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			{{For\|the American astronomer\|William Henry Pickering}}
	Sir '''William Hayward Pickering''' ] ] (], ]—], ]) was a ] who headed ]'s ] (JPL) for 22 years, retiring in 1976. He was a senior ] luminary and pioneered the exploration of space. His group launched ] from ] on ] ] less than four months after the Russians had launched ] (much to the surprise of the Americans). ] discovered the radiation field round the earth that is now known as the ]. Explorer 1 orbited for 10 years and was the forerunner of a number of successful JPL earth and deep-space ]s. William Hayward Pickering is not to be confused with ], an ] from an earlier era.
			{{Short description\|New Zealand-born aerospace engineer}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2019}}
			{{Use New Zealand English\|date=October 2019}}
			{{Infobox scientist
			\| name = Bill Pickering
			\| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals\|country=NZL\|ONZh\|KBEh\|size=100%}}
			\| image = Pickering NASA photo.gif
			\| caption = William H. Pickering, JPL/NASA Photo
			\| birth_name = William Hayward Pickering
			\| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1910\|12\|24}}
			\| birth_place = ], New Zealand
			\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|2004\|3\|15\|1910\|12\|24}}
			\| death_place = ], U.S.
			\| residence =
			\| citizenship = New Zealand, United States
			\| fields =
			\| workplaces = ]
			\| alma_mater =
			\| thesis_title = A Geiger Counter Study of the Cosmic Radiations
			\| thesis_year = 1936
			\| thesis_url = https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/1789/3/Pickering_WH_1936.pdf
			\| doctoral_advisor = ]
			\| academic_advisors =
			\| doctoral_students =
			\| notable_students =
			\| known_for = Space aeronautics pioneering
			\| influences =
			\| influenced =
			\| awards = {{no wrap\|] {{small\|(1966)}}<br />] {{small\|(1972)}}<br />] {{small\|(1975)}}<br />] {{small\|(1976)}}<br />] {{small\|(1994)}}<br />] <small>(2000)</small>}}
			\| signature =
			\| footnotes =
			}}

			'''William Hayward Pickering''' {{post-nominals\|country=NZL\|ONZh\|KBEh}} (24 December 1910 – 15 March 2004) was a New Zealand-born ] who headed ] ] (JPL) for 22 years, retiring in 1976.<ref name=obit/><ref>{{cite journal \| author=Casani, John R. \| title=Obituary: William Hayward Pickering \| journal=Physics Today \| date=November 2004 \| volume=57 \| issue=11 \| pages=86–87 \|doi=10.1063/1.1839390\| bibcode=2004PhT....57k..86C \| doi-access=free }}</ref> He was a senior ] luminary and pioneered the exploration of space. Pickering was also a founding member of the ].<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.nae.edu/About/leadership/57773.aspx \| title=Founding members of the National Academy of Engineering \| publisher=] \| access-date={{Format date\|2012\|10\|21\|df=yes}}}}</ref>
	Born in ], ], Pickering attended Havelock School, ], where ] had attended previously. As a boarder at ] he was introduced to astronomy under the instruction of the famous ] (then a master at Wellington College) at the ]. After spending one year at ] he completed his bachelor's degree at the ] and completed a ] in ] in ]. His specialty was in ] and he concentrated on what is now ].

			==Origins and education==
	He is one of the few non-politicians to have appeared on the cover of ] twice. In ], he was awarded the ] ], 'For contributions to telecommunications, rocket guidance and spacecraft control, and for inspiring leadership in unmanned exploration of the solar system.' In ] he was awarded the ] by President ], and was created an honorary (because of his American citizenship) knight commander in the ]. In ] he won the ]. On ], ] he became an honorary member of the ].
			Born in ], New Zealand, on 24 December 1910, Pickering attended ] School (also attended by ]), ], and ]. After spending a year at the ], he moved to the United States (where he subsequently naturalized), to complete a bachelor's degree at the ] ("Caltech"), and later, in 1936, a ] in ]. His speciality was in ], and he majored in what is now commonly known in scientific vernacular as ']'.<ref name=obit/>

			==Jet Propulsion Laboratory==
			William Pickering became involved with the ] (JPL) in 1944, during the Second World War.

			As the Director of JPL, from 1954, Pickering was closely involved with management of the ] and ] missiles under the aegis of the U.S. Army.<ref name=obit/>

			His group launched ] on a ] rocket from ] on 31 January 1958 less than four months after the Soviet Union had launched ].

			In 1958 the lab's projects were transferred to the ] (NASA) and Pickering's team concentrated on NASA's unmanned space-flight program. JPL, under Pickering's direction flew further ] and ] missions as well as the ] and ] missions to the moon and the several ] flybys of Venus and Mars.

			] discovered the radiation field round the earth that is now known as the ]. Explorer 1 orbited for 10 years and was the forerunner of a number of successful JPL earth and deep-space ]s. William Hayward Pickering is not to be confused with ], an ] from an earlier era.

			At the time of his retirement as director, in 1976, the ] missions were about to launch on tours of the outer planets and ] was on its way to land on ].

			==Retirement==
			Pickering, keen to support authentic science in his home country, was Patron of New Zealand's only school-based research group, the Nexus Research Group, from 1999 until his death in 2004.
			Between 1977 and his death in 2004, Pickering also served as Patron of the New Zealand Spaceflight Association; a non-profit organisation that existed from 1977 to 2012 to promote an informed approach to astronautics and related sciences.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2021}}

			==Gifford Observatory==
			Pickering re-opened the ] as the guest of honour, on 25 March 2002.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Douglas J. Mudgway\|title=William H. Pickering: America's Deep Space Pioneer\|url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/sp-4113.pdf\|year=2008\|publisher=Government Printing Office\|isbn=978-0-16-081536-2\|page=229}}</ref> He had been a frequent user of the observatory during his school days in Wellington College.

			==Death==
			Pickering died on 15 March 2004 of ] at his home in ], US.<ref name=obit>{{cite news \|author-link=John Noble Wilford \| first=John Noble \|last=Wilford \|title=William H. Pickering, 93, Leader in Space Exploration, Dies \|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/17/us/william-h-pickering-93-leader-in-space-exploration-dies.html \|quote=William H. Pickering, a leader of the first successful space flight by the United States and its first two decades of planetary exploration, died on Monday at his home in La Cañada Flintridge, Calif. He was 93. \|newspaper=] \|date=17 March 2004 \|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>

			==Honours==
			* In 1964, he was awarded the Golden Plate Award of the ].<ref>{{cite web\|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement \|website=Achievement.org\|publisher=]\|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>
			* In 1964 he presented the ] in South Africa.
			* 1965 (])
			* ] in 1966.
			* ] ] in 1972, For contributions to telecommunications, rocket guidance and spacecraft control, and for inspiring leadership in unmanned exploration of the solar system.
			* ] in 1975 awarded by President ]
			* Honorary (because of his American citizenship) investiture as a Knight Commander of the ] in 1975<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19751126.2.21 \|title=Scientist honoured \|date=26 November 1975 \|work=] \|volume=115 \|issue=34010 \|page=2 \|access-date=15 November 2024 \|via=]}}</ref>
			* In 1980 he was inducted into the ].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28242225/el_paso_times/\|title=Space Hall of Fame Honors Four\|newspaper=El Paso Times\|location=El Paso, Texas\|date=5 October 1980\|last1=McClellan\|first1=Doug\|page=1B\|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
			*In 1979, Pickering was inducted into the ] at the ].<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. ''These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame''. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN\|978-1-57864-397-4}}.</ref>
			* ] in 1994
			* In the ], he was appointed an honorary member of the ],<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2003 \|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2003 \|date=2 June 2003 \|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet \|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> the highest civilian award in the New Zealand honours system.
			* Pickering is one of the few non-politicians to have appeared on the ] twice.

			==Honorific eponyms==
			In 2009 to mark the ], William Hayward Pickering was selected along with cosmologist ] to have their names bestowed on peaks in the ] of New Zealand's ]. In December 2010 the ] officially gazetted Mount Pickering as an official New Zealand place name.<ref name="MtPickering">{{cite web \|url=http://www.rasnz.org.nz/101117KeplerPeaks.htm \|title=Mount Pickering and Mount Tinsley in the Kepler Range\|publisher=] \|access-date=16 June 2013\| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429213320/http://rasnz.org.nz/101117KeplerPeaks.htm\| archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref>

			Three roads in New Zealand have been named after Pickering, namely: Sir William Pickering Drive in the Canterbury Technology Park in ]; Pickering Crescent in ]; and William Pickering Drive in ].

			In December 2018 New Zealand company ] announced that the fourth launch of their ] rocket and their first mission for NASA's ] programme will be named "This one's for Pickering", in honour of Bill Pickering.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.rocketlabusa.com/news/updates/rocket-lab-prepares-to-launch-historic-small-satellite-mission-for-nasa/ \|title=Rocket Lab prepares to launch historic CubeSat mission for NASA \| Rocket Lab \|access-date=12 December 2018 \|archive-date=13 December 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213182406/https://www.rocketlabusa.com/news/updates/rocket-lab-prepares-to-launch-historic-small-satellite-mission-for-nasa/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

			Minor planet ] is named in his honour.<ref>\|{{cite book \|title=(5738) Billpickering In: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names \|publisher=Springer \|date=2003 \|isbn=978-3-540-29925-7 \|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5417}}</ref>

			==Gallery==
			<gallery mode=packed>
			Image:Kennedy Receives Mariner 2 Model.jpg\|Pickering and Kennedy with a model of the Mariner 2 spacecraft
			File:Explorer 1 conference 1958.jpg\|Pickering, Van Allen & Von Braun at NASA news conference.
			Image:GiffordObservatory04p1024.jpg\|Observatory Mural showing Sir William Pickering.
			Image:Mt Pickering Summit.jpg\|Mount Pickering Summit, Kepler Mountains Fiordland National Park New Zealand.
			</gallery>

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

	==External links==		==External links==
			{{Commons category\|William H. Pickering}}
	*
			*
	*
			*{{cite web\|url= https://www.engineeringnz.org/programmes/heritage/engineering-hall-fame/william-pickering-1910-2004/ \|title= William Pickering \|publisher= IPENZ Engineering Heritage \|date= 2023 }}
	*
	*		*
			*
			* {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224011657/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/sputnik/pickering.html \|date=24 December 2016 }}
			*
			*
			* ({{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605062737/http://www.rsnz.org/awards/pickering/obituary.php \|date=5 June 2004 }})
			* ({{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615052301/http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/EandS/articles/LXVII1/pickering.html \|date=15 June 2004 }})

			{{IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1951-1975}}
			{{Japan Prize}}
			{{Winners of the National Medal of Science\|engineering}}
			{{Order of New Zealand}}

			{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 01:19, 15 November 2024

For the American astronomer, see William Henry Pickering. New Zealand-born aerospace engineer

Bill PickeringONZ KBE
William H. Pickering, JPL/NASA Photo
Born	William Hayward Pickering (1910-12-24)24 December 1910 Wellington, New Zealand
Died	15 March 2004(2004-03-15) (aged 93) Flintridge, California, U.S.
Citizenship	New Zealand, United States
Known for	Space aeronautics pioneering
Awards	Magellanic Premium (1966) IEEE Edison Medal (1972) National Medal of Science (1975) Delmer S. Fahrney Medal (1976) Japan Prize (1994) Daniel Guggenheim Medal (2000)
Scientific career
Institutions	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Thesis	A Geiger Counter Study of the Cosmic Radiations (1936)
Doctoral advisor	Robert A. Millikan

William Hayward Pickering ONZ KBE (24 December 1910 – 15 March 2004) was a New Zealand-born aerospace engineer who headed Pasadena, California's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for 22 years, retiring in 1976. He was a senior NASA luminary and pioneered the exploration of space. Pickering was also a founding member of the United States National Academy of Engineering.

Origins and education

Born in Wellington, New Zealand, on 24 December 1910, Pickering attended Havelock School (also attended by Ernest Rutherford), Marlborough, and Wellington College. After spending a year at the Canterbury University College, he moved to the United States (where he subsequently naturalized), to complete a bachelor's degree at the California Institute of Technology ("Caltech"), and later, in 1936, a PhD in Physics. His speciality was in Electrical Engineering, and he majored in what is now commonly known in scientific vernacular as 'telemetry'.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

William Pickering became involved with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in 1944, during the Second World War.

As the Director of JPL, from 1954, Pickering was closely involved with management of the Private and Corporal missiles under the aegis of the U.S. Army.

His group launched Explorer I on a Jupiter-C rocket from Cape Canaveral on 31 January 1958 less than four months after the Soviet Union had launched Sputnik.

In 1958 the lab's projects were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Pickering's team concentrated on NASA's unmanned space-flight program. JPL, under Pickering's direction flew further Explorer 3 and Pioneer missions as well as the Ranger and Surveyor missions to the moon and the several Mariner flybys of Venus and Mars.

Explorer III discovered the radiation field round the earth that is now known as the Van Allen radiation belt. Explorer 1 orbited for 10 years and was the forerunner of a number of successful JPL earth and deep-space satellites. William Hayward Pickering is not to be confused with William Henry Pickering, an astronomer from an earlier era.

At the time of his retirement as director, in 1976, the Voyager missions were about to launch on tours of the outer planets and Viking 1 was on its way to land on Mars.

Retirement

Pickering, keen to support authentic science in his home country, was Patron of New Zealand's only school-based research group, the Nexus Research Group, from 1999 until his death in 2004. Between 1977 and his death in 2004, Pickering also served as Patron of the New Zealand Spaceflight Association; a non-profit organisation that existed from 1977 to 2012 to promote an informed approach to astronautics and related sciences.

Gifford Observatory

Pickering re-opened the Gifford Observatory as the guest of honour, on 25 March 2002. He had been a frequent user of the observatory during his school days in Wellington College.

Death

Pickering died on 15 March 2004 of pneumonia at his home in La Cañada Flintridge, California, US.

Honours

In 1964, he was awarded the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
In 1964 he presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture in South Africa.
1965 The Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ) Honorary Fellowship
Magellanic Premium in 1966.
IEEE Edison Medal in 1972, For contributions to telecommunications, rocket guidance and spacecraft control, and for inspiring leadership in unmanned exploration of the solar system.
National Medal of Science in 1975 awarded by President Gerald Ford
Honorary (because of his American citizenship) investiture as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1975
In 1980 he was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame.
In 1979, Pickering was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
Japan Prize in 1994
In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed an honorary member of the Order of New Zealand, the highest civilian award in the New Zealand honours system.
Pickering is one of the few non-politicians to have appeared on the cover of Time magazine twice.

Honorific eponyms

In 2009 to mark the International Year of Astronomy, William Hayward Pickering was selected along with cosmologist Beatrice Tinsley to have their names bestowed on peaks in the Kepler Mountains of New Zealand's Fiordland National Park. In December 2010 the New Zealand Geographic Board officially gazetted Mount Pickering as an official New Zealand place name.

Three roads in New Zealand have been named after Pickering, namely: Sir William Pickering Drive in the Canterbury Technology Park in Christchurch; Pickering Crescent in Hamilton; and William Pickering Drive in Auckland.

In December 2018 New Zealand company Rocket Lab announced that the fourth launch of their Electron rocket and their first mission for NASA's Educational Launch of Nanosatellites programme will be named "This one's for Pickering", in honour of Bill Pickering.

Minor planet 5738 Billpickering is named in his honour.

Gallery

Pickering and Kennedy with a model of the Mariner 2 spacecraft
Pickering, Van Allen & Von Braun at NASA news conference.
Observatory Mural showing Sir William Pickering.
Mount Pickering Summit, Kepler Mountains Fiordland National Park New Zealand.

References

^ Wilford, John Noble (17 March 2004). "William H. Pickering, 93, Leader in Space Exploration, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2015. William H. Pickering, a leader of the first successful space flight by the United States and its first two decades of planetary exploration, died on Monday at his home in La Cañada Flintridge, Calif. He was 93.
Casani, John R. (November 2004). "Obituary: William Hayward Pickering". Physics Today. 57 (11): 86–87. Bibcode:2004PhT....57k..86C. doi:10.1063/1.1839390.
"Founding members of the National Academy of Engineering". National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
Douglas J. Mudgway (2008). William H. Pickering: America's Deep Space Pioneer (PDF). Government Printing Office. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-16-081536-2.
"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
"Scientist honoured". The Press. Vol. 115, no. 34010. 26 November 1975. p. 2. Retrieved 15 November 2024 – via PapersPast.
McClellan, Doug (5 October 1980). "Space Hall of Fame Honors Four". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. p. 1B – via Newspapers.com.
Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
"Queen's Birthday honours list 2003". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2 June 2003. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
"Mount Pickering and Mount Tinsley in the Kepler Range". RASNZ. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
"Rocket Lab prepares to launch historic CubeSat mission for NASA | Rocket Lab". Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
|(5738) Billpickering In: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. 2003. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5417. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7.

External links

IEEE Legacies
"William Pickering". IPENZ Engineering Heritage. 2023.
Biography of William Pickering by The New Zealand Edge
Faces of Leadership: the Directors of JPL
William H. Pickering on NASA website Archived 24 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
New Zealand Spaceflight Association
A biography by John Campbell
RSNZ obituary (Archived 5 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine)
Caltech obituary (Archived 15 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine)

v t e IEEE Edison Medal
1951–1975	Charles F. Wagner (1951) Vladimir K. Zworykin (1952) John F. Peters (1953) Oliver E. Buckley (1954) Leonid A. Umansky (1955) Comfort A. Adams (1956) John K. Hodnette (1957) Charles F. Kettering (1958) James F. Fairman (1959) Harold S. Osborne (1960) William B. Kouwenhoven (1961) Alexander C. Monteith (1962) John R. Pierce (1963) Walker Lee Cisler (1965) Wilmer L. Barrow (1966) George Harold Brown (1967) Charles F. Avila (1968) Hendrik Wade Bode (1969) Howard H. Aiken (1970) John Wistar Simpson (1971) William Hayward Pickering (1972) Bernard D. H. Tellegen (1973) Jan A. Rajchman (1974) Sidney Darlington (1975)

IEEE Edison Medal

1951–1975

v t e Japan Prize recipients
1980s	John R. Pierce / Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir (1985) David Turnbull / Willem J. Kolff (1986) Henry Beachell / Gurdev Khush / Theodore Maiman (1987) Georges Vendryes / Donald Henderson / Isao Arita / Frank Fenner / Luc Montagnier / Robert Gallo (1988) Frank Sherwood Rowland / Elias James Corey (1989)
1990s	Marvin Minsky / W. Jason Morgan / Dan McKenzie / Xavier Le Pichon (1990) Jacques-Louis Lions / John J. Wild (1991) Gerhard Ertl / Ernest John Christopher Polge (1992) Frank Press / Kary B. Mullis (1993) William Hayward Pickering / Arvid Carlsson (1994) Nick Holonyak Jr. / Edward F. Knipling (1995) Charles K. Kao / Masao Ito (1996) Takashi Sugimura / Bruce Ames / Joseph Engelberger / Hiroyuki Yoshikawa (1997) Leo Esaki / Jozef Schell / Marc Van Montagu (1998) W. Wesley Peterson / Jack L. Strominger / Don Craig Wiley (1999)
2000s	Ian McHarg / Kimishige Ishizaka (2000) John B. Goodenough / Timothy R. Parsons (2001) Tim Berners-Lee / Anne McLaren / Andrzej Tarkowski (2002) Benoit Mandelbrot / James A. Yorke / Seiji Ogawa (2003) Kenichi Honda / Akira Fujishima / Keith J. Sainsbury / John H. Lawton (2004) Makoto Nagao / Masatoshi Takeichi / Erkki Ruoslahti (2005) John Houghton / Akira Endo (2006) Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg / Peter Shaw Ashton (2007) Vint Cerf / Robert E. Kahn / Victor A. McKusick (2008) Dennis Meadows / David E. Kuhl (2009)
2010s	Shun-ichi Iwasaki / Peter Vitousek (2010) Ken Thompson / Dennis Ritchie / Tadamitsu Kishimoto / Toshio Hirano (2011) Janet Rowley / Brian Druker / Nicholas Lydon / Masato Sagawa (2012) C. Grant Willson / Jean Fréchet / John Frederick Grassle (2013) Yasuharu Suematsu / C. David Allis (2014) Yutaka Takahasi / Theodore Friedmann / Alain Fischer (2015) Hideo Hosono / Steven D. Tanksley (2016) Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna / Adi Shamir (2017) Akira Yoshino / Max Dale Cooper / Jacques Miller (2018) Yoshio Okamoto / Rattan Lal (2019)
2020s	Robert G. Gallager / Svante Pääbo (2020) Martin A. Green / Bert Vogelstein / Robert A. Weinberg (2021) Katalin Karikó / Drew Weissman / Christopher Field (2022) Masataka Nakazawa / Kazuo Hagimoto / Gero Miesenböck / Karl Deisseroth (2023) Brian Hoskins / John Michael Wallace / Ronald M. Evans (2024)

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

1960s	1964 Neal Elgar Miller
1980s	1986 Herbert A. Simon 1987 Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 Milton Friedman
1990s	1990 Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 George A. Miller 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 Robert K. Merton 1995 Roger N. Shepard 1996 Paul Samuelson 1997 William K. Estes 1998 William Julius Wilson 1999 Robert M. Solow
2000s	2000 Gary Becker 2003 R. Duncan Luce 2004 Kenneth Arrow 2005 Gordon H. Bower 2008 Michael I. Posner 2009 Mortimer Mishkin
2010s	2011 Anne Treisman 2014 Robert Axelrod 2015 Albert Bandura

Biological sciences

1960s	1963 C. B. van Niel 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr
1970s	1970 Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 1974 Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss
1980s	1981 Philip Handler 1982 Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987 Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood
1990s	1990 Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Robert W. Kates Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 Alexander Rich 1996 Ruth Patrick 1997 James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis
2000s	2000 Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 Francisco J. Ayala George F. Bass Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner
2010s	2010 Ralph L. Brinster Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2012 May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2013 Rakesh K. Jain 2014 Stanley Falkow Mary-Claire King Simon Levin

Chemistry

1960s	1964 Roger Adams
1980s	1982 F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell
1990s	1990 Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 Howard E. Simmons Jr. 1993 Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 George S. Hammond 1995 Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 Norman Davidson 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon
2000s	2000 John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 John I. Brauman 2004 Stephen J. Lippard 2005 Tobin J. Marks 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008 Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox
2010s	2010 Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2012 Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2013 Geraldine L. Richmond 2014 A. Paul Alivisatos

Engineering sciences

1960s	1962 Theodore von Kármán 1963 Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 Charles S. Draper Othmar H. Ammann 1965 Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 Claude E. Shannon 1967 Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby
1970s	1970 George E. Mueller 1973 Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo
1980s	1982 Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 Bill Hewlett George Low John G. Trump 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Tung-Yen Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 Robert Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier
1990s	1990 Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991 George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y. Cho 1994 Ray W. Clough 1995 Hermann A. Haus 1996 James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 Eli Ruckenstein 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
2000s	2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001 Andreas Acrivos 2002 Leo Beranek 2003 John M. Prausnitz 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 Jan D. Achenbach 2006 Robert S. Langer 2007 David J. Wineland 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 Amnon Yariv
2010s	2010 Shu Chien 2011 John B. Goodenough 2012 Thomas Kailath

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

1960s	1963 Norbert Wiener 1964 Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 Oscar Zariski 1966 John Milnor 1967 Paul Cohen 1968 Jerzy Neyman 1969 William Feller
1970s	1970 Richard Brauer 1973 John Tukey 1974 Kurt Gödel 1975 John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth
1980s	1982 Marshall H. Stone 1983 Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer
1990s	1990 George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 Alberto Calderón 1992 Allen Newell 1993 Martin David Kruskal 1994 John Cocke 1995 Louis Nirenberg 1996 Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 Shing-Tung Yau 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman
2000s	2000 John Griggs Thompson Karen Uhlenbeck 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 James G. Glimm 2003 Carl R. de Boor 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan 2005 Bradley Efron 2006 Hyman Bass 2007 Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 David B. Mumford
2010s	2010 Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2012 Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2013 Michael Artin

Physical sciences

1960s	1963 Luis W. Alvarez 1964 Julian Schwinger Harold Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky
1970s	1970 Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976 Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf
1980s	1982 Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987 Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Jack Steinberger 1989 Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel
1990s	1990 Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 Wallace S. Broecker 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 James Cronin Leo Kadanoff
2000s	2000 Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002 Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 Robert N. Clayton 2005 Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 Daniel Kleppner 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington
2010s	2011 Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012 Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson

Members of the Order of New Zealand

Current

Ordinary members	Kiri Te Kanawa Jim Bolger Lloyd Geering Kenneth Keith Don McKinnon Helen Clark Bob Charles Albert Wendt Ron Carter Peter Gluckman Richie McCaw Joy Cowley Mason Durie Anne Salmond
Additional members	Michael Duffy C. K. Stead Margaret Bazley Peter Jackson Malvina Major Silvia Cartwright Tipene O'Regan

Deceased

Ordinary members	Arnold Nordmeyer C. E. Beeby Te Atairangikaahu Edmund Hillary Sonja Davies Jim Knox Frederick Turnovsky Richard Matthews Douglas Lilburn June Blundell Manuhuia Bennett Henry Lang Whina Cooper Jack Somerville Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan Margaret Mahy Miriam Dell Thaddeus McCarthy Roy McKenzie Miles Warren James Fletcher Ivan Lichter Cliff Whiting Ken Douglas Mike Moore Thomas Williams Alan MacDiarmid David Lange Jonathan Hunt Doreen Blumhardt Murray Halberg Ralph Hotere
Additional members	Guy Powles Allen Curnow Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Janet Frame Arthur Lydiard Ann Ballin Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon Hugh Kāwharu Paul Reeves Owen Woodhouse Brian Lochore Prince Philip Catherine Tizard
Honorary members	Shridath Ramphal Bill Pickering

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