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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see ] -->
Below is a list of basic topics in ''']''' -- topics which will help the beginner become familiar with the field of philosophy.
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''']''' is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, ''Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide'' (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."</ref><ref>], ''Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."</ref> It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as ], ]) by being critical and generally systematic and by its reliance on ].<ref>Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'' (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."</ref> It involves ] of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.

The word "philosophy" comes from the ] ''philosophia'' (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref>The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". {{cite book|title=Webster's New World Dictionary|edition=Second College}}</ref>

{{TOC Limit|3}}

== Branches of philosophy ==
The branches of philosophy and their sub-branches that are used in contemporary philosophy are as follows.

===Aesthetics===
] is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.
*]

===Epistemology===
] is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of ].

* ] – inquiry into the social aspects of knowledge.
* ] – the application of formal models to study knowledge.
* ] – studying the foundations of epistemology itself.

===Ethics===
] &ndash; study of ] and ].
* ] &ndash; philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.
**] &ndash; analysis of controversial ethical issues emerging from advances in medicine.
**] &ndash; studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, ], ecotheology, ], ecology and environmental geography.
**] studies ethical issues concerning medicine and medical research.
**] &ndash; ethics to improve professionalism.
* ] – discovery of ethical principles through the study of language.
* ] &ndash; study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act.
* ] &ndash; branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments.

===Logic===
] &ndash; the systematic study of the form of valid ] and ].

''Also regarded as the separate ].''

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===Metaphysics===
] &ndash; concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it.

* ] the study of the nature and origins of the ].

*] &ndash; philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
** ] study of the ontological foundations of ontology itself.
*] &ndash; branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.

===Other===
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== Philosophic traditions by region ==
== Influential philosophers ==
Regional variations of philosophy.


=== Africana philosophy ===
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{{Main|Africana philosophy}}
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=== Eastern philosophy ===
== Basic philosophical concepts ==
{{Main|Eastern philosophy}}
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=== Middle Eastern Philosophy ===
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{{main|Middle Eastern philosophy}}
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=== Indigenous American philosophy ===
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{{main|Indigenous American philosophy}}
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=== Western philosophy ===
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{{Main|Western philosophy}}
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==History of philosophy==
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{{Main|History of philosophy}}The history of philosophy in specific contexts of time and space.
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] -- === Timeline of philosophy ===
{{Main|Timeline of philosophers|List of years in philosophy}}
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===Ancient and classical philosophy===
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{{Main|Ancient philosophy|}}Philosophies during ].
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==== Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy ====
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{{Main|Ancient Greek philosophy|Ancient Roman philosophy}}
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==== Classical Chinese philosophy ====
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==== Classical Indian philosophy ====
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=== Medieval and post-classical philosophy ===
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{{Main|Medieval philosophy}}
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Philosophies during ].


==== Christian philosophy ====
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==== Islamic philosophy ====
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==== Jewish philosophy ====
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{{Main|Jewish_philosophy#Medieval_Jewish_philosophy_after_Maimonides|l1 = Medieval Jewish philosophy}}
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==== Post-classical Chinese philosophy ====
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=== Modern and contemporary philosophy ===
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==== Renaissance philosophy ====
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==== Early modern philosophy ====
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==== Contemporary philosophy ====
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*Contemporary Asian philosophy
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== Philosophical schools of thought ==
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{{Main|List of philosophies|Glossary of philosophy}}Philosophical schools of thought not tied to particular historic contexts.
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=== Aesthetical movements ===
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{{See also|List of art movements}}
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=== Epistemological stances ===
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=== Ethical theories ===
== Doctrines and schools of philosophy ==
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=== Logical systems ===
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=== Political philosophies ===
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=== Philosophy of language theories and stances ===
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=== Philosophy of mind theories and stances ===
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=== Philosophy of religion stances ===
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=== Philosophy of science theories and stances ===
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== Philosophical literature ==
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=== Reference works ===
]


* '']'' &ndash; one of the major English ] of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by ]. Volumes 1–9 contain ] articles.
] --
* '']'' &ndash; a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by ] in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the ]) and ] (Professor of Philosophy at ]). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
] --
* '']'' &ndash; encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 ({{ISBN|978-0415073103}}). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 ]
] --
* '']'' &ndash; combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
] --
* {{cite book
]
|title = A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
|last = Chan
|first = Wing-tsit
|author-link = Wing-tsit Chan
|publisher = Princeton University Press
|year = 1963
|isbn = 978-0-691-01964-2
|url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=dzmMaVTvUzAC}}
}}
* {{cite book
|title = Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods
|last = Huang
|first = Siu-chi
|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
|year = 1999
|isbn = 978-0-313-26449-8
|url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=sjzPPg8eK7sC}}
}}
* ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy'' by Robert Audi
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Paul|editor1-last=Edwards|editor-link=Paul Edwards (philosopher)|title=The Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uqaajgEACAAJ}}|year=1967|publisher=Macmillan & Free Press}}; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
* '']''. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
* '']''. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
* ''Routledge History of Philosophy'' (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
* ''History of Philosophy'' (9 vols.) by ]
* ''A History of Western Philosophy'' (5 vols.) by ]
* ''History of Italian Philosophy'' (2 vols.) by ]. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
* ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies'' (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
* ''Indian Philosophy'' (2 vols.) by ]
* ''A History of Indian Philosophy'' (5 vols.) by ]
* ''History of Chinese Philosophy'' (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
* ''Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming'' by Chan, Wing-tsit
* ''Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy'' edited by Antonio S. Cua
* ''Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion'' by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
* ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'' by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
* ''A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English'' by John A. Grimes
* ''History of Islamic Philosophy'' edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
* ''History of Jewish Philosophy'' edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
* ''A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries'' by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
* Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) ''A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations''. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
* Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)''The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy''. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
* Mautner, T., Ed. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy''. London, Penguin Books.
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Runes |editor-first=D.|year=1942|title=The Dictionary of Philosophy|url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/ |access-date=27 December 2005 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424155352/http://www.ditext.com/runes/ |url-status=live |location=New York |publisher=The Philosophical Library, Inc.}}
* Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). ''The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy''. New York, Harper Perennial.
* {{cite book|editor-first1=Nicholas|editor-last1=Bunnin|editor-first2=Eric|editor-last2=Tsui-James|title=The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=HNWIcgEswrsC}}|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99787-1}}
* Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) ''Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy''. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
* Popkin, R.H. (1999). ''The Columbia History of Western Philosophy''. New York, Columbia University Press.
* Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, ''jt. eds''. ''The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought''. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. ''N.B''.: First published in England under the title, "''The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought''". {{ISBN|978-0-06-010578-5}}
* ] ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought''. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. {{ISBN|978-0-391-00688-1}}


=== General introduction ===
] --
{{Refbegin}}
] --
* {{cite book|editor=Richard McKeon|editor-link=Richard McKeon|author=Aristotle|author-link=Aristotle|title=The Basic Works of Aristotle|date=1941|publisher=Random House|location=New York}}
] --
* Blumenau, Ralph. ''Philosophy and Living''. {{ISBN|978-0-907845-33-1}}
] --
* ]. ''Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285421-6}}
] --
* Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, ''Mastering Philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-333-69343-8}}
] --
* ]. ''''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-511552-9}}
] --
* Sinclair, Alistair J. ''What is Philosophy? An Introduction'', 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-903765-94-4}}
] --
* ]. (2001). ''Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings''. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|978-0-13-189869-1}}
] --
* ] ''Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-534-16708-0}}
] --
* ]. ''Philosophy: The Basics''. {{ISBN|978-0-415-14694-4}}
]
* Nagel, Thomas. ''What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-505292-3}}
* ''Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3)'' by Louis P. Pojman
* Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
* ]. ''The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View''. {{ISBN|978-0-345-36809-6}}
{{Refend}}


=== Topical introductions ===
] --
{{Refbegin|30em}}
] --
] --
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]


====African====
] --
* Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. ''An Introduction to African Philosophy.'' {{ISBN|978-0-8476-8841-8|}}
] --
]


====Eastern====
] --
* ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy'' by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
] --
* Hamilton, Sue. ''Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285374-5|}}
] --
* Kupperman, Joel J. ''Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513335-6|}}
] --
* Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. ''Eastern Philosophy For Beginners''. {{ISBN|978-0-86316-282-4|}}
] --
* Smart, Ninian. ''World Philosophies''. {{ISBN|978-0-415-22852-7|}}
] --
* Copleston, Frederick. ''Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev''. {{ISBN|978-0-268-01569-5|}}
] --
] --
] --
] --
] --
] --
] --
] --
] --
] --
]


====Islamic====
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* ''Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings'' edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
] --
* {{cite book|last=Leaman|first=Oliver|title=A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy|isbn=978-0-7456-1960-6|date=2000-04-14}}
] --
* {{cite book|last=Corbin|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Corbin|title=History Of Islamic Philosophy|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=UNfgAwAAQBAJ}}|date=23 June 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-19888-6|translator1-first=Liadain|translator1-last=Sherrard|translator2-first=Philip|translator2-last=Sherrard|translator2-link=Philip Sherrard|orig-year=1993}}
] --
* {{cite book|first1=Mehdi Amin Razavi|last1=Aminrazavi|first2=Seyyed Hossein|last2=Nasr|first3=Seyyed Hossein|last3=Nasr, PH.D.|title=The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=WNVcAgAAQBAJ}}|date=16 December 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-78105-6}}
] --
{{Refend}}
]


=== Historical introductions ===
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====General====
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* {{cite book|last=Oizerman|first=Teodor|author-link=Teodor Oizerman|others=translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A., Oxon|title=The Main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy|url=http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6529_OizermanT.I.-Main_trends_in_Philosophy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000629/http://su-ltd.mylivepage.ru/file/2715/6529_OizermanT.I.-Main_trends_in_Philosophy.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-06|format=DjVu, etc.|access-date=20 January 2011|edition=2nd|year=1988|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-5-01-000506-1|url-status=dead}} First published in Russian as {{lang|ru|Главные философские направления}}.
] --
* ] and ] ''A Short History of Philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-510196-6|}}
] --
* ], ''Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers'', Pocket, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-671-73916-4|}}
] --
* {{cite book|last=Oizerman|first=Teodor|author-link=Teodor Oizerman|others=translated from Russian by Robert Daglish|title=Problems of the History of Philosophy|url=http://leninist.biz/en/1973/PHP462/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706145426/http://leninist.biz/en/1973/PHP462/index.html|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=20 January 2011|edition=1st|year=1973|publisher=]|location=]|url-status=dead}} First published in Russian as {{lang|ru|Проблемы историко-философской науки}}.
]


====Ancient====
]
* Knight, Kelvin. ''Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre''. {{ISBN|978-0-7456-1977-4|}}


====Medieval====
] --
* ''The Phenomenology Reader'' by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
]
* Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). ''Metaphysics: An Anthology''. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
* {{cite book|first1=Edmund|last1=Husserl|first2=Donn|last2=Welton|title=The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=hC2Ac8VGLacC}}|year=1999|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21273-3}}


====Modern and contemporary====
== General Online Philosophy Resources ==
* ''The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill'' by Edwin Arthur
* ''European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche'' by Monroe Beardsley
* ''Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition)'' by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
* Curley, Edwin, ''A Spinoza Reader'', Princeton, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-691-00067-1|}}
* ], R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, ''eds''. ''The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers'', in series, ''Fontana Original''. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 . xxv, 867 p. {{ISBN|978-0-00-636965-3|}}
* ]. ''A Short History of Modern Philosophy''. {{ISBN|978-0-415-26763-2|}}
* ''Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings'' by James Baillie
* ]. ''Thinking it Through&nbsp;&nbsp;– An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy'', 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513458-2|}}
* Critchley, Simon. ''Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction''. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285359-2|}}
{{Refend}}


==Lists==
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{{Main|Index of philosophy}}

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==See also==
{{Portal|Philosophy}}
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Philosophy}}
* &ndash; topic outline developed by ] as the category structure for the table of contents of the '']'' academic directory.
* &ndash; comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.
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* (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)
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Latest revision as of 16:45, 12 November 2024

Part of a series on
Philosophy
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Philosophers

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth) by being critical and generally systematic and by its reliance on rational argument. It involves logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.

The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".

Branches of philosophy

The branches of philosophy and their sub-branches that are used in contemporary philosophy are as follows.

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.

Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge.

Ethics

Ethics – study of value and morality.

  • Applied ethics – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.
  • Discourse ethics – discovery of ethical principles through the study of language.
  • Normative ethics – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act.
  • Metaethics – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments.

Logic

Logic – the systematic study of the form of valid inference and reasoning.

Also regarded as the separate formal science.

Metaphysics

Metaphysics – concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it.

  • Ontology – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
  • Philosophy of space and time – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.

Other

Philosophic traditions by region

Regional variations of philosophy.

Africana philosophy

Main article: Africana philosophy

Eastern philosophy

Main article: Eastern philosophy

Middle Eastern Philosophy

Main article: Middle Eastern philosophy

Indigenous American philosophy

Main article: Indigenous American philosophy

Western philosophy

Main article: Western philosophy

History of philosophy

Main article: History of philosophy

The history of philosophy in specific contexts of time and space.

Timeline of philosophy

Main articles: Timeline of philosophers and List of years in philosophy

Ancient and classical philosophy

Main article: Ancient philosophy

Philosophies during ancient history.

Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy

Main articles: Ancient Greek philosophy and Ancient Roman philosophy

Classical Chinese philosophy

Classical Indian philosophy

Medieval and post-classical philosophy

Main article: Medieval philosophy

Philosophies during post-classical history.

Christian philosophy

Main article: Christian philosophy

Islamic philosophy

Main article: Early Islamic philosophy

Jewish philosophy

Main article: Medieval Jewish philosophy

Post-classical Chinese philosophy

Modern and contemporary philosophy

Main article: Modern philosophy

Philosophies during the modern era.

Renaissance philosophy

Main article: Renaissance philosophy

Early modern philosophy

Main article: Early modern philosophy

Contemporary philosophy

Main article: Contemporary philosophy

Philosophical schools of thought

Main articles: List of philosophies and Glossary of philosophy

Philosophical schools of thought not tied to particular historic contexts.

Aesthetical movements

See also: List of art movements

Epistemological stances

Ethical theories

Logical systems

Metaphysical stances

Political philosophies

Philosophy of language theories and stances

Philosophy of mind theories and stances

Philosophy of religion stances

Philosophy of science theories and stances

Philosophical literature

Main article: Philosophy and literature

Reference works

  • Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
  • Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
  • Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
  • Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01964-2.
  • Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26449-8.
  • The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
  • Edwards, Paul, ed. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
  • International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
  • History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
  • A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W.T. Jones
  • History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
  • Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
  • Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
  • A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
  • History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
  • Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
  • Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
  • Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
  • Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
  • A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
  • History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
  • History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
  • A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
  • Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
  • Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
  • Runes, D., ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2005.
  • Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
  • Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, eds. (15 April 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.
  • Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
  • Reese, W.L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1

General introduction

Topical introductions

African

Eastern

Islamic

Historical introductions

General

Ancient

  • Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4

Medieval

Modern and contemporary

  • The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
  • European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
  • Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
  • Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
  • Bullock, Alan, R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 . xxv, 867 p. ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
  • Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2
  • Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
  • Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through  – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
  • Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285359-2

Lists

Main article: Index of philosophy

See also

References

  1. Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
  2. A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
  3. Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
  4. Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
  5. Online Etymology Dictionary
  6. The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Second College ed.).

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