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{{short description|Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
]
{{about||the politician|John Croak (politician)}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Private
| name = John Croak
| honorific_suffix = ]
| image = VCJohnBernardCroak.jpg
| caption = John Croak in uniform.
| birth_date = 18 May 1892
| death_date = 8 August 1918 (aged 26)
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_place = ], ]
| placeofburial = ], ]
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| nickname =
| birth_name = John Bernard Croak
| allegiance = ] ]
| branch = ]
*]
| serviceyears = 1915 &ndash; 1918
| rank = ]
| servicenumber =
| unit = ]<br>]
*]
**]
| commands =
| battles = ]
* ]
** ]
*** ]
**** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
*** ] {{KIA}}
| battles_label =
| awards = ] ]
| relations =
| laterwork = Coal miner
| signature =
}}


'''John Bernard Croak''' ] (May 18, 1892 – August 8, 1918) was a soldier in the ] during the ] and posthumous recipient of the ], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" that can be awarded to ] and ] forces. He earned the award for events that occurred during the ] in August 1918. A park and elementary school was named in his memory at ].
]


==Early life==
'''John Bernard Croak'''<ref>The Newfoundland spelling of the name is "Croke," and that is also how it appears on Pvt. Croak's birth certificate. However, Pvt. Croak enlisted with this spelling, which remains on many of his official documents.</ref> ] (b. 1892 &ndash; August 8, 1918), was a soldier in the Canadian Army during the ], and a recipient of the ].
⚫ Croak{{#tag:ref|The Newfoundland spelling of his surname is "Croke," but he preferred "Croak".{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|p=23}}|group=Note}} was born in ] in ], on May 18, 1892, to James and Cecelia Croak. The family moved to ] when Croak was two years old. He attended school there and then, at the age of 14, began work as a coal miner.{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|p=23}}


==Details== ==First World War==
In 1915, Croak enlisted in the Canadian Army and volunteered for service abroad with the ]. Posted to the ] as a ], he embarked for Europe in November 1915. He soon transferred to the ], which was serving on the ] as part of 3rd Brigade, ]. Through 1917 and the early part of 1918, Croak participated in several engagements as part of 13th Battalion; these included the ], ] and ].{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|p=23}}
⚫ Croak was born in ], ], on May 18, 1892 to James and Cecelia Croak.<ref name=cwgc>, Commonwealth War Graves Commission</ref> The family moved to Glace Bay, Nova Scotia when Croak was two years old. He attended school there and then began work as a coal miner.
On 8 August 1918, the opening day of the ], and the beginning of the ], the 3rd Brigade, accompanied by a battalion of tanks, was at the forefront of the 1st Division's advance. The 13th Battalion became held up by machine gun posts in the vicinity of ]. Croak attacked a machine gun post and took several prisoners whom he escorted to his company headquarters. Ignoring instructions to seek medical treatment for a wound to his arm, he carried out an attack on another machine gun post nearby. He was wounded again, this time fatally, in the act, and died that same day. He was recognised for his actions with an award of the ] (VC).{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|pp=15–17}}{{#tag:ref|Lance Sergeant ] (29 November 1887&nbsp;– 18 April 1969), another soldier of 13th Battalion, was also awarded the VC for his actions at Hangard Wood.{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|p=17}}|group=Note}} The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the ].{{sfn|Ashcroft|2007|pp=8–10}} The citation for Croak's VC read:


⚫ {{Blockquote|For most conspicuous bravery in attack when having become separated from his section he encountered a machine gun nest, which he bombed and silenced, taking the gun and crew prisoners. Shortly afterwards he was severely wounded, but refused to desist. Having rejoined his platoon, a very strong point, containing several machine guns, was encountered. Private Croak, however, seeing an opportunity, dashed forward alone and was almost immediately followed by the remainder of the platoon in a brilliant charge. He was the first to arrive at the trench line, into which he led his men, capturing three machine guns and bayonetting or capturing the entire garrison. The perseverance and valour of this gallant soldier, who was again severely wounded, and died of his wounds, were an inspiring example to all.|The London Gazette, No. 30922, September 24, 1918<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 30922|date=27 September 1918|page=11430 |supp=y}}</ref>}}
Croak enlisted in the military in 1915. He was a ] in the ], ]. On August 8, 1918 at ], ], Croak performed a deed which earned him the Victoria Cross. He was wounded in the act, and died shortly thereafter at the age of only 26.


Croak is buried at ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Croak, John Bernard|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/260164|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> which is located 12 miles south west of ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hangard Wood British Cemetery|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/25704/hangard-wood-british-cemetery/|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> His VC, the first to be awarded to a soldier born in Newfoundland,{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|p=21}} was presented to his mother at Government House in Halifax by ], the ], on 23 November 1918.{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|p=22}}
===Citation===
⚫ {{Quote|''For most conspicuous bravery in attack when having become separated from his section he encountered a machine gun nest, which he bombed and silenced, taking the gun and crew prisoners. Shortly afterwards he was severely wounded, but refused to desist. Having rejoined his platoon, a very strong point, containing several machine guns, was encountered. Private Croak, however, seeing an opportunity, dashed forward alone and was almost immediately followed by the remainder of the platoon in a brilliant charge. He was the first to arrive at the trench line, into which he led his men, capturing three machine guns and bayonetting or capturing the entire garrison. The perseverance and valour of this gallant soldier,who was again severely wounded, and died of his wounds, were an inspiring example to all.''|The London Gazette, No. 30922, September 24, 1918<ref name=cwgc/>}}


In Glace Bay, where Croak grew up, there is both a school and a Royal Canadian Legion named in his honor. There is also a park, located on the site of his former workplace, the Dominion No. 2 Colliery, named for him as well. In 1992, the park was the scene of the unveiling of a memorial plaque, made of Cape Breton rock, to Croak.{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|pp=23–24}}
==Further information==
Grave/memorial at Buried at Hangard Wood British Cemetery, France. 12m SW of Albert. Plot I. Row A. Grave 9. Headstone.

In Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, where John Bernard Croak grew up, there is a school, a park and a Royal Canadian Legion branch named in his honour.


==The medal== ==The medal==
John Bernard Croak's medals are held by The Army Museum, located on the second floor of the Cavalier Block in the Halifax Citadel Defence Complex, ], ], Canada. In 1972 Croak's medals, which included the British War Medal and the Victory Medal in addition to the VC, were gifted by his nephew to the Army Museum at the ] in ], Nova Scotia. The medals are now displayed at the ].{{sfn|Gliddon|2014|p=24}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria Cross, Medal Set |url=https://www.warmuseum.ca/collections/artifact/1106868/ |publisher=Canadian War Museum |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{portal|Biography}}

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ashcroft|first=Michael|title=Victoria Cross Heroes|year=2007|orig-year=2006|publisher=Headline Review|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7553-1633-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Gliddon|first=Gerald|title=The Final Days 1918|series=]|year=2014|orig-year=2000|publisher=History Press|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|isbn=978-0-7509-5368-9}}
{{refend}}

==External links== ==External links==
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* ''(service/personal details, citation, relevant documents, burial information)''
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* {{Find a Grave|9788751}}
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{{Authority control}}
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] {{DEFAULTSORT:Croak, John Bernard}}
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Latest revision as of 13:01, 11 February 2024

Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross For the politician, see John Croak (politician).
Private
John Croak
VC
John Croak in uniform.
Birth nameJohn Bernard Croak
Born18 May 1892
Little Bay, Newfoundland Colony
Died8 August 1918 (aged 26)
Hangard Wood, France
BuriedHangard Wood British Cemetery, France
Allegiance Dominion of Canada
Service / branchCanadian Militia
Years of service1915 – 1918
RankPrivate
Unit55th (New Brunswick & Prince Edward Island) Battalion
1st Canadian Division
Battles / warsWorld War I
Awards Victoria Cross
Other workCoal miner

John Bernard Croak VC (May 18, 1892 – August 8, 1918) was a soldier in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War and posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He earned the award for events that occurred during the Battle of Amiens in August 1918. A park and elementary school was named in his memory at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.

Early life

Croak was born in Little Bay in Newfoundland, on May 18, 1892, to James and Cecelia Croak. The family moved to Glace Bay, Nova Scotia when Croak was two years old. He attended school there and then, at the age of 14, began work as a coal miner.

First World War

In 1915, Croak enlisted in the Canadian Army and volunteered for service abroad with the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Posted to the 55th Battalion as a private, he embarked for Europe in November 1915. He soon transferred to the 13th Battalion, which was serving on the Western Front as part of 3rd Brigade, 1st Canadian Division. Through 1917 and the early part of 1918, Croak participated in several engagements as part of 13th Battalion; these included the Battles of Vimy Ridge, Hill 70 and Passchendaele.

On 8 August 1918, the opening day of the Battle of Amiens, and the beginning of the Hundred Days Offensive, the 3rd Brigade, accompanied by a battalion of tanks, was at the forefront of the 1st Division's advance. The 13th Battalion became held up by machine gun posts in the vicinity of Hangard Wood. Croak attacked a machine gun post and took several prisoners whom he escorted to his company headquarters. Ignoring instructions to seek medical treatment for a wound to his arm, he carried out an attack on another machine gun post nearby. He was wounded again, this time fatally, in the act, and died that same day. He was recognised for his actions with an award of the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation for Croak's VC read:

For most conspicuous bravery in attack when having become separated from his section he encountered a machine gun nest, which he bombed and silenced, taking the gun and crew prisoners. Shortly afterwards he was severely wounded, but refused to desist. Having rejoined his platoon, a very strong point, containing several machine guns, was encountered. Private Croak, however, seeing an opportunity, dashed forward alone and was almost immediately followed by the remainder of the platoon in a brilliant charge. He was the first to arrive at the trench line, into which he led his men, capturing three machine guns and bayonetting or capturing the entire garrison. The perseverance and valour of this gallant soldier, who was again severely wounded, and died of his wounds, were an inspiring example to all.

— The London Gazette, No. 30922, September 24, 1918

Croak is buried at Hangard Wood British Cemetery, which is located 12 miles south west of Albert. His VC, the first to be awarded to a soldier born in Newfoundland, was presented to his mother at Government House in Halifax by MacCallum Grant, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, on 23 November 1918.

In Glace Bay, where Croak grew up, there is both a school and a Royal Canadian Legion named in his honor. There is also a park, located on the site of his former workplace, the Dominion No. 2 Colliery, named for him as well. In 1992, the park was the scene of the unveiling of a memorial plaque, made of Cape Breton rock, to Croak.

The medal

In 1972 Croak's medals, which included the British War Medal and the Victory Medal in addition to the VC, were gifted by his nephew to the Army Museum at the Citadel in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The medals are now displayed at the Canadian War Museum.

Notes

Footnotes

  1. The Newfoundland spelling of his surname is "Croke," but he preferred "Croak".
  2. Lance Sergeant Herman Good (29 November 1887 – 18 April 1969), another soldier of 13th Battalion, was also awarded the VC for his actions at Hangard Wood.

Citations

  1. ^ Gliddon 2014, p. 23.
  2. Gliddon 2014, pp. 15–17.
  3. Gliddon 2014, p. 17.
  4. Ashcroft 2007, pp. 8–10.
  5. "No. 30922". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 September 1918. p. 11430.
  6. "Croak, John Bernard". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  7. "Hangard Wood British Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  8. Gliddon 2014, p. 21.
  9. Gliddon 2014, p. 22.
  10. Gliddon 2014, pp. 23–24.
  11. Gliddon 2014, p. 24.
  12. "Victoria Cross, Medal Set". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 31 December 2020.

References

External links

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