| Revision as of 15:00, 9 January 2009 editPuellanivis (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,686 editsm →Questionably scientific use of terminology: "stated that" introduces an indirect quote, this is a direct quote. There should also be a comma before the quote.← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 10:33, 16 November 2024 edit undoEmausBot (talk | contribs)Bots, Template editors2,856,531 editsm Bot: Fixing double redirect from Blanchard's Outlook on Gender Identity and Expression to Blanchard's transsexualism typologyTags: Redirect target changed Manual revert | ||
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| '''Homosexual transsexual''' is a controversial term used by some ], and U. S. federal case law to describe a class of ] person with a "]" ].<ref name="freund1974"> Freund K, Nagler E, Langevin R, Zajac A, Steiner B (1974). Measuring feminine gender identity in homosexual males. '']'', Volume 3, Number 3 / May, 1974, pp. 249-260.</ref> <ref name="sfweekly"> , November 25, 2008 at 2:57pm</ref><ref name="GHMimmigrationcase"> </ref> Proponents primarily use this term to describe ] (male-to-female transsexual people) who are attracted to ],<ref name="person1974"> Person ES, Ovesey L (1974). The Psychodynamics of Male Transsexualism. In Friedman RC, Richart RM, and Vande Wiele LR (eds.) ''Sex Differences in Behavior, '' pp. 315-331. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780471280538</ref> though they sometimes use it to describe ] (female-to-male transsexual people) who are attracted to ].<ref name="chivers2000"> Chivers, ML, Bailey JM (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: A comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. '']'', Volume 29, Number 3, pp. 259-278.</ref> The term "homosexual" is controversial because it defines ] based on a person's ] at birth.<ref name="livia1997"> Livia A, Hall K (1997). ''Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. '' Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195104714</ref> Critics of the term define transsexual sexuality based on a person's ] and describe these people as "]".<ref name="wahng"> Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transamasculinity Asian American Gendering in ''Trappings of Transhood''. in Aldama AJ (ed.) ''Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State''. Indiana University Press, ISBN 978025334171X</ref> It is also used in ] in a way that is considered scientifically questionable by many behavioral scientist. <ref name="bagemihlQ"> {{cite book | |||
| | last = Bagemihl | |||
| | first = Bruce | |||
| | authorlink = http://www.nndb.com/people/033/000044898/ | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | location = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | url = | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | isbn = 978-0312192396}}</ref><ref name="Benjamin"> {{cite book | |||
| | last = BenjaminQ | |||
| | first = Harry | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = The Transsexual Phenomenon | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | location = Chapter 2, Paragraph 16 | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | url = http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/chap_02.htm#Relationship%20to%20homosexuality | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | isbn = }}</ref> | |||
| While the term "homosexual transsexual" is of mid 20th century origin, various peoples from around the world and in different eras have been identified as analogous to the concept.<ref name="green"/> In Arabic these transwomen known as ],<ref name="TEOEM"/><ref name="Al-Mughni"/> Native American's called such people"]",<ref name="green"/>In South Asia the word is ],<ref name="Desai"/> and in thailand the word is ].<ref name="Jackson"/> All of these groups are attested to in written and oral records long before the coinage of the term homosexual transsexual.<ref name="TEOEM"/><ref name="Al-Mughni"/><ref name="green"/><ref name="Jackson"/> However the way they are described in historical sources overlaps with the descriptions given for this group in our time.<ref name="green"/> | |||
| The concept of ] was first proposed by ] in 1923, and codified by ] in the ] in 1966.<ref name="hirschfeld1923"/><ref name="benjamin1966"/> ] proposed two types of cross-gender identity in 1982, based on his observation that ] is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males.<ref name="freund1982"/> Published reports measure a "homosexual transsexual" on the ] at 5-6.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/> Researchers have found several characteristics that homosexual transsexuals tend to have in common.<ref name="zucker22002"/><ref name="MacFarlane"/> Characteristics such as ], and age when applying for sex reassignment, recent ], and or non-], childhood ], growing up in broken homes.<ref name="psychology Research"/><ref name="zucker22002"/><ref name="MacFarlane"/><ref name="bailey2003"/> They were also found to have more gender variant behavior, to appear have a more convincing cross-gender appearance, and function better post transition than non-homosexual transsexuals.<ref name="blanchard1987"/><ref name="psychology Research"/> | |||
| This and related terms have been regarded as scientifically questionable and legally controversial. The controversial case of Geovanni Hernandez-Montiel v. Immigration and Naturalization Service in 2000 resulted in "gay men with female sexual identities" being defined as a "particular social group" which can apply for asylum in the United States.<ref name="sfweekly"/><ref name="GHMimmigrationcase"/> Since 2003 this term has been strongly associated with ]'s controversial theory. Blanchard's theory states that all non-homosexual transsexuals are motivated to change sex by ]. Many sexologist have found this use of terminlolgy to be scientifically questionable, and avoid it out of consideration of the feelings of the people it labels.<ref name="Bancroftcomment"/> Harry Benjamin, who coined the word transsexual, wrote that the use of the term homosexual to describe a transsexual who is attracted to men is proper if anatomy is considered but not if psyche is considered, and only remains proper after ] in the anatomical sense if one is being pedantic.<ref name="benjamin1966(2)"/> | |||
| ==History of the concept== | |||
| Sexologist, psychiatrist and lawyer ] argues that since the term "transsexual" was only coined in the 20th century, it is necessary to examine historical specifics to identify transsexuality in history, and distinguish it from other roles that are described as "change of sex", such as homosexuality and heterosexual ] customs.<ref name="green">{{cite web|author=Green R|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/appendix_c.htm|title=Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects|publisher=Benjamin H, ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.'' Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref><ref name="nanda">{{cite book | |||
| | last = Serena | |||
| | first = Nanda | |||
| | title = Gender Diversity:Crosscultural Variations | |||
| | publisher = Waveland Press | |||
| | date = 2000 | |||
| | location = llinois | |||
| | isbn = 1 57766 074 9 | |||
| | page = 74 }}</ref><ref name="nanda2">{{cite book | |||
| | last = Serena | |||
| | first = Nanda | |||
| | title = Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India | |||
| | publisher = Wadsworth | |||
| | date = 1989 | |||
| | location = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&id=91obAAAAYAAJ&dq=serena+nanda+The+Hijras+of+India&q=homosexual&pgis=1#search | |||
| | isbn = 0534122043, 9780534122041 | |||
| | page = 170 }} | |||
| </ref><ref name="Kulick">{{cite book | |||
| | last = Kulick | |||
| | first = Don | |||
| | authorlink = http://fas.nyu.edu/object/donkulick.html | |||
| | title = Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture Among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes | |||
| | publisher = University of Chicago Press | |||
| | date = 1998 | |||
| | location = Chicago | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=jbZyBfio-hcC&dq=Don+Kulick&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | |||
| | isbn = 0226461009, 9780226461007 | |||
| | page = 269 }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Green describes the cultural roles of groups such as the ], ], ] and ], arguing that (aside from cultural and language details) these groups manifest homosexual transsexualism: their members were (or are) generally attracted to the same sex and are mentally indistinguishable from modern western transsexuals.<ref name="green"/> | |||
| The exact cultural role of two spirits varied from tribe to tribe but in all cases Green writes about they are oriented towards men. For example Green wrote "Berdache was the term for those who behaved like women. Berdaches in the Yuma culture married men and had no children of their own. The tribe also included women who passed for men, dressed like men, and married women."<ref name="green"/> | |||
| The Kanith or Mukhannath of pre and post Islamic Arabia are less well known.<ref name="TEOEM">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Rowson | |||
| | first = Everett K. | |||
| | title = The Effeminates of Early Medina | |||
| | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | |||
| | volume = 111 | |||
| | issue = 4 | |||
| | pages = 671-693 | |||
| | publisher = American Oriental Society | |||
| | location = | |||
| | date = October 1991 | |||
| | url = http://www.williamapercy.com/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf | |||
| | accessdate = }}</ref> These were transsexual or transgender individuals of the Muslim faith and Arab extraction who were present in Medina and Mecca during and after the time of Muhammad.<ref name="TEOEM"/> Ibn Abd Al-Barh Al-Tabaeen, a companion of Aisha Umm ul-Mu'min'in who knew the same mukhannath as Mohammed, describes them... "The mukhannath is (also?) the one who looks so much like a woman physically that he resembles women in his softness, speech, appearance, accent and thinking. If he is like this, he would have no desire for women and he would not notice anything about them. This is one of those who have no interest in women who were permitted to enter upon women."<ref name="Al-Mughni">{{cite book | |||
| |last=Al Muqni | |||
| |first=Matan | |||
| |title=al Sharh al Kabeer | |||
| |publisher= | |||
| |date= | |||
| |location= | |||
| |pages=volume 7 347–348 | |||
| |nopp=true}}in Arabic</ref> In spite of this it is notable that one of the Mukhannath of Medina during Muhammad's time had married a woman.<ref name="TEOEM"/> | |||
| The Kathoey of Thailand are also similarly described.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book |title=Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand |last=Jackson |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Jackson (academic) |year=1999 |publisher=] |location= |isbn=0789006561 |page=146 }}</ref> "Kathoey" is not a direct equivalent of "transwoman" and connotes that the person is a type of male.<ref name="Jackson"/> "Kathoey" has also been used to refer to effeminate homosexual males.<ref name="Jackson"/> However in the case of transwomen other terms such as "phuying praphet thi song" meaning "second type of woman" are also used.<ref name="Jackson"/> Thai Kathoey have been known to use all these terms to describe themselves.<ref name="Winter1"> </ref> | |||
| The Hijra of India and Pakistan are another well known example of non-western transwomen.<ref name="Desai">See, for example, , Shivananda Khan, Sharful Islam Khan and Paula E. Hollerbach, for the Catalyst Consortium.</ref> Like the above named groups they are distinguished from a young age by conspicuous effeminacy as boys.<ref name="Desai"/> They are generally oriented towards and seek sex with masculine males.<ref name="Desai"/> The Hijra themselves do not consider themselves to be truly male or female, instead belonging to a third gender.<ref name="Desai"/> | |||
| All of the above named groups have in common early effeminacy, adulthood femininity and attraction to masculine males.<ref name="green"/> They are also present in historical records going back to ancient times.<ref name="green"/> In part, because of this history, homosexual sexual orientation has been used to partially define the "classic", "primary", "nuclear" or "true" transsexual.<ref name="Barrett">{{cite book |title=Transsexual and Other Disorders of Gender Identity: A Practical Guide to Management |last=Barrett |first=Jackson |authorlink=James Barrett (academic) |year=2007 |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |location= |isbn=185775719X, 9781857757194 |page=298 }}</ref><ref name="classicBlanchard"/> Prior to the mid 1990's due to the ] bias of many psychologists, transsexual people who did not fit into this category were often screened from receiving hormones and ].<ref name="classicBlanchard"/><ref name="morgan1978"/> | |||
| ==Description by Western science== | |||
| The concept of ] was first proposed by ] in 1923,<ref name="hirschfeld1923">Hirschfeld M (1923). Die intersexuelle Konstitution. ''Jarhbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen''. 1923: 3-27, ]</ref> and codified by ] in the ] in 1966.<ref name="benjamin1966">Benjamin H (1966). '''' The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76</ref> ] proposed two types of cross-gender identity in 1982, based on his observation that ] is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males.<ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. ''],'' 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63.</ref> Published reports measure a "homosexual transsexual" at a ] 5-6 or a ] 9.86±2.37.<ref name="lawrence2005">{{citation | |||
| |last=Lawrence | |||
| |first=Anne | |||
| | last2 = Latty | |||
| | first2 = Elizabeth M | |||
| |title=Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography. | |||
| |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| |volume=34 | |||
| |issue=2 | |||
| |pages=135–145 | |||
| |date=April | |||
| |year=2005 | |||
| |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4169645/Measurement-of-sexual-arousal-in.html | |||
| |doi=10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z | |||
| |id=1573-2800 }}</ref><ref name="leavitt1990"/>Dorner found that when injected with ] homosexual transsexual men showed an increased ] and ] response compared to heterosexual or bisexual male-to-female transsexuals.<ref name="dorner1983">Dorner G, Rohde W, Schott G, Schnabl C (1983). On the LH response to oestrogen and LH-RH in transsexual men. ''Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology''. 1983 Nov;82(3):257-67.</ref> | |||
| ===Sexual activity=== | |||
| Frank Leavitt and Jack C. Berger further categorized homosexual transsexuals by three patterns of sexual activity in how they used their penis. In their study 44% were sexually inactive, 19% avoided use of their penis during sex and 37% derived pleasure from using their penis during sex. Each group showed varying levels of masculinity and ] in development.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Leavitt and Berger found that transsexuals in the avoidant group are different from those in the other two groups. They fit the description of the "nuclear transsexual".<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They had a strong cross gender identification, wanted female anatomy, had never married and little to no sexual activity with females.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Of all the subgroups this group had the least comorbid ].<ref name="leavitt1990"/> The transsexuals in the pleasure group behaved sexually in ways that were "classically homosexual".<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They were more likely than those in the avoidant group to have had sexual experience with females.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They also rated higher on a test of general ].<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Other than this, transsexuals in the pleasure group were similar to the description of a "nuclear transsexual".<ref name="leavitt1990"/> They found that transsexuals in the inactive group had characteristics which most differed from that of the "nuclear transsexual",<ref name="leavitt1990"/> such as strong heterosexual orientations (as determined from psychological testing), and fetish histories. "The pattern exhibited generally conforms to that exhibited by heterosexual transsexuals."<ref name="leavitt1990"/> The inactive group was found to share little with the other groups of transsexuals other than a stated sexual interest in males.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Leavitt and Berger also mentioned studies by Blanchard which suggest that heterosexual transsexuals will adjust their life stories to ensure that they get sex reassignment surgery.<ref name="leavitt1990"/> | |||
| ====Prostitution==== | |||
| In '']'', ] said that the homosexual transsexuals he studied are comfortable with ],<ref name="bailey2003">{{cite web|author=Bailey JM|date=2003|url=http://www.barkingduck.net/ehayes/essays/transsexualism.html|title=The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism|work=Women Who Once Were Boys }}Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0-309-08418-0</ref> that they have a masculine sexual appetite, but lust after men.<ref name="bailey2003"/> In "]", ] writes that "Other transsexuals find prostitution a useful profession for emotional as well as practical reasons..."<ref name="benjamin1966"/>{{rp|50–51}} Benjamin goes on to note "How much more can his femininity be reaffirmed than by again and again attracting normal, heterosexual, and unsuspecting men and even being paid for rendering sex service as a woman?"<ref name="benjamin1966"/> | |||
| ===Socioeconomic factors=== | |||
| Researchers have found several ] features that homosexual transsexuals tend to have in common.<ref name="zucker22002">{{cite journal|last=Cohen-Kettenis | |||
| |first=Peggy T. | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors=Owen A., Kaijser V., Bradley S. and Zucker K. | |||
| |title=Gender-Dysphoric Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic Characteristics and Behavioral Problems. | |||
| |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology | |||
| |volume=31 | |||
| |issue=1 | |||
| |pages=41–53 | |||
| |publisher=Springer Netherlands | |||
| |location=Netherlands | |||
| |date=February 2003 | |||
| |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x6130x8006745471/ | |||
| |doi=10.1023/A:1021769215342 | |||
| |id= | |||
| |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="MacFarlane">{{cite journal | |||
| |last=MacFarlane | |||
| |first=D. F. | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors= | |||
| |title=Transsexual prostitution in New Zealand: Predominance of persons of Maori extraction | |||
| |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| |volume=13 | |||
| |issue=4 | |||
| |pages=301–309 | |||
| |publisher=Springer | |||
| |location=Netherlands | |||
| |date=August 1984 | |||
| |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/q72x6l7515m35147/ | |||
| |doi=10.1007/BF01541903 | |||
| |id= | |||
| |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> Ken Zucker, and Yolanda Smith independantly found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower average ]<ref name="psychology Research"/> and ] as compared to non-homosexual transsexuals. | |||
| The homosexual transsexuals are more likey to have ] status, non-intact families, non-], and childhood ]<ref name="zucker22002"/> Bailey found that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting.<ref name="bailey2003"/> | |||
| D.F. MacFarlane | |||
| studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were ],<ref name="MacFarlane"/> an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> In '']'' ] notes that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were ] or black;<ref name="bailey2003"/> in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white.<ref name="bailey2003"/> Bailey quoted the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures.<ref name="bailey2003"/> MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> | |||
| ===Fraternal birth order effect=== | |||
| Research on the causes of homosexual transsexualism, transsexualism, and homosexuality overlap to a large degree.<ref name="Blanchardbrothers"/><ref name="Zuckerbrothers"/><ref name="Greenbrothers"/> The ] concerns the causes of transsexuality in general, including the theory that transsexualism is caused by differences in specific areas of the brain, while relationships between ] have been studied in depth as possible causes of homosexuality.<!--Look at the sources on the fraternal birth order effect. Note that in particular Blanchard's study mentions homosexual transsexuals. Further consider the other causes found in both articles on etiology of transsexualism. (G'guy: Also please don't use self references in Misplaced Pages articles, except as hatnotes.)--> | |||
| Research specifically related to "homosexual transsexuals" lead Blanchard and Zucker to the conclusion that birth order has some influence over sexual orientation in biological males.<ref name="Blanchardbrothers">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Blanchard | |||
| | first = Ray | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = Zucker | |||
| | first2 = Kenneth J. | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males | |||
| | journal =Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| | volume = 25 | |||
| | issue = 5 | |||
| | pages = 495–514 | |||
| | date = October | |||
| | year = 1996 | |||
| | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/l4w1g8u04t85l462/ | |||
| | doi =10.1007/BF02437544 | |||
| | id = }}</ref><ref name="Zuckerbrothers">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Zucker | |||
| | first = Kenneth J | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = Blanchard | |||
| | first2 = Ray | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual transsexual South Korean men: Effects of the male-preference stopping rule | |||
| | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, | |||
| | volume = 61 | |||
| | issue = 5 | |||
| | pages = 529–533 | |||
| | date = October | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/pcn/2007/00000061/00000005/art00011;jsessionid=26peinjynboxq.alexandra?format=print | |||
| | doi =10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01703.x | |||
| | id = }}</ref><ref name="Greenbrothers">{{Citation | |||
| | last = Green | |||
| | first = Richard | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | last2 = | |||
| | first2 = | |||
| | author2-link = | |||
| | title = Birth order and ratio of brothers to sisters in transsexuals | |||
| | journal = Psychological Medicine | |||
| | volume = 30 | |||
| | issue = 4 | |||
| | pages = 789–795 | |||
| | date = July | |||
| | year = 2000 | |||
| | url =http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=53879 | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = }}</ref> This phenomena is called the "] effect".<ref name="Zuckerbrothers"/> Richard Green found "Homosexual male-to-female transsexuals have a later than expected birth order and more older brothers than other subgroups of male-to-female transsexuals. Each older brother increases the odds that a male transsexual is homosexual by 40%."<ref name="Greenbrothers"/> Notably Green did not find a higher incidence of homosexuality in the younger brothers of homosexual transsexuals. In a more recent study of homosexual transsexual males in Korea Kenneth Zucker found no older brother effect.<ref name="Zuckerbrothers"/> Zucker attributes this to the preference for males in Korean society causing parents to stop having children once they have a boy.<ref name="Zuckerbrothers"/> Therefore all male children are less likely to have older brothers and hence no fraternal birth order effect is observed.<ref name="Zuckerbrothers"/> According to Bailey's interpretation of Blanchard's theory the causes of homosexual transsexuality are extreme examples of the causes of homosexuality in males.<ref name="bailey2003"/> | |||
| ===Blanchard's theory=== | |||
| {{main|Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory}} | |||
| Sexologist ] defined this category based on testing or self-report,and noting that self-report is not always reliable.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/><ref name="classicBlanchard">{{cite journal | |||
| |last=Blanchard | |||
| |first=Ray | |||
| |coauthors=Leonard H. Clemmensen, Betty W. Steiner | |||
| |title=Social desirability response set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients | |||
| |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| |volume=14 | |||
| |issue=6 | |||
| |pages= | |||
| |publisher=Springer | |||
| |location=Netherlands | |||
| |date=December 1985 | |||
| |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h155l12m870u11n6/ | |||
| |doi= | |||
| |id=1573-2800 | |||
| |accessdate=}}</ref> Morgan, Blanchard and other researchers have stated that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories because "non-homosexuals" were often screened out as candidates for surgery<ref name="morgan1978">Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. '']''. 7: 273-282.</ref> and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis. Key characteristics include conspicuous cross-gender behavior from childhood through adulthood, and a "]" ]. Blanchard also contends that non-homosexual transsexual women (as well as all other non-homosexual male gender dysphorics) have a condition called ] and are aroused by the idea or image of themselves as women.<ref name="blanchard1987"/> Blanchard found in his studies that homosexual transsexuals were younger when applying for sex reassignment, reported a stronger cross-gender identity in childhood, had a more convincing cross-gender appearance, and functioned psychologically better than "non-homosexual" transsexuals.<ref name="blanchard1987">Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. '']'', Volume 16, Number 2 / April, 1987</ref> A lower percentage of the homosexual transsexuals reported being (or having been) married and sexually aroused while cross-dressing.<ref name="psychology Research"/> Studies have variously found that between 10% and 36% of homosexual transsexuals report a history of sexual arousal to crossdressing. Bentler found 23%, while Freund reported 31%;<ref name="bentler1976">Bentler P M (1976). "A typology of transsexualism: Gender identity theory and data." '']'' 5: 567-584.</ref><ref name="freund1982">Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. '']'' 11: 49-63.</ref><ref name="leavitt1990">{{citation |last=Leavitt |first=Frank | last2 = Berger | first2 = Jack C. |title=Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=491–505 |date=October |year=1990 |url=http://www.susans.org/reference/tserotic.html |doi=10.1007/BF02442350 |id=1573-2800 }}</ref><ref name="blanchard1985">Blanchard R (1985). "Typology of male-to-female transsexualism." '']'', 14, 247-261.</ref><ref name="blanchard1987"/><ref name="blanchard1989">Blanchard R (1989). "The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria." '']'', 177, 616-623.</ref> | |||
| Previous taxonomies, or systems of categorizeation, used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in ].<ref name="benjamin1966types">{{cite web|author=Benjamin H|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/chap_04.htm#Three%20different%20types%20of%20transsexuals|title="Three different types of transsexual" ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.''|publisher=Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref> He also found them to be comparatively short and light in proportion to their height than non-homosexuals.<ref name="blanchard1995">Blanchard R, Dickey R, Jones CL. Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus non-homosexual male gender dysphorics. '']'' 1995 Oct;24(5):543-54.</ref> Independent research done by Smith confirmed most of Blanchards findings, except for the difference in height-weight ratio.<ref name="psychology Research">{{cite journal | |||
| |last=Smith | |||
| |first=Yolanda L.S. | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors=Stephanie Van Goozen, Aj Kupier, Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis | |||
| |title=Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance | |||
| |journal=Psychiatry Research | |||
| |volume=137 | |||
| |issue=3 | |||
| |pages=151–160 | |||
| |date=] | |||
| |publisher=Elsevier | |||
| |url=http://akikos-planet.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/files/psychiatry_research__transsexual_subtypes_clinical_and_theoretical_significance.pdf | |||
| |format=] | |||
| |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008 | |||
| |accessdate=2007-06-26}}</ref> | |||
| ==Controversy== | |||
| This phenomena has also turned up as a controversial point of law in the United states.<ref name="sfweekly"/><ref name="GHMimmigrationcase"/> In 2000 judge A. Wallace Tashima defined "gay men with female sexual identities" as being a "particular social group" which was persecuted in Mexico and could therefore apply for asylum in the United States.<ref name="GHMimmigrationcase"/> Critics of this action by the 9th circuit court feared that a "torrent" of LGBT persons would seek asylum on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.<ref name="sfweekly"/> This precedent has been used successfully 380 times by "gay men with female sexual identities" from Mexico and other Latin American countries.<ref name="sfweekly"/> In the SFweekly article "Border Crossers" Lauren Smiley describes women who have received assylum under this ruling as "transgender", "transsexual", or "trans-latina".<ref name="sfweekly"/> Smiley's article has been criticized in an Op-Ed By Robert Haaland, Cecelia Chung, Alexandra Byerly, and Tita Aida in the San Francisco Bay Guardian.<ref name="SFBG"> , BY Robert Haaland, Cecelia Chung, Alexandra Byerly, and Tita Aida</ref> In their opinion Smiley's article was "Jerry Springer-like journalism masquerading as a feature article".<ref name="SFBG"/> The Op-Ed also states that Smiley notes that judges have the discretion to grant assylum due to persecution because of gender identity. The Op-Ed in the San Francisco Bay Guardian also criticized the article for it's focus on sex workers, as well as quoting an anti-immigration activist.<ref name="SFBG"/> | |||
| ==Questionably scientific use of terminology== | |||
| The practice of referring to androphilic transsexuals as homosexual males, or homosexual transsexuals has been called into question by many behavioral scientist over the years. Two noteable ones are Harry Benjamin and Bruce Bagemihl. <ref name ="bagemihl"/><ref name="Benjamin"/> | |||
| In the words of Harry Benjamin in 1966: | |||
| <blockquote>....it seems evident that the question "Is the transsexual homosexual?" must be answered "yes" and " no." "Yes," if his anatomy is considered; "no" if his psyche is given preference. | |||
| What would be the situation after corrective surgery has been performed and the sex anatomy now resembles that of a woman? Is the "new woman" still a homosexual man? "Yes," if pedantry and technicalities prevail. "No" if reason and common sense are applied and if the respective patient is treated as an individual and not as a rubber stamp. <ref name="benjamin1966(2)"></ref> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| Many others agree with what Dr. Benjamin wrote about the use of this term one of which is Bruce Bagemihl.<ref name="bagemihl"/> Bagemihl writes | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| ...the point of reference for "heterosexual" or "homosexual" orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual’s personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around.<ref name="bagemihl">Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In ''Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality''. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714</ref> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.<ref name="bagemihl"/> Leavitt and Berger stated in 1990, "The homosexual transsexual label is both confusing and controversial among males seeking sex reassignment.<ref name="morgan1978">Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. '']''. 7: 273-282.|</ref><ref name="leavitt1990"/> Critics argue that the term "homosexual transsexual" is "]",<ref name="bagemihl">Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In ''Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality''. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714</ref> "archaic",<ref name="wahng">Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transamasculinity Asian American Gendering in ''Trappings of Transhood''. in Aldama AJ (ed.) ''Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State''. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X</ref> and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their ].<ref name="leiblum2000">Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). ''Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy'', Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6,Guilford Press of New York, c2000.</ref> Benjamin, Leavitt, and Berger have all used the term in their own work.<ref name="leavitt1990"/><ref name="benjamin1966"/> John Bancroft also recently expressed regret for having used this terminology, which was standard when he used it, to refer to transsexual women.<ref name="Bancroftcomment">{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Bancroft | |||
| | first = John | |||
| | authorlink = http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/about/bancroft-cv.html | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Lust or Identity? | |||
| | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | |||
| | volume = 37 | |||
| | issue = 3 | |||
| | pages = 426-428 | |||
| | publisher = Springer | |||
| | location = | |||
| | date = 2008 | |||
| | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/y8842382k001006q/fulltext.pdf?page=1 | |||
| | doi = 10.1007/s10508-008-9317-1 | |||
| | id = | |||
| | accessdate = January 2009}}</ref> He says that he now tries to choose his words more sensitively.<ref name="Bancroftcomment"/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * - Ray Blanchard, PhD 2000 | |||
| {{Transgender|state=collapsed}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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