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{{Short description|German World War II submarine}}
''Unterseeboot 505'' was a ] ] of the
{{Redirect|USS Nemo|the submersible observation vessel|DSV-5 Nemo}}
]. Her keel was laid down ], ], by
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
] of ]. She was ] on ], ], and ] on ], ], with ''Kapitänleutnant'' Axel-Olaf Loewe in command. On ],
{{Use American English|date=August 2016}}
], Loewe was relieved by Kptlt. Peter Zschech. On ],
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
], ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Paul Meyer found himself in command (see
{{Infobox ship image
below) for about two weeks until he was relieved on ] by Oblt.
|Ship image=A U.S. Navy boarding party working to secure a tow line to the bow of the captured German submarine U-505, 4 June 1944 (80-G-49172).jpg
Harald Lange. Lange commanded the boat until its capture on ], ].
|Ship image size=300px
|Ship caption=''U-505'' shortly after being captured, pictured from the ] in preparation for towing
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Ship country=]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
|Ship name=''U-505''
|Ship ordered=25 September 1939
|Ship builder=] AG, ]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=295
|Ship laid down=12 June 1940
|Ship launched=24 May 1941
|Ship commissioned=26 August 1941
|Ship fate=Captured by ] on 4 June 1944<ref name=U-505>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u505.htm
|title=The Type IXC boat U-505
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref>{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=193}}
|Ship status=Preserved as a ]{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=193}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=] submarine
|Ship displacement=
* {{convert|1120|t|LT|abbr=on|lk=on}} surfaced
* {{convert|1232|t|LT|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship length=
* {{convert|76.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a
* {{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull
|Ship beam=
* {{convert|6.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a
* {{convert|4.40|m|ftin|abbr=on}} pressure hull
|Ship height={{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=
* {{convert|4400|PS|kW bhp|abbr=on}} (diesels)
* {{convert|1000|PS|kW shp|-1|abbr=on}} (electric)
|Ship propulsion=
* 2 shafts
* 2 × diesel engines
* 2 × electric motors
|Ship speed=
* {{convert|18.2|kn}} surfaced
* {{convert|7.3|kn}} submerged
|Ship range=
* {{convert|13450|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}} surfaced
* {{convert|64|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}} submerged
|Ship test depth=
* {{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=48 to 56
|Ship armament=
* 6 × ]s (4 bow, 2 stern)
* 22 × {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedoes
* 1 × ] deck gun (180 rounds)
* 1 × ] AA gun
* 1 × twin ] AA guns
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox service record
|is_ship=yes
|is_multi=yes <!--required so Infobox NRHP will embed properly -->
|label=
|partof=
* ]
* 26 August 1941 – 31 January 1942
* ]
* 1 February 1942 – 4 June 1944
|codes=M 46 074
|commanders=
* '']'' ]
* 26 August 1941 – 5 September 1942
* '']'' ]
* 6 September 1942 – 24 October 1943
* '']'' Paul Meyer (acting)
* 24 October – 7 November 1943
* ''Oblt.z.S.'' ]
* 8 November 1943 – 4 June 1944
|operations=*12 patrols:
* 1st patrol:
* 19 January – 3 February 1942
* 2nd patrol:
* 11 February – 7 May 1942
* 3rd patrol:
* 7 June – 25 August 1942
* 4th patrol:
* 4 October – 12 December 1942
* 5th patrol:
* 1 – 13 July 1943
* 6th patrol:
* 1 – 2 August 1943
* 7th patrol:
* 14 – 15 August 1943
* 8th patrol:
* 21 – 22 August 1943
* 9th patrol:
* 18 – 30 September 1943
* 10th patrol:
* 9 October – 7 November 1943
* 11th patrol:
* 25 December 1943 – 2 January 1944
* 12th patrol:
* 16 March – 4 June 1944
|victories=*8 merchant ships sunk <br />({{GRT|45,005}})
}}
{{Infobox NRHP
|embed=yes
|name=''U-505'' (IXC U-boat)
|nrhp_type=nhl
|image=
|alt=
|caption=
|locmapin=Chicago
|map_width=300
|map_alt=
|map_caption=
|coordinates = {{Coord|41|47|30|N|87|34|53|W|type:landmark_region:US-IL|format=dms|name=Approximate location underground of ''U-505'' at the Museum of Science and Industry|display=inline,title}}
|location=
|built=1941
|architect=Deutsche Werft AG, Hamburg, Germany
|architecture=
|added=1989<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
|designated_nrhp_type=1989<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure
|title = U-505 (German Submarine)
|access-date = 3 September 2012
|work = National Historic Landmarks Program
|publisher = National Park Service
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212012351/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure
|archive-date = 12 February 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
|visitation_num=
|visitation_year=
|refnum=89001231
|mpsub=
}}
|}


'''''U-505''''' is a German ] built for Germany's '']'' during ]. It was captured by the United States Navy on 4 June 1944 and survives as a ] in ].
U-505 conducted twelve patrols, sinking eight ships totaling of 44,962 tons
-- three ], two ], and one
each ], ], and ]n.


In her unlucky career, it had the distinction of being the "most heavily damaged U-boat to successfully return to port" in World War II, suffering six botched patrols, and becoming the only submarine in which a commanding officer killed himself in combat conditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Nathan|title=The U.S. Navy: An Illustrated History|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-517-38597-5}}</ref> On 4 June 1944, it was captured by United States Navy Task Group 22.3 (TG 22.3), one of six U-boats that were captured at sea by Allied forces during the war. All but one of ''U-505''{{'}}s crew were rescued by the Navy task group. The submarine was towed to Bermuda in secret, and her crew was interned in an American prisoner-of-war camp, where they were kept in isolation. The Navy classified the capture as ] and went to great lengths to prevent the Germans from discovering it.
On ], ], the second watch officer and one lookout were
seriously wounded in an air attack by an Hudson aircraft from the 53th Squadron RAF. That aircraft was shot down in that attack, but the boat was damaged heavily and headed back. Twelve days later the wounded watch officer was transferred to the ] ].


In 1954, ''U-505'' was donated to the ] in Chicago, Illinois. It is now one of four German World War II U-boats that survive as museum ships, and one of just two Type IXCs still in existence, along with {{GS|U-534||2}}.
On ], ], Kptlt. Peter Zschech, while in command of
U-505 and under a heavy ] attack, committed ],
the only such incident in the war. The first watch officer, Oblt. Paul Meyer, saved the boat and brought it back to port.


==Design==
On ], ], ] task force 22.3 captured
]s were slightly larger than the original ]s. ''U-505'' had a displacement of {{convert|1120|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|1232|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=68}} The U-boat had a total length of {{convert|76.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a ] length of {{convert|58.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a ] of {{convert|6.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a ] of {{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two ] M 9 V 40/46 ] four-stroke, nine-cylinder ]s producing a total of {{cvt|4400|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two ] 2 GU 345/34 ] producing a total of {{cvt|1000|shp|PS kW shp|-1|order=out}} for use while submerged. It had two shafts and two {{convert|1.92|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} ]s. The boat was capable of operating at depths down to {{convert|230|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=68}}
U-505, the first time a US Navy vessel had captured
an enemy at sea since ] when ] seized
] during the ].


The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|18.3|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.3|kn|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=68}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|63|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn|abbr=on}}; when surfaced, it could travel {{convert|13450|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}. ''U-505'' was fitted with six {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} ]s (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 ]es, one ], 180 rounds, and a ], as well as a ] antiaircraft gun. The boat had a ] of 48.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=68}}
The action took place in the Atlantic Ocean, at 21&deg;30'N, 19&deg;20'W, about 150 miles off the coast of ]. The American force was commanded by Captain ], USN, and comprised the ] ], and five ]s under Commander Frederick S. Hall, USN: ], ], ], ], and ].


==Service history==
Alerted by Allied ], who had decrypted the
''U-505''{{'}}s keel was laid down on 12 June 1940 by ] in Hamburg, Germany, as yard number 295. She was launched on 24 May 1941 and commissioned on 26 August with ''Kapitänleutnant'' Axel-Olaf Loewe in command. On 6 September 1942, Loewe was relieved by ''Kptlt.'' ]. On 24 October 1943, ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Paul Meyer took command for about two weeks until he was relieved on 8 November by ''Oblt.z.S.'' ], who commanded the boat until her capture on 4 June 1944.<ref name=U-505/>
German naval code "Shark", the ''Guadalcanal'' task group knew U-boats were
operating off the African coast near ]. They did not know the
precise location, however, because the coordinates in the message were
encoded separately before being enciphered for transmission. By using
] fixes (HF/DF, pronounced "huff-duff")
and air and surface reconnaissance, the Allies could narrow down a U-boat's
location. The ''Guadalcanal'' task group intended to use all these methods
to find and capture the next U-boat they detected.


She conducted twelve patrols, sinking eight ships totaling {{GRT|45,005|abbr=on}}. Three of these were American, two British, one Norwegian, one Dutch, and one Colombian.<ref name=U-505/>
The task group sailed from ], on ], ], for an anti-submarine patrol near the ]. For two weeks they searched unsuccessfully, steaming as far south as ]. On Sunday, ], ], with fuel running low, the warships reluctantly turned north and headed for ]. Ten minutes later, at 1109, ], Lieutenant Commander Dudley S. Knox, USNR, made ] contact on an object just 800 yards away on her starboard bow. ''Guadalcanal'' immediately swung clear at top speed to avoid getting in the way, as ''Chatelain'' and the other escorts closed the position.


===First patrol===
In the minutes required to identify the contact definitely as a ], however, ''Chatalain'' closed too rapidly and could not attack -- her ]s would not sink fast enough to intercept the U-boat. The escort held her fire, opened range and set up an attack with her "]" battery. Regaining sonar contact after a momentary loss due to the short range, ''Chatelain'' passed beyond the submarine and swung around toward it to make a second attack with depth charges.
''U-505'' was assigned as an operational boat to the ] on 1 February 1942, following training exercises with the ] from 26 August 1941 to 31 January 1942. She began her first patrol from Kiel on 19 January, while still formally undergoing training. For sixteen days, she circumnavigated the British Isles and docked at ] in ] on 3 February. She engaged no enemy vessels and was not attacked.<ref name=Patrol1>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1078.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (First patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref>


===Second patrol===
As the ship heeled over in her tight turn, one of two ] fighter planes launched overhead by ''Guadalcanal'', sighted the submerged U-boat and dived on it, firing into the water to mark the submarine's position. ''Chatelain'' steadied up on her sound bearing and moved in for the kill. A full pattern of depth charges set for a shallow target splashed into the water around the U-boat. As their detonations threw geysers of spray into the air, a large oil slick spread on the water; the fighter plane overhead radioed "You struck oil! Sub is surfacing!" Six and one-half minutes after ''Chatelain'''s first attack, U-505 broke the surface with its rudder jammed, lights and electrical machinery out, and water coming in.
''U-505'' left Lorient on 11 February 1942 on her second patrol. In 86 days, she traveled to the west coast of Africa, where she sank her first vessels. In less than one month, ''U-505'' sank four ships: British ''Benmohr'', Norwegian ''Sydhav'', American ''West Irmo'', and Dutch ''Alphacca'' for a total of {{GRT|25,041|abbr=on}}. On 18 April, ''U-505'' was attacked by an Allied aircraft in the mid-Atlantic, but suffered little damage.<ref name=Patrol2>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1079.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Second patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref>


===Third patrol===
As the submarine broached only 700 yards from ''Chatelain'', the escort
''U-505'' began her third patrol on 7 June 1942, after leaving her home port of Lorient. She sank the American ships {{SS|Sea Thrush||2}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiberg |first=Eric |date=2014-04-26 |title=SS Sea Thrush sunk by U-505/Loewe 28 June 1942 off Bahamas, Antigua |url=https://ericwiberg.com/2014/04/ss-sea-thrush-sunk-by-u-505loewe-28-june-1942-off-bahamas-antigua |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Eric Wiberg |language=en-US}}</ref> and {{SS|Thomas McKean||2}} and the Colombian ''Urious'' in the ].<ref>
opened fire with all automatic weapons that would bear and swept the
{{cite web
U-boat's decks. ''Pillsbury'', Lieutenant George W. Casselman, USNR, and
|last=Helgason
''Jenks'', Lieutenant Commander Julius F. Way, USN, farther away, and the
|first=Guðmundur
two "Wildcats" overhead all joined the shooting and added to the intense
| title = Urious (Colombian Sailing ship)
barrage. Wounded in the torrent of fire and believing that his submarine
| website=Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net
had been mortally damaged by ''Chatelain's'' depth charges, the commanding
| url = http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/1953.html
officer of U-505 quickly ordered his crew to abandon ship. So quickly
| access-date = 10 September 2016
}}
</ref> ''Urious'' was a sailing ship belonging to a Colombian diplomat, and its sinking was one of a long series of incidents that gave Colombia political grounds to declare war on Germany a year later.<ref name="Gobeler">
{{cite book
|last=Goebeler
|first=Hans
|title=Steel Boat, Iron Hearts: A U-boat Crewman's Life Aboard U-505
|publisher=Savas Beatie
|year=2005
|page=60
}}</ref> ''U-505'' then returned to Lorient on 25 August after 80 days on patrol without being attacked.<ref name=Patrol3>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1080.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Third patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref>


===Fourth patrol===
was this command obeyed that scuttling measures were left incomplete and
''U-505''{{'}}s fourth patrol sent her to the northern coast of South America. She left Lorient on 4 October, 1942 and sank the British vessel ''Ocean Justice'' off the coast of ] on 7 November. On {{nowrap|10 November}} near ], ''U-505'' was surprised on the surface by a ] ] from ], ], which made a low-level attack, landing a {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bomb directly on the deck from just above water level. The explosion killed one watch officer and wounded another in the conning tower. She also tore the antiaircraft gun off its mounting and severely damaged the boat's pressure hull. The aircraft was hit by fragmentation from the bomb's explosion and crashed into the ocean near ''U-505'', killing RAAF pilot Flight Sergeant Ronald Sillcock and his entire crew. With the pumps inoperative and water flooding the engine room in several places, ''Kptlt.'' Zschech ordered the crew to abandon ship, but the technical staff (led by Chief Petty Officer Otto Fricke) insisted on trying to save her. The vessel was made water-tight after almost two weeks of repair work. After sending the wounded watch officer to the ] ("milk cow") {{GS|U-462||2}}, ''U-505'' limped back to Lorient on reduced power.<ref name=Patrol4>{{cite web
the submarine's engines continued to run.
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1081.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Fourth patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref>


===Aborted patrols===
The jammed rudder caused the partially-submerged U-505 to circle to
After six months in Lorient for repairs, ''U-505'' started her fifth patrol. She left Lorient on 1 July 1943 and returned after 13 days, after an attack by three British destroyers that had stalked her for over 30 hours. While ''U-505'' was not badly damaged in this encounter, she had to return to France for repairs.<ref name=Patrol5>{{cite web
the right at a speed near seven knots. Seeing the U-boat turning toward
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1082.html
him, the commanding officer of ''Chatelain'' ordered a single ]
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Fifth patrol)
fired at the submarine in order to forestall what appeared to be a
|last=Helgason
similar attack on himself. The torpedo passed ahead of U-505, which by
|first=Guðmundur
now appeared to be completely abandoned. About two minutes later, the
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
escort division commander ordered cease fire and called away
|access-date=15 March 2010
''Pillsbury's'' boarding party.
}}</ref> ''U-505''{{'}}s next four patrols were all aborted after only a few days at sea, due to equipment failure and sabotage by French dockworkers working for the ].<ref name=Patrol6>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1083.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Sixth patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref><ref name=Patrol7>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1084.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Seventh patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref><ref name=Patrol8>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1085.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Eighth patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref><ref name=Patrol9>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1086.html
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Ninth patrol)
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}</ref> Faults found included sabotaged electrical and radar equipment, a hole deliberately drilled in a diesel fuel tank, and faulty welds on parts repaired by French workers. This happened so many times that it became the butt of jokes throughout the base at Lorient. Upon returning from one botched patrol, her crew found a sign painted in the docking area reading: "''U-505''{{'}}s Hunting Ground". At a time when many U-boats were being sunk, ''U-505''{{'}}s commander, ''Kptlt.'' Zschech, overheard another {{nowrap|U-boat}} commander joke, "There is one commander who will always come back ... Zschech."<ref name="danielgallery">{{harvnb|Gallery|2001|p=203}}</ref>


===Tenth patrol and Zschech's suicide===
While ''Chatelain'' and ''Jenks'' picked up survivors, ''Pillsbury'' sent
After ten months in Lorient, ''U-505'' departed for her tenth Atlantic patrol, seeking to break her run of bad luck and bad morale. British destroyers spotted her east of the ] on 24 October 1943, not long after crossing the ], and she was forced to submerge and endure a severe depth-charge attack. Zschech committed suicide in the submarine's control room, shooting himself in the head in front of his crew. First-watch officer Paul Meyer took command and returned the boat to port with minimal damage. Meyer was "absolved from all blame" by the ''Kriegsmarine'' for the incident.<ref>{{harvnb|Gallery|2001|p=213}}</ref><ref name=Patrol10>{{cite web
its motor whaleboat to the circling submarine where Lieutenant (junior
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1087.html
grade) ] led the eight-man party on board. Despite the
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Tenth patrol)
probability of U-505 sinking or blowing up at any
|last=Helgason
minute and not knowing what form of resistance they might meet below,
|first=Guðmundur
David and his men clambered up the conning tower and then down the
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
hatches into the boat itself. After a quick examination proved the
|access-date=15 March 2010
U-boat was completely deserted (except for one dead man on deck -- the
}}</ref> Zschech is recorded as the only known submariner during the war to commit suicide underwater in response to the stress of a prolonged depth charging.<ref name=Patrol10/>
only fatality of the action), the boarders set about bundling up charts,
code books, and papers, disconnecting demolition charges, closing
valves, and plugging leaks. By the time the flood of water had been
stopped, the U-boat was low in the water and down by the stern.


===Eleventh patrol===
Meanwhile, ''Pillsbury'' twice went alongside the turning submarine to put over tow lines and each time the escort's side was pierced by the
The boat was placed under the command of ''Oblt.z.S.'' Harald Lange. ''U-505''{{'}}s 11th patrol began on Christmas Day 1943. She again returned early to Lorient on 2 January 1944, after she rescued 33 crew members from the {{Ship|German torpedo boat|T25}}, sunk on 28 December by British cruisers in the Bay of Biscay.<ref name=Patrol11>
U-boat's bow plane. Finally, with three compartments flooded, she was
{{cite web
forced to haul clear to attend to her own damage. The boarding party was
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1088.html
then reinforced by a party from ''Guadalcanal''. Led by Commander Earl
|title=Patrol info for ''U-505'' (Eleventh patrol)
Trosino, USNR, the carrier's men completed temporary salvage measures,
|last=Helgason
and took a towline from ''Guadalcanal''. The salvage crew was later joined
|first=Guðmundur
by Commander Colby G. Rucker, USN, who arrived with the seaplane tender
|website=U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net
].
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}
</ref>


''U-505'' took part in ] from 28 December 1943 until 1 January 1944.
In an ingenious solution to the heavy flooding, the salvage crew
disconnected the boat's diesels from her motors. This allowed the
propellers to turn the shafts while under tow. After setting the main
switches to charge the batteries, ''Guadalcanal'' towed the U-boat at high
speed, turning the electric motors over which recharged the boat's
batteries. With power restored, the salvage crew could use the U-boat's
own pumps and air compressors to finish pumping out seawater and bring
her up to full surface trim.


==Twelfth patrol and capture==
After three days of towing, ''Guadalcanal'' was relieved of her burden by
the fleet tug ]. Arriving with the tug was
the tanker ], sent to provide
much-needed fuel to the task group. On Monday, ], ], U-505
was brought into ], after a tow of 1700 miles.
U-505 was kept there in secrecy until the end of ].


===Antisubmarine task force===
The capture of codebooks on U-505 allowed American cryptanalysts to
The Allies had learned from decrypted German messages that U-boats were operating near ], but not their exact locations.<ref name="NHAHC">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/u-505-sinking.html |title=Capture of U-505 on 4 June 1944 |work=Naval Heritage and History Command |access-date=16 March 2010
occasionally break the special "coordinate" code in enciphered German
}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Gallery|2001|pp=354–356}}</ref> The US Navy dispatched Task Group 22.3 to the area, a ] commanded by Captain ]. TG 22.3 consisted of the escort aircraft carrier {{USS|Guadalcanal|CVE-60|2}} and the destroyer escorts {{USS|Pillsbury|DE-133|2}}, {{USS|Pope|DE-134|2}}, {{USS|Flaherty|DE-135|2}}, {{USS|Chatelain|DE-149|2}}, and {{USS|Jenks|DE-665|2}} under Commander Frederick S. Hall.<ref name=p354>{{harvnb|Gallery|2001|p=354}}</ref> The group sailed from ], on 15 May 1944 and began searching for U-boats in the area in late May, using ] fixes ("huff-duff") and air and surface reconnaissance.
messages and determine more precise locations for U-boat operating
areas. In addition to vectoring in hunter-killer task groups on these
locations, these coordinates enabled Allied convoy commanders to route
shipping away from known U-boat locations, greatly inhibiting the
effectiveness of German submarine patrols.


===Detection and attack===
Fifty-eight prisoners had been taken from the water during the action.
At 11:09 on 4 June 1944, TG 22.3 made ] (]) contact with ''U-505'' at {{Coord|21|30|N|19|20|W|display=inline|name=U-505 action|type:landmark}}, about {{convert|150|nmi|abbr=on}} off the coast of ],<ref name=NHAHC/> only {{convert|800|yd|m|-2}} from ''Chatelain''{{'}}s starboard bow. The escorts immediately moved towards the contact, while ''Guadalcanal'' moved away at top speed and launched a ] fighter to join another Wildcat and a ] torpedo bomber, which were already airborne.<ref name=p294>{{harvnb|Gallery|2001|pp=294–295}}</ref>
One man had been killed and three (the commanding officer, executive
officer, and one enlisted man of the U-boat) wounded. Lieutenant (jg)
David's part in saving the abandoned submarine earned the ]; Torpedoman's Mate Third Class A. Knispel and Radioman Second Class S.E. Wdowiak each received the ]; and Commander Trosino received the ]. The task group itself was awarded the ]. Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll, Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, cited the Task Group as follows:


''Chatelain'' was so close to ''U-505'' that depth charges would not sink fast enough to intercept the U-boat, so it fired ] before passing the submarine and turning to make a follow-up attack with depth charges.<ref name=NHAHC/> One of the aircraft sighted ''U-505'' and fired into the water to mark the position while ''Chatelain'' dropped depth charges. Immediately after the detonation of the charges, a large oil slick spread on the water and the fighter pilot radioed: "You struck oil! Sub is surfacing!"<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Trafford Publishing |title=Tempest, Fire and Foe |last=Andrews |first=Lewis M. |year=2004 |page=78}}</ref> Less than seven minutes after ''Chatelain{{'}}''s first attack began, the badly damaged submarine surfaced less than {{convert|600|m|yd|-2|abbr=on}} away.<ref name=p294/> ''Chatelain'' immediately opened fire on it with all available weapons, joined by other ships of the task force and the two Wildcats.<ref name=NHAHC/>
:For outstanding performance during anti-submarine operations in the eastern Atlantic on June 4, 1944, when the Task group attacked, boarded and captured the German submarine U-505.


Lange believed ''U-505'' to be seriously damaged and ordered his crew to abandon ship. They obeyed the order promptly, but they did not successfully scuttle the boat; they opened some valves, but left the engines running.<ref name=NHAHC/> The rudder had been damaged by depth charges, so the submarine circled clockwise at roughly {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}. The commanding officer of ''Chatelain'' saw the submarine turning toward his ship and thought that it was about to attack, so he ordered a single torpedo to be fired at her; the torpedo missed, passing ahead of the abandoned ''U-505''.<ref name=NHAHC/>
:Setting out on an anti-submarine sweep with the stated purpose of capturing and bringing back to the United States a German submarine, all units of the Task Group worked incessantly throughout the cruise to prepare themselves for the accomplishment of this exceedingly difficult purpose. Locating a single U-boat after a long period of fruitless searches, the entire Task Group participated in intensive search and hold down operations which terminated in the sighting of the submerged submarine by an airplane. An extremely accurate initial depth charge attack by the USS Chatelain forced the U-boat to surface where it was subjected to the combined automatic weapons fire of three destroyer escorts and two aircraft. This anti-personnel attack completely achieved its pre-conceived objective in forcing the entire enemy crew to abandon ship while inflicting relatively minor material damage on the submarine.


===Salvage operations===
:Completely unmindful of the dangers involved all units of the Task Group then proceeded to carry out their assigned duties in accomplishing the actual capture. The USS Pillsbury, badly damaged in a series of attempts to go alongside the erratically maneuvering submarine in order to transfer a mass boarding and repair party, was forced to withdraw and to transfer necessary personnel by small boat. Undeterred by the apparent sinking condition of the U-boat, the danger of explosions of demolition and scuttling charges , and the probability of enemy gunfire, the small boarding party plunged through the conning tower hatch, did everything in its power to keep the submarine afloat and removed valuable papers and documents. Succeeding, and more fully equipped, salvage parties, faced with dangers similar to those which confronted the first group to enter the submarine, performed seemingly impossible tasks in keeping the U-boat afloat until it could be taken in tow by the USS Guadalcanal. After three days of ceaseless labor the captured U-boat was seaworthy and able to withstand, with constant care, the vigors of a twenty-four hundred mile tow to its destination.
]


Captain Gallery was keen to capture a U-boat and had encouraged his captains to plan for such an eventuality.<ref>Blair 1998 p.552</ref>
:The Task Group's brilliant achievement in disabling, capturing, and towing to a United States base a modern enemy man-of-war taken in combat on the high seas is a feat unprecedented in individual and group bravery, execution, and accomplishment in the Naval History of the United States.
''Chatelain'' and ''Jenks'' collected survivors, while an eight-man party from ''Pillsbury'' led by Lt. ] came alongside the submarine in a boat and entered through the conning tower. They found the body of Signalman First Class Gottfried Fischer on the deck, the only fatality of the combat, and ''U-505'' was deserted. They secured charts and codebooks, closed scuttling valves, disarmed demolition charges, and stopped her engines. The vessel was low in the water and down by the stern.<ref name=NHAHC/> U-boat researcher Derek Waller has written that a German crewman, Ewald Felix, helped foil the scuttling attempt.<ref name=Gazette>{{cite news|author=Bell, Jonathan|title=German sailor helped US Navy seize U-505|work=]|date=June 19, 2019|url=http://royalgazette.com/news/article/20190619/german-sailor-helped-us-navy-seize-u-505|access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref>


''Pillsbury'' attempted to take the submarine in tow, but repeatedly collided with her and had to move away with three compartments flooded. A second boarding party from ''Guadalcanal'' then rigged a towline from the aircraft carrier to the U-boat.<ref name=NHAHC/> ''Guadalcanal''{{'}}s chief engineer Commander Earl Trosino joined the salvage party. He disconnected the submarine's diesel engines from her electric driving motors, while leaving the latter clutched to the propeller shafts. With the U-boat moving under tow by ''Guadalcanal'', the propellers spun as they passed through the water, turning the shafts and the driving motors. This caused the motors to act as electrical generators charging the batteries. With power from the batteries, ''U-505{{'}}''s pumps cleared out the water let in by the attempted scuttling, and her air compressors blew out the ballast tanks, bringing her up to full surface trim.<ref name=NHAHC/>
As the U.S. Navy was far more interested in the advanced engineering design of fast underwater U-boats such as the streamlined ] and ] submarines rather than the familiar fleet-boat types illustrated by U-505, the captured submarine was investigated by Navy intelligence and engineering officers during ] and then slated for disposal. The intention was to use the hulk for gunnery and torpedo target practice, a fate similar to those of many other captured enemy submarines.


Despite the capture taking place close to Allied-controlled French Morocco, ] was known to be infiltrated by German spies, thus another safe port was needed to house the submarine. After three days of towing, ''Guadalcanal'' transferred ''U-505'' to the fleet tug {{USS|Abnaki|ATF-96|2}}. On 19 June, the submarine entered the ], site of the United States Navy's ] in ], after a tow of {{convert|1700|nmi|-1}}.<ref name=Gazette /> The US Navy took 58 prisoners from ''U-505'', three of them wounded. The crew were interned at ], near ], in great secrecy.<ref>
In ], however, Father John Gallery learned of this plan from his brother, then-Admiral Daniel Gallery, and called the ] ] (MSI) President Lenox Lohr to see if MSI would have an interest in saving U-505. The museum, established by Chicago businessman Julius Rosenwald as a center for "industrial enlightenment" and public science education, specialized in interactive exhibits, not just view displays and artifacts. Lohr immediately revealed 10-year-old plans to include a submarine in the exhibits of the museum and began a plan to bring U-505 to Chicago.
{{Cite book
|last=Moore
|first=Gary W.
|title=Playing with the Enemy: A Baseball Prodigy, a World at War, and a Field of Broken Dreams
|year=2006
|pages=
|publisher=Savas Beatie
|isbn=1-932714-24-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/playingwithenemy0000moor/page/107
}}</ref> Secrecy was so important to the mission that the submarine's flag was kept under the personal care of the Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Fleet during the duration of the war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Division |first=Columbia University Libraries Digital Program |date=2010 |title=Columbia University Libraries: Oral Histories Portal: Collection Overview |url=https://oralhistoryportal.library.columbia.edu/document.php?id=ldpd_4076081 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=oralhistoryportal.library.columbia.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> The submarine's crewmen were isolated from other prisoners of war, and the ] was denied access to them. The ''Kriegsmarine'' finally declared the crew dead and informed the families to that effect, and the crew was not returned until 1947.<ref name="montefiore-343">Sebag-Montefiore, 2000, p. 343</ref>


==Awards==
The people of Chicago raised US$250,000 to help prepare the boat for the tow and installation at the museum. In September ], U-505 was donated to Chicago at no cost to the U.S. Government. On ], ], U-505 was dedicated as a war memorial and as a permanent exhibit. In ], U-505, the only ] still in existence, was designated a ].
Historian ] states that United States Chief of Naval Operations Admiral ] was furious with Gallery for endangering ], the intelligence gained from Enigma decrypts, and considered court-martialling him.<ref name=CB/><ref name="montefiore-342">
{{Cite book
|last=Sebag-Montefiore
|first=Hugh
|author-link=Hugh Sebag-Montefiore
|title=Enigma: Battle for the Code
|year=2000
|page=342
|publisher=Phoenix
|isbn=0-7538-1130-8
}}</ref>
If the knowledge that a U-boat had been captured had reached Germany, the ] would have made changes to tighten Enigma security, leading to an intelligence blackout on the eve of the ].<ref name=CB>Blair 1998 p.553</ref> Since the Allies had gained access to Enigma with the captures of ] in 1941 and ] in 1942 the standard practice was to sink U-boats outright rather than trying to board and capture them, for this reason. However, "cooler heads prevailed".<ref name=CB/>


LTJG ] received the ] for leading the boarding party, the only time that it was awarded to an Atlantic Fleet sailor in World War II. Torpedoman's Mate Third Class Arthur W. Knispel and Radioman Second Class Stanley E. Wdowiak were the first two to follow David into the submarine, and they received the ]. Seaman First Class Earnest James Beaver received the ] and Commander Trosino received the ]. Captain Gallery conceived and executed the operation, and he received the ]. The Task Group was awarded the ]. Admiral ], Commander in Chief, US Atlantic Fleet, cited the task group for "outstanding performance during antisubmarine operations in the eastern Atlantic" and stated that it was "a feat unprecedented in individual and group bravery, execution, and accomplishment in the naval history of the United States".<ref name=NHAHC/>
The museum maintains a Web page on U-505 at http://www.msichicago.org/exhibit/U505/U505home.html .

==Final journey==
] in Chicago, Illinois]]
The US Navy kept ''U-505'' at the US Naval Operating Base in Bermuda, and Navy intelligence officers and engineers studied her intensively. To maintain the illusion that she had been sunk rather than captured, it was painted to look like a US submarine and renamed USS ''Nemo''.<ref name="jane's-publishing">
{{Cite book
|first=Francis E.
|last=McCurtie
|title=Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II
|year=2001
|page=290
}}
</ref>
At the end of the war in Europe, it was used to promote E War Bond sales as part of the "Mighty 7th" War Loan drive. Anyone who purchased a bond could also purchase a ticket to board and inspect her. In June 1945, it visited New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Captain Gallery was present for the opening of the exhibition in Washington, DC.<ref name="Evening_Star_1">
{{cite news
|title=Captured Submarine Goes on Exhibition Today to Bond Buyers
|work= ]
|publisher=The Evening Star Newspaper Company
|date=23 June 1945}}
</ref>

The Navy had no further use for ''U-505'' after the war. Experts had thoroughly examined her in Bermuda, and it was moored derelict at the ], so the Navy decided to use it as a target for gunnery and torpedo practice until it sank.<ref name=NHAHC/> In 1946, Rear Admiral Gallery, who opposed the Navy's plans for ''U-505'', told his brother Father John Gallery about this plan, and Father John contacted President ] of ] to see if they would be interested in her. The museum already planned to display a submarine, and the acquisition of ''U-505'' seemed ideal.<ref name=NHAHC/> The US government donated the submarine to the museum in September 1954, and Chicago residents raised $250,000 for transporting and installing the boat. Coast Guard ]s and ]s towed the boat through the ], making a stop in ], ], in July 1954.<ref>
{{cite book
|first=James E. Jr. |last=Wise
|title=U-505: The Final Journey
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9miCPB0qITwC&pg=PA102
|publisher=]
|isbn=978-1-59114-967-5
|page=102
|year=2005
|access-date=16 November 2012
}}
</ref>
The museum dedicated her on 25 September 1954 as a permanent exhibit and a ] to all the sailors who died in the ] and ] Atlantic campaigns.

==Museum ship==
]
Nearly every removable part had been stripped from the boat's interior by the time it went to the museum; it was in no condition to serve as an exhibit, so museum director Lohr asked for replacements from the German manufacturers who had supplied the boat's original components and parts. Admiral Gallery reports in his autobiography ''Eight Bells and All's Well'' that every company supplied the requested parts without charge. Most included letters to the effect that the manufacturers wanted her to be a credit to German technology.<ref name="gallery-1">
{{Cite book
|author-link=Daniel V. Gallery
|last=Gallery
|first=Daniel V.
|title=Eight Bells and All's Well
|year=1965
|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company
|page=248
|lccn=65-18021
}}
</ref>

A reunion was held at the museum in 1964, 20 years after the ship's capture, where Gallery returned to Lange some binoculars from the ship that had belonged to him.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.msichicago.org/explore/whats-here/exhibits/u-505-submarine-75-stories/75-facts/life-ashore/
|title=75 Facts About the U-505
|publisher=Museum of Science and Industry
|access-date=27 July 2021
}}
</ref>

The Navy had removed the periscope and placed it in a water tank used for research at its ] in ], where it was forgotten. It was salvaged before the lab was demolished in 2003, and the Navy donated it to the museum to be displayed along with the submarine.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=5714
|title=Periscope Reunited with WWII German U-boat
|last=Green
|first=Jack A.
|date=7 February 2003
|access-date=12 April 2012
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://ww2f.com/threads/periscope-reunited-with-u-boat.1806/
|archivedate=2003-07-30
<!-- original URL not indexed on archive.org; article not extant anywhere else. -->
}}
</ref>
By 2004, the U-boat's exterior had suffered noticeable damage from the weather, so the museum moved her to a new climate-controlled location (under ground next to the MSI) in April 2004. They restored it and reopened her to the public on 5 June 2005.<ref name="nhlsum">
{{cite web
|url = http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure
|title = U-505 (German Submarine)
|access-date = 11 June 2008
|work = National Historic Landmark summary listing
|publisher = National Park Service
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212012351/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2065&ResourceType=Structure
|archive-date = 12 February 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>

In 2019 the Museum refurbished the submarine, restoring her to be closer to her original condition. Also, a special exhibit with many additional artifacts from the submarine was opened in the general-admission section of the museum.<ref>
{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Johnson |date=June 3, 2019 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-u505-submarine-75th-anniversary-msi-ttd-0604-story.html |title=U-505 Submarine Gets a Makeover and New Exhibit for 75th Anniversary at MSI |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=June 6, 2019}}
</ref>

{{gallery
|title=U-505 at the Museum of Science and Industry
|height=165
|width=240
|align=center
|Image:U505below.jpg|alt1=Underside of U-505|Underside of ''U-505''
|Image:U505wide.jpg|alt2=Wide-angle shot of U-505|Wide-angle shot of ''U-505''
|Image:U505tower.jpg|alt3=Conning tower of U-505, showing the badge of the flotilla to which it belonged|Conning tower of ''U-505'', showing the badge of the flotilla to which it belonged: Shell damage received during her capture is visible.
|Image:U505 outside Museum of Science and Industry Chicago circa 1956.tif|alt4=U-505 outdoors as it was circa 1956|''U-505'' outdoors as it was circa 1956
}}

==In popular culture==
Captain Gallery recounted the capture of ''U-505'' in his 1951 memoir ''Clear the Decks''. Gary Moore recounts a dramatized story of the captured crew in his 2006 historical fiction book '']''. Hans Goebeler recounts the story of the boat's patrols and her crew in his 2005 memoir ''Steel Boats, Iron Hearts: A U-Boat Crewman's Life Aboard U-505''. ISBN 978-1932714319

==Summary of raiding history==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"|-
! Date
! Ship Name
! Nationality
! Tonnage<br />(])
! Fate<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u505.html
|title=Ships hit by ''U-505''
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|access-date=23 January 2014
}}</ref>
|-
|align="right"|5 March 1942
|align="left" |'']''
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|5,920
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|6 March 1942
|align="left" |'']''
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|7,587
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|3 April 1942
|align="left" |'']''
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|5,775
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|4 April 1942
|align="left" |'']''
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|5,759
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|28 June 1942
|align="left" |'']''
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|5,447
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|29 June 1942
|align="left" |{{SS|Thomas McKean||2}}
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|7,191
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|22 July 1942
|align="left" |'']''
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|Colombia|civil}}
|align="right"|153
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|7 November 1942
|align="left" |'']''
|align="left" |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|7,173
|align="left" |Sunk
|}

==See also==

===Wartime captured German U-boats===
* {{GS|U-110|1940}}
* {{GS|U-570}}, later HMS ''Graph''
* {{GS|U-559}}
* {{GS|U-744}}
* {{GS|U-1024}}

===Surviving German U-boats===
* ]
* {{GS|U-534}}
* {{GS|U-995}}
* {{GS|U-2540}}

===Other===
* ]
* '']''
* '']''

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Clay Blair : ''Hitler's U-Boat War Vol II:The Hunted 1942-1945'' (1998). {{ISBN|0-304-35261-6}}
* {{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: U-505 (IXC U-Boat) |url={{NHLS url|id=89001231}} |format=pdf |date=9 July 1988 |first=Kevin J. |last=Foster |publisher=] |access-date=3 September 2012}}
** {{cite web |url={{NHLS url|id=89001231|photos=y}} |format=pdf |title=Accompanying Photos |publisher=] |access-date=3 September 2012}}
* ] (1958). ''We Captured a U-Boat''. London: The Popular Book Company.
* Gallery, Daniel V. (1978). ''U-505''. New York: Warner Books. {{ISBN|0-446-32012-9}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Gallery
|first=Daniel V.
|title=Twenty Million Tons Under the Sea
|year=2001
|publisher=Naval Institute Press
|isbn=1-55750-806-2
}}
* Goebeler, Hans Jacob, with Vanzo, John. (1999) ''Steel Boats, Iron Hearts: The Wartime Saga of Hans Goebeler and U-505'' (Wagnerian Publications). OCLC {{OCLC search link|45116124}}. This privately distributed paperback book was later reprinted as {{cite book |last1=Goebeler |first1=Hans Jacob |last2=Vanzo |first2=John |display-authors=0 |title=Steel Boat, Iron Hearts: A U-boat Crewman's Life aboard U-505 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5kePnb7OAcC |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-932714-31-9 |publisher=] |location=New York |oclc=751578149}}
** {{cite web | url=https://www.historynet.com/german-submarine-u-505-crewmember-hans-goebeler-recalls-being-captured-during-world-war-ii.htm | title=German Submarine U-505 Crewmember Hans Goebeler Recalls Being Captured During World War II | magazine=World War II | orig-date=July 1997 |date=December 6, 2006 | access-date=July 28, 2019 | author=Vanzo, John P. | publisher=]}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Gröner
|first1=Erich
|last2=Jung
|first2=Dieter
|last3=Maass
|first3=Martin
|translator-last1=Thomas
|translator-first1=Keith
|translator-last2=Magowan
|translator-first2=Rachel
|year=1991
|chapter=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels
|volume=2
|title=German Warships 1815–1945
|location=London
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|isbn=0-85177-593-4
|ref={{sfnref|Gröner|1991}}
}}
* Harris, Wesley. (2006). ''Fish Out of Water: Nazi Submariners as Prisoners in North Louisiana During World War II.'' RoughEdge Publications.
* {{cite book
|last=Kemp
|first=Paul
|title=U-Boats Destroyed – German Submarine Losses in the World Wars
|location=London
|year=1999
|publisher=Arms & Armour
|isbn=1-85409-515-3
}}
* Kohnen, David. "Tombstone of Victory: Tracking the U-505 From German Commerce Raider to American War Memorial, 1944–1954" in ''The Journal of America's Military Past'' (Winter 2007).
* Kohnen, David. ''Commanders Winn and Knowles: Winning the U-boat War with Intelligence, 1939–1943'' (Enigma Press, 1999).
* Kohnen, David. "F-21 and F-211: A Fresh Look into the Secret Room" in Randy C. Bolano and ], ed., ''New Sources in Naval History: Selected Papers from the Fourteenth ]'' (], 2001).
* ] (2006) ''Playing with the Enemy: A Baseball Prodigy, a World at War, and a Field of Broken Dreams.'' Savas Beatie LLC, New York.
* {{cite web |url=http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/american&military_history/Capture%20of%20the%20U-505-Rogers.pdf |title=Capture of the U-505 |first=J. David |last=Rogers |publisher=] |access-date=3 June 2013}} Popular description of the capture of U-505 by a former naval officer and professor.
* ], Editor. (2004) ''Hunt and Kill: U-505 and the U-boat War in the Atlantic''. Savas Beatie LLC, New York.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|U-505 (submarine, 1941)}}
* at MSIChicago.org
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035521/http://www.uboatarchive.net/U-505.htm |date=19 October 2021 }} at uboatarchive.net
* {{cite web
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u505.htm
|title=U-505
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website= uboat.net
|access-date=15 March 2010
}}
* at HNSA Ship (archived)
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.24543|name=Away Boarders}}
* , ], 4 February 2013, about the U-505 moderated by ] with panelists ], ] and Kurt Haunfelner
* {{Cite book |title=U-505 personal diary|publisher=WorldCat|oclc = 51730895}} Oberfunkmatt Gottfried Fischer's personal diary
*
*

{{Chicago Landmark cultural venues}}
{{German Type IXC submarines}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:U0505}}
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Latest revision as of 14:25, 12 December 2024

German World War II submarine "USS Nemo" redirects here. For the submersible observation vessel, see DSV-5 Nemo.

U-505 shortly after being captured, pictured from the USS Pillsbury in preparation for towing
History
Nazi Germany
NameU-505
Ordered25 September 1939
BuilderDeutsche Werft AG, Hamburg-Finkenwerder
Yard number295
Laid down12 June 1940
Launched24 May 1941
Commissioned26 August 1941
FateCaptured by US Navy on 4 June 1944
StatusPreserved as a museum ship
General characteristics
TypeType IXC submarine
Displacement
  • 1,120 t (1,100 long tons) surfaced
  • 1,232 t (1,213 long tons) submerged
Length
  • 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in) o/a
  • 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in) pressure hull
Beam
  • 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in) o/a
  • 4.40 m (14 ft 5 in) pressure hull
Height9.60 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draught4.70 m (15 ft 5 in)
Installed power
  • 4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels)
  • 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric)
Propulsion
  • 2 shafts
  • 2 × diesel engines
  • 2 × electric motors
Speed
  • 18.2 knots (33.7 km/h; 20.9 mph) surfaced
  • 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph) submerged
Range
  • 13,450 nmi (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
  • 64 nmi (119 km; 74 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth230 m (750 ft)
Complement48 to 56
Armament
Service record
Part of:
Identification codes: M 46 074
Commanders:
Operations:
  • 12 patrols:
  • 1st patrol:
  • 19 January – 3 February 1942
  • 2nd patrol:
  • 11 February – 7 May 1942
  • 3rd patrol:
  • 7 June – 25 August 1942
  • 4th patrol:
  • 4 October – 12 December 1942
  • 5th patrol:
  • 1 – 13 July 1943
  • 6th patrol:
  • 1 – 2 August 1943
  • 7th patrol:
  • 14 – 15 August 1943
  • 8th patrol:
  • 21 – 22 August 1943
  • 9th patrol:
  • 18 – 30 September 1943
  • 10th patrol:
  • 9 October – 7 November 1943
  • 11th patrol:
  • 25 December 1943 – 2 January 1944
  • 12th patrol:
  • 16 March – 4 June 1944
Victories: 8 merchant ships sunk
(45,005 GRT)
U-505 (IXC U-boat)
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
German submarine U-505 is located in Chicago metropolitan areaGerman submarine U-505
Coordinates41°47′30″N 87°34′53″W / 41.79167°N 87.58139°W / 41.79167; -87.58139 (Approximate location underground of U-505 at the Museum of Science and Industry)
Built1941
ArchitectDeutsche Werft AG, Hamburg, Germany
NRHP reference No.89001231
Significant dates
Added to NRHP1989
Designated NHL1989

U-505 is a German Type IXC submarine built for Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. It was captured by the United States Navy on 4 June 1944 and survives as a museum ship in Chicago.

In her unlucky career, it had the distinction of being the "most heavily damaged U-boat to successfully return to port" in World War II, suffering six botched patrols, and becoming the only submarine in which a commanding officer killed himself in combat conditions. On 4 June 1944, it was captured by United States Navy Task Group 22.3 (TG 22.3), one of six U-boats that were captured at sea by Allied forces during the war. All but one of U-505's crew were rescued by the Navy task group. The submarine was towed to Bermuda in secret, and her crew was interned in an American prisoner-of-war camp, where they were kept in isolation. The Navy classified the capture as top secret and went to great lengths to prevent the Germans from discovering it.

In 1954, U-505 was donated to the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois. It is now one of four German World War II U-boats that survive as museum ships, and one of just two Type IXCs still in existence, along with U-534.

Design

German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. U-505 had a displacement of 1,120 tonnes (1,100 long tons) when at the surface and 1,232 tonnes (1,213 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.76 m (22 ft 2 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draft of 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 PS (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,010 PS (750 kW; 1,000 shp) for use while submerged. It had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths down to 230 m (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 kn (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 kn (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, it could travel 13,450 nmi (24,910 km; 15,480 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-505 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30, as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 antiaircraft gun. The boat had a complement of 48.

Service history

U-505's keel was laid down on 12 June 1940 by Deutsche Werft in Hamburg, Germany, as yard number 295. She was launched on 24 May 1941 and commissioned on 26 August with Kapitänleutnant Axel-Olaf Loewe in command. On 6 September 1942, Loewe was relieved by Kptlt. Peter Zschech. On 24 October 1943, Oberleutnant zur See Paul Meyer took command for about two weeks until he was relieved on 8 November by Oblt.z.S. Harald Lange, who commanded the boat until her capture on 4 June 1944.

She conducted twelve patrols, sinking eight ships totaling 45,005 GRT. Three of these were American, two British, one Norwegian, one Dutch, and one Colombian.

First patrol

U-505 was assigned as an operational boat to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla on 1 February 1942, following training exercises with the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 26 August 1941 to 31 January 1942. She began her first patrol from Kiel on 19 January, while still formally undergoing training. For sixteen days, she circumnavigated the British Isles and docked at Lorient in occupied France on 3 February. She engaged no enemy vessels and was not attacked.

Second patrol

U-505 left Lorient on 11 February 1942 on her second patrol. In 86 days, she traveled to the west coast of Africa, where she sank her first vessels. In less than one month, U-505 sank four ships: British Benmohr, Norwegian Sydhav, American West Irmo, and Dutch Alphacca for a total of 25,041 GRT. On 18 April, U-505 was attacked by an Allied aircraft in the mid-Atlantic, but suffered little damage.

Third patrol

U-505 began her third patrol on 7 June 1942, after leaving her home port of Lorient. She sank the American ships Sea Thrush and Thomas McKean and the Colombian Urious in the Caribbean Sea. Urious was a sailing ship belonging to a Colombian diplomat, and its sinking was one of a long series of incidents that gave Colombia political grounds to declare war on Germany a year later. U-505 then returned to Lorient on 25 August after 80 days on patrol without being attacked.

Fourth patrol

U-505's fourth patrol sent her to the northern coast of South America. She left Lorient on 4 October, 1942 and sank the British vessel Ocean Justice off the coast of Venezuela on 7 November. On 10 November near Trinidad, U-505 was surprised on the surface by a Lockheed Hudson maritime patrol aircraft from No. 53 Squadron, Royal Air Force, which made a low-level attack, landing a 250 lb (110 kg) bomb directly on the deck from just above water level. The explosion killed one watch officer and wounded another in the conning tower. She also tore the antiaircraft gun off its mounting and severely damaged the boat's pressure hull. The aircraft was hit by fragmentation from the bomb's explosion and crashed into the ocean near U-505, killing RAAF pilot Flight Sergeant Ronald Sillcock and his entire crew. With the pumps inoperative and water flooding the engine room in several places, Kptlt. Zschech ordered the crew to abandon ship, but the technical staff (led by Chief Petty Officer Otto Fricke) insisted on trying to save her. The vessel was made water-tight after almost two weeks of repair work. After sending the wounded watch officer to the supply submarine ("milk cow") U-462, U-505 limped back to Lorient on reduced power.

Aborted patrols

After six months in Lorient for repairs, U-505 started her fifth patrol. She left Lorient on 1 July 1943 and returned after 13 days, after an attack by three British destroyers that had stalked her for over 30 hours. While U-505 was not badly damaged in this encounter, she had to return to France for repairs. U-505's next four patrols were all aborted after only a few days at sea, due to equipment failure and sabotage by French dockworkers working for the Resistance. Faults found included sabotaged electrical and radar equipment, a hole deliberately drilled in a diesel fuel tank, and faulty welds on parts repaired by French workers. This happened so many times that it became the butt of jokes throughout the base at Lorient. Upon returning from one botched patrol, her crew found a sign painted in the docking area reading: "U-505's Hunting Ground". At a time when many U-boats were being sunk, U-505's commander, Kptlt. Zschech, overheard another U-boat commander joke, "There is one commander who will always come back ... Zschech."

Tenth patrol and Zschech's suicide

After ten months in Lorient, U-505 departed for her tenth Atlantic patrol, seeking to break her run of bad luck and bad morale. British destroyers spotted her east of the Azores on 24 October 1943, not long after crossing the Bay of Biscay, and she was forced to submerge and endure a severe depth-charge attack. Zschech committed suicide in the submarine's control room, shooting himself in the head in front of his crew. First-watch officer Paul Meyer took command and returned the boat to port with minimal damage. Meyer was "absolved from all blame" by the Kriegsmarine for the incident. Zschech is recorded as the only known submariner during the war to commit suicide underwater in response to the stress of a prolonged depth charging.

Eleventh patrol

The boat was placed under the command of Oblt.z.S. Harald Lange. U-505's 11th patrol began on Christmas Day 1943. She again returned early to Lorient on 2 January 1944, after she rescued 33 crew members from the German torpedo boat T25, sunk on 28 December by British cruisers in the Bay of Biscay.

U-505 took part in Wolfpack Hela from 28 December 1943 until 1 January 1944.

Twelfth patrol and capture

Antisubmarine task force

The Allies had learned from decrypted German messages that U-boats were operating near Cape Verde, but not their exact locations. The US Navy dispatched Task Group 22.3 to the area, a hunter-killer group commanded by Captain Daniel V. Gallery. TG 22.3 consisted of the escort aircraft carrier Guadalcanal and the destroyer escorts Pillsbury, Pope, Flaherty, Chatelain, and Jenks under Commander Frederick S. Hall. The group sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, on 15 May 1944 and began searching for U-boats in the area in late May, using high-frequency direction-finding fixes ("huff-duff") and air and surface reconnaissance.

Detection and attack

At 11:09 on 4 June 1944, TG 22.3 made sonar (ASDIC) contact with U-505 at 21°30′N 19°20′W / 21.500°N 19.333°W / 21.500; -19.333 (U-505 action), about 150 nmi (280 km; 170 mi) off the coast of Río de Oro, only 800 yards (700 m) from Chatelain's starboard bow. The escorts immediately moved towards the contact, while Guadalcanal moved away at top speed and launched a Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter to join another Wildcat and a Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bomber, which were already airborne.

Chatelain was so close to U-505 that depth charges would not sink fast enough to intercept the U-boat, so it fired Hedgehog antisubmarine mortars before passing the submarine and turning to make a follow-up attack with depth charges. One of the aircraft sighted U-505 and fired into the water to mark the position while Chatelain dropped depth charges. Immediately after the detonation of the charges, a large oil slick spread on the water and the fighter pilot radioed: "You struck oil! Sub is surfacing!" Less than seven minutes after Chatelain's first attack began, the badly damaged submarine surfaced less than 600 m (700 yd) away. Chatelain immediately opened fire on it with all available weapons, joined by other ships of the task force and the two Wildcats.

Lange believed U-505 to be seriously damaged and ordered his crew to abandon ship. They obeyed the order promptly, but they did not successfully scuttle the boat; they opened some valves, but left the engines running. The rudder had been damaged by depth charges, so the submarine circled clockwise at roughly 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). The commanding officer of Chatelain saw the submarine turning toward his ship and thought that it was about to attack, so he ordered a single torpedo to be fired at her; the torpedo missed, passing ahead of the abandoned U-505.

Salvage operations

USS Guadalcanal lying alongside the captured U-505

Captain Gallery was keen to capture a U-boat and had encouraged his captains to plan for such an eventuality. Chatelain and Jenks collected survivors, while an eight-man party from Pillsbury led by Lt. Albert David came alongside the submarine in a boat and entered through the conning tower. They found the body of Signalman First Class Gottfried Fischer on the deck, the only fatality of the combat, and U-505 was deserted. They secured charts and codebooks, closed scuttling valves, disarmed demolition charges, and stopped her engines. The vessel was low in the water and down by the stern. U-boat researcher Derek Waller has written that a German crewman, Ewald Felix, helped foil the scuttling attempt.

Pillsbury attempted to take the submarine in tow, but repeatedly collided with her and had to move away with three compartments flooded. A second boarding party from Guadalcanal then rigged a towline from the aircraft carrier to the U-boat. Guadalcanal's chief engineer Commander Earl Trosino joined the salvage party. He disconnected the submarine's diesel engines from her electric driving motors, while leaving the latter clutched to the propeller shafts. With the U-boat moving under tow by Guadalcanal, the propellers spun as they passed through the water, turning the shafts and the driving motors. This caused the motors to act as electrical generators charging the batteries. With power from the batteries, U-505's pumps cleared out the water let in by the attempted scuttling, and her air compressors blew out the ballast tanks, bringing her up to full surface trim.

Despite the capture taking place close to Allied-controlled French Morocco, Casablanca was known to be infiltrated by German spies, thus another safe port was needed to house the submarine. After three days of towing, Guadalcanal transferred U-505 to the fleet tug Abnaki. On 19 June, the submarine entered the Great Sound, site of the United States Navy's Naval Operating Base in Bermuda, after a tow of 1,700 nautical miles (3,150 km; 1,960 mi). The US Navy took 58 prisoners from U-505, three of them wounded. The crew were interned at Camp Ruston, near Ruston, Louisiana, in great secrecy. Secrecy was so important to the mission that the submarine's flag was kept under the personal care of the Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Fleet during the duration of the war. The submarine's crewmen were isolated from other prisoners of war, and the Red Cross was denied access to them. The Kriegsmarine finally declared the crew dead and informed the families to that effect, and the crew was not returned until 1947.

Awards

Historian Clay Blair states that United States Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King was furious with Gallery for endangering Ultra, the intelligence gained from Enigma decrypts, and considered court-martialling him. If the knowledge that a U-boat had been captured had reached Germany, the U-boat Arm would have made changes to tighten Enigma security, leading to an intelligence blackout on the eve of the Normandy landings. Since the Allies had gained access to Enigma with the captures of U-110 in 1941 and U-559 in 1942 the standard practice was to sink U-boats outright rather than trying to board and capture them, for this reason. However, "cooler heads prevailed".

LTJG Albert David received the Medal of Honor for leading the boarding party, the only time that it was awarded to an Atlantic Fleet sailor in World War II. Torpedoman's Mate Third Class Arthur W. Knispel and Radioman Second Class Stanley E. Wdowiak were the first two to follow David into the submarine, and they received the Navy Cross. Seaman First Class Earnest James Beaver received the Silver Star and Commander Trosino received the Legion of Merit. Captain Gallery conceived and executed the operation, and he received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. The Task Group was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll, Commander in Chief, US Atlantic Fleet, cited the task group for "outstanding performance during antisubmarine operations in the eastern Atlantic" and stated that it was "a feat unprecedented in individual and group bravery, execution, and accomplishment in the naval history of the United States".

Final journey

U-505 at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois

The US Navy kept U-505 at the US Naval Operating Base in Bermuda, and Navy intelligence officers and engineers studied her intensively. To maintain the illusion that she had been sunk rather than captured, it was painted to look like a US submarine and renamed USS Nemo. At the end of the war in Europe, it was used to promote E War Bond sales as part of the "Mighty 7th" War Loan drive. Anyone who purchased a bond could also purchase a ticket to board and inspect her. In June 1945, it visited New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Captain Gallery was present for the opening of the exhibition in Washington, DC.

The Navy had no further use for U-505 after the war. Experts had thoroughly examined her in Bermuda, and it was moored derelict at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, so the Navy decided to use it as a target for gunnery and torpedo practice until it sank. In 1946, Rear Admiral Gallery, who opposed the Navy's plans for U-505, told his brother Father John Gallery about this plan, and Father John contacted President Lenox Lohr of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry to see if they would be interested in her. The museum already planned to display a submarine, and the acquisition of U-505 seemed ideal. The US government donated the submarine to the museum in September 1954, and Chicago residents raised $250,000 for transporting and installing the boat. Coast Guard tugboats and cutters towed the boat through the Great Lakes, making a stop in Detroit, Michigan, in July 1954. The museum dedicated her on 25 September 1954 as a permanent exhibit and a war memorial to all the sailors who died in the first and second Atlantic campaigns.

Museum ship

Marker at the Museum of Science and Industry

Nearly every removable part had been stripped from the boat's interior by the time it went to the museum; it was in no condition to serve as an exhibit, so museum director Lohr asked for replacements from the German manufacturers who had supplied the boat's original components and parts. Admiral Gallery reports in his autobiography Eight Bells and All's Well that every company supplied the requested parts without charge. Most included letters to the effect that the manufacturers wanted her to be a credit to German technology.

A reunion was held at the museum in 1964, 20 years after the ship's capture, where Gallery returned to Lange some binoculars from the ship that had belonged to him.

The Navy had removed the periscope and placed it in a water tank used for research at its Arctic Submarine Laboratory in Point Loma, California, where it was forgotten. It was salvaged before the lab was demolished in 2003, and the Navy donated it to the museum to be displayed along with the submarine. By 2004, the U-boat's exterior had suffered noticeable damage from the weather, so the museum moved her to a new climate-controlled location (under ground next to the MSI) in April 2004. They restored it and reopened her to the public on 5 June 2005.

In 2019 the Museum refurbished the submarine, restoring her to be closer to her original condition. Also, a special exhibit with many additional artifacts from the submarine was opened in the general-admission section of the museum.

U-505 at the Museum of Science and Industry
  • Underside of U-505 Underside of U-505
  • Wide-angle shot of U-505 Wide-angle shot of U-505
  • Conning tower of U-505, showing the badge of the flotilla to which it belonged Conning tower of U-505, showing the badge of the flotilla to which it belonged: Shell damage received during her capture is visible.
  • U-505 outdoors as it was circa 1956 U-505 outdoors as it was circa 1956

In popular culture

Captain Gallery recounted the capture of U-505 in his 1951 memoir Clear the Decks. Gary Moore recounts a dramatized story of the captured crew in his 2006 historical fiction book Playing with the Enemy. Hans Goebeler recounts the story of the boat's patrols and her crew in his 2005 memoir Steel Boats, Iron Hearts: A U-Boat Crewman's Life Aboard U-505. ISBN 978-1932714319

Summary of raiding history

Date Ship Name Nationality Tonnage
(GRT) 		Fate
5 March 1942 Benmohr  United Kingdom 5,920 Sunk
6 March 1942 Sydhav  Norway 7,587 Sunk
3 April 1942 West Irmo  United States 5,775 Sunk
4 April 1942 Alphacca  Netherlands 5,759 Sunk
28 June 1942 Sea Thrush  United States 5,447 Sunk
29 June 1942 Thomas McKean  United States 7,191 Sunk
22 July 1942 Urious  Colombia 153 Sunk
7 November 1942 Ocean Justice  United Kingdom 7,173 Sunk

See also

Wartime captured German U-boats

Surviving German U-boats

Other

References

  1. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "The Type IXC boat U-505". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  2. ^ Kemp 1999, p. 193.
  3. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 23 January 2007.
  4. "U-505 (German Submarine)". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  5. Miller, Nathan (1987). The U.S. Navy: An Illustrated History. U.S. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-517-38597-5.
  6. ^ Gröner 1991, p. 68.
  7. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (First patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  8. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Second patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  9. Wiberg, Eric (26 April 2014). "SS Sea Thrush sunk by U-505/Loewe 28 June 1942 off Bahamas, Antigua". Eric Wiberg. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  10. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Urious (Colombian Sailing ship)". Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  11. Goebeler, Hans (2005). Steel Boat, Iron Hearts: A U-boat Crewman's Life Aboard U-505. Savas Beatie. p. 60.
  12. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Third patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  13. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Fourth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  14. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Fifth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  15. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Sixth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  16. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Seventh patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  17. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Eighth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  18. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Ninth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  19. Gallery 2001, p. 203
  20. Gallery 2001, p. 213
  21. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Tenth patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  22. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Patrol info for U-505 (Eleventh patrol)". U-Boat Patrols - uboat.net. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  23. ^ "Capture of U-505 on 4 June 1944". Naval Heritage and History Command. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  24. Gallery 2001, pp. 354–356
  25. Gallery 2001, p. 354
  26. ^ Gallery 2001, pp. 294–295
  27. Andrews, Lewis M. (2004). Tempest, Fire and Foe. Trafford Publishing. p. 78.
  28. Blair 1998 p.552
  29. ^ Bell, Jonathan (19 June 2019). "German sailor helped US Navy seize U-505". Royal Gazette. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  30. Moore, Gary W. (2006). Playing with the Enemy: A Baseball Prodigy, a World at War, and a Field of Broken Dreams. Savas Beatie. pp. 107–168. ISBN 1-932714-24-3.
  31. Division, Columbia University Libraries Digital Program (2010). "Columbia University Libraries: Oral Histories Portal: Collection Overview". oralhistoryportal.library.columbia.edu. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  32. Sebag-Montefiore, 2000, p. 343
  33. ^ Blair 1998 p.553
  34. Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2000). Enigma: Battle for the Code. Phoenix. p. 342. ISBN 0-7538-1130-8.
  35. McCurtie, Francis E. (2001). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. p. 290.
  36. "Captured Submarine Goes on Exhibition Today to Bond Buyers". The Evening Star. The Evening Star Newspaper Company. 23 June 1945.
  37. Wise, James E. Jr. (2005). U-505: The Final Journey. Naval Institute Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-59114-967-5. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  38. Gallery, Daniel V. (1965). Eight Bells and All's Well. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 248. LCCN 65-18021.
  39. "75 Facts About the U-505". Museum of Science and Industry. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  40. Green, Jack A. (7 February 2003). "Periscope Reunited with WWII German U-boat". Archived from the original on 30 July 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  41. "U-505 (German Submarine)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  42. Johnson, Steve (3 June 2019). "U-505 Submarine Gets a Makeover and New Exhibit for 75th Anniversary at MSI". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  43. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-505". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 23 January 2014.

Bibliography

  • Gallery, Daniel V. (2001). Twenty Million Tons Under the Sea. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-806-2.
  • Goebeler, Hans Jacob, with Vanzo, John. (1999) Steel Boats, Iron Hearts: The Wartime Saga of Hans Goebeler and U-505 (Wagnerian Publications). OCLC 45116124. This privately distributed paperback book was later reprinted as Steel Boat, Iron Hearts: A U-boat Crewman's Life aboard U-505. New York: Savas Beatie. 2008. ISBN 978-1-932714-31-9. OCLC 751578149.
  • Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). "U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels". German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
  • Harris, Wesley. (2006). Fish Out of Water: Nazi Submariners as Prisoners in North Louisiana During World War II. RoughEdge Publications.
  • Kemp, Paul (1999). U-Boats Destroyed – German Submarine Losses in the World Wars. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.
  • Kohnen, David. "Tombstone of Victory: Tracking the U-505 From German Commerce Raider to American War Memorial, 1944–1954" in The Journal of America's Military Past (Winter 2007).
  • Kohnen, David. Commanders Winn and Knowles: Winning the U-boat War with Intelligence, 1939–1943 (Enigma Press, 1999).
  • Kohnen, David. "F-21 and F-211: A Fresh Look into the Secret Room" in Randy C. Bolano and Craig L. Symonds, ed., New Sources in Naval History: Selected Papers from the Fourteenth Naval History Symposium (Naval Institute, 2001).
  • Moore, Gary W. (2006) Playing with the Enemy: A Baseball Prodigy, a World at War, and a Field of Broken Dreams. Savas Beatie LLC, New York.
  • Rogers, J. David. "Capture of the U-505" (PDF). Missouri University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 3 June 2013. Popular description of the capture of U-505 by a former naval officer and professor.
  • Savas, Theodore P., Editor. (2004) Hunt and Kill: U-505 and the U-boat War in the Atlantic. Savas Beatie LLC, New York.

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