Wendy's 1,000 Masterpieces'' (with Patricia Wright)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx4RAQAAMAAJ|title=Sister Wendy's one thousand masterpieces|first1=Wendy|last1=Beckett|first2=Patricia|last2=Wright|date=4 October 1999|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=9780789446039|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1999)
* ''My Favourite Things: 75 Works of Art from Around the World''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/myfavoritethings00wend|url-access=registration|title=My Favorite Things: 75 Works of Art from Around the World|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=1 October 1999|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|isbn=9780810943872 |access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> (1999)
* ''Sister Wendy's Nativity''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRuajKTTZycC|title=Sister Wendy's Nativity|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1998|publisher=Loyola Press|isbn=9780829413670|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1998)
* ''Inner Life: A Fellow Traveler's Guide to Prayer'' (by David Torkington; foreword by Sister Wendy) (1998)
* ''Sister Wendy's Odyssey: A Journey of Artistic Discovery''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sisterwendysodys0000beck|url-access=registration|title=Sister Wendy's Odyssey: A Journey of Artistic Discovery|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1998|publisher=Stewart, Tabori & Chang|isbn=9781556708572 |access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> (1998)
* ''Sister Wendy's Book of Meditations''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLZuAAAAMAAJ|title=Sister Wendy's Book of Meditations|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1998|publisher=DK Pub.|isbn=9780789437464|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1998)
* ''Sister Wendy's Book of Saints''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEImAQAAIAAJ|title=Sister Wendy's book of saints|first1=Wendy|last1=Beckett|first2=Biblioteca apostolica|last2=vaticana|date=1 August 1998|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=9780789423986|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1998)
* ''The Mystery of Love: Saints in Art Through the Ages''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mysteryoflovesai00beck|url-access=registration|title=The Mystery of Love: Saints in Art Through the Centuries|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=28 November 1996|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780060606794 |access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> (1998)
* ''Sister Wendy's Story of Christmas: Adventures in Art''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TQEAAAACAAJ|title=Sister Wendy's Story of Christmas|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1997|publisher=Prestel|isbn=9783791318875|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1997)
* ''Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers: The Complete Conversation'' (edited by Karen Johnson)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ic-CPgAACAAJ|title=Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers: The Complete Conversation|first1=Bill D.|last1=Moyers|first2=Wendy|last2=Beckett|date=27 December 1997|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|isbn=9781578070770|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1997)
* ''The Wisdom of the Apostles'' (compiled by Philip Law; introduction by Sister Wendy) (1997)
* ''The Duke and the Peasant: Life in the Middle Ages'' (with Jean De Berry) (1997)
* ''Max Beckmann and the Self''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IluMgAACAAJ|title=Max Beckmann and the Self|first1=Wendy|last1=Beckett|first2=Max|last2=Beckmann|date=27 December 2018|publisher=Prestel|isbn=9783791328775|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1997)
* ''Sister Wendy's Grand Tour: Discovering Europe's Great Art''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yG_XPAAACAAJ|title=Sister Wendy's Grand Tour: Discovering Europe's Great Art|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1996|publisher=Stewart, Tabori & Chang|isbn=9781556705090|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1996)
* ''Pains of Glass: The Story of the Passion from King's College Chapel, Cambridge'' (with George Pattison)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSiacm5Ez54C|title=Pains of Glass: The Story of the Passion from King's College Chapel, Cambridge|first1=Wendy|last1=Beckett|first2=George|last2=Pattison|date=1 April 1996|publisher=BBC Books|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780563371700}}</ref> (1996)
* ''Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Joy''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/meditationsonjoy0000beck|url-access=registration|title=Meditations on Joy|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1995|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Pub.|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780789401793}}</ref> (1995)
* ''Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Love''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CATAQAAMAAJ|title=Love: Meditations on Love|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 2018|publisher=DK Publishing|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780789453389}}</ref> (1995)
* ''Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Peace''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpOxYgqNfnwC|title=Meditations on peace|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=1 September 1995|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780751302363}}</ref> (1995)
* ''Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Silence''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/meditationsonsil00beck|url-access=registration|title=Meditations on Silence|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1995|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780751302370}}</ref> (1995)
* ''A Child's Book of Prayer in Art''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/childsbookofpray00beck|url-access=registration|title=A Child's Book of Prayer in Art|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1995|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9781564588753}}</ref> (1995)
* ''The Story of Painting''<ref name=brit>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sister-Wendy-Beckett|title=Sister Wendy Beckett - British nun and art critic|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> (1994)
* ''The Gaze of Love: Meditations on Art and Spiritual Transformation''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gazeoflovemedita00beck|url-access=registration|title=The Gaze of Love: Meditations on Art and Spiritual Transformation|first=Wendy|last=Beckett|date=27 December 1993|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|access-date=27 December 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780060608286}}</ref> (1994)
* ''The Mystical Now: Art and the Sacred''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-87663-647-3|title=Nonfiction Book Review: Mystical Now C by Sister Wendy Beckett, Author, Wendy Beckett, Author Universe Publishing(NY) $25.95 (160p) ISBN 978-0-87663-647-3|website=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> (1993)
* ''Contemporary Women Artists''<ref name=brit/> (1988)


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|1=2|refs=
<references/>
<ref name="Bruni">{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/30/nyregion/sister-wendy-cloistered.html|title = Sister Wendy, Cloistered|last = Bruni|first = Frank|date = 30 September 1997|newspaper = The New York Times|issn = 0362-4331|access-date = 5 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Wintle">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8216701/World-of-Sister-Wendy-Beckett-nun-and-art-historian.html|title=World of Sister Wendy Beckett, nun and art historian|last=Wintle|first=Angela|date=21 December 2010|work=]|access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Sella">{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/26/magazine/you-have-a-cold-heart-degas.html|title = You Have a Cold Heart, Degas!|last = Sella|first = Marshall|date = 26 January 1997|newspaper = The New York Times|issn = 0362-4331|access-date = 5 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="EB16">{{Cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sister-Wendy-Beckett|title = Sister Wendy Beckett {{!}} British nun and art critic|website = ]|access-date = 5 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="AoD">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00n1jnn|title=BBC Four – The Art of Dying|website=BBC|access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="CHRT">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00twwc4|title=BBC Four – Churches: How to Read Them, Reformation: Chaos and Creation|website=BBC|access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="ToH">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012248j|title=BBC Four – Treasures of Heaven|website=BBC|access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="MJ98">{{cite journal|last=Goodwin|first=George M.|year=1998|title=A New Jewish Elite: Curators, Directors, and Benefactors of American Art Museums|journal=]|volume=18|issue=1|pages=47–79|doi=10.1093/mj/18.1.47|jstor=1396532|s2cid=201765319}}</ref>
<ref name="JW96"> 22 June 1996; retrieved 28 March 2013</ref>
<ref name="CA07">Interview with Clive Anderson, BBC Radio 2, 28 January 2007</ref>
<ref name="DT18">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/5286395/Culture-Clinic-Sister-Wendy-Beckett.html|title=Culture Clinic: Sister Wendy Beckett|work=]|last=Weinberg|first=Kate|date=8 May 2019|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="TCJ">Wendy Beckett (2011) ''The Christ journey: Sister Wendy Beckett reflects on the art of Greg Tricker'', St Paul's Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8543-9822-5}}</ref>
<ref name="DT08">{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3341912/Delia-Smith-on-How-to-Cheat-at-Cooking.html|location=London|work=]|first=Mick|last=Brown|title=Delia Smith on How to Cheat at Cooking|date=16 February 2008}}</ref>
<!-- not used
<ref name="VVP">, 2007, '']'']</ref>-->
<ref name="DID">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01p9g3w|title=BBC Radio 4 – Desert Island Discs, Sister Wendy Beckett|website=BBC|access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="SWAG">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01pqhfp|title=BBC Four – Arena, Sister Wendy and the Art of the Gospel|website=BBC|access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="CTVC">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctvc.co.uk/tv/sister-wendy-and-the-art-of-the-gospel/ |title=Sister Wendy and the Art of the Gospel |website=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918014611/http://www.ctvc.co.uk/tv/sister-wendy-and-the-art-of-the-gospel/ |archive-date=18 September 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="TS07">{{cite web|last=Shenton|first=Mark|title=Reviews: Postcards from God |publisher=]|url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/15584/postcards-from-god |date=11 January 2007|access-date=25 June 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="LAW02">{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/nun-dare-call-it-criticism-2134947|title=Nun Dare Call It Criticism|first=Doug|last=Harvey|date=19 June 2002|work=]}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT97">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/arts/she-may-not-get-out-much-but-she-does-know-a-lot-about-art.html|title=She May Not Get Out Much, but She Does Know a Lot About Art|first=Alan|last=Riding|date=1 September 1997|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
<ref name="BBC18">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46687275|work=]|title=Sister Wendy Beckett, TV art historian, dies at 88|date=26 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name=NYT18>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/obituaries/sister-wendy-beckett-dead.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Sister Wendy Beckett, Nun Who Became a BBC Star, Dies at 88 |author=Palko Karasz |date=27 December 2018 |page=B12}}</ref>
<ref name=NCR>{{citation |url=https://www.ncronline.org/books/2017/08/stepping-inside-art-sister-wendy |title=Stepping inside art with Sister Wendy |date=26 December 2012 |author=Arthur Jones |journal=National Catholic Reporter}}</ref>
}}

==External links== ==External links==
{{Wikiquote}} {{Wikiquote}}
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Latest revision as of 14:21, 22 December 2024

British Catholic nun and art historian (1930–2018)

Sister Wendy
Portrait, 2022
BornWendy Mary Beckett
25 February 1930 (1930-02-25)
Johannesburg, Union of South Africa
Died26 December 2018(2018-12-26) (aged 88)
Quidenham, Norfolk, England
EducationSt Anne's College, Oxford
Occupations
Known forSeveral BBC art history documentaries

Wendy Mary Beckett (25 February 1930 – 26 December 2018), better known as Sister Wendy, was a British Catholic religious sister and art historian who became known internationally during the 1990s when she presented a series of BBC television documentaries on the history of art. Her programmes, such as Sister Wendy's Odyssey and Sister Wendy's Grand Tour, often drew a 25 percent share of the British viewing audience. In 1997 she made her debut on US public television, with The New York Times describing her as "a sometime hermit who is fast on her way to becoming the most unlikely and famous art critic in the history of television."

Beckett was formerly a member of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur.

Biography

Early life

Beckett was born in Johannesburg in the Union of South Africa, but was later raised in Edinburgh, Scotland, where her father was studying medicine. In 1946, she entered the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, a Roman Catholic congregation of religious sisters dedicated to education. She was sent to England where she completed her novitiate and then studied at St Anne's College, Oxford, where she was awarded a congratulatory first class honours degree in English Literature. J. R. R. Tolkien was president of her final examinations board and asked her to stay on at the university, an invitation which she declined. From childhood Beckett suffered from a weak heart and later had to give up teaching, after having epileptic seizures brought on by stress.

Outside her academic work, she lived in a convent which maintained the strict code of silence typical in convents prior to the changes following the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). After attending the Notre Dame College of Education in Liverpool and earning a teaching diploma in 1954, she returned to South Africa to teach at Notre Dame Convent, a school for girls in Constantia, Cape Town, where she taught English and Latin. Later she moved to Johannesburg where she was appointed the superior of the local convent, while she also lectured at the University of the Witwatersrand.

Return to England

In 1970, health problems forced Beckett to abandon teaching and to return to England. She obtained papal permission to leave her congregation and to become a consecrated virgin and hermit. She began living in a caravan on the grounds of a Carmelite monastery at Quidenham, Norfolk, and her caravan was later replaced by a mobile home. Besides having received the Carmelite prioress and a nun who brought her provisions, she dedicated her life to solitude and prayer, but allotted two hours of work per day to earn her living.

Interest in art

Beckett spent many years translating Medieval Latin scripts before deciding, in 1980, to pursue art. Her first book, Contemporary Women Artists, was published in 1988. Sister Wendy Contemplates Saint Paul in Art was published in 2008 to celebrate the Year of Saint Paul. In May 2009, Encounters with God: In Quest of the Ancient Icons of Mary was published, which follows Beckett's pilgrimage to see the earliest icons of Mary which had survived the Byzantine Iconoclasm. Beckett continued writing about her interest in icons in the second volume of her Sister Wendy Contemplates series, published in July 2011. This book, entitled The Iconic Jesus, takes the reader through scenes from the New Testament, accompanied by Beckett's reflections. Her next book, published in 2011, The Christ Journey, consists of her commentaries on the artwork of Greg Tricker.

Beckett required medical treatment as an outpatient at a local hospital. The television chef Delia Smith, a Roman Catholic convert, volunteered to drive her there each week. Smith also drove her around the country to meet the artists when Beckett was writing her book about contemporary women artists. Through this the two became good friends.

Having overheard her commentary while attending an art exhibit, a film crew asked to videotape her. This brought her to the attention of a BBC producer and led, in 1992, to the debut Sister Wendy's Odyssey.

Beckett was often effusively verbal in her descriptions of the human body in paintings, both male and female. In view of her religious state, this came as a surprise to some viewers. She insisted, however, on describing the depiction of the human anatomy in art when it was called for, stating that "God did not make a mistake when He created the human body, so I am not making a mistake by describing it." "None of the Sisters has ever raised an eyebrow at anything I've said or written because they're not cramped by this false idea that sexuality is something wrong ... God looked at His creation and thought it was good, thought it was beautiful, we're made in the image of God, and there's nothing amiss in any part of the human body."

Television and media work

Beckett narrated the following documentaries:

  • Sister Wendy's Odyssey (1992)
  • Sister Wendy's Grand Tour (1994)
  • Sister Wendy's Pains of Glass (1995)
  • Sister Wendy's Story of Painting (1996)
  • Saints with Sister Wendy (1997)
  • Sister Wendy's American Collection (2001)
  • Sister Wendy at the Norton Simon Museum (2002)

In 2006 she narrated an audio commentary for tourists to the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican:

  • Sister Wendy's Sistine Chapel Artineraries Tour (2006)

Additionally, she features in the following:

  • Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers (1997)
  • Three appearances on Charlie Rose (3 October 1997; 18 November 1997; 19 September 2000) are available on DVD.
  • The Art of Dying (2009) (Dan Cruickshank interviews Sister Wendy on the helpfulness of art in the face of death)
  • Churches: How to Read Them (2010) (Richard Taylor and Sister Wendy discuss the intense medieval devotion to the Virgin Mary and its effect on Reformation)
  • Treasures of Heaven (2011) (Andrew Graham-Dixon talks to Sister Wendy about relics and reliquaries)
  • Sister Wendy and the Art of the Gospel (25 December 2012)

As a television presenter, she is known for having had a rhotacism, a speech impediment which affected her pronunciation of Rs.

Other media

A musical, Postcards from God: The Sister Wendy Musical, written by Marcus Reeves and Beccy Smith was performed at the Jermyn Street Theatre in the West End in 2007 and Hackney Empire Studio Theatre in 2008.

In December 2012 Sister Wendy was the guest for BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. Her favourite choice was "Serenade" (D 957 No. 4) by Franz Schubert, her chosen book was "an enormous book of logical puzzles", and her luxury item was a "refrigerated tabernacle".

In 1993, Sister Wendy recorded an abridged audio version of Revelations of Divine Love by Julian of Norwich. This recording, from the translation by M. L. Del Mastro and adapted for Sister Wendy by Donna K. Triggs, was finally released as a CD in 2021, entitled Revelations of Divine Love by Julian of Norwich read by Sister Wendy Beckett.

Death

Beckett died on 26 December 2018 at the Carmelite Monastery in Quidenham, Norfolk. She was 88.

Publications

  • Dearest Sister Wendy ... A Surprising Story of Faith and Friendship (2022)
  • The Christ Journey – the art of Greg Tricker (2011)
  • Sister Wendy Contemplates the Iconic Jesus (2011)
  • Encounters With God: In Quest of Ancient Icons of Mary (2009)
  • Sister Wendy Contemplates Saint Paul in Art (2008)
  • Bernard of Clairvaux: Sermons for Advent And the Christmas Season, with John Leinenweber (Editor), Irene Edmonds (Translator), Wendy Mary Beckett (Translator), Conrad Greenia (Translator) (2008)
  • Sister Wendy on Prayer (2007)
  • Sister Wendy's Meditations on the Mysteries of Our Faith (2007)
  • Speaking to the Heart: 100 Favourite Poems (2006)
  • Sky-blue Is the Sapphire' Crimson the Rose: Stillpoint of Desire in John of Forde by John, abbot of Forde, translated by Wendy Beckett (2006)
  • Joy Lasts: On the Spiritual in Art (2006)
  • Sister Wendy's Impressionist Masterpieces (2001)
  • Sister Wendy's American Masterpieces (2001)
  • Sister Wendy's American Collection (2000)
  • In the Midst of Chaos, Peace (with Mary J. Dorcy and Dan Paulos) (2000)
  • Sister Wendy's Book of Muses (with Justin Pumfrey) (2000)
  • Sister Wendy's 1,000 Masterpieces (with Patricia Wright) (1999)
  • My Favourite Things: 75 Works of Art from Around the World (1999)
  • Sister Wendy's Nativity (1998)
  • Inner Life: A Fellow Traveler's Guide to Prayer (by David Torkington; foreword by Sister Wendy) (1998)
  • Sister Wendy's Odyssey: A Journey of Artistic Discovery (1998)
  • Sister Wendy's Book of Meditations (1998)
  • Sister Wendy's Book of Saints (1998)
  • The Mystery of Love: Saints in Art Through the Ages (1998)
  • Sister Wendy's Story of Christmas: Adventures in Art (1997)
  • Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers: The Complete Conversation (edited by Karen Johnson) (1997)
  • The Wisdom of the Apostles (compiled by Philip Law; introduction by Sister Wendy) (1997)
  • The Duke and the Peasant: Life in the Middle Ages (with Jean De Berry) (1997)
  • Max Beckmann and the Self (1997)
  • Sister Wendy's Grand Tour: Discovering Europe's Great Art (1996)
  • Pains of Glass: The Story of the Passion from King's College Chapel, Cambridge (with George Pattison) (1996)
  • Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Joy (1995)
  • Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Love (1995)
  • Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Peace (1995)
  • Sister Wendy's Meditations: Meditations on Silence (1995)
  • A Child's Book of Prayer in Art (1995)
  • The Story of Painting (1994)
  • The Gaze of Love: Meditations on Art and Spiritual Transformation (1994)
  • The Mystical Now: Art and the Sacred (1993)
  • Contemporary Women Artists (1988)

References

  1. Oxford University List of Members for the Year 1972, London, OUP, 1972, p.720, which records full name.
  2. ^ Wintle, Angela (21 December 2010). "World of Sister Wendy Beckett, nun and art historian". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  3. Goodwin, George M. (1998). "A New Jewish Elite: Curators, Directors, and Benefactors of American Art Museums". Modern Judaism. 18 (1): 47–79. doi:10.1093/mj/18.1.47. JSTOR 1396532. S2CID 201765319.
  4. ^ Sella, Marshall (26 January 1997). "You Have a Cold Heart, Degas!". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  5. Bruni, Frank (30 September 1997). "Sister Wendy, Cloistered". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  6. ^ Stanford, Peter (26 December 2018). "Sister Wendy Beckett obituary". The Guardian.
  7. John Walsh Interview, The Independent 22 June 1996; retrieved 28 March 2013
  8. Interview with Clive Anderson, BBC Radio 2, 28 January 2007
  9. Weinberg, Kate (8 May 2019). "Culture Clinic: Sister Wendy Beckett". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  10. ^ Arthur Jones (26 December 2012), "Stepping inside art with Sister Wendy", National Catholic Reporter
  11. Palko Karasz (27 December 2018). "Sister Wendy Beckett, Nun Who Became a BBC Star, Dies at 88". The New York Times. p. B12.
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  13. ^ "Sister Wendy Beckett | British nun and art critic". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  14. Wendy Beckett (2011) The Christ journey: Sister Wendy Beckett reflects on the art of Greg Tricker, St Paul's Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8543-9822-5
  15. Brown, Mick (16 February 2008). "Delia Smith on How to Cheat at Cooking". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  16. Kirk, Michael, Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers (Biography), Wendy Beckett, Bill Moyers, New Television Workshop, WGBH Boston, retrieved 5 January 2024
  17. ^ "TV art historian Wendy Beckett dies". BBC News. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
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  22. "500 Years On, The Vatican Museums Go Digital". itravelmag.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
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  27. "BBC Four – Treasures of Heaven". BBC. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  28. "BBC Four – Arena, Sister Wendy and the Art of the Gospel". BBC. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  29. "Sister Wendy and the Art of the Gospel". CTVC. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  30. Harvey, Doug (19 June 2002). "Nun Dare Call It Criticism". LA Weekly.
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  33. "BBC Radio 4 – Desert Island Discs, Sister Wendy Beckett". BBC. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  34. entitled Revelations of Divine Love by Julian of Norwich read by Sister Wendy Beckett
  35. "Sister Wendy Beckett, TV art historian, dies at 88". BBC News. 26 December 2018.
  36. "Dearest Sister Wendy ... A Surprising Story of Faith and Friendship". Orbis Books. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
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  38. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 2018). Sister Wendy Contemplates- the Iconic Jesus. Saint Paul Publications. ISBN 9780854398126. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  39. "encounters-with-god". www.orbisbooks.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
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  41. "Sister Wendy on Prayer". .bloomsbury.com. 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  42. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 2018). Sister Wendy's Meditations on the Mysteries of Our Faith. Liguori Publications. ISBN 9780764815775. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  43. "Speaking to the Heart: 100 Favourite Poems by Wendy Beckett - Books". www.hachette.com.au. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  44. John; Beckett, Wendy.; Costello, Hilary. (27 December 2018). Sky-blue is the sapphire, crimson the rose: still-point of desire in John of Forde. Cistercian Publications. ISBN 9780879075699. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Hathi Trust.
  45. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 2018). Joy Lasts: On the Spiritual in Art. Getty Publications. ISBN 9780892368433. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  46. Beckett, Wendy; Winston, Robert M. L.; Wright, Patricia (27 December 2018). Sister Wendy's Impressionist Masterpieces. DK Pub. ISBN 9780789463067. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
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  48. Beckett, Wendy; Eady, Associates Toby (24 October 2000). Sister Wendy's American Collection. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060195564. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  49. Beckett, Wendy; Dorcy, Mary Jean (27 December 1999). In the Midst of Chaos, Peace. Ignatius Press. ISBN 9780898707649. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
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  52. Beckett, Wendy (1 October 1999). My Favorite Things: 75 Works of Art from Around the World. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 9780810943872. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  53. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1998). Sister Wendy's Nativity. Loyola Press. ISBN 9780829413670. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  54. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1998). Sister Wendy's Odyssey: A Journey of Artistic Discovery. Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 9781556708572. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
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  57. Beckett, Wendy (28 November 1996). The Mystery of Love: Saints in Art Through the Centuries. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060606794. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  58. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1997). Sister Wendy's Story of Christmas. Prestel. ISBN 9783791318875. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  59. Moyers, Bill D.; Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1997). Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers: The Complete Conversation. WGBH Educational Foundation. ISBN 9781578070770. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
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  63. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1995). Meditations on Joy. Dorling Kindersley Pub. ISBN 9780789401793. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
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  65. Beckett, Wendy (1 September 1995). Meditations on peace. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9780751302363. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  66. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1995). Meditations on Silence. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9780751302370. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  67. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1995). A Child's Book of Prayer in Art. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9781564588753. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  68. Beckett, Wendy (27 December 1993). The Gaze of Love: Meditations on Art and Spiritual Transformation. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 9780060608286. Retrieved 27 December 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  69. "Nonfiction Book Review: Mystical Now C by Sister Wendy Beckett, Author, Wendy Beckett, Author Universe Publishing(NY) $25.95 (160p) ISBN 978-0-87663-647-3". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

External links

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