Misplaced Pages

Mieszkowice: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 12:06, 4 January 2009 edit156.17.122.152 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit Latest revision as of 06:58, 27 October 2024 edit undoMonkbot (talk | contribs)Bots3,695,952 editsm Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);Tag: AWB 
(76 intermediate revisions by 51 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{see also|Mieszkowice, Opole Voivodeship}}
{{Infobox Settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mieszkowice | name = Mieszkowice
| image_flag = POL Mieszkowice flag.svg | image_flag = POL Mieszkowice flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Mieszkowice COA.svg | image_shield = POL Mieszkowice COA.svg
| image_skyline = Mieszkowice - panoramio (10).jpg
| image_caption = ''Plac Wolności'' (Freedom Square) with the monument of ] in the foreground and town hall in the background
| pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_map = Poland
| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_type = Country
Line 12: Line 15:
| subdivision_type3 = ] | subdivision_type3 = ]
| subdivision_name3 = ] | subdivision_name3 = ]
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 1285
| established_title2 = Town rights
| established_date2 = 1298
| area_total_km2 = 4.73 | area_total_km2 = 4.73
| population_as_of = 2006 | population_as_of = 2006
| population_total = 3553 | population_total = 3553
| population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_km2 = auto
| coordinates = {{coord|52|47|N|14|29|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| latd = 52 | latm = 47 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 14 | longm = 29 | longs = | longEW = E
| elevation_m = | elevation_m =
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 74-505 | postal_code = 74-505
| registration_plate = ZGR
| website = http://www.mieszkowice.pl }}
| blank_name_sec2 = ]
| blank_info_sec2 = ]
| blank1_name_sec2 = ]s
| blank1_info_sec2 = ]
| website = http://www.mieszkowice.pl
}}
'''Mieszkowice''' {{IPAc-pl|m|J|e|sz|k|o|'|w|J|i|c|e}} ({{langx|de|Bärwalde in der Neumark}}; ]: ''Berwôłd'') is a town in ], ] in western ], about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the ] river and the border with ]. It is the administrative seat of the urban-rural ] (municipality) of ].


With origins as a ] settlement within the borders of the ], it was founded as a town in the late 13th century during the ], after the annexation of the area by ], the town was the site of death of ] in 1319, a center of the ] movement in the 14th century, and the site of the ] during the ], which else virtually depopulated the town. After the war, the town slowly recovered, retaining a rural character. In the late 19th century, it was connected to the railroad. During ] the town largely escaped destruction, and in 1945 became again part of Poland. It was ] Barwice, then Mieszkowice after ], the first historic ruler of Poland, who first included the area within the emerging Polish state.
'''Mieszkowice''' ({{lang-de|Bärwalde Nm.}}) is a town in ], ], ], with 3,581 inhabitants (2004).


==Name==
The town of Bärwalde was since its foundation until 1945 in ]s region of ]. To identify it from other towns also named Bärwalde, it carried the abbreviation Nm. When it was conquered by the Soviet Union in 1945 it was given to Polish Administration, which changed the name to Mieszkowice.
The town now called Mieszkowice was known from the late 13th century until 1945 under the German name of ''Berenwalde'' and later of ''Bärwalde''. To distinguish it from the town of ] in Pomerania (present-day Barwice), it carried the abbreviation ''Nm.'' for ] . In 1945 it was renamed '''Mieszkowice''', after the first historical Polish duke ], a scion of the ]. Mieszko I included the area within the ] in the 10th century and fought the victorious ] against the ] margrave ] nearby in 972.


==History==
], last ruler of the ] line of Brandenburg rulers, lived and died in Bärwalde. His nephew ] (1308-1319/20) died in Bärwalde shortly after Waldemar.
===Middle Ages===
In the ], a ] settlement existed there, located on a trade route connecting ] with ].<ref name=pwn>{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Mieszkowice;3940831.html|title=Mieszkowice|website=Encyklopedia PWN|accessdate=15 February 2020|language=Polish}}</ref> Also there are remains of a Slavic ] nearby.<ref name=Luederitz48>Lüderitz (2008), p. 48</ref> The area became part of the emerging Polish state under its first ruler ] in 963.<ref>''Strategia Rozwoju Społeczno-Gospodarczego Gminy Mieszkowice na lata 2014-2024'', p. 4 (in Polish)</ref> Later it was part of ], and then ] within fragmented Poland,<ref name=pwn/><ref>{{cite book|last=Rymar|first=Edward|year=1999|title=Studia i materiały z dziejów Nowej Marchii i Gorzowa: szkice historyczne|language=pl|location=Gorzów Wielkopolski|publisher=Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Archiwum i Pamiątek Przeszłości|pages=8–9}}</ref> until its annexation by the ] ] in the 1284,<ref name=srsg>''Strategia Rozwoju Społeczno-Gospodarczego Gminy Mieszkowice na lata 2014-2024'', p. 5 (in Polish)</ref> who then founded the town at the site.<ref name=Owczarek87>Owczarek (2008), p. 87</ref>


]
Since 1353 coins for Brandenburg's Neumark were struck at Bärwalde.


The first record of Bärwalde is a 1295<ref name=Owczarek87/> deed under the name of ''Berenwalde''. Most likely, the settlement was owned by a knight of the ''von Behr'' family.<ref name=Owczarek87/><ref name=Luederitz48/> The settlement was developed following a grid of rectangular streets with a central market place.<ref name=Luederitz48/> In 1297, ]'s Church was first mentioned,<ref name=Luederitz50>Lüderitz (2008), p. 50</ref> and another document gives 1298 as the year when Bärwalde was granted ].<ref name=Owczarek87/><ref name=Luederitz48/> In the late 13th and early 14th century the city walls were constructed,<ref name=Owczarek88>Owczarek (2008), p. 88</ref> much of which still exist, while the city gates were pulled down in 1867.
From 1650-73 ], auch Elias Lockelius, eigentlich Löckel, (* 1621; † 1704) was pastor in Bärwalde and from there he moved to ]. He was known as an excellent Brandenburg Chronicler and was an electoral church inspector for Land Sternberg as well.


In 1319, the last Ascanian margrave ] died in the town,<ref name=Luederitz48/> After his death a war broke out over control of the region, and the town came again under control of the ],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Rymar|first=Edward|year=1979|title=Rywalizacja o ziemię lubuską i kasztelanię międzyrzecką|magazine=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|language=pl|issue=4|page=492}}</ref> but it fell back to Brandenburg after 1328. Therefater, throughout the 14th century, Bärwalde was subordinated directly to the ] and the regional center to 29 surrounding villages.<ref name=Luederitz48/> During this period, it was strongly affected by the ] movement.<ref name=Luederitz48/> Since 1353 coins for Brandenburg's New March were struck at the Bärwalde mint.
= External link =
*


In 1373, the region became part of the ], ruled by the ]. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with ] in ], according to which Poland was to purchase and re-incorporate the region,<ref>{{cite book|last=Rogalski|first=Leon|year=1846|title=Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prussami, poprzedzone rysem dziejów wojen krzyżowych|volume=II|language=pl|location=Warszawa|pages=59–60}}</ref> but eventually the Luxembourgs sold it to the ]. Under Teutonic rule, the region was neglected, resulting in the town's economic decline, and robberies became widespread.<ref name=srsg/> In addition, in the course of the ] the town was burnt down in 1433 by ] forces marching through. When another ] broke out in 1454, the Teutonic Knights sold the region to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war.
{{coord|52|47|N|14|29|E|region:PL_type:city(3581)_source:dewiki|display=title}}


===Modern era===
]
The town suffered fires in 1540 and 1568.<ref name=srsg/> During the ], the ] field marshal ] on 23 January 1631 signed the ] with ]<ref name=Luederitz49>Lüderitz (2008), p. 49</ref> against Emperor ], whereafter the town was devastated by Swedish and Imperial troops several times. The devastations of the war resulted in a severe population drop: only 30 inhabitants remained.<ref name=Luederitz49>Lüderitz (2008), p. 49</ref> From 1650 to 1673 ], also known as Elias Lockelius or Löckel, (1621–1704) was pastor in Bärwalde and from there he moved to ] (today Ośno Lubuskie). He is known as a chronicler of the New March and was an electoral church inspector for ] Land (at that time Sternberg Land) as well. Löckel documented the wartime devastation of the area, including Bärwalde, in his ''Marchia Illustrata''.<ref name=Luederitz49/>


{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=left |perrow=2 |total_width=350
{{WestPomeranian-geo-stub}}
| image1 = Mieszkowice sienkiewicza 54 kolb3414.JPG
| image2 = Mieszkowice timber framing houses.jpg
| footer = Old timber-framed houses
}}


Over the next centuries, the town slowly recovered: in 1750, it had about 1,500 inhabitants, and more than 3,500 in 1850, occupied primarily with agriculture.<ref name=Luederitz49/> From that period, several 18th-century ] buildings and the early 19th-century town hall are preserved.<ref name=Luederitz50/> During the ] and ], in 1807, French and Polish troops marched through the town.<ref>{{cite book|last=Piskorski|first=Czesław|year=1980|title=Pomorze Zachodnie, mały przewodnik|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka|page=187}}</ref> When the ] reformed her administrative organization after the ], the town became part of the ] created from the territory of the former ]. In 1853 a railroad connected it with ] (Kostrzyn). Twenty- three years later the town was connected with Stettin (]). From 1871 to 1945, the town was also part of ]. During ], under ], ], mostly Poles, worked in the town.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woźniak|first=Beata|year=2003|title=Mieszkowice|edition=I|language=pl|location=Wołczkowo|publisher=Oficyna IN PLUS|page=55}}</ref>
]
The town was captured on 4 February 1945 by the ] during the ] in the final period of World War II, and as it was east of the ], became again part of Poland. Only 30% of the town was destroyed.<ref name=Owczarek91>Owczarek (2008), p. 91</ref> The remaining ] and the town was resettled by ], including settlers from Central Poland and ] (]).<ref name=Owczarek88/> Bärwalde ] Barwice, later Mieszkowice after ].<ref name=Owczarek90>Owczarek (2008), p. 90</ref> The final name was chosen for political purposes: the ] sought to legitimize its presence at the Oder by referring to the medieval ], whose territory had also extended to the Oder, and propagated the ].<ref name=Owczarek88/> To that effect, a legend was popularized in Mieszkowice, linking the town's foundation to a hunting expedition of Mieszko I: Allegedly, the town was founded at a spot where Mieszko once slew two bears.<ref name=Owczarek87/> In 1957, a statue of Mieszko I created by ] was unveiled on the town square.<ref name=Owczarek87/>
]

]
Development of Mieszkowice continued in the following years, especially in the period between 1970 and 1992 when many new buildings were constructed. In 1997 the whole town was connected to the ] pipeline. In 1998 a new sport centre was opened. Until 1998, Mieszkowice was administratively part of the ]. Since 2007, a ferry service connects Mieszkowice with {{Interlanguage link|Güstebieser Loose|de}} on the opposite bank of the ].<ref name=Owczarek91/>
]

]
==Sights==
]
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=350 |header=Sights of Mieszkowice
]
] | image1 = Mieszkowice baszta prochowa kolb3267.JPG
] | image2 = Mieszkowice, Poland - panoramio (8).jpg
| image3 = Mieszkowice TownHall.jpg
]
] | image4 = Mieszkowice, Poland - panoramio (20).jpg
| caption1 = Powder Tower (''Baszta Prochowa'')
]
| caption2 = Medieval town walls
]
| caption3 = Town Hall
| caption4 = Monument of ]
}}
Among the landmarks and sights of Mieszkowice are:<ref>''Strategia Rozwoju Społeczno-Gospodarczego Gminy Mieszkowice na lata 2014-2024'', p. 17 (in Polish)</ref>
* Medieval town walls with the Powder Tower (''Baszta Prochowa'')
* ] St. Mary's Church
* ''Plac Wolności'' (Freedom Square) with the Town Hall and the monument of ]
* Dendrological garden
* Old ] houses

==Transport==
Mieszkowice is located at the intersection of the Polish ] 31 and ] 126. There is also a train station, part of the Polish railway line 273 (]).

== Notable people ==
* ] (1280–1319), a member of the ], was Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal from 1308 until his death in Bärwalde
* ] (1308–1320) the last Margrave of Brandenburg from the ] also died in Bärwalde
* ] (born 1944), German actress

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

Mieszkowice is ] with:
* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany

==Sources==
;References
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
;Bibliography
*{{cite book|last=Lüderitz|first=Jörg |title=Die Neumark.|publisher=Trescher Verlag|year=2008|edition=4|isbn=3-89794-122-8|language=German}}
*{{cite book|last=Owczarek|first=Małgorzata|title=Terra Transoderana. Zwischen Neumark und Ziema Lubuska|editor=Bernd Vogenbeck|publisher=be.bra Wissenschaftsverlag|location=Berlin|year=2008|series=Almanach |pages=86–91|chapter=Der piastische Gründungsmythos am Beispiel von Mieszkowice (Bärwalde)|isbn=9783937233505|language=German}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mieszkowice}}
*

{{Gmina Mieszkowice}}

{{Authority control}}

]
]

Latest revision as of 06:58, 27 October 2024

See also: Mieszkowice, Opole Voivodeship Place in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Mieszkowice
Plac Wolności (Freedom Square) with the monument of Mieszko I in the foreground and town hall in the backgroundPlac Wolności (Freedom Square) with the monument of Mieszko I in the foreground and town hall in the background
Flag of MieszkowiceFlagCoat of arms of MieszkowiceCoat of arms
Mieszkowice is located in PolandMieszkowiceMieszkowice
Coordinates: 52°47′N 14°29′E / 52.783°N 14.483°E / 52.783; 14.483
Country Poland
VoivodeshipWest Pomeranian
CountyGryfino
GminaMieszkowice
First mentioned1285
Town rights1298
Area
 • Total4.73 km (1.83 sq mi)
Population
 • Total3,553
 • Density750/km (1,900/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code74-505
Vehicle registrationZGR
National roads
Voivodeship roads
Websitehttp://www.mieszkowice.pl

Mieszkowice (German: Bärwalde in der Neumark; Kashubian: Berwôłd) is a town in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship in western Poland, about 15 km (9.3 mi) east of the Oder river and the border with Germany. It is the administrative seat of the urban-rural gmina (municipality) of Mieszkowice.

With origins as a medieval settlement within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland, it was founded as a town in the late 13th century during the Ostsiedlung, after the annexation of the area by Brandenburg, the town was the site of death of the last Ascanian margrave in 1319, a center of the Waldensians movement in the 14th century, and the site of the conclusion of a Franco-Swedish alliance during the Thirty Years' War, which else virtually depopulated the town. After the war, the town slowly recovered, retaining a rural character. In the late 19th century, it was connected to the railroad. During World War II the town largely escaped destruction, and in 1945 became again part of Poland. It was renamed Barwice, then Mieszkowice after Mieszko I of Poland, the first historic ruler of Poland, who first included the area within the emerging Polish state.

Name

The town now called Mieszkowice was known from the late 13th century until 1945 under the German name of Berenwalde and later of Bärwalde. To distinguish it from the town of Bärwalde in Pomerania (present-day Barwice), it carried the abbreviation Nm. for Neumark (New March) . In 1945 it was renamed Mieszkowice, after the first historical Polish duke Mieszko I, a scion of the Piast dynasty. Mieszko I included the area within the early Polish state in the 10th century and fought the victorious Battle of Cedynia against the Saxon margrave Odo I nearby in 972.

History

Middle Ages

In the High Middle Ages, a Slavic settlement existed there, located on a trade route connecting Lubusz Land with Pomerania. Also there are remains of a Slavic fortress nearby. The area became part of the emerging Polish state under its first ruler Mieszko I of Poland in 963. Later it was part of Pomerania, and then Greater Poland within fragmented Poland, until its annexation by the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg in the 1284, who then founded the town at the site.

Church of the Transfiguration

The first record of Bärwalde is a 1295 deed under the name of Berenwalde. Most likely, the settlement was owned by a knight of the von Behr family. The settlement was developed following a grid of rectangular streets with a central market place. In 1297, St. Mary's Church was first mentioned, and another document gives 1298 as the year when Bärwalde was granted German town law. In the late 13th and early 14th century the city walls were constructed, much of which still exist, while the city gates were pulled down in 1867.

In 1319, the last Ascanian margrave Waldemar died in the town, After his death a war broke out over control of the region, and the town came again under control of the Duchy of Pomerania, but it fell back to Brandenburg after 1328. Therefater, throughout the 14th century, Bärwalde was subordinated directly to the Holy Roman Emperor and the regional center to 29 surrounding villages. During this period, it was strongly affected by the Waldensians (Waldenser) movement. Since 1353 coins for Brandenburg's New March were struck at the Bärwalde mint.

In 1373, the region became part of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown Lands, ruled by the Luxembourg dynasty. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków, according to which Poland was to purchase and re-incorporate the region, but eventually the Luxembourgs sold it to the Teutonic Order. Under Teutonic rule, the region was neglected, resulting in the town's economic decline, and robberies became widespread. In addition, in the course of the Polish–Teutonic War the town was burnt down in 1433 by Hussite forces marching through. When another Polish-Teutonic war broke out in 1454, the Teutonic Knights sold the region to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war.

Modern era

The town suffered fires in 1540 and 1568. During the Thirty Years' War, the Swedish field marshal Gustav Horn on 23 January 1631 signed the Treaty of Bärwalde with France against Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg, whereafter the town was devastated by Swedish and Imperial troops several times. The devastations of the war resulted in a severe population drop: only 30 inhabitants remained. From 1650 to 1673 Elias Loccelius, also known as Elias Lockelius or Löckel, (1621–1704) was pastor in Bärwalde and from there he moved to Drossen (today Ośno Lubuskie). He is known as a chronicler of the New March and was an electoral church inspector for Torzym Land (at that time Sternberg Land) as well. Löckel documented the wartime devastation of the area, including Bärwalde, in his Marchia Illustrata.

Old timber-framed houses

Over the next centuries, the town slowly recovered: in 1750, it had about 1,500 inhabitants, and more than 3,500 in 1850, occupied primarily with agriculture. From that period, several 18th-century timber framed buildings and the early 19th-century town hall are preserved. During the Napoleonic Wars and Polish national liberation fights, in 1807, French and Polish troops marched through the town. When the Kingdom of Prussia reformed her administrative organization after the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Province of Brandenburg created from the territory of the former margraviate. In 1853 a railroad connected it with Kostschin (Kostrzyn). Twenty- three years later the town was connected with Stettin (Szczecin). From 1871 to 1945, the town was also part of Germany. During World War II, under Nazi Germany, forced laborers, mostly Poles, worked in the town. The town was captured on 4 February 1945 by the Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive in the final period of World War II, and as it was east of the Oder-Neisse line, became again part of Poland. Only 30% of the town was destroyed. The remaining inhabitants were expelled and the town was resettled by Poles, including settlers from Central Poland and expellees from former Eastern Poland (Kresy). Bärwalde was first renamed Barwice, later Mieszkowice after Mieszko I of Poland. The final name was chosen for political purposes: the Communist regime sought to legitimize its presence at the Oder by referring to the medieval Piast dynasty, whose territory had also extended to the Oder, and propagated the "return" to ancient Polish lands. To that effect, a legend was popularized in Mieszkowice, linking the town's foundation to a hunting expedition of Mieszko I: Allegedly, the town was founded at a spot where Mieszko once slew two bears. In 1957, a statue of Mieszko I created by Sławomir Lewiński was unveiled on the town square.

Development of Mieszkowice continued in the following years, especially in the period between 1970 and 1992 when many new buildings were constructed. In 1997 the whole town was connected to the gas pipeline. In 1998 a new sport centre was opened. Until 1998, Mieszkowice was administratively part of the Szczecin Voivodeship. Since 2007, a ferry service connects Mieszkowice with Güstebieser Loose [de] on the opposite bank of the Oder.

Sights

Sights of MieszkowicePowder Tower (Baszta Prochowa)Medieval town wallsTown HallMonument of Mieszko I of Poland

Among the landmarks and sights of Mieszkowice are:

  • Medieval town walls with the Powder Tower (Baszta Prochowa)
  • Gothic St. Mary's Church
  • Plac Wolności (Freedom Square) with the Town Hall and the monument of Mieszko I of Poland
  • Dendrological garden
  • Old timber framed houses

Transport

Mieszkowice is located at the intersection of the Polish National road 31 and Voivodeship road 126. There is also a train station, part of the Polish railway line 273 (Wrocław–Szczecin railway).

Notable people

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Mieszkowice is twinned with:

Sources

References
  1. ^ "Mieszkowice". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  2. ^ Lüderitz (2008), p. 48
  3. Strategia Rozwoju Społeczno-Gospodarczego Gminy Mieszkowice na lata 2014-2024, p. 4 (in Polish)
  4. Rymar, Edward (1999). Studia i materiały z dziejów Nowej Marchii i Gorzowa: szkice historyczne (in Polish). Gorzów Wielkopolski: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Archiwum i Pamiątek Przeszłości. pp. 8–9.
  5. ^ Strategia Rozwoju Społeczno-Gospodarczego Gminy Mieszkowice na lata 2014-2024, p. 5 (in Polish)
  6. ^ Owczarek (2008), p. 87
  7. ^ Lüderitz (2008), p. 50
  8. ^ Owczarek (2008), p. 88
  9. Rymar, Edward (1979). "Rywalizacja o ziemię lubuską i kasztelanię międzyrzecką". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish). No. 4. p. 492.
  10. Rogalski, Leon (1846). Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prussami, poprzedzone rysem dziejów wojen krzyżowych (in Polish). Vol. II. Warszawa. pp. 59–60.
  11. ^ Lüderitz (2008), p. 49
  12. Piskorski, Czesław (1980). Pomorze Zachodnie, mały przewodnik (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka. p. 187.
  13. Woźniak, Beata (2003). Mieszkowice (in Polish) (I ed.). Wołczkowo: Oficyna IN PLUS. p. 55.
  14. ^ Owczarek (2008), p. 91
  15. Owczarek (2008), p. 90
  16. Strategia Rozwoju Społeczno-Gospodarczego Gminy Mieszkowice na lata 2014-2024, p. 17 (in Polish)
Bibliography
  • Lüderitz, Jörg (2008). Die Neumark (in German) (4 ed.). Trescher Verlag. ISBN 3-89794-122-8.
  • Owczarek, Małgorzata (2008). "Der piastische Gründungsmythos am Beispiel von Mieszkowice (Bärwalde)". In Bernd Vogenbeck (ed.). Terra Transoderana. Zwischen Neumark und Ziema Lubuska. Almanach (in German). Berlin: be.bra Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 86–91. ISBN 9783937233505.

External links

Gmina Mieszkowice
Town and seat
Villages
Categories: