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| '''Sikh extremism''' refers to separatist beliefs that involve the formation of a ] state. Most often referred to as ], the state may be ]<ref name=Kapur>Rajiv A. Kapur. "'Khalistan': India's Punjab Problem." ''Third World Quarterly,'' Vol. 9, No. 4 (Oct., 1987), pp. 1206-1224.</ref>, and may be ].<ref name="P.T.King">Extensions of Remarks - May 26, 1994 by HON. PETER T. KING of New York in THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Proceedings and Debates of 103rd Congress (First Session)</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=zMgijln_FvMC&pg=PA26&dq=%22sikh+extremism%22&lr=</ref> Burgess argues<ref name=CDI>Burgess, Mark. "Explaining Religious Terrorism Part 1: The Axis of Good and Evil." 20 May 2004 <http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?documentid=2224&programID=39>.</ref> that Sikhism has proven prone to ], which has been used in the struggle for the envisioned Sikh state.<ref name=CDI/> It has been suggested that the solution to the Sikh Extremists' concerns has both political and religious elements.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=7vk7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22sikh+extremism%22&dq=%22sikh+extremism%22&lr=&pgis=1</ref> Sikh extremism has decreased significantly since mid-1992, although Sikh militant cells are active internationally and extremists gather funds from overseas Sikh communities.<ref name="uspatterns">]. United States Department of State Publication 10321.</ref> | |||
| == Sikh extremism in India == | |||
| {{main|Punjab insurgency}} | |||
| {{copypaste|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/punjab.htm}} | |||
| Sikh separatism began on a small-scale soon after ]<ref>http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/region/asiapacific/080306-india-sikh-extremism</ref>. In the 1970s, some felt the Government of India did not respond adequately to Sikh grievances.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"></ref> There were subsequent confrontations between fundamentalist Sikhs and non-Sikh extremist groups. There were eventual demands for a separate Sikh homeland. Extremist violence culminated in ], the ] by her Sikh bodyguards. The following ] and riots reinforced Sikh extremism, leading to an increase in political assassinations.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> | |||
| There were several terrorist attacks by Sikh militants during the ] periods (e.g. ] and ]). The government forces, led by police officer ], (himself a Sikh) was accused of ] during the counter-insurgency operations. ] was also killed by ] extremists on 31 August 1995. | |||
| Sikh separatists claimed that Sikhs were being discriminated against, while the Government argued that the purpose of Operation BlueStar and other operations was not intended to attack the Sikh faith, but rather, expel the armed militants hiding in a place of worship. The United Nations Special Reporter <!--Special Rapporteur's not sure what this means?--> concluded in his February 1997 report that the situation of Indian Sikhs in the religious field is satisfactory.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> However, he also noted that there was discrimination in certain sectors of public administration: for example, after Indira Gandhi's assassination, there were fewer Sikhs in the police force and no Sikhs in personal bodyguard units. | |||
| In the early 1990s, a number of militant groups tried to impose "codes of conduct" for journalists; these codes carried a death<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> penalty for those who disobeyed. Sikhs belonging to non-orthodox minority sects<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> were also targeted. There were also indiscriminate attacks designed to cause extensive civilian casualties<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/>: derailing trains, exploding bombs in markets, restaurants and other civilian areas between Delhi and the Punjab.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> Many moderate Sikh political leaders were assassinated for opposing the militants, while several others were killed as a result of militant group rivalries. The extremists also kidnapped civilians for extortion, and frequently murdered them when the demands were not met<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/>. Threats were also made to the minority Hindu population<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> so as to drive them out of Punjab.<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> This resulted in thousands of Hindus fleeing<ref name="globalsecurity.org"/> the state. The major militant outfits included: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Sikh extremism in the UK == | |||
| A report on ] <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/file_on_4/7263211.stm</ref> Feb 2008, stated that Britain had been warned of a new terror threat from Sikh fundamentalists who are aligning forces with ]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/26_02_08_fo4_sikh.pdf</ref>{{Verify source|This is a "statement of opinion" of Mr. Bassey and cannot be used as a "statement of fact". Also Bassey mentions the use of area and resources|date=December 2008}} The ] states: “The British Authorities have been made aware of our interest in certain individuals residing in the UK who may have connections to Sikh terror groups based in Pakistan.”<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/file_on_4/7263211.stm</ref><ref>http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-mayor/article-23479477-details/Ken%27s+adviser+is+linked+to+terror+group/article.do</ref><ref>http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sikh-politics-canada/index.html</ref> | |||
| The British Sikh writer ] was forced into hiding after protests by Sikhs led to the cancellation of her play '']''.<ref name="bbcgurpreetbehzti"></ref> She was physically threatened, death threats were made against her she was verbally abused and her family was harassed, forcing her to leave her home.<ref name="bbcgurpreetbehzti"/> However, she received messages of support from fellow playwrights, actors and even some Sikhs across the world.<ref name="bbcgurpreetbehzti"/> | |||
| The Chief of the Punjab Police, NPS Aulakh alleged in 2008 that supporters are transferring money to the militant groups via informal funding channels in the UK Sikh community<ref></ref> | |||
| == Sikh extremism in North America == | |||
| Sikh extremism spread quickly in Canada in the 1980s.<ref></ref><ref></ref> It ranged from raising funds for violent attacks to intimidation and assassinations.<ref>Contemporary Issues in Law Enforcement and Policing By Andrew Millie. Page 89. Published by CRC Press, 2008. ISBN 1420072153, 9781420072150</ref> Notable criminal activities included beatings, ] and threats of kidnapping and death.<ref name="THESTAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com/article/278833|title=`The reign of terror is still there'|last=Brown|first=Jim|date=November 22, 2007 04:30 AM|publisher=The Star|accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref> Liberal MP ] says he and others who spoke out against Sikh extremism in the ] faced a "reign of terror".<ref name="THESTAR" /> | |||
| ], founded by Canadian fundamentalist Sikhs, has been officially listed as a terrorist organization in the European Union, Canada, India, and the United States.<ref name="cbcca-extremism"> by Terry Milewski, CBC News.</ref> Ajaib Singh Bagri, the co-founder of the ], told the founding convention of the World Sikh Organization in 1984: "Until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest."<ref name="cbcca-extremism"/> Another organization, ], has also been officially listed in Canada and The United States as an illegal terrorist organization.<ref name="cbcca-extremism"/> | |||
| In 2008, a CBC report stated that "a disturbing brand of extremist politics has surfaced" at some of the ] parades in Canada.<ref name="cbcca-extremism"/> According to Terry Milewski, CBC News, Canadian courts have established that that Talwinder Parmar, the founder of the ] was the mastermind of the ], but Sikh fundamentalists insist that he was a "shaheed" (martyr).<ref name="cbcca-extremism"/> According to an Indian investigative journal ] run by ], Parmar might have been liquidated by Indian security forces in a ] who might have been involved into the bombing incident.<ref>http://www.tehelka.com/story_main33.asp?filename=Ne040807operation_silence.asp</ref> | |||
| == Sikh extremist links to terrorism and violence == | |||
| {{also|International Sikh Youth Federation|Babbar Khalsa}} | |||
| ] was the proprietor of two newspapers, he opposed ] who was seen as the figurehead of extremism, Narain was later gunned down along with 62 members of his press staff in the early 80's. ] was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards in 1984 On ], ], Darshan Das, a teacher,<ref>http://www.spiritualwarriorstoday.com/Biography/biography-122_mahraz-darshan-das-sndm-1953-1987</ref>, social reformer<ref>http://www.spiritualwarriorstoday.com/Biography/biography-122_mahraz-darshan-das-sndm-1953-1987</ref> and humanitarian<ref>http://www.spiritualwarriorstoday.com/Biography/biography-122_mahraz-darshan-das-sndm-1953-1987</ref> with two of his volunteers, Joga Singh and Satwant, were assassinated by Sikh extremists{{Fact|date=December 2008}} in Southall, UK. ], a Canadian Sikh journalist and who was earlier a vocal advocate of ], who had written editorials denouncing Sikh extremists was murdered and his assailants have never been found.<ref name="cbcca-extremism"/> | |||
| The Canadian journalist ] has written extensively on Sikh extremism and has also received death threats<ref></ref> Another journalist, Tarsem Singh Purewal,<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/748866.stm</ref> 60, was editor of Britain's Punjabi-language weekly, Des Pardes, and was killed as he was closing his office in Southall<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4354435.stm</ref> | |||
| Canadian Liberal MP ] was hospitalized in 1985 after being beaten by a Sikh extremist wielding an iron bar.<ref>http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/21/air-india-dosanjh.html</ref> | |||
| In 2006, ] reported in a documentary for the CBC <ref></ref> that a minority within Canada's Sikh community was gaining political influence even while publicly supporting terrorist acts in support of the struggle for an independent Sikh state. A Sikh separatist group<ref>http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sikh-politics-canada/wso.html CBC News In Depth</ref>, The World Sikh Organization(WSO), later sued the CBC for slander and libel<ref></ref>, alleging that Milewski linked it to terrorism and damaged the reputation of the WSO within the Sikh community. However, the WSO did not identify any factual errors in the broadcast. | |||
| Examples of media coverage of extremist violence: | |||
| *Wanted Sikh held over Delhi bombs<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4073018.stm</ref> | |||
| *Key witness speaks at Air India trial<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3099314.stm</ref> | |||
| *Canadian MP says warnings ignored over Sikh extremists<ref>http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/21/air-india-dosanjh.html</ref> | |||
| *15 Hindus killed in Punjab<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DD1E3BF930A15752C0A96E948260</ref> | |||
| *Liberal MP describes beatings, death threats faced by opponents of Sikh extremism<ref>http://www.thestar.com/article/278833</ref> | |||
| *Sikh Terrorism Enters Politics in Canada<ref>http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=3980.2206.0.0</ref> | |||
| == Condemnation by mainstream Sikhs == | |||
| Sikh extremist groups were vociferously condemned by moderate Sikhs all over the world.<ref>Fighting for Faith and Nation By Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. Published by University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. ISBN 0812215923, 9780812215922</ref> Two of the well known moderate Sikh{{Clarifyme|is this cited? How is decision about the "moderateness" of Beant Singh made?|date=December 2008}} victims of Sikh militants were ] and ]. Two leading Canadian Sikh politicians refused to attend the 2008 Vaisakhi parade in Surrey, saying it was a glorification of terrorism.<ref name="cbcca-extremism"/> | |||
| Prime Minister of India ] has expressed his concern of Sikh terrorism<ref>http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=2be0865c-29ba-4dab-9bcc-d945e75007c1</ref> <ref>http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/region/asiapacific/080306-india-sikh-extremism </ref> he was a Governor of the ] under Indira Gandhi who was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards.,<ref>http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers20%5Cpaper2000.html</ref> | |||
| ==Terrorist group listings== | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==External links== | |||
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| * (Official Website - ''archived'') | |||
| * - Milnet.com | |||
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