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{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{Infobox Language
{{Distinguish|text=] or ]}}
|name=Tagalog
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}}
|familycolor=Austronesian
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
|states={{flag|Philippines}}
{{Infobox language
|region=Central and south ]
| name = Tagalog
|speakers=First language (in the Philippines): 22 million<ref>Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000</ref>
| altname =
<br>
| nativename = {{lang|tl|Wikang Tagalog}}<br/>{{Script|Tglg|ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔}}
Overall (worldwide): ≈ 90 million total speakers
| pronunciation = {{IPA|tl|tɐˈɡaːloɡ||Tl-PH-Tagalog.ogg}}
|nation={{flag|Philippines}} (in the form of ])
| states = ]
|agency=] (Commission on the Filipino Language)<br>{{Collapsible list |title=] |{{flag|Canada}}|{{flag|Hong Kong}}|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|{{flag|United States}}}}<br>{{Collapsible list |title=Other states |{{flag|Australia}}|{{flag|Bahrain}}|{{flag|Brunei}}|{{flag|Canada}}|{{flag|Guam}}|{{flag|Hong Kong}}|{{flag|Japan}}|{{flag|Kuwait}}|{{flag|Malaysia}}|{{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}|{{flag|Palau}}|{{flag|Qatar}}|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|{{flag|United States}}}}
| region = ]; ], Parts of ], Most of ], Parts of ], and Northwestern ]
|rank= 51
| ethnicity = ]
|fam2=]
| speakers = ]: {{sigfig|29.211970|2}} million
|fam3=]
| date = 2010
|fam4=]
| ref = e27
|script=] (] or ]);<br>''Historically written in ]''
| speakers2 = ]: {{sigfig|54.146000|2}} million (2020)<ref name=e27/> <br/>Total: {{sigfig|83.357970|2}} million<ref name=e27/>
|map={{Collapsible list| title= ]|]<br><small>The locations where Tagalog is spoken. Red represents countries where it is an official language (as Wikang Filipino), maroon represents where it is recognized as a minority language, pink represents other places where it is spoken significantly.</small></br>}}
| speakers_label = Speakers
|iso1=tl|iso2=tgl|iso3=tgl
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = ]
| fam3 = ]?
| fam4 = ]
| fam5 = ]
| fam6 = ]–Tagalog
| ancestor = ]
| ancestor2 = ]
| ancestor3 = ]
| ancestor4 = ]
| dia1 = Bataan
| dia2 = ]
| dia3 = Bulacan
| dia4 = Lubang
| dia5 = Manila
| dia6 = Marinduque
| dia7 = Puray
| dia8 = Tanay–Paete (Eastern Rizal-Northern Laguna)
| dia9 = ]<ref name="Manuel 1971">{{Cite book |last=Manuel |first=E. Arsenio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ropdAAAAIAAJ |title=A Lexicographic Study of Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon Province |date=1971 |publisher=Diliman Review |language=en |access-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224180337/https://books.google.com/books?id=ropdAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dia10 = Soccsksargen Tagalog (Mindanao)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@jeremiahcordial/the-morphology-of-sox-tagalog-a8288aa4a02d |title=The Morphology of Sox-Tagalog |website=medium.com |date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref>
| stand1 = ]
| script = {{Unbulleted list|] (])|]|{{Lang|tl|]}} (developing)}}
| nation = ] (as Filipino)
----
] (as Filipino)
| minority = Philippines (as a ] and an auxiliary official language in the predominantly Tagalog-speaking areas of the Philippines)
| agency = ]
| iso1 = tl
| iso2 = tgl
| iso3 = tgl
| lingua = 31-CKA
| map = Idioma tagalo.png
| mapcaption = Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines
| glotto = taga1280
| glottoname = Tagalogic
| glotto2 = taga1269
| glottoname2 = Tagalog-Filipino
| glotto3 = taga1270
| glottoname3 = Tagalog
}} }}
].]]


'''Tagalog''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|l|ɒ|ɡ}} {{Respell|tə|GAH|log}},<ref name=":0">According to the '']'' and {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121011858/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Tagalog |date=January 21, 2018 }}</ref> {{IPA|tl|tɐˈɡaːloɡ||Tl-PH-Tagalog.ogg|label=native pronunciation:}}; '']'': {{Script|Tglg|ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔}}) is an ] spoken as a first language by the ethnic ], who make up a quarter of the population of the ], and as a ] by the majority, mostly as or through ]. Its de facto ], codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broadened form, officially named ], is the ] of the Philippines, and is one of the nation's two ]s, alongside ]. Tagalog, like the other and as one of the regional languages of the Philippines, which majority are ], is one of the auxiliary official languages of the Philippines in the regions and also one of the auxiliary media of instruction therein.
'''Tagalog''' is one of the major languages used in the ]. It is a basis for the ], which is the principal language of the national television and radio, though broadsheet newspapers are almost completely in English. It is the primary language of ]. As Filipino, it is, along with ], a co-] and the sole ].<ref>{{cite web

|title=Language planning in multilingual countries: The case of the Philippines
Tagalog is closely related to other ], such as the ], the ], ], ], and ], and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the ] of ], ], ], ], ], ], and many more.
|url=http://www.sil.org/

|publisher=]
==Classification==
|author=Andrew Gonzalez, FSC
Tagalog is a ] ] within the ] language family. Being ], it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as ], ], ], ], ] (of Timor), and ] (of Taiwan).<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=M. P. |last2=Simons |first2=G. F. |last3=Fennig |first3=C. D. |date=2014 |title=Tagalog |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tgl |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |access-date=July 30, 2015 |archive-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212163108/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/TGL |url-status=live }}</ref> It is closely related to the languages spoken in the ] and the ] islands, such as the ] and the ], including ], ] and ].<ref name="ethnologue.com" />
|accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> Tagalog is widely used as a ] throughout the country, and in ] communities.<ref>{{cite web

|title=New center to document Philippine dialects
Tagalog differs from its ] counterparts with its treatment of the ] ] vowel {{IPA|*ə}}. In most ] and ] languages, this sound merged with {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|}}. In Tagalog, it has merged with {{IPA|/i/}}. For example, Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*dəkət}} (adhere, stick) is Tagalog ''dikít'' and Visayan & Bikol ''dukót''.
|url=http://www.asianjournal.com/?c=53&a=20983

|publisher=Asian Journal Online
Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*r}}, {{IPA|*j}}, and {{IPA|*z}} merged with {{IPA|/d/}} but is {{IPA|/l/}} between vowels. Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*ŋajan}} (name) and {{IPA|*hajək}} (kiss) became Tagalog ''ngalan'' and ''halík''. Adjacent to an affix, however, it becomes {{IPA|/r/}} instead: ''bayád'' (paid) → ''bayaran'' (to pay).
|author=Inquirer.net

|accessdate=2008-10-25}}</ref> However, while Tagalog may be prevalent in many fields, English, to varying degrees of fluency, is more prevalent in the fields of government and business.
Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*R}} merged with {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. {{IPA|*tubiR}} (water) and {{IPA|*zuRuʔ}} (blood) became Tagalog ''tubig'' and ''dugô''.


==History== ==History==
{{Main|Old Tagalog}}
] script.]]
The word ''Tagalog'' derived from ''tagailog'', from ''tagá-'' meaning "native of" and ''ílog'' meaning "river." Thus, it means "river dweller." Very little is known about the history of the language. However, according to ] such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. ], the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from Northeastern ] or Eastern ].<ref>Zorc, David. 1977. ''The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction''. ''Pacific Linguistics'' C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University</ref><ref>Blust, Robert. 1991. ''The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis''. Oceanic Linguistics'' 30:73&ndash;129</ref>


] script, the original writing system of Tagalog]]
The first written record of Tagalog is in the ], written in the year ] and uses fragments of the language along with ], ], and ]. Meanwhile, the first known book to be written in Tagalog is the ''Doctrina Cristiana'' (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two versions of Tagalog; one written in the ] script and the other in the ]. Throughout the 333 years of Spanish occupation, there were grammar and dictionaries written by Spanish clergymen such as ''Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala'' by Pedro de San Buenaventura (], 1613), ''Vocabulario de la lengua tagala'' (1835) and ''Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog<!-- Verify the spelling --> para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos'' (1850). Poet ] (1788&ndash;1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer. His most famous work is the early 19th-century '']''.


The word ''Tagalog'' is possibly derived from the ] ''taga-ilog'' ("river dweller"), composed of ''tagá-'' ("native of" or "from") and ''ilog'' ("river"), or alternatively, ''taga-alog'' deriving from ''alog'' ("pool of water in the lowlands"; "rice or vegetable plantation"). Linguists such as ] and ] speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern ] or the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zorc |first=R. David Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/bisayandialectso0044zorc |title=The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction |date=1977 |publisher=The Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-C44 |hdl=1885/146594 |isbn=9780858831575 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=1991 |title=The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=73–129 |doi=10.2307/3623084 |jstor=3623084}}</ref>
In 1937, Tagalog was selected as the basis of the national language by the National Language Institute. In 1939, ] named the national language ''"Wikang Pambansa"'' ("National Language").<ref></ref> Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by the Secretary of Education, Jose Romero, as '']'' to give it a ]al rather than ] label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance at the conscious level among non-], especially ]s who had not accepted the selection.<ref name="Gonzalez">{{cite journal | author = Andrew Gonzalez | year = 1998 | month = | title = The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines | journal = Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development | volume = 19 | issue = 5, 6 | url = http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2007-03-24 | pages = p. 487&ndash;488 }}</ref>.


Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the ] from the tenth century, which is largely written in ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Anton |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=https://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/1033 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=183–203 |jstor=42633308 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509173459/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/1033 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the '']'' (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The ''Doctrina'' was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current ] script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a ] orthography for the language.
In 1971, the language issue was revived once more, and a compromise solution was worked out&mdash;a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called ''Filipino'' rather than ''Pilipino''. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.<ref name="Gonzalez"/> The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.


]
==Classification==
Tagalog is a ] language within the ] language family. Being ], it is related to other Austronesian languages such as ], ], ], ], ] (of ]), ], ] (of ]), ], ], ] (of ] and the ]), ] (of ]), and ] (of ]). It is closely related to the languages spoken in the ] and ] regions such as ] and the ] including ], ], and ].


Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San José published the ''Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala'' (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published the first Tagalog dictionary, his '']'' in ].
Languages that have made significant contributions to Tagalog are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].


The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the ] ] missionary ] in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=2013 |publisher=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |location=Maynila |page=iv |orig-date=1860}}</ref> Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as '']'' in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTIOAAAAIAAJ |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves, y coordinado |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=1860 |publisher=Ramirez y Giraudier |location=Manila |language=es}}</ref> reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=2013 |publisher=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |location=Maynila |orig-date=1860}}</ref>
==Features==
===Geographic distribution===
The Tagalog homeland, or '']'', covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of ] - particularly in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and large parts of ]. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands, ], ], and large areas of ]. It is spoken by approximately 64.3 million Filipinos, 96.4% of the household population<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr05153tx.html
|title=Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos
|publisher=National Statistics Office
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref>. 21.5 million, or 28.15% of the total Philippine population<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html
|title=Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Population expected to reach 100 million Filipinos in 14 years
|publisher=National Statistics Office
|date=], ]
|accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref>, of which speak it as a native language.


Among others, ''Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos'' (1850) in addition to early studies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spieker-Salazar |first=Marlies |date=1992 |title=A Contribution to Asian Historiography: European Studies of Philippines Languages from the 17th to the 20th Century |journal=Archipel |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=183–202 |doi=10.3406/arch.1992.2861 |doi-access=free}}</ref> of the language.
Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between ]. It is the fifth most-spoken language in the ] with over a 1.4 million speakers (2005 census) <ref name= "USA">{{cite web|title=Census:Languages of the United States|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=United States|accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref>. In ] it is spoken by 235,615 <ref>Statistics Canada 2006</ref>.

The indigenous poet ] (1788–1862) is known as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the 19th-century ] '']''.<ref name="Cruz 1906">{{Cite book |last=Cruz |first=Hermenegildo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S5BAQAAMAAJ |title=Kun Sino ang Kumathâ ng̃ "Florante": Kasaysayan ng̃ Búhay ni Francisco Baltazar at Pag-uulat nang Kanyang Karunung̃a't Kadakilaan |date=1906 |publisher=Librería "Manila Filatélico" |location=Maynilà |language=tl |via=Google Books}}</ref>


===Official status=== ===Official status===
{{Main|Filipino language}}
]
]'' (Tagalog Newspaper), the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines founded in 1882 written in both Tagalog and ].]]
{{main|Filipino language}}
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the ] in 1897.<ref>{{Citation |title=1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, Article VIII |date=November 1897 |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/1897-constitution.php |mode=cs1 |via=The Corpus Juris |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717035029/https://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/1897-constitution.php |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.<ref>{{Citation |title=1935 Philippine Constitution (amended), Article XIV, Section 3 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1935-constitution-ammended/ |mode=cs1 |via=Official Gazette |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601164141/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1935-constitution-ammended// |url-status=live }}</ref> After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name="MLQspeech">{{Cite speech |last=Quezon |first=Manuel L. |author-link=Manuel L. Quezon |location=Malacañan Palace, Manila |date=December 30, 1937 |title=Speech of His Excellency Manuel L. Quezon President of the Philippines on Filipino National Language |url=http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf |via=quezon.ph |access-date=March 26, 2010 |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225085738/http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gonzalez">{{Cite journal |last=Gonzalez |first=Andrew |date=1998 |title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=19 |issue=5, 6 |pages=487–488 |doi=10.1080/01434639808666365 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322083304/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2006 }}</ref> President ] then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name=MLQspeech /> In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as ''Wikang Pambansâ'' (national language).<ref name=Gonzalez/> Quezon himself was born and raised in ], which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. Under the Japanese puppet government during ], Tagalog as a national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: "The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language."
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the ] in 1897.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=L00000000001&page=1&epage=1 |title=1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, Article VIII |accessdate = ] |publisher = Filipiniana.net }}</ref>


In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".<ref name=Gonzalez/> Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as "Pilipino")<ref>{{Citation |title=1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Sections 2–3 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |mode=cs1 |via=Official Gazette |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino).
In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/1935constitutionofthephilippines.htm |title=1935 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Section 3 |accessdate = ] |publisher = Chanrobles Law Library}}</ref> After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name=MLQspeech>{{Citation |url=http://www.quezon.ph/?page_id=1024 |title=Quezon’s speech proclaiming Tagalog the basis of the National Language |author=Manuel L. Quezon III |publisher=quezon.ph |accessdate=]}}</ref><ref name=Gonzalez/> President Manuel L. Quezon then, on ], ], proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name=MLQspeech /> In 1939 President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as ''wikang pambansâ'' (national language).<ref name=Gonzalez/> In 1939, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".<Ref name=Gonzalez/>


===Controversy===
The 1973 constitution designated the Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/1973constitutionofthephilippines.htm |title=1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Sections 2-3 |accessdate = ] |publisher = Chanrobles Law Library
The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for a national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as ''Wikang Pambansâ'' ("National Language") in 1939.<ref name=MLQspeech /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mga Probisyong Pangwika sa Saligang-Batas |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date=June 7, 2012 |website=wika.pbworks.com |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221013557/http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}} Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, ], as '']'' to give it a ]al rather than ] label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-], especially ]s who had not accepted the selection.<ref name="Gonzalez" />
}}</ref> The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language, mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.<ref name=1987constitutionXIV>{{Citation |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm |title=1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6-9 |accessdate = ] |publisher = Chanrobles Law Library}}</ref>


The national language issue was revived once more during the ]. The majority of the delegates were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Nigel |date=August 7, 2014 |title=What the PH Constitutions Say About the National Language |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=Rappler |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194244/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called ''Filipino'' rather than ''Pilipino''. The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.<ref name="Gonzalez" /> The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
As Filipino, Tagalog has been taught in schools throughout the Philippines. It is the only one out of over 170 Philippine languages that is officially used in schools and businesses, (info from culturegrams){{Fact|March, 2007|date=March 2007}} though Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 ] does specify, in part:
<blockquote>Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.<ref name=1987constitutionXIV /></blockquote>
<blockquote>The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.<ref name=1987constitutionXIV /></blockquote>


Many of the older generation in the Philippines feel that the replacement of English by Tagalog in the popular visual media has had dire economic effects regarding the competitiveness of the Philippines in trade and overseas remittances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 4, 2009 |title=E for English: The Cost of Being Tongue-Tied in The Colonisers' Tongue |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/06/04/e-for-english |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 14, 2022 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=Once it claimed to have more English speakers than all but two other countries, and it has exported millions of them. But these days Filipinos are less boastful. Three decades of decline in the share of Filipinos who speak the language, and the deteriorating proficiency of those who can manage some English, have eroded one of the country's advantages in the global economy. Call-centres complain that they reject nine-tenths of otherwise qualified job applicants, mostly college graduates, because of their poor command of English. This is lowering the chances that the outsourcing industry will succeed in its effort to employ close to 1m people, account for 8.5% of GDP and have 10% of the world market |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629234014/https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/06/04/e-for-english |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other ] have influenced Filipino, primarily through migration from the ] to ] of speakers of those other languages.


===Dialects=== ===Use in education===
{{Expand section|date=March 2018}}
At present, no comprehensive ] has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various Tagalog dialects. ] lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, ], Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog. However, there appear to be four main dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern (exemplified by the ] dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by ]), and Marinduque.

Upon the issuance of ''Executive Order No. 134'', Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On April 12, 1940, ''Executive No. 263'' was issued ordering the teaching of the national language in all public and private schools in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espiritu |first=Clemencia |date=April 29, 2015 |title=Filipino Language in the Curriculum |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/language-and-translation/filipino-language-in-the-curriculum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821124733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/language-and-translation/filipino-language-in-the-curriculum/ |archive-date=August 21, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2018 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref>

Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1987 ] specifies, in part:

{{blockquote|Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.<ref name="1987constitutionXIV">{{Citation |title=1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6–9 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |via=Official Gazette |mode=cs1 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105085906/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Under Section 7, however:

{{blockquote|The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.<ref name=1987constitutionXIV />}}

In 2009, the ] promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role.<ref>{{Citation |last=Department of Education |title=Order No. 74 |date=2009 |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/DO%20No.%2074,%20s.%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225924/http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/DO%20No.%2074,%20s.%202009.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |mode=cs1}}</ref> After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012–2013.<ref>{{Citation |title=DO 16, s. 2012 |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-16-s-2012 |via=deped.gov.ph |mode=cs1 |access-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064031/http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-16-s-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dumlao |first=Artemio |date=May 21, 2012 |title=K+12 to Use 12 Mother Tongues |work=Philstar Global |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/16/807083/k12-use-12-mother-tongues |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194245/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/16/807083/k12-use-12-mother-tongues |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tagalog is the first language of a quarter of the population of the ] (particularly in Central and Southern Luzon) and the second language for the majority.<ref name="Philippine Census 2000">Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
===In the Philippines===
], Philippines.]]
], ].]]
], ].]]

According to the 2020 census conducted by the ], there were 109 million people living in the Philippines, where the vast majority have some basic level of understanding of the language, mostly, mainly, majority or predominantly because of Filipino. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of ] — particularly in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of ] and ], as well as ] to a lesser extent. Significant minorities are found in the other Central Luzon provinces of ] and ], ] and ] in Bicol Region, the ] city of ] and various parts of ] especially in the island's urban areas, but especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as, through or in the form of Filipino. Tagalog or Filipino is also the predominant language of ] in ], making it the only place outside of Luzon with a native Tagalog-speaking or also a Filipino-speaking majority. It is also the main lingua franca in ], but especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKenna |first=Thomas M. |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e482&toc.id=d0e359&brand=ucpress |title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines |date=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |via=UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982–2004 |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807215825/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e482&toc.id=d0e359&brand=ucpress |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the 2000 Philippine Census, approximately 96% of the household population who were able to attend school could speak Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino;<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2005 |title=Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO) |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr05153tx.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127174205/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr05153tx.html |archive-date=January 27, 2008 |access-date=January 21, 2008 |website=National Statistics Office}}</ref> and about 28% of the total population spoke it natively.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Philippines: Population Expected to Reach 100 Million Filipinos in 14 Years (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO) |date=October 16, 2002 |publisher=National Statistics Office |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html |access-date=January 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128222713/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html |archive-date=January 28, 2008}}</ref>

The following regions and provinces of the Philippines are majority Tagalog-speaking, or also overlapping with being more accurately and specifically Filipino-speaking (from north to south):
* ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
**]
* ] (National Capital Region)
*Southern Luzon
** ] (] and ])
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
*** ] (While Romblomanon, Onhan, and Asi are the native languages of the province, Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a provincial variety of Filipino, is used as the ''lingua franca'' between the various language groups.)
*** ] (Historically a non-Tagalog-speaking province, waves of cross-migration from various other regions, especially Calabarzon, has resulted in Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a provincial variety of Filipino, now being the main spoken language in Palawan.)
** ] (While the ] have traditionally been the majority languages in the following provinces, heavy Tagalog influence and migration has resulted in its significant presence in these provinces and in many communities, Tagalog is now the majority language.)
*** ]
*** ]
* ]
** ] and ] (While ] has traditionally been the majority language of these provinces, Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino, is now the main language of "mother tongue" primary education (but here as the local and regional auxiliary official Tagalog language, rather than or instead of the national and official Filipino language) in the province, the majority language in the regional center of ] (either or both Tagalog or Filipino), and the ''lingua franca'' of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or BARMM (mostly, mainly, majority or predominantly Filipino).)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maulana |first=Nash |date=August 3, 2014 |title=Filipino or Tagalog Now Dominant Language of Teaching for Maguindanaons |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/625918/filipino-or-tagalog-now-dominant-language-of-teaching-for-maguindanaons |access-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124203953/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/625918/filipino-or-tagalog-now-dominant-language-of-teaching-for-maguindanaons |url-status=live }}</ref>
*]
**] (While ] is the majority language of the region, a linguistic phenomenon has developed whereby local residents have either shifted to Tagalog or Filipino, or significantly mix Tagalog terms and grammar into their Cebuano speech, or especially or more accurately and specifically in the form of a regional metropolitan variety of Filipino, because older generations speak Tagalog or Filipino to their children in home settings, and Cebuano is spoken in everyday settings, making Tagalog or Filipino the secondary lingua franca. Additionally, migrations from Tagalog-speaking provinces to the area are also the contributing factors.)
*]
**], ] and ] (Despite ] being the regional main lingua franca, migrations from ] and ] (including influx of migrants from Tagalog-speaking regions) to North Cotabato, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat has made Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically, as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino, the secondary lingua franca between various ethnolinguistic groups on everyday basis, especially those who cannot speak and understand Hiligaynon. Signages in the region are often written in Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino. Additionally, the language is also used in administrative functions by the local government, in education and in local media, but especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino, and not and not as, through nor in the form of Tagalog nor its traditional Tagalog varieties.)

Tagalog speakers are also found in other parts of the Philippines and especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as and through its standardized, codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broaden form of, as and through ], and the language serves as the national '']'' of the country, but especially or more accurately and specifically as and through Filipino.

===Outside of the Philippines===
[[File:Tagalosphere.png|thumb|{{legend|#FF0000|Countries with more than 500,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#FA8077|Countries with between 100,000–500,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#FFC0CB|Countries where it is spoken by minor communities}}]]
] at the ] in ] includes words that are uncommonly used in Metro Manila such as "hungkag" (hollow), "sinisila" (prey), "mapanila" (predator), "tibò" (stinger), and "kabatiran" (clue/knowledge/discernment).]]

Tagalog serves as the common language among ], though its use overseas is usually limited to communication between ]. The largest concentration of Tagalog speakers outside the Philippines is found in the ], wherein 2020, the ] reported (based on data collected in 2018) that it was the fourth most-spoken non-English language at home with over 1.7 million speakers, behind ], ], and ] (with figures for ] and ] combined).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Languages&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1601&vintage=2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030015410/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Languages&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1601&vintage=2018|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-10-30|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for United States: 2014-2018|website=census.gov}}</ref>

A study based on data from the United States Census Bureau's 2015 American Consumer Survey shows that Tagalog is the most commonly spoken non-English language after Spanish in ], ], and ] states.<ref name="LosAngeles">{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2017 |title=Study: Tagalog California's Most Commonly Spoken Foreign Language After Spanish |language=en-US |work=CBS Los Angeles |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/tagalog-californias-most-commonly-spoken-foreign-language/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194244/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/tagalog-californias-most-commonly-spoken-foreign-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tagalog is one of three recognized languages in ], California, along with Spanish and Chinese, making all essential city services be communicated using these languages along with English.<ref name="SF">{{Cite news |date=April 2, 2014 |title=Tagalog Certified As Third Language To Be Used In SF City Services Communications |language=en-US |work=CBS San Francisco |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/04/02/tagalog-certified-as-third-language-to-be-used-in-sf-city-services-communications/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416183522/https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/04/02/tagalog-certified-as-third-language-to-be-used-in-sf-city-services-communications/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, Tagalog and ] (which is primarily spoken in northern Philippines) are among the non-official languages of ] that its state offices and state-funded entities are required to provide oral and written translations to its residents.<ref name="Hawaii01">{{Cite web |title=Office of Language Access: Find a Law |url=https://labor.hawaii.gov/ola/find-a-law/ |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Hawaii.gov |publisher=State of Hawaii |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907174547/https://labor.hawaii.gov/ola/find-a-law/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Hawaii02">{{Cite web |title=Office of Language Access: "Free Interpreter Help" in Multi-Languages |url=https://health.hawaii.gov/ola/free-interpreter-help-in-multi-languages/ |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=Hawaii.gov |publisher=State of Hawaii |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907174547/https://health.hawaii.gov/ola/free-interpreter-help-in-multi-languages/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Election ballots in Nevada include instructions written in Tagalog, which was first introduced in the ].<ref name="Nevada">{{Cite news |date=February 12, 2020 |title=Tagalog Was on the Ballot for the First Time in Nevada |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/02/12/we-count-voter-series-nevada-orig-jm.cnn/video/playlists/2020-presidential-election/ |access-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124203943/https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2020/02/12/we-count-voter-series-nevada-orig-jm.cnn/video/playlists/2020-presidential-election/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other countries with significant concentrations of overseas Filipinos and Tagalog speakers include ] with 938,490, ] with 676,775, ] with 313,588, ] with 541,593, ] with 187,067, and ] with 620,043.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution on Filipinos Overseas |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=dfa.gov.ph |archive-date=April 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103043/http://www.dfa.gov.ph/distribution-of-filipinos-overseas |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Dialects==
]. While the majority of residents in ] and ] traditionally speak ] as their first language, these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a ] throughout the country.

{{legend|pink|2=Northern Tagalog dialects: Bataan (Bataan & Zambales) and Bulacan (Bulacan & Nueva Ecija)}}
{{legend|#CF657C|2=Central Tagalog dialects: Manila/] (Metro Manila), and Tanay-Paete (Rizal & Laguna).}}
{{legend|crimson|2=Southern Tagalog dialects: Batangas (Batangas, Cavite, & Oriental Mindoro), Lubang (Occidental Mindoro), Tayabas (Quezon), and Aurora.}}<ref>While Aurora is geographically northern Tagalog area which borders Bulacan & Nueva Ecija, Aurora Tagalog dialect is closely related to Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon mostly by accent & vocabulary.( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131153829/https://phinder.ph/aurora-philippines/ |date=January 31, 2024 }} in phinder.ph, in Reddit){{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}.</ref>
{{legend|maroon|2=Marinduque dialects (Marinduque). Source: }}]]

At present, no comprehensive ] has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. ] lists Manila, Lubang, ], Bataan (Western Central Luzon), ], Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and ] (Quezon) <ref name="Manuel 1971"/> as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are a part: Northern (exemplified by the ] dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.


Some example of dialectal differences are: Some example of dialectal differences are:
* Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in standard Tagalog. For example standard Tagalog ''ngayon'' (now, today), ''sinigang'' (broth stew), ''gabi'' (night), ''matamis'' (sweet), are pronounced and written ''ngay-on'', ''sinig-ang'', ''gab-i'', and ''matam-is'' in other dialects. * Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in Standard Tagalog, probably influenced by Spanish, where glottal stop doesn't exist. For example, standard Tagalog ''ngayón'' (now, today), '']'' (broth stew), ''gabí'' (night), ''matamís'' (sweet), are pronounced and written ''ngay-on'', ''sinig-ang'', ''gab-i'', and ''matam-is'' in other dialects.
* In ]-] Tagalog, is usually preferred over . For example, ''bundók'', ''dagat'', ''dingdíng'', and ''isdâ'' become ''bunrok'', ''ragat'', ''ringring'', and ''isra'', as well as their expression seen in some signages like "sandok sa dingding" was changed to "sanrok sa ringring". * In ]-] Tagalog, {{IPA|}} alternates with {{IPA|}}. For example, ''bundók'' (mountain), ''dagat'' (sea), ''dingdíng'' (wall), ''isdâ'' (fish), and ''litid'' (joints) become ''bunrók'', ''ragat'', ''ringríng'', ''isrâ'', and ''litir'', e.g. "sandók sa dingdíng" ("ladle on a wall" or "ladle on the wall", depending on the sentence) becoming "sanrók sa ringríng". However, exceptions are recent loanwords, and if the next consonant after a {{IPA|}} is an {{IPA|}} (''durog'') or an {{IPA|}} (''dilà'').
* In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect prefix of ''-um-'' verbs is ''na-''. For example, standard Tagalog ''kumakain'' (eating) is ''nákáin'' in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers since a phrase such as ''nakain ka ba ng pating'' is interpreted as "did a shark eat you?" by those from Manila but in reality means "do you eat shark?" to those in the south. * In many ], the progressive aspect infix of ''-um-'' verbs is ''na-''. For example, standard Tagalog ''kumakain'' (eating) is ''nákáin'' in Aurora, Quezon, and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers, for should a Southern Tagalog ask ''nákáin ka ba ng patíng?'' ("Do you eat shark?"), he would be understood as saying "Has a shark eaten you?" by speakers of the Manila Dialect.
* Some dialects have interjections which are a considered a trademark of their region. For example, the interjection ''ala e!'' usually identifies someone from ] as does ''hane?!'' in Rizal and Quezon provinces. * Some dialects have interjections which are considered a regional trademark. For example, the interjection ''ala e!'' usually identifies someone from Batangas as does ''hane?!'' in Rizal and Quezon provinces and ''akkaw'' in Aurora.


Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in ]. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of ] and Quezon. Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soberano |first=Ros |title=The Dialects of Marinduque Tagalog |date=1980 |publisher=The Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 69 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-B69 |hdl=1885/144521 |isbn=9780858832169 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.


One example are the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog dialects by the early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive. One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.


{|class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Manileño Tagalog
! scope="col" | ]
! style="background:#efefef;" | Marinduque Dialect
! scope="col" | Marinduqueño Tagalog
! style="background:#efefef;" | English
! scope="col" | English
|- |-
|Susulat sina Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan. ! scope="row" | Susulat siná María at Esperanza kay Juan.
|Másúlat da Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan. | Másúlat da María at Esperanza kay Juan.
|"Maria and Fulgencia will write to Juan." | "María and Esperanza will write to Juan."
|- |-
|Mag-aaral siya sa Maynila. ! scope="row" | Mag-aaral siya sa Maynilà.
|Gaaral siya sa Maynila. | Gaaral siya sa Maynilà.
|"He will study in Manila." | " will study in Manila."
|- |-
! scope="row" | Maglutò ka na.
|Magluto ka!
| Paglutò.
|Pagluto ka!
|"Cook!" | "Cook now."
|- |-
|Kainin mo iyan. ! scope="row" | Kainin mo iyán.
|Kaina mo yaan. | Kaina yaan.
|"Eat that." | "Eat it."
|- |-
|Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay. ! scope="row" | Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay.
|Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay. | Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay.
|"Father is calling us." | "Father is calling us."
|- |-
|Tutulungan ba kayó ni Hilarion? ! scope="row" | Tútulungan ba kayó ni Hilario?
|Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilarion? | Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilario?
|"Will Hilarion help you (pl.)?" | "Is Hilario going to help you?"
|} |}


The Manila Dialect is the basis for the national language.
===Code-switching===
] and ] are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs.Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to outright ] where the language changes in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various of the languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.


Outside of Luzon, a variety of Tagalog called Soccsksargen Tagalog (Sox-Tagalog, also called Kabacan Tagalog) is spoken in ], a southwestern region in ], as well as Cotabato City. This "hybrid" Tagalog dialect is a blend of Tagalog (including its dialects) with other languages where they are widely spoken and varyingly heard such as ] (a regional lingua franca), ], ] as well as ] and other indigenous languages native to region, as a result of migraton from ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Mindoro and Marinduque since the turn of 20th century, therefore making the region a melting pot of cultures and languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=On Writing in Hybrid Language: An Interview with Gerald Galindez |url=https://www.yadukaru.com/2020/08/on-writing-in-hybrid-language-interview.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Pagsusuri sa Varayti at Varyasyon ng Sox-Tagalog: Isang Komparatibong Pag-aaral.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leceña |first=Hanna A. |date=2023 |title=Mga Tula sa Filipino-SOX na Zines: Túngo sa Pagpapakilala ng Multilingguwal at Multikultural na Komunidad sa Timog Mindanao |journal=Philippine High School for the Arts, Makiling los Baños |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordial |first=J. |date=2024-07-09 |title=The Morphology of Sox-Tagalog |url=https://medium.com/@jeremiahcordial/the-morphology-of-sox-tagalog-a8288aa4a02d |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
:Nasirà ang computer ko yesterday!
:"My computer broke yesterday!"


==Phonology==
:Huwág kang maninigarilyo, because it is harmful to your health.
{{Main|Tagalog phonology}}
:"Don't smoke cigarettes, ..."
{{IPA notice}}
Tagalog has 21 ]s: 16 of them are ]s and 5 are ]s. Native Tagalog words follow CV(C) ] structure, though complex consonant clusters are permitted in loanwords.<ref name="Himmelmann 2011 351–352">{{cite book | last = Himmelmann | first = Nikolaus P. | author-link = Nikolaus P. Himmelmann | chapter = Tagalog | pages = 351–352 | editor-last = Adelaar | editor-first = Alexander | editor2-last = Himmelmann | editor2-first = Nikolaus P. | title = The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | publication-date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-68153-7}}</ref><ref name="Rubino 2002 351–352">{{cite book | last = Rubino | first = Carl R. Galvez | pages = 351–352 | title = Tagalog-English, English-Tagalog Dictionary | year = 2002 | publisher = Hippocrene Books, Inc. | publication-date = 2002 | isbn = 0-7818-0961-4}}</ref><ref name="Guzman 2001 704">{{cite book | last = Guzman | first = Videa | chapter = Tagalog | pages = 704 | editor-last = Garry | editor-first = Jane | editor2-last = Rubino | editor2-first = Carl | title = Facts about the world's languages : an encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present | year = 2001 | publisher = New England Publishing Associates | publication-date = 2001 | isbn = 0-8242-0970-2}}</ref><ref name="Quilis 1985 241–243">{{cite book | last = Quilis | first = Antonio | chapter = A Comparison of the Phonemic Systems of Spanish and Tagalog | pages = 241–243 | editor-last = Jankowsky | editor-first = Kurt R. | title = Scientific and Humanistic Dimensions of Language: Festschrift for Robert Lado | year = 1985 | publisher = Benjamins | publication-date = 1985 | isbn = 90-272-2013-1}}</ref><ref name="Tagalog Reference Grammar">{{cite book | last1 = Schachter | first1 = Paul | last2 = Otanes | first2 = Fe T. | pages = 6 | title = Tagalog Reference Grammar | year = 1972 | publisher = University of California Press | publication-date = 1972 | isbn = 0-520-01776-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Zamar | first = Sheila | author-link = Sheila Zamar | chapter = Phonology and Spelling | pages = 3–5 | title = Filipino: An Essential Grammar | date = October 31, 2022 | publisher = Routledge | publication-date = 2023 | isbn = 978-1-138-82628-1}}</ref>


===Vowels===
Code switching also entails the use of foreign words that are Filipinized by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.
Tagalog has five vowels, and four diphthongs.<ref name="Himmelmann 2011 351–352"/><ref name="Rubino 2002 351–352"/><ref name="Guzman 2001 704"/><ref name="Quilis 1985 241–243"/><ref name="Tagalog Reference Grammar"/> Tagalog originally had three vowel phonemes: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. Tagalog is now considered to have five vowel phonemes following the introduction of two marginal phonemes from Spanish, /o/ and /e/.


{| class="wikitable"
:Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shoppingan?
|+caption | '''Table of the five general Tagalog vowel phonemes'''
:"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center anyway?"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! ]
! ]
! ]
|- style="text-align:center;"
!]
| {{IPA link|i}}&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|o̞}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|}
* {{IPA|/a/}} an ] roughly similar to English "f'''a'''ther"; in the middle of a word, a ] similar to Received Pronunciation "c'''u'''p"; or an ] similar to Received Pronunciation or California English "h'''a'''t"
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} an ] similar to General American English "b'''e'''d"
* {{IPA|/i/}} a ] similar to English "mach'''i'''ne"
* {{IPA|/o/}} a ] similar to General American English "s'''o'''ul" or Philippine English "f'''o'''rty"
* {{IPA|/u/}} a ] similar to English "fl'''u'''te"


Nevertheless, simplification of pairs {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and working class registers.
Although it is generally looked down upon, code-switching is prevalent in all levels of society; however, city-dwellers, the highly educated, and people born around and after World War II are more likely to do it. Politicians as highly placed as President ] have code-switched in interviews.


The four ]s are {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/uj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}}, and {{IPA|/iw/}}. Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent is used: ''á é í ó ú.''<ref name="ELL">{{ELL2|Tagalog}}</ref>
The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like ], ], ], ], and ] have contained Taglish.


{| class="wikitable"
The Chinese and the non-Tagalog communities in the Philippines also frequently code-switch their language, be it ] or ] Chinese, with Taglish.
|+caption | '''Table of all possible realizations of Tagalog vowels'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! ]
! ]
! ]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
| '''{{IPA link|i}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| '''{{IPA link|u}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
| {{IPA link|e}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e/i}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o/u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
| {{IPA link|ɛ̝}}&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| '''{{IPA link|o̞}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
| '''{{IPA link|ɛ}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|e}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
|
| {{IPA link|ɐ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ]
| {{IPA link|a}}&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
| '''{{IPA link|ä}}'''&nbsp;{{angbr|a}}
|
|}


The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker's origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in '''bold'''.
==Phonology==
{{main|Tagalog phonology}}
{{IPA notice}}
Tagalog has 21 ]s; 16 ]s and five ]s.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ncs/10thNCS/papers/invited%20papers/ips-16/ips16-01.pdf
|format=PDF|title=Recognition of Tagalog Alphabets Using The Hidden Markov Model
|author=Rolando D. Navarro, Jr.
|publisher=nscb.gov.ph
|year=2007
|accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref> Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel,<ref name=LERCdescription>{{Citation
|url=http://www.lerc.educ.ubc.ca/LERC/courses/489/worldlang/tagalog_ind/Tagalog2/description.htm
|title=Tagalog: Understanding the Language
|publisher=lerc.educ.ubc.ca
|accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref>, and begins in at most one consonant, except for borrowed words such as ''trak'' which means "truck", or ''tsokolate'' meaning "chocolate".


===Vowels=== ===Consonants===
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The ] occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside the angle brackets.
Before the arrival of the Spanish, Tagalog had three vowel phonemes: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish words.


{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
They are:
* {{IPA|/a/}} an ] similar to English "f'''a'''ther"{{Dubious|date=December 2008}}{{fix|text=that's not a front vowel}}
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} an ] similar to English "b'''e'''d"
* {{IPA|/i/}} a ] similar to English "mach'''i'''ne"
* {{IPA|/o/}} a ] similar to English "f'''o'''rty"
* {{IPA|/u/}} a ] similar to English "fl'''u'''te"


|+Tagalog consonant phonemes<ref name=ELL/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=Steven |last2=McCloy |first2=Daniel |last3=Wright |first3=Richard |date=2012 |title=Revisiting population size vs. phoneme inventory size |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0087 |journal=Language |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=877–893 |doi=10.1353/lan.2012.0087 |hdl=1773/25269 |s2cid=145423518 |issn=1535-0665 |hdl-access=free |access-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427092646/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492552 |url-status=live }}</ref>
There are four main ]s; {{IPA|/aɪ/}}, {{IPA|/oɪ/}}, {{IPA|/aʊ/}}, and {{IPA|/iʊ/}}.<ref name=LERCdescription />
! colspan="2" |
! <small>]</small>
! <small>]</small>/<small>]</small>
! <small>]/</small><br><small>]</small>
! <small>]</small>
! <small>]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>]</small>
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{anglebracket|ng}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>]</small>
!<small>]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | <small>]</small>
!<small>]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|ts}})
| ({{IPA link|tʃ}}) {{anglebracket|ts, tiy, ty}}
|
|
|-
!<small>]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|dz}})
| ({{IPA link|dʒ}}) {{anglebracket|dz, diy, dy}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|({{IPA link|ʃ}}) {{anglebracket|siy, sy, ''sh''}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}} {{anglebracket|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}} {{anglebracket|y}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | <small>]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{anglebracket|r}}
|
|
|
|}
*{{IPA|/k/}} between vowels has a tendency to become {{IPA|}} as in ''loch'', German ''Bach'', whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become {{IPA|}}, especially in the Manila dialect.
*Intervocalic {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} tend to become {{IPA|}}, as in Spanish ''agua'', especially in the Manila dialect.
*{{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} were once allophones, and they still vary grammatically, with initial {{IPA|/d/}} becoming intervocalic {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in many words.<ref name=ELL/>
*A glottal stop that occurs in ] (before a pause) is omitted when it is in the middle of a phrase,<ref name=ELL/> especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
*The {{IPA|/ɾ/}} phoneme is an alveolar rhotic that has a free variation between a trill, a flap and an approximant ({{IPA|}}).
*The {{IPA|/dʒ/}} phoneme may become a consonant cluster {{IPA|}} in between vowels such as ''sadyâ'' {{IPA|}}.


Glottal stop is not indicated.<ref name="ELL" /> Glottal stops are most likely to occur when:
===Consonants===
*the word starts with a vowel, like '''''a'''so'' (dog)
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The ] occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.
*the word includes a dash followed by a vowel, like ''mag-'''a'''ral'' (study)
*the word has two vowels next to each other, like ''pa'''a'''no'' (how)
*the word starts with a prefix followed by a verb that starts with a vowel, like ''mag-aayos'' ( fix)


===Stress and final glottal stop===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center"
] is a ] in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.
|+caption | '''Table of consonant phonemes of Tagalog'''

Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of the stress or the presence of a final glottal stop. In formal or academic settings, stress placement and the glottal stop are indicated by a ] (''tuldík'') above the final vowel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Himmelmann |first=Nikolaus |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Adelaar |editor-first=K. Alexander |location=London |pages=350–376 |chapter=Tagalog |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus}}</ref> The penultimate primary stress position (''malumay'') is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Phonetic comparison of Tagalog homographs based on stress and final glottal stop
|- |-
! Common spelling
!
! Stressed non-ultimate syllable<br/>no diacritic
! colspan="2" | ]
! Stressed ultimate syllable<br/>acute accent (´)
! colspan="2" | ]/<br>]
! Unstressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop<br/>grave accent (`)
! colspan="2" | ]
! Stressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop<br/>circumflex accent (^)
! colspan="2" | ]
|-
! colspan="2" | ]
! baba
! colspan="2" | ]
| {{IPA|}} ''baba'' ('father')
|- align="center"
| {{IPA|}} ''babá'' ('piggy back')
! ]
| {{IPA|}} ''babà'' ('chin')
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|}} ''babâ'' ('descend ')
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
|-
| colspan="2" |
! baka
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ŋ}} | {{IPA|}} ''baka'' ('cow')
| {{IPA|}} ''baká'' ('possible')
| colspan="2" |
|
|- align="center"
|
! ]
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
! bata
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t}} | {{IPA|}} ''bata'' ('bath robe')
| {{IPA|d}} | {{IPA|}} ''batá'' ('persevere')
| {{IPA|}} ''batà'' ('child')
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
! bayaran
| {{IPA|g}}
| {{IPA|}} ''bayaran'' ('pay ')
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʔ}}
| {{IPA|}} ''bayarán'' ('for hire')
|- align="center"
|
! ]
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|s}}
! labi
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʃ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|}}/{{IPA|}} ''labì'' ('lips')
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|h}}
| {{IPA|}}/{{IPA|}} ''labî'' ('remains')
|- align="center"
|-
! ]
! pito
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|}} ''pito'' ('whistle')
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ts}}
|{{IPA|tʃ}} | {{IPA|}} ''pitó'' ('seven')
|
|{{IPA|dʒ}}
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="2" |
! sala
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|}} ''sala'' ('living room')
|- align="center"
| {{IPA|}} ''salá'' ('interweaving ')
! ]
| {{IPA|}} ''salà'' ('sin')
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA|}} ''salâ'' ('filtered')
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɾ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- align="center"
! ]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|j}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|w}}
| colspan="2" |
|} |}


===Stress=== ==Grammar==
{{Main|Tagalog grammar|Austronesian alignment}}
Stress is phonemic in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. ''ta'''yo'''''(to stand) and '''''ta'''yo''(us; we)


===Sounds=== ==Writing system==
{{see also|Filipino orthography}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} is raised slightly to {{IPA|}} in unstressed positions and also occasionally in stressed positions (‘inang bayan’ )
{{Contains special characters|Baybayin}}
* Unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} is usually pronounced {{IPA|}} as in English "b'''i'''t"
* At the final syllable, {{IPA|/i/}} can be pronounced as {{IPA|}} as was an ] of in final syllables.
* Unstressed {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} can sometimes be pronounced as {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} except final syllables. and were also former allophones.
* Unstressed {{IPA|/u/}} is usually pronounced {{IPA|}} as in English "b'''oo'''k"
* The diphthong {{IPA|/aɪ/}} and the sequence {{IPA|/aʔi/}} have a tendency to become {{IPA|}}.
* The diphthong {{IPA|/aʊ/}} and the sequence {{IPA|/aʔu/}} have a tendency to become {{IPA|}}.
* /k/ between vowels has a tendency to become {{IPA|}} as in Spanish "'''J'''osé", whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become .
* Intervocalic /g/ and /k/ tend to become {{IPA|}} (see preceding).
* {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are sometimes interchangeable as {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} were once allophones in Tagalog.
* A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it is in the middle of a sentence, especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then usually lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
* /o/ tends to become {{IPA|}} in stressed positions.
* /niy/, /siy/, /tiy/, and /diy/ may be pronounced as /, /, / and /, respectively, especially in but not limited to rural areas.
* /ts/ may be pronounced as , especially in but not limited to rural areas.
* /e/ or /i/ before s-consonant clusters have a tendency to become silent.


Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an ]—or ]—called ]. This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following the orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography.
==Historical changes==
Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the ] ] vowel {{IPA|*ə}}. In Bikol & Visayan, this sound merged with {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|}}. In Tagalog, it has merged with {{IPA|/i/}}. For example, Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*dəkət}} (adhere, stick) is Tagalog ''dikít'' and Visayan & Bikol ''dukot''.


In the late 19th century, a number of educated Filipinos began proposing for revising the spelling system used for Tagalog at the time. In 1884, Filipino doctor and student of languages ] published his study on the ancient Tagalog script ''Contribucion para el Estudio de los Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos'' and in 1887, published his essay ''El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog'' which made use of a new writing system developed by him. Meanwhile, Jose Rizal, inspired by Pardo de Tavera's 1884 work, also began developing a new system of orthography (unaware at first of Pardo de Tavera's own orthography).<ref name="Is k foreign 19" /> A major noticeable change in these proposed orthographies was the use of the letter ⟨k⟩ rather than ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme {{IPA|/k/}}.
Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*r}}, {{IPA|*j}}, and {{IPA|*z}} merged with {{IPA|/d/}} but is {{IPA|/l/}} between vowels. Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*ngajan}} (name) and {{IPA|*hajək}} (kiss) became Tagalog ''ngalan'' and ''halík''.


In 1889, the new bilingual Spanish-Tagalog ''La España Oriental'' newspaper, of which ] was an editor, began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would "use the orthography recently introduced by ... learned Orientalis". This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of ''La España'', ]'s ''Revista Católica de Filipina'' began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. Among the attacks was the use of the letters "k" and "w" as they were deemed to be of German origin and thus its proponents were deemed as "unpatriotic". The publishers of these two papers would eventually merge as ''La Lectura Popular'' in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles.<ref name="k is for">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Megan C. |date=2007 |title=K is for De-Kolonization: Anti-Colonial Nationalism and Orthographic Reform |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=938–967 |doi=10.1017/S0010417507000813 |s2cid=144161531}}</ref><ref name="Is k foreign 19">{{Cite web |title= Is 'K' a Foreign Agent? Orthography and Patriotism: Accusations of Foreign-ness of the ''Revista Católica de Filipina'' |url=http://www.espanito.com/is-k-a-foreign-agent-orthography-and-patriotism-in-the-late-19.html?part=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213092441/http://www.espanito.com/is-k-a-foreign-agent-orthography-and-patriotism-in-the-late-19.html?part=6 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |access-date=June 2, 2018 |website=espanito.com}}</ref> Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890.<ref name="k is for" />
Proto-Philippine {{IPA|*R}} merged with {{IPA|/g/}}. {{IPA|*tubiR}} (water) and {{IPA|*zuRuʔ}} (blood) became Tagalog ''tubig'' and ''dugô''.


In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article ''Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog'' in the Madrid-based periodical ]. In it, he addressed the criticisms of the new writing system by writers like Pobrete and Tecson and the simplicity, in his opinion, of the new orthography. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Pardo de Tavera as "more perfect" than what he himself had developed.<ref name="k is for" /> The new orthography was, however, not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila until the early 20th century.<ref name="k is for" /> The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or ] made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias.<ref name="k is for" />
== Grammar ==
{{further|]}}


In 1937, Tagalog was selected to serve as basis for the country's ]. In 1940, the ''Balarilâ ng Wikang Pambansâ'' ({{langx|en|Grammar of the National Language}}) of grammarian ] introduced the ] alphabet. This alphabet consists of 20 letters and became the standard alphabet of the national language.<ref name="ebolusyon">{{Cite web |title=Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date=June 22, 2010 |website=wika.pbworks.com |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221013557/http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}} The orthography as used by Tagalog would eventually influence and spread to the systems of writing used by other Philippine languages (which had been using variants of the Spanish-based system of writing). In 1987, the Abakada was dropped and replaced by the expanded Filipino alphabet.
== Writing system ==
=== Baybayin ===
{{main|Baybayin}}


===Baybayin===
Tagalog was written in an ] called ] prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century. This particular ] was composed of symbols representing three ]s and 14 ]s. Belonging to the ] of scripts, it shares similarities with the ] script of ] and is believed to be descended from the script used by the ] in ].
{{Main|Baybayin}}


Tagalog was written in an ] (]) called ] prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular ] was composed of symbols representing three ]s and 14 ]s. Belonging to the ] of scripts, it shares similarities with the ] script of ] and is believed to be descended from the script used by the ] in ].
Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, the script gradually fell into disuse in favor of the ] during Spanish colonial rule.


Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the ] taught by the Spaniards during their rule.
There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin. Each letter in the Latin Alphabet is not represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphabet. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.


There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an ], or an ], rather than an ]. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.
A "kudlit" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the final consonant was just left out, leaving the reader to use context to determine the final consonants.

A "kudlít" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the consonant without a following vowel was simply left out (for example, ''bundók'' being rendered as ''budo''), forcing the reader to use context when reading such words.


Example: Example:
<div style="text-align:center; margin:1em 0em;">]</div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:1em 0;">]</div>


{|
Baybayin is version 3.2 in the range 1700-171F under the name "Tagalog".
|- style="vertical-align:top;"


|
=== Latin alphabet ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
{{main|Abakada}}
|+ vowels
! scope="row" |
| {{script|Tglg| ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | a
| {{script|Tglg|ᜀ}}
|-
! scope="row" | i<br />''e''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜁ}}
|-
! scope="row" | u <br /> ''o''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜂ}}
|}


|
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ''ABAKADA'' in school grammar books called ''balarilà''; A B K D E G H I L M N Ng ñ O P R S T U W Y.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ b
! scope="row" | b
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ba
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bi<br />''be''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | bu <br /> ''bo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜊᜓ}}
|}


|
==== ''ng'' and ''mga'' ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
:''See also: ]''
|+ k
The genitive marker ''ng'' and the plural marker ''mga'' are abbreviations that are pronounced ''nang'' {{IPA|}} and ''mangá'' {{IPA|}}. ''Ng'' means "of" (ex. ''Siya ay kapatid ng nanay ko.'' She is the sibling of my mother) while ''nang'' means "when" or "while." ''Mga'' denotes plurality (ex. ''Iyan ang mga damit ko.'' Those are my clothes).
! scope="row" | k
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ka
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ki<br />''ke''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ku <br /> ''ko''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜓᜓ}}
|}


|
Ex#1: ''Nang si Hudas ay madulas.'' - When Judas slipped.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ d/r
! scope="row" | d/r
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | da/ra
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇ}}
|-
! scope="row" | di/ri<br />''de/re''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | du/ru <br /> ''do/ro''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜇᜓ}}
|}


|
Ex#2: ''Siya ay kumain nang nakatayo.'' - He ate while standing.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ g
! scope="row" | g
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gi<br />''ge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | gu <br /> ''go''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜄᜓ}}
|}


|
Comment: Ex#2 is one of many common "allowable mistakes" in Tagalog grammar. Due to persistent usage, they have been thought of as correct. The above example based on the English translation is really "Siya ay kumain habang nakatayo.". If the idea "He ate standing up." is translated "Siya ay kumain NA nakatayo.". To make things more complicated, Ex#2 may mean "He ate something (which is) standing.".
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ h
! scope="row" | h
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ha
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hi<br />''he''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | hu <br /> ''ho''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜑᜓ}}
|}


|
==Vocabulary and borrowed words==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
Tagalog vocabulary is composed mostly of words of Austronesian origin with borrowings from ], ] (also known as ]), ] ], ], ], ], ], ], languages spoken on ], and others, especially other Austronesian languages.
|+ l
! scope="row" | l
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | la
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎ}}
|-
! scope="row" | li<br />''le''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | lu <br /> ''lo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜎᜓ}}
|}


|
Due to trade with Mexico via the ] from the 16th to the 19th centuries, many words from ], a language spoken by Native Americans in Mexico, were introduced to Tagalog.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ m
! scope="row" | m
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | ma
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mi<br />''me''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | mu <br /> ''mo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜋᜓ}}
|}


|
English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, adobo, aggrupation, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, and yaya, although the vast majority of these borrowed words are only used in the Philippines as part of the vocabularies of ].
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ n
! scope="row" | n
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | na
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ni<br />''ne''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | nu <br /> ''no''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜓ}}
|}


|
===Tagalog words of foreign origin chart===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
{{main article|List of Tagalog loanwords}}
|+ ng
! scope="row" | ng
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | nga
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngi<br />''nge''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | ngu <br /> ''ngo''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜅᜓ}}
|}


|
For the Min Nan Chinese borrowings, the parentheses indicate the equivalent in standard Chinese.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ p
! scope="row" | p
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ᜔}}
|-
! scope="row" | pa
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pi<br />''pe''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜒ}}
|-
! scope="row" | pu <br /> ''po''
| {{script|Tglg|ᜉᜓ}}
|}


|
{|class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Tagalog
|+ s
! style="background:#efefef;" | meaning
! scope="row" | s
! style="background:#efefef;" | language of origin
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ᜔}}
! style="background:#efefef;" | original spelling
|- |-
! scope="row" | sa
|kumustá
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐ}}
|how are you? (general greeting)
|]
|cómo está
|- |-
! scope="row" | si<br />''se''
|dasál
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜒ}}
|pray
|Spanish
|resar
|- |-
! scope="row" | su <br /> ''so''
|kabayo
| {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜓ}}
|horse
|}
|Spanish

|caballo
|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ t
! scope="row" | t
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ᜔}}
|- |-
! scope="row" | ta
|silya
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆ}}
|chair
|Spanish
|silla
|- |-
! scope="row" | ti<br />''te''
|umpisá
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜒ}}
|start
|Spanish
|empezar
|- |-
! scope="row" | tu <br /> ''to''
|kotse
| {{script|Tglg|ᜆᜓ}}
|car
|}
|Spanish

|coche
|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ w
! scope="row" | w
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ᜔}}
|- |-
! scope="row" | wa
|sabón
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏ}}
|soap
|Spanish
|jabón
|- |-
! scope="row" | wi<br />''we''
|relós
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜒ}}
|wristwatch
|Spanish
|reloj
|- |-
! scope="row" | wu <br /> ''wo''
|litrato
| {{script|Tglg|ᜏᜓ}}
|picture
|}
|Spanish

|retrato
|
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ y
! scope="row" | y
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ᜔}}
|- |-
! scope="row" | ya
|tsismis
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌ}}
|gossip
|Spanish
|chismes
|- |-
! scope="row" | yi<br />''ye''
|giyera
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜒ}}
|war
|Spanish
|guerra
|- |-
! scope="row" | yu <br /> ''yo''
|Ingglés
| {{script|Tglg|ᜌᜓ}}
|English
|}
|Spanish

|inglés
|}

===Latin alphabet===
====Abecedario====
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called ''''ABECEDARIO'''' (]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gómez Rivera |first=Guillermo |author-link=Guillermo Gómez Rivera |date=April 10, 2001 |title=The Evolution of the Native Tagalog Alphabet |url=http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919003751/http://emanila.com/news/opinion/ggrivera_2001_04_10_opinion_tagalog.html |archive-date=September 19, 2013 |access-date=August 3, 2010 |website=Emanila News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Signey |first=Richard C. |date=2005 |title=The Evolution and Disappearance of the "Ğ" in Tagalog Orthography since the 1593 Doctrina Christiana |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686 |url-status=dead |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113010354/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686 |archive-date=January 13, 2012 |access-date=August 3, 2010}}</ref> The additional letters from the 26-letter ] are: ch, ll, ng, ñ, n͠g / ñg, and rr.

{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|tsinelas
|slippers
|Spanish
|chinelas
|- |-
| A || a || Ng || ng
|karne
|meat
|Spanish
|carne
|- |-
| B || b || Ñ || ñ
|sapatos
|shoes
|Spanish
|zapatos
|- |-
| C || c || N͠g / Ñg || n͠g / ñg
|arina/harina
|flour
|Spanish
|harina
|- |-
| Ch || ch || O || o
|bisikleta
|bicycle
|Spanish
|bicicleta
|- |-
| D || d || P || p
|sugál
|gambling
|Spanish
|jugar (to play)
|- |-
| E || e || Q || q
|baryo
|village
|Spanish
|barrio
|- |-
| F || f || R || r
|swerte
|luck
|Spanish
|suerte
|- |-
| G || g || Rr || rr
|piyesta/pista
|celebration
|Spanish
|fiesta
|- |-
| H || h || S || s
|garáhe
|garage
|Spanish
|garaje
|- |-
| I || i || T || t
|ahente
|agent/salesman
|Spanish
|agente
|- |-
| J || j || U || u
|ensaymada
|a kind of pastry
|]
|ensaïmada
|- |-
| K || k || V || v
|kamote
|sweet potato
|]
|camotli
|- |-
| L || l || W || w
|sayote
|], choko
|Nahuatl
|hitzayotli
|- |-
| Ll || ll || X || x
|atswete
|]
|Nahuatl
|achiotl
|- |-
| M || m || Y || y
|sili
|chili pepper
|Nahuatl
|chili
|- |-
| N || n || Z || z
|tsokolate
|}
|chocolate

|Nahuatl
====Abakada====
|xocolatl
{{Main|Abakada alphabet}}
When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ''Abakada'' in school grammar books called ''balarilâ''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781566399388/page/ |title=Contemporary Asian American Communities: Intersections and Divergences |date=2002 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-938-8 |editor-last=Võ |editor-first=Linda Trinh |pages=96, 100 |ref={{Harvid|Trinh|Bonus|2002}} |editor-last2=Bonus |editor-first2=Rick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1971 |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=k6oqAAAAMAAJ }} |journal=Philippine Journal of Education |title=Philippine Journal of Education |volume=50 |page=556}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2022}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Perfecto T. |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Bv5HAAAAMAAJ }} |title=Diksiyunaryong Adarna: Mga Salita at Larawan para sa Bata |date=1986 |publisher=Children's Communication Center |isbn=978-971-12-1118-9}}</ref> The only letter not in the ] is ng.

{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|tiyangge
|market
|Nahuatl
|tianquiztli
|- |-
| A || a || N || n
|sapote
|] (fruit)
|Nahuatl
|tzapotl
|- |-
| B || b || Ng || ng
|nars
|nurse
|English
|nurse
|- |-
| K || k || O || o
|bolpen
|ballpoint pen
|English
|ballpen
|- |-
| D || d || P || p
|bwisit
|annoyance, expletive
|English
|]
|- |-
| E || e || R || r
|pulis
|police
|English
|police
|- |-
| G || g || S || s
|suspek
|suspect
|English
|suspect
|- |-
| H || h || T || t
|tráysikel
|tricycle
|English
|tricycle
|- |-
| I || i || U || u
|lumpia (/lum·pyâ/)
|spring roll
|Min Nan Chinese
|潤餅 (春捲)
|- |-
| L || l || W || w
|siopao (/syó·paw/)
|steamed buns
|Min Nan Chinese
|燒包 (肉包)
|- |-
| M || m || Y || y
|pansít (/pyan·i·sit/)
|}
|noodles

|Min Nan Chinese
====Revised alphabet====
|扁食 (麵)
{{Main|Filipino alphabet}}
In 1987, the ] issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet<ref>{{Harvnb|Trinh|Bonus|2002|pp=, }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Perdon |first=Renato |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=4X1Musto3h0C }} |title=Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English/English-Tagalog |date=2005 |publisher=Periplus Editions |isbn=978-0-7946-0345-8 |pages=}}</ref> to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=tM3PrFFSiVgC }} |title=Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning |date=1997 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-015509-5 |editor-last=Clyne |editor-first=Michael |page=}}</ref> The additional letters from the 26-letter ] are: ñ, ng.

{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! Majuscule !! Minuscule !! Majuscule !! Minuscule
|susì
|key
|Min Nan Chinese
|鎖匙
|- |-
| A || a || Ñ || ñ
|kuya (see ])
|older brother
|Min Nan Chinese
|哥亞 (哥仔)
|- |-
| B || b || Ng || ng
|ate (/ah·tee/) (see ])
|older sister
|Min Nan Chinese
|亞姐 (阿姐)
|- |-
| C || c || O || o
|bakyâ
|wooden shoes
|Min Nan Chinese
|木履
|- |-
| D || d || P || p
|hikaw
|earrings
|Min Nan Chinese
|耳鈎 (耳環)
|- |-
| E || e || Q || q
|kanan
|right
|Malay
|kanan
|- |-
| F || f || R || r
|tulong
|help
|Malay
|tolong
|- |-
| G || g || S || s
|sakit
|sick, pain
|Malay
|sakit
|- |-
| H || h || T || t
|tanghalì
|afternoon
|Malay
|tengah hari
|- |-
| I || i || U || u
|dalamhatì
|grief
|Malay
|dalam + hati
|- |-
| J || j || V || v
|luwalhatì
|glory
|Malay
|luar + hati
|- |-
| K || k || W || w
|duryán
|durian
|Malay
|durian
|- |-
| L || l || X || x
|rambután
|rambutan
|Malay
|rambutan
|- |-
| M || m || Y || y
|batík
|spot
|Malay
|batik
|- |-
| N || n || Z || z
|saráp
|}
|delicious

|Malay
====''ng'' and ''mga''====
|sedap
{{See also|ng (digraph)}}
The ] marker ''ng'' and the plural marker ''mga'' (e.g. ''Iyan ang '''mga''' damít ko.'' (Those are my clothe'''s''')) are abbreviations that are pronounced ''nang'' {{IPA|}} and ''mangá'' {{IPA|}}. ''Ng'', in most cases, roughly translates to "of" (ex. ''Siyá ay kapatíd '''ng''' nanay ko.'' She is the sibling ''of'' my mother) while ''nang'' usually means "when" or can describe how something is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix ''-ly'' in English adverbs), among other uses.
* '''''Nang''' si Hudas ay nadulás.''—When ] slipped.
* ''Gumising siya '''nang''' <u>maaga</u>.''—He woke up <u>early</u>.
* ''Gumalíng '''nang''' <u>{{sic|hide=y|todo}}</u> si Juan dahil nag-ensayo siyá.''—Juan <u>greatly</u> improved because he practiced.

In the first example, ''nang'' is used in lieu of the word ''noong'' (when; ''<u>Noong</u> si Hudas ay madulás''). In the second, ''nang'' describes that the person woke up (''gumising'') early (''maaga''); ''gumising nang maaga''. In the third, ''nang'' described up to what extent that Juan improved (''gumalíng''), which is "greatly" (''nang {{sic|hide=y|todo}}''). In the latter two examples, the ligature ''na'' and its variants ''-ng'' and ''-g'' may also be used (''Gumising <u>na</u> maaga/Maaga<u>ng</u> gumising''; ''Gumalíng <u>na</u> {{sic|hide=y|todo}}/Todo<u>ng</u> gumalíng'').

The longer ''nang'' may also have other uses, such as a ] that joins a repeated word:
*''Naghintáy sila '''nang''' naghintáy.''—They kept on waiting" (a closer calque: "They were waiting and waiting.")

===''pô/hô'' and ''opò/ohò''===
The words {{lang|tl|pô/hô}} originated from the word "{{lang|tl|Panginoon}}." and "{{lang|tl|Poon}}." ("Lord."). When combined with the basic affirmative {{lang|tl|Oo}} "yes" (from ] *heqe), the resulting forms are {{lang|tl|opò}} and {{lang|tl|ohò}}.

"{{lang|tl|Pô}}" and "{{lang|tl|opò}}" are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. "{{lang|tl|Hô}}" and "{{lang|tl|ohò}}" are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee's social rank and not their age. However, "{{lang|tl|pô}}" and "{{lang|tl|opò}}" can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect.
*Example: "{{lang|tl|Pakitapon namán '''pô/hô''' yung basura.}}" ("Please throw away the trash.")

Used in the affirmative:
*Ex: "{{lang|tl|Gutóm ka na ba?" "'''Opò/Ohò'''}}". ("Are you hungry yet?" "Yes.")

{{lang|tl|Pô/Hô}} may also be used in negation.
*Ex: "{{lang|tl|Hindi ko '''pô/hô''' alám 'yan.}}" ("I don't know that.")

==Vocabulary and borrowed words==
{{see also|List of loanwords in Tagalog}}

Tagalog vocabulary is mostly of native Austronesian or Tagalog origin, such as most of the words that end with the ] -iw, (e.g. giliw) and words that exhibit ] (e.g. halo-halo, patpat, etc.). Besides inherited cognates, this also accounts for innovations in Tagalog vocabulary, especially traditional ones within its dialects. Tagalog has also incorporated many Spanish and English loanwords; the necessity of which increases in more technical parlance.

In precolonial times, ] was widely known and spoken throughout ], contributing a significant number of Malay vocabulary into the Tagalog language. Malay loanwords, identifiable or not, may often already be considered native as these have existed in the language before colonisation.

Tagalog also includes loanwords from ] (] and ], mostly through Malay), ]s (mostly ], followed by ], ], etc.), ], ] and ].

English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, barong, ], ], ], Manila hemp, ], ylang-ylang, and yaya. Some of these loanwords are more often used in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2021 |title=English Words Used in Filipino |url=https://www.filipinopod101.com/blog/2021/05/13/english-loanwords-in-filipino/ |access-date=July 19, 2022 |website=FilipinoPod101.com Blog |language=en |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095214/https://www.filipinopod101.com/blog/2021/05/13/english-loanwords-in-filipino/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Other examples of Tagalog words used in English
! scope="col " | Example
! scope="col " | Definition
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
|asa
| meaning "rural" or "back country", borrowed through American soldiers stationed in the Philippines in the Philippine–American War as a corruption of the Tagalog word ''bundok'', which means "mountain"
|hope
|Sanskrit
|आशा
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
|salitâ
| a type of grass, used for thatching, came from the Tagalog word ''kugon'' (a species of tall grass)
|speak
|Sanskrit
|चरितँ (cerita)
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
|balità
| a tree whose fragrant flowers are used in perfumes
|news
|Sanskrit
|वार्ता (berita)
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
|karma
| a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, came from the Tagalog word ''abaká''
|karma
|Sanskrit
|कर्म
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
|alak
| a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper, usually made from abaca hemp, from ], the capital of the ]
|liquor
|Persian
|عرق (arak)
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
|manggá
| a type of marine mollusc also known as a "windowpane oyster" used to make windows
|mango
|}
|Tamil

|மாங்காய்(mángáy)
Tagalog has contributed several words to ], like ''barangay'' (from ''balan͠gay,'' meaning ''barrio''), the ''abacá'', ''cogon'', ''palay'', ''dalaga'' etc.
<!--
abaca&nbsp;— Via Spanish. http://en.wiktionary.org/abaca#Etymology "Tagalog name for the plant, via Spanish abacá"
adobo&nbsp;— May be heard from communities with interest in Filipino cuisine. Reminiscent of the Hispanic concept. (Dec 2021, Myrnamyers)
aggrupation&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
barong&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
balisong&nbsp;— A popular term among international enthusiasts of this type of knife; interchangeable with the term "butterfly knife". (Dec 2021, Myrnamyers)
boondocks&nbsp;— Yes.
jeepney&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
Manila hemp&nbsp;— Someone must be kidding here. For "Hemp" see ]. ... in response to this, the word being referred to is the adjective "manila". (Dec 2021, Myrnamyers)
pancit&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
ylang ylang&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
yaya&nbsp;— Rarely heard outside of FilAm communities.
-->

===Tagalog words of foreign origin===
{{Main|List of loanwords in Tagalog}}

==Taglish (Englog)==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2024}}
{{main|Taglish}}
{{See also|Singlish|Spanglish}}

''Taglish'' and ''Englog'' are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to changing language in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.<ref name="Bautista-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code Switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=June 2004 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=226–231 |doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |access-date=July 3, 2023 |publisher=Education Research Institute, ] |issn=1598-1037 |oclc=425894528 |s2cid=145684166}}</ref>

Code-mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are "Filipinized" by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.

{{Verse translation
|Magshoshopping kamí sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center?
|We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center?
}}

Urbanites are the most likely to speak like this.

The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well.<ref name="Bautista-2004" /> Advertisements from companies like ], ], ], ] and ] have contained Taglish.

===Cognates with other Philippine languages===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|- |-
! scope="col" | Tagalog word
|bagay
! scope="col" | Meaning
|thing
! scope="col" | Language of cognate
|Tamil
! scope="col" | Spelling
|வகை(vagai)
|- |-
! scope="row" | bakit
|hukóm
| why (from ''bakin'' + ''at'')
|judge
| ]
|Arabic
| obakit
|حكم
|- |-
! scope="row" | akyát
|salamat
| climb/step up
|thanks
| Kapampangan
|Arabic
| ukyát/mukyát
|سلامة
|- |-
! scope="row" | bundók
|bakit
| mountain
|why
|Kapampangan | Kapampangan
| bunduk
|obakit
|- |-
! scope="row" | at
|akyát
| and
|climb
|Kapampangan | Kapampangan <br />]
| at <br />tan
|ukyát/mukyat
|- |-
! scope="row" | aso
|at
| dog
|and
| Kapampangan and ] <br />Pangasinan, ], and ]
|Kapampangan
| asu <br />aso
|at
|- |-
! scope="row" | huwág
|bundók
| don't
|mountain
| Pangasinan
|Kapampangan
| ag
|bunduk
|- |-
! scope="row" | tayo
|huwág
| we (inc.)
|don't
| Pangasinan <br />Ilocano <br />Kapampangan <br />] <br />Maguindanao <br />Maranao <br />] <br />] <br />] <br />] <br />]
|Pangasinan
| sikatayo <br />datayo <br />ikatamu <br />kitaniyu <br />tanu <br />tano <br />yaten <br />sittam <br />sikitam <br />ikkanetam <br />tekuy
|ag
|- |-
! scope="row" | itó, nitó
|aso
| this, its
|dog
|Luzon languages | Ilocano <br />]
| to <br />iyó/ini
|aso
|- |-
! scope="row" | ng
|tayo
| of
|we (inc.)
| ] <br />] <br />] <br />Kapampangan <br />Pangasinan <br />Bicolano <br />Ilocano
|Luzon languages
| sa/og <br />sang/sing <br />han/hin/san/sin <br />ning <br />na <br />kan/nin <br />a
|&nbsp;
|-
! scope="row" | araw
| sun; day
| ] <br />Kapampangan <br />Pangasinan <br />Bicolano (]/]) and Ilocano <br />] <br />Ivatan <br />Ibanag<br />Yogad <br />Gaddang <br />Tboli
| adlaw <br />aldo <br />agew <br />aldaw <br />aldəw <br />araw <br />aggaw <br />agaw <br />aw <br />kdaw
|-
! scope="row" | ang
| definite article
| Visayan languages (except Waray) <br />Bicolano and Waray
| ang <br />an
|} |}


==Comparisons with Austronesian languages==
===Austronesian comparison chart===
Below is a chart of Tagalog and seventeen other Austronesian languages ] thirteen words; the first thirteen languages are spoken in the Philippines and the other four are spoken in ], ], and ]. Below is a chart of Tagalog and a number of other Austronesian languages ] thirteen words.


{|class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | English
! style="background:#efefef;" | one
! style="background:#efefef;" | two
! style="background:#efefef;" | three
! style="background:#efefef;" | four
! style="background:#efefef;" | person
! style="background:#efefef;" | house
! style="background:#efefef;" | dog
! style="background:#efefef;" | coconut
! style="background:#efefef;" | day
! style="background:#efefef;" | new
! style="background:#efefef;" | we
! style="background:#efefef;" | what
! style="background:#efefef;" | fire
|- |-
! scope="col" | English
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''Tagalog'''
! scope="col" | one
|isa
! scope="col" | two
|dalawa
! scope="col" | three
|tatlo
! scope="col" | four
|apat
! scope="col" | person
|tao
! scope="col" | house
|bahay
! scope="col" | dog
|aso
! scope="col" | coconut
|niyog
! scope="col" | day
|araw
! scope="col" | new
|bago
! scope="col" | we (inclusive)
|tayo
! scope="col" | what
|ano
! scope="col" | fire
|apoy
|- |-
! scope="row" | Tagalog
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']'''
| isá
|saro
| dalawá
|duwa
| tatló
|tulo
|apat | apat
| tao
|tawo
| bahay
|harong
| aso
|ayam
| niyóg
|niyog
| araw
|aldaw
| bago
|ba-go
| táyo
|kita
| anó
|ano
| apóy
|kalayo
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ] (])
| esa
|usa
| zua/rua
|duha
| telu
|tulo
| epat
|upat
| tou
|tawo
| walé
|balay
| asu
|iro
| po'po'
|lubi
| endo
|adlaw
| weru
|bag-o
|kita | kai/kita
| apa
|unsa
| api
|kalayo
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| sarô
|usa
| rowspan="2" | duwa
|duha
|tulo | rowspan="2" | tulo
| apat
|upat
|tawo | tawo
| harong
|balay
|ayam | ayam
| niyog
|lubi
| rowspan="2" | aldaw
|adlaw
| rowspan="2" | bâgo
|bag-o
|kita | rowspan="2" | kita
|ano | ano
|kalayo | kalayo
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| rowspan="2" | əsad
|hambuuk
| rowspan="2" | əpat
|duwa
| taw
|tu
| balay
|upat
| ayam/ido
|tau
| nuyog
|bay
| unu/uno
|iru'
| rowspan="2" | kalayō
|niyug
|adlaw
|ba-gu
|kitaniyu
|unu
|kayu
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| darwā
|sara
| tolō
|darwa
| tawō
|tatlo
| baləy
|apat
| ayam
|taho
| noyog
|balay
| aldəw
|ayam
| bāgo
|niyog
| kitā
|adlaw
| onō
|bag-o
|kita, taten
|ano
|kalayo
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']'''
| usá
|isa
| rowspan="2" | duhá
|dowa
| rowspan="2" | tuló
|t'lo
| rowspan="2" | upát
|phat
| rowspan="5" | tawo
|
| rowspan="4" | baláy
|walay
| ayám/idô
|aso
| rowspan="3" | lubí
|neyog
| rowspan="6" | adlaw
|gawi'e
| rowspan="5" | bag-o
|bago
| rowspan="5" | kitá
|tano
| anú/nano
|tonaa
| rowspan="4" | kalayo
|apoy
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
|usá/isá (Mindanao Cebuano)
|metung
| irô
|adwa
| unsa
|atlu
|apat
|tau
|bale
|asu
|ngungut
|aldo
|bayu
|ikatamu
|nanu
|api
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| isá
|sakey
| duhá/duá
|dua, duara
| rowspan="3" | tatlo
|talo, talora
| rowspan="2" | apat
|apat, apatira
| idô
|too
| rowspan="3" | ano
|abong
|aso
|niyog
|ageo
|balo
|sikatayo
|anto
|pool
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| sara
|maysa
| darwa
|dua
| rowspan="2" | ayam
|tallo
| rowspan="2" | niyog
|uppat
|tao
|balay
|aso
|niog
|aldaw
|baro
|datayo
|ania
|apoy
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| isaea/sambilog
|asa
| daywa
|dadowa
| ap-at
|tatdo
| baeay
|apat
| kaeayo
|tao
|vahay
|chito
|niyoy
|araw
|va-yo
|yaten
|ango
|apoy
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| isa/hambuuk
|tadday
| duwa
|dua
| tu
|tallu
| upat
|appa'
| rowspan="2" | tau
|tolay
| bay
|balay
| iru'
|kitu
| rowspan="2" | niyug
|niuk
| ba-gu
|aggaw
| kitaniyu
|bagu
| unu
|sittam
| kayu
|anni
|afi
|- |-
! scope="row" | ]
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']'''
| rowspan="2" | isa
|antet
| dua
|addwa
| telu
|tallo
| pat
|appat
| rowspan="2" | walay
|tolay
| asu
|balay
| gay
|atu
| bagu
|ayog
| tanu
|aw
| ngin
|bawu
| apuy
|ikkanetem
|sanenay
|afuy
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| dowa
|sotu
| t'lo
|lewu
| phat
|tlu
| taw
|fat
| aso
|tau
| neyog
|gunu
| gawi'e
|ohu
| bago
|lefo
| tano
|kdaw
| tonaa
|lomi
| apoy
|tekuy
|tedu
|ofih
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| isa/metung
|satu
| adwa
|dua
| atlu
|tiga
| apat
|empat
| tau
|orang
| bale
|rumah/balai
| asu
|anjing
| ngungut
|kelapa/nyiur
| aldo
|hari
| bayu
|baru
| ikatamu
|kita
| nanu
|apa/anu
|api | api
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| sakey
|siji
| dua/duara
|loro
| talo/talora
|telu
| apat/apatira
|papat
| too
|tiyang
| abong
|omah/bale
| rowspan="2" | aso
|asu
| niyog
|klapa
| ageo/agew
|dina
| balo
|anyar
| sikatayo
|
| anto
|apa/anu
| pool
|api
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| maysa
|kahi
| dua
|lua
| tallo
|kolu
| uppat
|hā
| rowspan="2" | tao
|kanaka
| balay
|hale
| niog
|'īlio
| aldaw
|niu
| baro
|ao
| datayo
|hou
| ania
|kākou
| rowspan="2" | apoy
|aha
|ahi
|- |-
! style="background:#efefef;" | ''']''' ! scope="row" | ]
| asa
|isa
| dadowa
|roa
| tatdo
|telo
| apat
|efatra
| vahay
|olona
| chito
|trano
| niyoy
|alika
| araw
|voanio
| va-yo
|andro
| yaten
|vaovao
| ango
|isika
|-
|inona
! scope="row" | ]
|afo
| tadday
| dua
| rowspan="2" | tallu
| appa'
| rowspan="3" | tolay
| balay
| kitu
| niuk
| aggaw
| rowspan="2" | bagu
| sittam
| anni
| afi
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| tata
| addu
| rowspan="2" | appat
| binalay
| rowspan="2" | atu
| iyyog
| agaw
| sikitam
| gani
| rowspan="2" | afuy
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| antet
| addwa
| tallo
| balay
| ayog
| aw
| bawu
| ikkanetam
| sanenay
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| sotu
| lewu
| tlu
| fat
| tau
| gunu
| ohu
| lefo
| kdaw
| lomi
| tekuy
| tedu
| ofih
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| iso
| duvo
| tohu
| apat
| tuhun
| hamin
| tasu
| piasau
| tadau
| vagu
| tokou
| onu
| tapui
|-
! scope="row" | ]/''']'''
| satu
| dua
| tiga
| empat
| orang
| rumah/balai
| anjing
| kelapa/nyiur
| hari
| baru/baharu
| rowspan="2" | kita
| apa
| api
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| siji
| loro
| telu
| papat
| uwong
| omah/bale
| asu
| klapa/kambil
| hari/dina/dinten
| anyar/enggal
| apa/anu
| geni
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| sa
| duwa
| lhèë
| peuët
| ureuëng
| rumoh/balèë
| asèë
| u
| uroë
| barô
| (geu)tanyoë
| peuë
| apuy
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| sai
| khua
| telu
| pak
| jelema
| lamban
| rowspan="2" | asu
| nyiwi
| khani
| rowspan="4" | baru
| kham
| api
| apui
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| se'di
| rowspan="2" | dua
| tellu
| eppa'
| tau
| bola
| kaluku
| esso
| idi'
| aga
| rowspan="3" | api
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| sada
| tolu
| opat
| halak
| jabu
| biang
| harambiri
| rowspan="2" | ari
| hita
| aha
|-
!]
|ciek
|duo
|tigo
|ampek
|urang
|rumah
|anjiang
|karambia
|kito
|apo
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| ida
| rowspan="2" | rua
| tolu
| haat
| ema
| uma
| asu
| nuu
| loron
| foun
| ita
| saida
| rowspan="2" | ahi
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| tahi
| toru
| wha
| tangata
| whare
| rowspan="2" | kuri
| kokonati
| ra
| hou
| taua
| aha
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| tasi
| rowspan="2" | lua
| tolu
| fá
| toko
| fale
| moku
| aso
| fou
| tāua
| ā
| afi
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| kahi
| kolu
| hā
| kanaka
| hale
| 'īlio
| niu
| ao
| hou
| kākou
| aha
| ahi
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| asa
| dua
| talu
| ampat
| urang
| rumah
| hadupan
| kalapa
| hari
| hanyar
| kita
| apa
| api
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| isa
| roa
| telo
| efatra
| olona
| trano
| alika
| voanio
| andro
| vaovao
| isika
| inona
| afo
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| iso
| duo
| tolu
| apat
| tulun
| walai
| tasu
| piasau
| tadau
| wagu
| tokou
| onu/nu
| tapui
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| sa/san
| duan
| dangku
| dangkan
| orang
| rumah
| ukui/uduk
| nyiur
| hari
| baru
| kitai
| rowspan="2" | nama
| api
|-
! scope="row" | ]
| satu
| dua
| telou
| empat
| apah
| lebok
| asou
| nyior
| lau
| baew
| teleu
| apui
|} |}


==Religious literature==
===Contribution to other languages===
] in Tagalog.]]
Tagalog itself has contributed a few words into English.


Religious literature remains one of the most dynamic components to ]. The first Bible in Tagalog, then called ''Ang Biblia''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Worth |first=Roland H. |title=Biblical Studies on the Internet: A Resource Guide |date=2008 |publisher=McFarland |edition=2nd |page=43}}</ref> ("the Bible") and now called ''Ang Dating Biblia''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genesis 1 |url=http://adb.scripturetext.com/genesis/1.htm |access-date=April 14, 2022 |publisher=Bible Hub |website=biblehub.com |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818113747/http://adb.scripturetext.com/genesis/1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ("the Old Bible"), was published in 1905. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the ] into modern Tagalog. Even before the ], devotional materials in Tagalog had been in circulation. There are at least four circulating Tagalog translations of the Bible
*'']s'': meaning "rural" or "back country," was imported by American soldiers stationed in the Philippines following the Spanish American War as a mispronounced version of the Tagalog ''bundok'', which means "mountain."
* the '']'' (a parallel translation of the '']''), which is the ] version
*''cogon'': a type of grass, used for thatching. This word came from the Tagalog word ''kugon'' (a species of tall grass).
* the '']''
*'']'': a type of flower known for its fragrance.
* the 1905 ''Ang Biblia'', used more by Protestants
*'']'': a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, from ''abaká''.
* the ''Bagong Sanlibutang Salin ng Banal na Kasulatan'' ('']''), exclusive to the ]
*'']'': a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper usually made from abaca hemp.
*'']'': also known as window oyster, is used to make windows.


When the ], (specifically the ]) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into ], the ] was one of the first to translate the ] into Tagalog. The ] in Tagalog was published as early as 1982.
'']'' is reportedly a Tagalog word, however no such word exists in Tagalog.
In 2012, the ] revised the 41-year-old liturgy with an English version of the Roman Missal, and later translated it in the ] to several native languages in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Manila Archdiocese starts seminars for new translation of Roman Missal|url= https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/244743/manila-archdiocese-starts-seminars-for-new-translation-of-roman-missal/story/|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=] |date=January 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aning|first1= Jerome |title=Church revises Roman Missal|url= https://globalnation.inquirer.net/19401/church-revises-roman-missal|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=] |date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> For instance, in 2024, the ] uses the Tagalog translation of the ] entitled "Ang Aklat ng Mabuting Balita."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Sandigan|url=https://dioceseofmalolos.ph/ |accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher= ]|date=January 1, 2024}}</ref>


Jehovah's Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941<ref>{{Cite book |title=2003 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses |publisher=Watch Tower Society |page=155}}</ref> and '']'' (the primary magazine of Jehovah's Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1950s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah's Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watchtower Online Library |url=http://wol.jw.org/tl/wol/h/r27/lp-tg |publisher=Watch Tower Society |language=tl |access-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-date=November 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111215106/http://wol.jw.org/tl/wol/h/r27/lp-tg |url-status=live }}</ref> The revised ] edition, the ''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures,'' was released in Tagalog on 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2019 |title=''New World Translation'' Released in Tagalog |url=https://www.jw.org/en/whats-new/nwt-tagalog/#?insight |access-date=April 14, 2022 |website=Jw.org |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132201/https://www.jw.org/en/whats-new/nwt-tagalog/#?insight |url-status=live }}</ref> and it is distributed without charge both printed and .
Tagalog has contributed several words to ], like ''barangay'' (from ''balan͠gay'' meaning ''barrio''), the ''abacá'', ''cogon'', ''palay'', etc.


Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic ]. Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, ] prayers tend to be more ].
==Religious literature==
Religious Literature remains to be one of the most dynamic contributors to ]. In 1970, the ] translated the ] into Tagalog, the first translation to any of the ]. Even before the ], devotional materials in Tagalog had been circulating. At present, there are three circulating Tagalog translations of the ]&mdash;the '']'' (a parallel translation of the '']''), which is the ] version; the ''Ang Biblia'', which is a more ] version; and the ''Bagong Sinlibutang Salin ng Banal na Kasulatan'', one of about sixty parallel translations of the ''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures'' published by ]. The latter was released in the year 2000. Jehovah's Witnesses previously published a hybrid translation: ''Ang Biblia'' was used for the Old Testament, while the ''Bagong Sinlibutang Salin'' was used for the New Testament.


==Example texts==
When the ], (specifically the ]) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into ], the ] was one of the first to translate the ] into Tagalog. In fact, the ] in Tagalog was published as early as 1982, while not published in English until 1985.
===Lord's Prayer===
In Tagalog, the ] is known by its ], ''Amá Namin'' (literally, "Our Father").


{{Poemquote
Jehovah's Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941<ref>2003 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses p.155.</ref> and '']'' (the primary magazine of Jehovah's Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1960s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah's Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog.
| style=font-style:italic; line-height:2.1em;

| text={{lang|tl|
Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to ] Bible translations. Also, as ] in the Philippines is relatively young, ] ]s tend to be more ].
Amá namin, sumasalangit Ka,

Sambahín ang ngalan Mo.
==Examples==
Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.
===The Lord's Prayer (''Ama Namin'')===
Sundín ang loób Mo,
: ''Ama namin, sumasalangit Ka,''
Dito sa lupà, gaya nang sa langit.
: ''Sambahin ang ngalan Mo.''
Bigyán Mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw,
: ''Mapasaamin ang kaharian Mo.''
At patawarin Mo kamí sa aming mga salà,
: ''Sundin ang loob Mo''
Para nang pagpápatawad namin,
: ''Dito sa lupa, para nang sa langit.''
Sa nagkakasalà sa amin;
: ''Bigyan Mo kami ngayon ng aming kakanin sa araw araw.''
At huwág Mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksô,
: ''At patawarin Mo kami sa aming mga sala,''
At iadyâ Mo kamí sa lahát ng masamâ.
: ''Para nang pagpapatawad namin''
[Sapagkát sa Inyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,
: ''Sa mga nagkakasala sa amin.''
At ang kaluwálhatian, ngayón, at magpakailanman.]
: ''At huwag Mo kaming ipahintulot sa tukso,''
Amen.}}
: ''At iadya Mo kami sa lahat ng masama.''
}}
: ''Sapagkat Iyo ang kaharian, at kapangyarihan,''
: ''At ang kadakilaan, magpakailanman.''
: ''Amen.''


===Universal Declaration of Human Rights=== ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
This is Article 1 of the ] (''Pangkalahatáng Pagpapahayág ng Karapatáng Pantao'')
''Isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan ang lahat ng tao. Pinagkalooban sila ng katwiran at budhi at dapat magpalagayan ang isa't isa sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran.''


;Tagalog (Latin)
(Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood.)
{{lang|tl|Bawat tao'y isinilang na may layà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkalooban ng pangangatwiran at budhî, na kailangang gamitin nilá sa pagtuturingan nilá sa diwà ng pagkakapatiran.}}
;Tagalog (Baybayin)
{{lang|tl|{{Script|Tglg| ᜊᜏᜆ᜔ ᜆᜂᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜌ᜔ ᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄ᜔ᜎᜌ᜔ ᜈ ᜇᜅᜎ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶ ᜐᜒᜎᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆ᜔ᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇᜑᜒ᜵ ᜈ ᜃᜁᜎᜅᜅ᜔ ᜄᜋᜒᜆᜒᜈ᜔ ᜈᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜆᜓᜆᜓᜇᜒᜅᜈ᜔ ᜈᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶}}}}
;English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english |mode=cs1 |via=ohchr.org |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=March 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322040025/https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Numbers=== ===Numbers===
Numbers (''mga bilang/mga numero'') in Tagalog follow two systems. The first consists of native Tagalog words and the other are Spanish-derived. (This may be compared to other East Asian languages, except with the second set of numbers borrowed from Spanish instead of Chinese.) For example, when a person refers to the number "seven", it can be translated into Tagalog as "''pitó''" or "''siyete''" (Spanish: ''siete'').
{|-

|&nbsp;
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|- |-
! scope="col" | Number
|1
! scope="col" | Cardinal
|isá / uno
! scope="col" | Spanish-derived<br />(Original Spanish)
|una / ika-isa
! scope="col" | Ordinal
|- |-
! scope="row" | 0
|2
| sero / walâ (lit. "null")
|dalawá / dos
| sero (cero)
|pangalawá / ikalawa
| –
|- |-
! scope="row" | 1
|3
| isá
|tatló / tres
| uno (uno)
|pangatló / ikatlo
| una
|- |-
! scope="row" | 2
|4
| dalawá
|apat
| dos (dos)
|pang-apat / ika-apat
| pangalawá / ikalawá
|- |-
! scope="row" | 3
|5
| tatló
|limá
| tres (tres)
|panlimá / ikalima
| pangatló / ikatló
|- |-
! scope="row" | 4
|6
| apat
|anim
| kuwatro (cuatro)
|pang-anim / ika-anim
| pang-apat / ikaapat (In standard Filipino orthography, "ika" and the number-word are never hyphenated.)
|- |-
! scope="row" | 5
|7
| limá
|pitó
| singko (cinco)
|pampitó / ikapito
| panlimá / ikalimá
|- |-
! scope="row" | 6
|8
| anim
|waló
| seis (seis)
|pangwaló / ikawalo
| pang-anim / ikaanim
|- |-
! scope="row" | 7
|9
| pitó
|siyám
| siyete (siete)
|pansiyám / ikasiyam
| pampitó / ikapitó
|- |-
! scope="row" | 8
|10
| waló
|sampû
| otso (ocho)
|pansampû / ikasampu
| pangwaló / ikawaló
|- |-
! scope="row" | 9
|11
| siyám
|labíng-isá / onse (Spanish numbers are commonly used above 10)
| nuwebe (nueve)
|panlabíng-isá / pang-onse / ikalabing-isa
| pansiyám / ikasiyám
|- |-
! scope="row" | 10
|12
| sampû / pû (archaic)
|labindalawá / dose
| diyés (diez)
|panlabindalawá / pandose / ikalabindalawa
| pansampû / ikasampû (or ikapû in some literary compositions)
|- |-
! scope="row" | 11
|20
| labíng-isá
|dalawampu
| onse (once)
|pandalawampu/ pambente / ikadalawampu
| panlabíng-isá / pang-onse / ikalabíng-isá
|- |-
! scope="row" | 12
|100
| labíndalawá
|(i)sán(g)daán / syento
| dose (doce)
|pan(g)-(i)sán(g)daán / pansyento / ika-(i)san(g)-daan
| panlabíndalawá / pandose / ikalabíndalawá
|- |-
! scope="row" | 13
|200
| labíntatló
|dalawáng daán / dos syentos
| trese (trece)
| pandalawang daan / ikadalawang-daan
| panlabíntatló / pantrese / ikalabíntatló
|- |-
! scope="row" | 14
|400
| labíng-apat
|apat na raán / kwatro syentos
| katorse (catorce)
|pang-apat na raán/ ika-apat na raán
| panlabíng-apat / pangkatorse / ikalabíng-apat
|- |-
! scope="row" | 15
|600
| labínlimá
|anim na raán / saís syentos
| kinse (quince)
|&nbsp;
| panlabínlimá / pangkinse / ikalabínlimá
|- |-
! scope="row" | 16
|1,000
| labíng-anim
|isáng libo (sanlibo) / mil
| disisais (dieciséis)
|&nbsp;
| panlabíng-anim / pandyes-sais / ikalabíng-anim
|- |-
! scope="row" | 17
|2,000
| labímpitó
|dalawáng libo / dos mil
| disisiyete (diecisiete)
|&nbsp;
| panlabímpitó / pandyes-syete / ikalabímpitó
|- |-
! scope="row" | 18
|10,000
| labíngwaló
|(i)san(g)laksa / sampung libo / dyes mil
| disiotso (dieciocho)
|&nbsp;
| panlabíngwaló / pandyes-otso / ikalabíngwaló
|- |-
! scope="row" | 19
|100,000
| labinsiyám / labins'yam / labingsiyam
|(i)sangyuta / (i)sán(g)daáng libo / syento mil
| disinuwebe (diecinueve)
|&nbsp;
| panlabinsiyám / pandyes-nwebe / ikalabinsiyám
|- |-
! scope="row" | 20
|1,000,000
| dalawampû
|isáng milyón / sampung yuta / isáng angaw-angaw
| beynte (veinte)
|&nbsp;
| pandalawampû / ikadalawampû (rare literary variant: ikalawampû)
|- |-
! scope="row" | 21
|2,000,000
| dalawampú't isá
|dalawáng milyón
| beynte y uno / beynte'y uno (veintiuno)
|&nbsp;
| pang-dalawampú't isá / ikalawamapú't isá
|- |-
! scope="row" | 30
|10,000,000
| tatlumpû
|sampung milyòn / (i)sangkati
| treynta (treinta)
|&nbsp;
| pantatlumpû / ikatatlumpû (rare literary variant: ikatlumpû)
|- |-
! scope="row" | 40
|100,000,000
| apatnapû
|(i)sán(g)daáng milyon
| kuwarenta (cuarenta)
| pang-apatnapû / ikaapatnapû
|-
! scope="row" | 50
| limampû
| singkuwenta (cincuenta)
| panlimampû / ikalimampû
|-
! scope="row" | 60
| animnapû
| sesenta (sesenta)
| pang-animnapû / ikaanimnapû
|-
! scope="row" | 70
| pitumpû
| setenta (setenta)
| pampitumpû / ikapitumpû
|-
! scope="row" | 80
| walumpû
| otsenta (ochenta)
| pangwalumpû / ikawalumpû
|-
! scope="row" | 90
| siyamnapû
| nobenta (noventa)
| pansiyamnapû / ikasiyamnapû
|-
! scope="row" | 100
| sándaán / daán
| siyen (cien)
| pan(g)-(i)sándaán / ikasándaán (rare literary variant: ikaisándaán)
|-
! scope="row" | 200
| dalawandaán
| dosyentos (doscientos)
| pandalawándaán / ikadalawandaan (rare literary variant: ikalawándaán)
|-
! scope="row" | 300
| tatlóndaán
| tresyentos (trescientos)
| pantatlóndaán / ikatatlondaan (rare literary variant: ikatlóndaán)
|-
! scope="row" | 400
| apat na raán
| kuwatrosyentos (cuatrocientos)
| pang-apat na raán / ikaapat na raán
|-
! scope="row" | 500
| limándaán
| kinyentos (quinientos)
| panlimándaán / ikalimándaán
|-
! scope="row" | 600
| anim na raán
| seissiyentos (seiscientos)
| pang-anim na raán / ikaanim na raán
|-
! scope="row" | 700
| pitondaán
| setesyentos (setecientos)
| pampitóndaán / ikapitóndaán (or ikapitóng raán)
|-
! scope="row" | 800
| walóndaán
| otsosyentos (ochocientos)
| pangwalóndaán / ikawalóndaán (or ikawalóng raán)
|-
! scope="row" | 900
| siyám na raán
| nobesyentos (novecientos)
| pansiyám na raán / ikasiyám na raán
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000
| sánlibo / libo
| mil / uno mil (mil)
| pan(g)-(i)sánlibo / ikasánlibo
|-
! scope="row" | 2,000
| dalawánlibo
| dos mil (dos mil)
| pangalawáng libo / ikalawánlibo
|-
! scope="row" | 10,000
| sánlaksâ / sampúng libo
| diyes mil (diez mil)
| pansampúng libo / ikasampúng libo
|-
! scope="row" | 20,000
| dalawanlaksâ / dalawampúng libo
| beynte mil (veinte mil)
| pangalawampúng libo / ikalawampúng libo
|-
! scope="row" | 100,000
| sangyutá / sandaáng libo
| siyento mil (cien mil)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 200,000
| dalawangyutá / dalawandaáng libo
| dosyentos mil (doscientos mil)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000,000
| sang-angaw / sangmilyón
| milyón (un millón)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2,000,000
| dalawang-angaw / dalawang milyón
| dos milyónes (dos millones)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 10,000,000
| sangkatì / sampung milyón
| diyes milyónes (diez millones)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 100,000,000
| sambahalà / sampúngkatì / sandaáng milyón
| siyen milyónes (cien millones)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000,000,000
| sanggatós / sang-atós / sambilyón
| bilyón / mil milyón (un billón (]),<ref name="DRAE billón">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=billón |encyclopedia=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=Real Academia Española and ASALE |url=https://dle.rae.es/bill%C3%B3n?m=form |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2019 |edition=23rd electronic |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171732/https://dle.rae.es/bill%25C3%25B3n%3Fm%3Dform |url-status=live }}</ref> mil millones, millardo<ref name="DPD billón">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=billón |encyclopedia=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas |publisher=Real Academia Española |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/bill%2525C3%2525B3n |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2005 |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171734/https://www.rae.es/dpd/bill%252525C3%252525B3n |url-status=live }}</ref>)
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1,000,000,000,000
| sang-ipaw{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} / santrilyón
| trilyón / bilyón (un trillón (US),<ref name="RAE trillón">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=trillón |encyclopedia=Diccionario de la lengua española |publisher=Real Academia Española and ASALE |url=https://dle.rae.es/trill%C3%B3n |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2019 |edition=23rd electronic |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171734/https://dle.rae.es/trill%25C3%25B3n |url-status=live }}</ref> un billón<ref name="DRAE billón" />)
|
|} |}


{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
===Common phrases===
|-
* Filipino: ''Pilipino'' {{IPA|}}
! scope="col" | Number
* English: ''Ingglés'' {{IPA|}}
! scope="col" | English
* Tagalog: ''Tagalog'' {{IPA|}}
! scope="col" | Spanish
* What is your name?: ''Anó ang pangalan ninyo?'' (plural) {{IPA|}}, ''Anó ang pangalan mo?''(singular) {{IPA|}}
! scope="col" | Ordinal / Fraction / Cardinal
* How are you?: ''kumustá'' {{IPA|}}
|-
* Good morning!: ''Magandáng umaga!'' {{IPA|}}
! scope="row" | 1st
* Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.): ''Magandáng tanghali!'' {{IPA|}}
| first
* Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.): ''Magandáng hapon!'' {{IPA|}}
| primer, primero, primera
* Good evening!: ''Magandáng gabí!'' {{IPA|}}
| una / ikaisá
* Good-bye: ''paálam'' {{IPA|}} (literal - "with your blessing")
|-
* Please: Depending on the nature of the verb, either ''pakí-'' {{IPA|}} or ''makí-'' {{IPA|}} is attached as a prefix to a verb. ''ngâ'' {{IPA|}} is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness.
! scope="row" | 2nd
* Thank you: ''salamat'' {{IPA|}}
| second
* That one: ''iyan'' {{IPA|}}
| segundo/a
* How much?: ''magkano?'' {{IPA|}}
| ikalawá
* Yes: ''oo'' {{IPA|}}
|-
* No: ''hindî'' {{IPA|}}
! scope="row" | 3rd
* Sorry: ''pasensya pô'' (literally - "patience") or ''paumanhin po'' {{IPA|}} ''patawad po'' {{IPA|}} (literally - "forgiveness")
| third
* Because: ''kasí'' {{IPA|}}
| tercero/a
* Hurry!: ''Dalí!'' {{IPA|}}, ''Bilís!'' {{IPA|}}
| ikatló
* Again: ''mulí'' {{IPA|}} , ''ulít'' {{IPA|}}
|-
* I don't understand: ''Hindî ko maintindihan'' {{IPA|}}
! scope="row" | 4th
* Where's the bathroom?: ''Nasaán ang banyo?'' {{IPA|}}
| fourth
* Generic toast: '']!'' {{IPA|}}
| cuarto/a
* Do you speak English? ''Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Ingglés?'' {{IPA|}}
| ikaapat
* It is fun to live. ''Masaya ang mabuhay!'' {{IPA|}}
|-
! scope="row" | 5th
| fifth
| quinto/a
| ikalimá
|-
! scope="row" | 6th
| sixth
| sexto/a
| ikaanim
|-
! scope="row" | 7th
| seventh
| séptimo/a
| ikapitó
|-
! scope="row" | 8th
| eighth
| octavo/a
| ikawaló
|-
! scope="row" | 9th
| ninth
| noveno/a
| ikasiyám
|-
! scope="row" | 10th
| tenth
| décimo/a
| ikasampû
|-
! scope="row" | {{1/2}}
| half
| medio/a, mitad
| kalahatì
|-
! scope="row" | {{1/4}}
| one quarter
| cuarto
| kapat
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|3|5}}
| three fifths
| tres quintas partes
| tatlóng-kalimá
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|2|3}}
| two thirds
| dos tercios
| dalawáng-katló
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|1|1|2}}
| one and a half
| uno y medio
| isá't kalahatì
|-
! scope="row" | {{frac|2|2|3}}
| two and two thirds
| dos y dos tercios
| dalawá't dalawáng-katló
|-
! scope="row" | 0.5
| zero point five
| cero punto cinco, cero coma cinco,<ref name="DPD coma">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=coma |encyclopedia=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas |publisher=Real Academia Española |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/coma#4 |access-date=April 6, 2020 |date=2005 |language=es |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406171758/https://www.rae.es/dpd/coma#4 |url-status=live }}</ref> cero con cinco
| salapî / limá hinatì sa sampû
|-
! scope="row" | 0.05
| zero point zero five
| cero punto cero cinco, cero coma cero cinco, cero con cero cinco
| bagól / limá hinatì sa sandaán
|-
! scope="row" | 0.005
| zero point zero zero five
| cero punto cero cero cinco, cero coma cero cero cinco, cero con cero cero cinco
| limá hinatì sa sanlibo
|-
! scope="row" | 1.25
| one point two five
| uno punto veinticinco, uno coma veinticinco, uno con veinticinco
| isá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sampû
|-
! scope="row" | 2.025
| two point zero two five
| dos punto cero veinticinco, dos coma cero veinticinco, dos con cero veinticinco
| dalawá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sanlibo
|-
! scope="row" | 25%
| twenty-five percent
| veinticinco por ciento
| dalawampú't-limáng bahagdán
|-
! scope="row" | 50%
| fifty percent
| cincuenta por ciento
| limampúng bahagdán
|-
! scope="row" | 75%
| seventy-five percent
| setenta y cinco por ciento
| pitumpú't-limáng bahagdán
|}

===Months and days===
Months and days in Tagalog are also localised forms of Spanish months and days. "Month" in Tagalog is ''buwán'' (also the word for ]) and "day" is ''araw'' (the word also means ]). Unlike Spanish, however, months and days in Tagalog are always capitalised.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Month
! scope="col" | Original Spanish
! scope="col" | Tagalog (abbreviation)
|-
! scope="row" | January
| enero
| Enero (Ene.)
|-
! scope="row" | February
| febrero
| Pebrero (Peb.)
|-
! scope="row" | March
| marzo
| Marso (Mar.)
|-
! scope="row" | April
| abril
| Abríl (Abr.)
|-
! scope="row" | May
| mayo
| Mayo (Mayo)
|-
! scope="row" | June
| junio
| Hunyo (Hun.)
|-
! scope="row" | July
| julio
| Hulyo (Hul.)
|-
! scope="row" | August
| agosto
| Agosto (Ago.)
|-
! scope="row" | September
| septiembre
| Setyembre (Set.)
|-
! scope="row" | October
| octubre
| Oktubre (Okt.)
|-
! scope="row" | November
| noviembre
| Nobyembre (Nob.)
|-
! scope="row" | December
| diciembre
| Disyembre (Dis.)
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Day
! scope="col" | Original Spanish
! scope="col" | Tagalog
|-
! scope="row" | Sunday
| domingo
| Linggó
|-
! scope="row" | Monday
| lunes
| Lunes
|-
! scope="row" | Tuesday
| martes
| Martes
|-
! scope="row" | Wednesday
| miércoles
| Miyérkules / Myérkules
|-
! scope="row" | Thursday
| jueves
| Huwebes / Hwebes
|-
! scope="row" | Friday
| viernes
| Biyernes / Byernes
|-
! scope="row" | Saturday
| sábado
| Sábado
|}

===Time===
Time expressions in Tagalog are also Tagalized forms of the corresponding Spanish. "Time" in Tagalog is ''panahón'' or ''oras''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Time
! scope="col" | English
! scope="col" | Original Spanish
! scope="col" | Tagalog
|-
! scope="row" | 1 hour
| one hour
| una hora
| Isáng oras
|-
! scope="row" | 2 min
| two minutes
| dos minutos
| Dalawáng sandalî/minuto
|-
! scope="row" | 3 sec
| three seconds
| tres segundos
| Tatlóng saglít/segundo
|-
! scope="row" |
| morning
| mañana
| Umaga
|-
! scope="row" |
| afternoon
| tarde
| Hápon
|-
! scope="row" |
| evening/night
| noche
| Gabí
|-
! scope="row" |
| noon
| mediodía
| Tanghalì
|-
! scope="row" |
| midnight
| medianoche
| Hatinggabí
|-
! scope="row" | 1:00 am
| one in the morning
| una de la mañana
| Ika-isá ng umaga
|-
! scope="row" | 7:00 pm
| seven at night
| siete de la noche
| Ikapitó ng gabí
|-
! scope="row" | 1:15
| quarter past one<br />one-fifteen
| una y cuarto
| Kapat makalipas ika-isá<br />Labínlimá makalipas ika-isá<br />Apatnapú't-limá bago mag-ikalawá<br />Tatlong-kapat bago mag-ikalawá
|-
! scope="row" | 2:30
| half past two<br />two-thirty<br/ >half-way to/of three
| dos y media
| Kalahatì makalipas ikalawá<br />Tatlumpû makalipas ikalawá<br />Tatlumpû bago mag-ikatló<br />Kalahatì bago mag-ikatló
|-
! scope="row" | 3:45
| three-forty-five<br />quarter to/of four
| tres y cuarenta y cinco<br />cuatro menos cuarto
| Tatlóng-kapat makalipas ikatló<br />Apatnapú't-limá makalipas ikatló<br />Labínlimá bago mag-ikaapat<br />Kapat bago mag-ikaapat
|-
! scope="row" | 4:25
| four-twenty-five<br />twenty-five past four
| cuatro y veinticinco
| Dalawampú't-limá makalipas ikaapat<br />Tatlumpú't-limá bago mag-ikaapat
|-
! scope="row" | 5:35
| five-thirty-five<br />twenty-five to/of six
| cinco y treinta y cinco<br />seis menos veinticinco
| Tatlumpú't-limá makalipas ikalimá<br />Dalawampú't-limá bago mag-ikaanim
|}

==Common phrases==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | English
! scope="col" | Tagalog (with Pronunciation)
|-
| Filipino || {{lang|tl|Pilipino}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| English || {{lang|tl|Inglés}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Tagalog || {{lang|tl|Tagálog}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Spanish || {{lang|tl|Espanyol}}/{{lang|tl|Español}}/{{lang|tl|Kastila}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| What is your name? ||{{lang|tl|Anó ang pangálan ninyó/nilá*?}} (plural or polite) {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|Anó ang pangálan mo?}} (singular) {{IPA|}}
|-
| How are you? || {{lang|tl|Kumustá}} {{IPA|}} (modern), {{lang|tl|Anó pô ang lagáy ninyó/nilá?}} (old use) {{IPA|}}
|-
| Knock knock || {{lang|tl|Táo pô}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Good day! || {{lang|tl|Magandáng araw!}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Good morning! || {{lang|tl|Magandáng umaga!}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.) || {{lang|tl|Magandáng tanghali!}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00&nbsp;p.m.)|| {{lang|tl|Magandáng hapon!}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Good evening! || {{lang|tl|Magandáng gabí!}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Good-bye || {{lang|tl|Paálam}} {{IPA|}}
|-
|Please || Depending on the nature of the verb, either {{lang|tl|pakí-}} {{IPA|}} or {{lang|tl|makí-}} {{IPA|}} is attached as a prefix to a verb. {{lang|tl|Ngâ}} {{IPA|}} is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness. (e.g. {{lang|tl|Pakipasa ngâ ang tinapay.}} ("Can you pass the bread, please?"))
|-
|Thank you ||{{lang|tl|Salamat}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| This one || {{lang|tl|Itó}} {{IPA|}}, sometimes pronounced {{IPA|}} (literally—"it", "this")
|-
|That one (close to addressee) ||{{lang|tl|Iyán}} {{IPA|}}
|-
|That one (far from speaker and addressee) || {{lang|tl|Iyón}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Here || {{lang|tl|Dito}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|heto}} {{IPA|}}, simplified to {{lang|tl|eto}} {{IPA|}} ("Here it is")
|-
| Right there || {{lang|tl|Diyán}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|(h)ayán}} {{IPA|}} ("There it is")
|-
| Over there || {{lang|tl|Doón}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|ayón}} {{IPA|}} ("There it is")
|-
| How much? || {{lang|tl|Magkano?}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| How many? || {{lang|tl|Ilán?}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Yes || {{lang|tl|Oo}} {{IPA|}}
{{lang|tl|Opò}} {{IPA|}} or {{lang|tl|ohò}} {{IPA|}} (formal/polite form)
|-
| No ||{{lang|tl|Hindî}} {{IPA|}} (at the end of a pause or sentence), often shortened to {{lang|tl|dî}} {{IPA|}}
{{lang|tl|Hindî pô}} {{IPA|}} (formal/polite form)
|-
| I don't know ||{{lang|tl|Hindî ko alám}} {{IPA|}}
Very informal: {{lang|tl|Ewan}} {{IPA|}}, archaic {{lang|tl|aywan}} {{IPA|}} (closest English equivalent: colloquial dismissive 'Whatever' or 'Dunno')
|-
| Sorry || {{lang|tl|Pasénsiya pô}} {{IPA|}} (literally from the word "patience") or {{lang|tl|paumanhín pô}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|patawad pô}} {{IPA|}} (literally—"asking your forgiveness")
|-
|Because || {{lang|tl|Kasí}} {{IPA|}} or {{lang|tl|dahil}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Hurry! || {{lang|tl|Dalî!}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|Bilís!}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Again || {{lang|tl|Mulî}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|ulít}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| I don't understand || {{lang|tl|Hindî ko naíintindihán}} {{IPA|}} or
{{lang|tl|Hindî ko naúunawáan}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| What? ||{{lang|tl|Anó?}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| Where? ||{{lang|tl|Saán?}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|tl|Nasaán?}} {{IPA|}} (literally – "Where at?")
|-
| Why? || {{lang|tl|Bakit?}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| When? ||{{lang|tl|Kailán?}} {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, or {{IPA|}} (literally—"In what order?/"At what count?")
|-
| How? || {{lang|tl|Paánó?}} {{IPA|}} (literally—"By what?")
|-
| Where's the bathroom? || {{lang|tl|Nasaán ang banyo?}} {{IPA|}}
|-
| ''Generic toast''|| {{lang|tl|]!}} {{IPA|}} (literally—"long live")
|-
| Do you speak English? || {{lang|tl|Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Inglés?}} {{IPA|}}
{{lang|tl|Marunong pô ba kayóng magsalitâ ng Inglés?}} {{IPA|}} (polite version for elders and strangers)<br />
{{lang|tl|Marunong ka bang mag-Inglés?}} {{IPA|}} (short form)<br />
{{lang|tl|Marunong pô ba kayóng mag-Inglés?}} {{IPA|}} (short form, polite version for elders and strangers)
|-
| It is fun to live. || {{lang|tl|Masayá ang mabuhay!}} {{IPA|}} or {{lang|tl|Masaya'ng mabuhay}} (contracted version)
|}

<small>*Pronouns such as {{lang|tl|niyó}} (2nd person plural) and {{lang|tl|nilá}} (3rd person plural) are used on a single 2nd person in polite or formal language. See ].</small>


===Proverbs=== ===Proverbs===
''Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinánggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan.''
:(— ])
One who knows not how to look back to whence he came will never get to where he is going.


''Unang kagát, tinapay pa rin.''<br />First bite, still bread.<br />All fluff, no substance.
''Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinanggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan''. (José Rizal)<br>He who does not look back to his origin will never reach his destination.


''Tao ka nang humaráp, bilang tao kitáng haharapin.''<br />You reach me as a human, I will treat you as a human and never act as a traitor.<br />(A proverb in Southern Tagalog that has made people aware of the significance of sincerity in Tagalog communities.)
''Ang hindî magmahál sa kanyang sariling wika ay mahigít pa sa hayop at malansang isdâ''. (José Rizal)<br>One who does not love his own language is worse than an animal and a putrid fish.


''Hulí man daw at magalíng, nakákahábol pa rin. (Hulí man raw at magalíng, nakákahábol pa rin.)''<br>It was said that even he is late and excellent, he still catches up. ''Hulí man daw (raw) at magalíng, nakáhahábol pa rin.''<br />If one is behind but capable, one will still be able to catch up.


''Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising''.<br>Make fun of a drunk person, not to one who just woke up. ''Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising.''<br />Make fun of someone drunk, if you must, but never one who has just awakened.


''Aanhín pa ang damó kung patáy na ang kabayò?''<br />What use is the grass if the horse is already dead?
''Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, ramdám ng buong katawán.''<br>The pain of a small finger is felt by the whole body.


''Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, damdám ng buóng katawán.''<br />The pain in the pinkie is felt by the whole body.<br />
==See also==
In a group, if one goes down, the rest follow.


''Nasa hulí ang pagsisisi.''<br />Regret is always in the end.

''Pagkáhabà-habà man ng prusisyón, sa simbahan pa rin ang tulóy.''<br />The ] may stretch on and on, but it still ends up at the church.<br />
(In romance: refers to how certain people are destined to be married. In general: refers to how some things are inevitable, no matter how long you try to postpone it.)

''Kung 'dî mádaán sa santóng dasalan, daanin sa santóng paspasan.''<br />If it cannot be got through holy prayer, get it through blessed force.<br />
(In romance and courting: ''santóng paspasan'' literally means 'holy speeding' and is a euphemism for ]. It refers to the two styles of courting by Filipino boys: one is the traditional, protracted, restrained manner favored by older generations, which often featured ] and manual labor for the girl's family; the other is upfront seduction, which may lead to a slap on the face or a pregnancy out of wedlock. The second conclusion is known as ''pikot'' or what Western cultures would call a ']'. This proverb is also applied in terms of diplomacy and negotiation.)

==See also==
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Tupas |first=Ruanni |date=2015 |title=The Politics of "P" and "F": A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277951403 |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=587–597 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2014.979831 |s2cid=143332545}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Wiktionary category|category=Tagalog language}}
{{InterWiki|code=tl}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=tl}} {{InterWiki|code=tl|Tagalog}}
{{Wikibooks|Tagalog}} {{Wikibooks|Tagalog}}
{{oldwikisource|Tagalog}} {{WikisourceWiki|Tagalog}}
{{Wikivoyage|Filipino phrasebook|Filipino|a phrasebook}}
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{{Commons category|Tagalog language}}
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* Audio samples and Filipino lessons
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* , an English to dialects of Tagalog and Sugbuanon languages Translator]
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Latest revision as of 14:58, 24 December 2024

Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines Not to be confused with Tagalag (or Tagalaka) language or Filipino language.

Tagalog
Wikang Tagalog
ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔
Pronunciation[tɐˈɡaːloɡ]
Native toPhilippines
RegionKatagalugan; Metro Manila, Parts of Central Luzon, Most of Calabarzon, Parts of Mimaropa, and Northwestern Bicol Region
EthnicityTagalog
SpeakersL1: 29 million (2010)
L2: 54 million (2020)
Total: 83 million
Language familyAustronesian
Early formsProto-Austronesian
Standard forms
Dialects
  • Bataan
  • Batangas
  • Bulacan
  • Lubang
  • Manila
  • Marinduque
  • Puray
  • Tanay–Paete (Eastern Rizal-Northern Laguna)
  • Tayabas
  • Soccsksargen Tagalog (Mindanao)
Writing system
Official status
Official language inPhilippines (as Filipino)
ASEAN (as Filipino)
Recognised minority
language in		Philippines (as a regional language and an auxiliary official language in the predominantly Tagalog-speaking areas of the Philippines)
Regulated byKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-1tl
ISO 639-2tgl
ISO 639-3tgl
Glottologtaga1280  Tagalogic
taga1269  Tagalog-Filipino
taga1270  Tagalog
Linguasphere31-CKA
Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines
A Tagalog speaker, recorded in South Africa.

Tagalog (/təˈɡɑːlɒɡ/ tə-GAH-log, native pronunciation: [tɐˈɡaːloɡ] ; Baybayin: ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority, mostly as or through Filipino. Its de facto standardized, codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broadened form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of the nation's two official languages, alongside English. Tagalog, like the other and as one of the regional languages of the Philippines, which majority are Austronesian, is one of the auxiliary official languages of the Philippines in the regions and also one of the auxiliary media of instruction therein.

Tagalog is closely related to other Philippine languages, such as the Bikol languages, the Bisayan languages, Ilocano, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan, and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the Formosan languages of Taiwan, Indonesian, Malay, Hawaiian, Māori, Malagasy, and many more.

Classification

Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, Tetum (of Timor), and Yami (of Taiwan). It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Waray-Waray, Hiligaynon and Cebuano.

Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə. In most Bikol and Visayan languages, this sound merged with /u/ and . In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukót.

Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ŋajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Adjacent to an affix, however, it becomes /r/ instead: bayád (paid) → bayaran (to pay).

Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.

History

Main article: Old Tagalog
The base consonants and vowels of the Baybayin script, the original writing system of Tagalog

The word Tagalog is possibly derived from the endonym taga-ilog ("river dweller"), composed of tagá- ("native of" or "from") and ilog ("river"), or alternatively, taga-alog deriving from alog ("pool of water in the lowlands"; "rice or vegetable plantation"). Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.

Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription from the tenth century, which is largely written in Old Malay. The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The Doctrina was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current Baybayin script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a Latin orthography for the language.

Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, 1794.

Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San José published the Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published the first Tagalog dictionary, his Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Pila, Laguna.

The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.

Among others, Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies of the language.

The indigenous poet Francisco Balagtas (1788–1862) is known as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the 19th-century epic Florante at Laura.

Official status

Main article: Filipino language
Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper), the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines founded in 1882 written in both Tagalog and Spanish.

Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.

In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as Wikang Pambansâ (national language). Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora, which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. Under the Japanese puppet government during World War II, Tagalog as a national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: "The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language."

In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino". Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as "Pilipino") and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino).

Controversy

The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for a national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as Wikang Pambansâ ("National Language") in 1939. Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, José E. Romero, as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had not accepted the selection.

The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention. The majority of the delegates were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino. The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language. The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino.

Many of the older generation in the Philippines feel that the replacement of English by Tagalog in the popular visual media has had dire economic effects regarding the competitiveness of the Philippines in trade and overseas remittances.

Use in education

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

Upon the issuance of Executive Order No. 134, Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On April 12, 1940, Executive No. 263 was issued ordering the teaching of the national language in all public and private schools in the country.

Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies, in part:

Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

Under Section 7, however:

The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role. After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012–2013.

Tagalog is the first language of a quarter of the population of the Philippines (particularly in Central and Southern Luzon) and the second language for the majority.

Geographic distribution

In the Philippines

No dumping sign along the highway in the Laguna province, Philippines.
A landslide and rockslide-prone area sign at Indang, Cavite.
Welcome arch to Palayan, Nueva Ecija.

According to the 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority, there were 109 million people living in the Philippines, where the vast majority have some basic level of understanding of the language, mostly, mainly, majority or predominantly because of Filipino. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon — particularly in Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, and Rizal. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of Marinduque and Mindoro, as well as Palawan to a lesser extent. Significant minorities are found in the other Central Luzon provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur in Bicol Region, the Cordillera city of Baguio and various parts of Mindanao especially in the island's urban areas, but especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as, through or in the form of Filipino. Tagalog or Filipino is also the predominant language of Cotabato City in Mindanao, making it the only place outside of Luzon with a native Tagalog-speaking or also a Filipino-speaking majority. It is also the main lingua franca in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, but especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino.

According to the 2000 Philippine Census, approximately 96% of the household population who were able to attend school could speak Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino; and about 28% of the total population spoke it natively.

The following regions and provinces of the Philippines are majority Tagalog-speaking, or also overlapping with being more accurately and specifically Filipino-speaking (from north to south):

  • Central Luzon Region
  • Metro Manila (National Capital Region)
  • Southern Luzon
    • Southern Tagalog (Calabarzon and Mimaropa)
      • Batangas
      • Cavite
      • Laguna
      • Rizal
      • Quezon
      • Marinduque
      • Occidental Mindoro
      • Oriental Mindoro
      • Romblon (While Romblomanon, Onhan, and Asi are the native languages of the province, Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a provincial variety of Filipino, is used as the lingua franca between the various language groups.)
      • Palawan (Historically a non-Tagalog-speaking province, waves of cross-migration from various other regions, especially Calabarzon, has resulted in Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a provincial variety of Filipino, now being the main spoken language in Palawan.)
    • Bicol Region (While the Bikol languages have traditionally been the majority languages in the following provinces, heavy Tagalog influence and migration has resulted in its significant presence in these provinces and in many communities, Tagalog is now the majority language.)
  • Bangsamoro
    • Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur (While Maguindanao has traditionally been the majority language of these provinces, Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino, is now the main language of "mother tongue" primary education (but here as the local and regional auxiliary official Tagalog language, rather than or instead of the national and official Filipino language) in the province, the majority language in the regional center of Cotabato City (either or both Tagalog or Filipino), and the lingua franca of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or BARMM (mostly, mainly, majority or predominantly Filipino).)
  • Davao Region
    • Metro Davao (While Cebuano is the majority language of the region, a linguistic phenomenon has developed whereby local residents have either shifted to Tagalog or Filipino, or significantly mix Tagalog terms and grammar into their Cebuano speech, or especially or more accurately and specifically in the form of a regional metropolitan variety of Filipino, because older generations speak Tagalog or Filipino to their children in home settings, and Cebuano is spoken in everyday settings, making Tagalog or Filipino the secondary lingua franca. Additionally, migrations from Tagalog-speaking provinces to the area are also the contributing factors.)
  • Soccsksargen
    • North Cotabato, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat (Despite Hiligaynon being the regional main lingua franca, migrations from Luzon and Visayas (including influx of migrants from Tagalog-speaking regions) to North Cotabato, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat has made Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically, as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino, the secondary lingua franca between various ethnolinguistic groups on everyday basis, especially those who cannot speak and understand Hiligaynon. Signages in the region are often written in Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino. Additionally, the language is also used in administrative functions by the local government, in education and in local media, but especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of a regional variety of Filipino, and not and not as, through nor in the form of Tagalog nor its traditional Tagalog varieties.)

Tagalog speakers are also found in other parts of the Philippines and especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as and through its standardized, codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broaden form of, as and through Filipino, and the language serves as the national lingua franca of the country, but especially or more accurately and specifically as and through Filipino.

Outside of the Philippines

  Countries with more than 500,000 speakers   Countries with between 100,000–500,000 speakers   Countries where it is spoken by minor communities
The Tagalog caption (bottom-left) about venom at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco includes words that are uncommonly used in Metro Manila such as "hungkag" (hollow), "sinisila" (prey), "mapanila" (predator), "tibò" (stinger), and "kabatiran" (clue/knowledge/discernment).

Tagalog serves as the common language among Overseas Filipinos, though its use overseas is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups. The largest concentration of Tagalog speakers outside the Philippines is found in the United States, wherein 2020, the United States Census Bureau reported (based on data collected in 2018) that it was the fourth most-spoken non-English language at home with over 1.7 million speakers, behind Spanish, French, and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined).

A study based on data from the United States Census Bureau's 2015 American Consumer Survey shows that Tagalog is the most commonly spoken non-English language after Spanish in California, Nevada, and Washington states.

Tagalog is one of three recognized languages in San Francisco, California, along with Spanish and Chinese, making all essential city services be communicated using these languages along with English. Meanwhile, Tagalog and Ilocano (which is primarily spoken in northern Philippines) are among the non-official languages of Hawaii that its state offices and state-funded entities are required to provide oral and written translations to its residents. Election ballots in Nevada include instructions written in Tagalog, which was first introduced in the 2020 United States presidential elections.

Other countries with significant concentrations of overseas Filipinos and Tagalog speakers include Saudi Arabia with 938,490, Canada with 676,775, Japan with 313,588, United Arab Emirates with 541,593, Kuwait with 187,067, and Malaysia with 620,043.

Dialects

Distribution of Tagalog dialects in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the four dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern and Marinduque. While the majority of residents in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur traditionally speak Bikol as their first language, these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a second language throughout the country.   Northern Tagalog dialects: Bataan (Bataan & Zambales) and Bulacan (Bulacan & Nueva Ecija)   Central Tagalog dialects: Manila/Standard Tagalog or Filipino (Metro Manila), and Tanay-Paete (Rizal & Laguna).   Southern Tagalog dialects: Batangas (Batangas, Cavite, & Oriental Mindoro), Lubang (Occidental Mindoro), Tayabas (Quezon), and Aurora.   Marinduque dialects (Marinduque). Source:

At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Manila, Lubang, Marinduque, Bataan (Western Central Luzon), Batangas, Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and Tayabas (Quezon) as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are a part: Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.

Some example of dialectal differences are:

  • Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in Standard Tagalog, probably influenced by Spanish, where glottal stop doesn't exist. For example, standard Tagalog ngayón (now, today), sinigáng (broth stew), gabí (night), matamís (sweet), are pronounced and written ngay-on, sinig-ang, gab-i, and matam-is in other dialects.
  • In Teresian-Morong Tagalog, alternates with . For example, bundók (mountain), dagat (sea), dingdíng (wall), isdâ (fish), and litid (joints) become bunrók, ragat, ringríng, isrâ, and litir, e.g. "sandók sa dingdíng" ("ladle on a wall" or "ladle on the wall", depending on the sentence) becoming "sanrók sa ringríng". However, exceptions are recent loanwords, and if the next consonant after a is an (durog) or an (dilà).
  • In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect infix of -um- verbs is na-. For example, standard Tagalog kumakain (eating) is nákáin in Aurora, Quezon, and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers, for should a Southern Tagalog ask nákáin ka ba ng patíng? ("Do you eat shark?"), he would be understood as saying "Has a shark eaten you?" by speakers of the Manila Dialect.
  • Some dialects have interjections which are considered a regional trademark. For example, the interjection ala e! usually identifies someone from Batangas as does hane?! in Rizal and Quezon provinces and akkaw in Aurora.

Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.

One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.

Manileño Tagalog Marinduqueño Tagalog English
Susulat siná María at Esperanza kay Juan. Másúlat da María at Esperanza kay Juan. "María and Esperanza will write to Juan."
Mag-aaral siya sa Maynilà. Gaaral siya sa Maynilà. " will study in Manila."
Maglutò ka na. Paglutò. "Cook now."
Kainin mo iyán. Kaina yaan. "Eat it."
Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay. Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay. "Father is calling us."
Tútulungan ba kayó ni Hilario? Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilario? "Is Hilario going to help you?"

The Manila Dialect is the basis for the national language.

Outside of Luzon, a variety of Tagalog called Soccsksargen Tagalog (Sox-Tagalog, also called Kabacan Tagalog) is spoken in Soccsksargen, a southwestern region in Mindanao, as well as Cotabato City. This "hybrid" Tagalog dialect is a blend of Tagalog (including its dialects) with other languages where they are widely spoken and varyingly heard such as Hiligaynon (a regional lingua franca), Ilocano, Cebuano as well as Maguindanaon and other indigenous languages native to region, as a result of migraton from Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Ilocandia, Cagayan Valley, Cordillera Administrative Region, Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Mindoro and Marinduque since the turn of 20th century, therefore making the region a melting pot of cultures and languages.

Phonology

Main article: Tagalog phonology This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Tagalog has 21 phonemes: 16 of them are consonants and 5 are vowels. Native Tagalog words follow CV(C) syllable structure, though complex consonant clusters are permitted in loanwords.

Vowels

Tagalog has five vowels, and four diphthongs. Tagalog originally had three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, and /u/. Tagalog is now considered to have five vowel phonemes following the introduction of two marginal phonemes from Spanish, /o/ and /e/.

Table of the five general Tagalog vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ o̞ ⟨o⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩

Nevertheless, simplification of pairs and is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and working class registers.

The four diphthongs are /aj/, /uj/, /aw/, and /iw/. Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent is used: á é í ó ú.

Table of all possible realizations of Tagalog vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Near-close ɪ ⟨i⟩ ʊ ⟨u⟩
Close-mid e ⟨e/i⟩ o ⟨o/u⟩
Mid ɛ̝ ⟨e⟩ o̞ ⟨o⟩
Open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩
Near-open ɐ ⟨a⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩ ä ⟨a⟩

The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker's origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in bold.

Consonants

Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside the angle brackets.

Tagalog consonant phonemes
Bilabial Alv./Dental Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Stop voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless (ts) (tʃ) ⟨ts, tiy, ty⟩
voiced (dz) (dʒ) ⟨dz, diy, dy⟩
Fricative s (ʃ) ⟨siy, sy, sh⟩ h ⟨h⟩
Approximant l j ⟨y⟩ w
Rhotic ɾ ⟨r⟩
  • /k/ between vowels has a tendency to become as in loch, German Bach, whereas in the initial position it has a tendency to become , especially in the Manila dialect.
  • Intervocalic /ɡ/ and /k/ tend to become , as in Spanish agua, especially in the Manila dialect.
  • /ɾ/ and /d/ were once allophones, and they still vary grammatically, with initial /d/ becoming intervocalic /ɾ/ in many words.
  • A glottal stop that occurs in pausa (before a pause) is omitted when it is in the middle of a phrase, especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
  • The /ɾ/ phoneme is an alveolar rhotic that has a free variation between a trill, a flap and an approximant ().
  • The /dʒ/ phoneme may become a consonant cluster in between vowels such as sadyâ .

Glottal stop is not indicated. Glottal stops are most likely to occur when:

  • the word starts with a vowel, like aso (dog)
  • the word includes a dash followed by a vowel, like mag-aral (study)
  • the word has two vowels next to each other, like paano (how)
  • the word starts with a prefix followed by a verb that starts with a vowel, like mag-aayos ( fix)

Stress and final glottal stop

Stress is a distinctive feature in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.

Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of the stress or the presence of a final glottal stop. In formal or academic settings, stress placement and the glottal stop are indicated by a diacritic (tuldík) above the final vowel. The penultimate primary stress position (malumay) is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries.

Phonetic comparison of Tagalog homographs based on stress and final glottal stop
Common spelling Stressed non-ultimate syllable
no diacritic 		Stressed ultimate syllable
acute accent (´) 		Unstressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop
grave accent (`) 		Stressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop
circumflex accent (^)
baba baba ('father') babá ('piggy back') babà ('chin') babâ ('descend ')
baka baka ('cow') baká ('possible')
bata bata ('bath robe') batá ('persevere') batà ('child')
bayaran bayaran ('pay ') bayarán ('for hire')
labi / labì ('lips') / labî ('remains')
pito pito ('whistle') pitó ('seven')
sala sala ('living room') salá ('interweaving ') salà ('sin') salâ ('filtered')

Grammar

Main articles: Tagalog grammar and Austronesian alignment

Writing system

See also: Filipino orthography This article contains Baybayin script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Baybayin characters.

Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an abugida—or alphasyllabary—called Baybayin. This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following the orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography.

In the late 19th century, a number of educated Filipinos began proposing for revising the spelling system used for Tagalog at the time. In 1884, Filipino doctor and student of languages Trinidad Pardo de Tavera published his study on the ancient Tagalog script Contribucion para el Estudio de los Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos and in 1887, published his essay El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog which made use of a new writing system developed by him. Meanwhile, Jose Rizal, inspired by Pardo de Tavera's 1884 work, also began developing a new system of orthography (unaware at first of Pardo de Tavera's own orthography). A major noticeable change in these proposed orthographies was the use of the letter ⟨k⟩ rather than ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme /k/.

In 1889, the new bilingual Spanish-Tagalog La España Oriental newspaper, of which Isabelo de los Reyes was an editor, began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would "use the orthography recently introduced by ... learned Orientalis". This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of La España, Pascual H. Poblete's Revista Católica de Filipina began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. Among the attacks was the use of the letters "k" and "w" as they were deemed to be of German origin and thus its proponents were deemed as "unpatriotic". The publishers of these two papers would eventually merge as La Lectura Popular in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles. Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890.

In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog in the Madrid-based periodical La Solidaridad. In it, he addressed the criticisms of the new writing system by writers like Pobrete and Tecson and the simplicity, in his opinion, of the new orthography. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Pardo de Tavera as "more perfect" than what he himself had developed. The new orthography was, however, not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila until the early 20th century. The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or Katipunan made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias.

In 1937, Tagalog was selected to serve as basis for the country's national language. In 1940, the Balarilâ ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language) of grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced the Abakada alphabet. This alphabet consists of 20 letters and became the standard alphabet of the national language. The orthography as used by Tagalog would eventually influence and spread to the systems of writing used by other Philippine languages (which had been using variants of the Spanish-based system of writing). In 1987, the Abakada was dropped and replaced by the expanded Filipino alphabet.

Baybayin

Main article: Baybayin

Tagalog was written in an abugida (alphasyllabary) called Baybayin prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular writing system was composed of symbols representing three vowels and 14 consonants. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the Old Kawi script of Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the Bugis in Sulawesi.

Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the Latin alphabet taught by the Spaniards during their rule.

There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an abugida, or an alphasyllabary, rather than an alphabet. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.

A "kudlít" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the consonant without a following vowel was simply left out (for example, bundók being rendered as budo), forcing the reader to use context when reading such words.

Example:

Ba Be Bo B (in Baybayin)
vowels
᜔
a ᜀ
i
e 		ᜁ
u
o 		ᜂ
b
b ᜊ᜔
ba ᜊ
bi
be 		ᜊᜒ
bu
bo 		ᜊᜓ
k
k ᜃ᜔
ka ᜃ
ki
ke 		ᜃᜒ
ku
ko 		ᜃᜓᜓ
d/r
d/r ᜇ᜔
da/ra ᜇ
di/ri
de/re 		ᜇᜒ
du/ru
do/ro 		ᜇᜓ
g
g ᜄ᜔
ga ᜄ
gi
ge 		ᜄᜒ
gu
go 		ᜄᜓ
h
h ᜑ᜔
ha ᜑ
hi
he 		ᜑᜒ
hu
ho 		ᜑᜓ
l
l ᜎ᜔
la ᜎ
li
le 		ᜎᜒ
lu
lo 		ᜎᜓ
m
m ᜋ᜔
ma ᜋ
mi
me 		ᜋᜒ
mu
mo 		ᜋᜓ
n
n ᜈ᜔
na ᜈ
ni
ne 		ᜈᜒ
nu
no 		ᜈᜓ
ng
ng ᜅ᜔
nga ᜅ
ngi
nge 		ᜅᜒ
ngu
ngo 		ᜅᜓ
p
p ᜉ᜔
pa ᜉ
pi
pe 		ᜉᜒ
pu
po 		ᜉᜓ
s
s ᜐ᜔
sa ᜐ
si
se 		ᜐᜒ
su
so 		ᜐᜓ
t
t ᜆ᜔
ta ᜆ
ti
te 		ᜆᜒ
tu
to 		ᜆᜓ
w
w ᜏ᜔
wa ᜏ
wi
we 		ᜏᜒ
wu
wo 		ᜏᜓ
y
y ᜌ᜔
ya ᜌ
yi
ye 		ᜌᜒ
yu
yo 		ᜌᜓ

Latin alphabet

Abecedario

Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called 'ABECEDARIO' (Spanish for "alphabet"). The additional letters from the 26-letter English alphabet are: ch, ll, ng, ñ, n͠g / ñg, and rr.

Majuscule Minuscule Majuscule Minuscule
A a Ng ng
B b Ñ ñ
C c N͠g / Ñg n͠g / ñg
Ch ch O o
D d P p
E e Q q
F f R r
G g Rr rr
H h S s
I i T t
J j U u
K k V v
L l W w
Ll ll X x
M m Y y
N n Z z

Abakada

Main article: Abakada alphabet

When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called Abakada in school grammar books called balarilâ. The only letter not in the English alphabet is ng.

Majuscule Minuscule Majuscule Minuscule
A a N n
B b Ng ng
K k O o
D d P p
E e R r
G g S s
H h T t
I i U u
L l W w
M m Y y

Revised alphabet

Main article: Filipino alphabet

In 1987, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English. The additional letters from the 26-letter English alphabet are: ñ, ng.

Majuscule Minuscule Majuscule Minuscule
A a Ñ ñ
B b Ng ng
C c O o
D d P p
E e Q q
F f R r
G g S s
H h T t
I i U u
J j V v
K k W w
L l X x
M m Y y
N n Z z

ng and mga

See also: ng (digraph)

The genitive marker ng and the plural marker mga (e.g. Iyan ang mga damít ko. (Those are my clothes)) are abbreviations that are pronounced nang and mangá . Ng, in most cases, roughly translates to "of" (ex. Siyá ay kapatíd ng nanay ko. She is the sibling of my mother) while nang usually means "when" or can describe how something is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix -ly in English adverbs), among other uses.

  • Nang si Hudas ay nadulás.—When Judas slipped.
  • Gumising siya nang maaga.—He woke up early.
  • Gumalíng nang todo si Juan dahil nag-ensayo siyá.—Juan greatly improved because he practiced.

In the first example, nang is used in lieu of the word noong (when; Noong si Hudas ay madulás). In the second, nang describes that the person woke up (gumising) early (maaga); gumising nang maaga. In the third, nang described up to what extent that Juan improved (gumalíng), which is "greatly" (nang todo). In the latter two examples, the ligature na and its variants -ng and -g may also be used (Gumising na maaga/Maagang gumising; Gumalíng na todo/Todong gumalíng).

The longer nang may also have other uses, such as a ligature that joins a repeated word:

  • Naghintáy sila nang naghintáy.—They kept on waiting" (a closer calque: "They were waiting and waiting.")

pô/hô and opò/ohò

The words pô/hô originated from the word "Panginoon." and "Poon." ("Lord."). When combined with the basic affirmative Oo "yes" (from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *heqe), the resulting forms are opò and ohò.

"Pô" and "opò" are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. "Hô" and "ohò" are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee's social rank and not their age. However, "pô" and "opò" can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect.

  • Example: "Pakitapon namán pô/hô yung basura." ("Please throw away the trash.")

Used in the affirmative:

  • Ex: "Gutóm ka na ba?" "Opò/Ohò". ("Are you hungry yet?" "Yes.")

Pô/Hô may also be used in negation.

  • Ex: "Hindi ko pô/hô alám 'yan." ("I don't know that.")

Vocabulary and borrowed words

See also: List of loanwords in Tagalog

Tagalog vocabulary is mostly of native Austronesian or Tagalog origin, such as most of the words that end with the diphthong -iw, (e.g. giliw) and words that exhibit reduplication (e.g. halo-halo, patpat, etc.). Besides inherited cognates, this also accounts for innovations in Tagalog vocabulary, especially traditional ones within its dialects. Tagalog has also incorporated many Spanish and English loanwords; the necessity of which increases in more technical parlance.

In precolonial times, Trade Malay was widely known and spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, contributing a significant number of Malay vocabulary into the Tagalog language. Malay loanwords, identifiable or not, may often already be considered native as these have existed in the language before colonisation.

Tagalog also includes loanwords from Indian languages (Sanskrit and Tamil, mostly through Malay), Chinese languages (mostly Hokkien, followed by Cantonese, Mandarin, etc.), Japanese, Arabic and Persian.

English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, ylang-ylang, and yaya. Some of these loanwords are more often used in Philippine English.

Other examples of Tagalog words used in English
Example Definition
boondocks meaning "rural" or "back country", borrowed through American soldiers stationed in the Philippines in the Philippine–American War as a corruption of the Tagalog word bundok, which means "mountain"
cogon a type of grass, used for thatching, came from the Tagalog word kugon (a species of tall grass)
ylang-ylang a tree whose fragrant flowers are used in perfumes
abacá a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, came from the Tagalog word abaká
Manila hemp a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper, usually made from abaca hemp, from Manila, the capital of the Philippines
capiz a type of marine mollusc also known as a "windowpane oyster" used to make windows

Tagalog has contributed several words to Philippine Spanish, like barangay (from balan͠gay, meaning barrio), the abacá, cogon, palay, dalaga etc.

Tagalog words of foreign origin

Main article: List of loanwords in Tagalog

Taglish (Englog)

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Main article: Taglish See also: Singlish and Spanglish

Taglish and Englog are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to changing language in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.

Code-mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are "Filipinized" by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.

Magshoshopping kamí sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center?

We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center?

Urbanites are the most likely to speak like this.

The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald's and Western Union have contained Taglish.

Cognates with other Philippine languages

Tagalog word Meaning Language of cognate Spelling
bakit why (from bakin + at) Kapampangan obakit
akyát climb/step up Kapampangan ukyát/mukyát
bundók mountain Kapampangan bunduk
at and Kapampangan
Pangasinan 		at
tan
aso dog Kapampangan and Maguindanaon
Pangasinan, Ilocano, and Maranao 		asu
aso
huwág don't Pangasinan ag
tayo we (inc.) Pangasinan
Ilocano
Kapampangan
Tausug
Maguindanao
Maranao
Ivatan
Ibanag
Yogad
Gaddang
Tboli 		sikatayo
datayo
ikatamu
kitaniyu
tanu
tano
yaten
sittam
sikitam
ikkanetam
tekuy
itó, nitó this, its Ilocano
Bicolano 		to
iyó/ini
ng of Cebuano
Hiligaynon
Waray
Kapampangan
Pangasinan
Bicolano
Ilocano 		sa/og
sang/sing
han/hin/san/sin
ning
na
kan/nin
a
araw sun; day Visayan languages
Kapampangan
Pangasinan
Bicolano (Central/East Miraya) and Ilocano
Rinconada Bikol
Ivatan
Ibanag
Yogad
Gaddang
Tboli 		adlaw
aldo
agew
aldaw
aldəw
araw
aggaw
agaw
aw
kdaw
ang definite article Visayan languages (except Waray)
Bicolano and Waray 		ang
an

Comparisons with Austronesian languages

Below is a chart of Tagalog and a number of other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words.

English one two three four person house dog coconut day new we (inclusive) what fire
Tagalog isá dalawá tatló apat tao bahay aso niyóg araw bago táyo anó apóy
Tombulu (Minahasa) esa zua/rua telu epat tou walé asu po'po' endo weru kai/kita apa api
Central Bikol sarô duwa tulo apat tawo harong ayam niyog aldaw bâgo kita ano kalayo
East Miraya Bikol əsad əpat taw balay ayam/ido nuyog unu/uno kalayō
Rinconada Bikol darwā tolō tawō baləy ayam noyog aldəw bāgo kitā onō
Waray usá duhá tuló upát tawo baláy ayám/idô lubí adlaw bag-o kitá anú/nano kalayo
Cebuano usá/isá (Mindanao Cebuano) irô unsa
Hiligaynon isá duhá/duá tatlo apat idô ano
Kinaray-a sara darwa ayam niyog
Akeanon isaea/sambilog daywa ap-at baeay kaeayo
Tausug isa/hambuuk duwa tu upat tau bay iru' niyug ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Maguindanao isa dua telu pat walay asu gay bagu tanu ngin apuy
Maranao dowa t'lo phat taw aso neyog gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy
Kapampangan isa/metung adwa atlu apat tau bale asu ngungut aldo bayu ikatamu nanu api
Pangasinan sakey dua/duara talo/talora apat/apatira too abong aso niyog ageo/agew balo sikatayo anto pool
Ilocano maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay niog aldaw baro datayo ania apoy
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa' tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Yogad tata addu appat binalay atu iyyog agaw sikitam gani afuy
Gaddang antet addwa tallo balay ayog aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Kadazan iso duvo tohu apat tuhun hamin tasu piasau tadau vagu tokou onu tapui
Indonesian/Malay satu dua tiga empat orang rumah/balai anjing kelapa/nyiur hari baru/baharu kita apa api
Javanese siji loro telu papat uwong omah/bale asu klapa/kambil hari/dina/dinten anyar/enggal apa/anu geni
Acehnese sa duwa lhèë peuët ureuëng rumoh/balèë asèë u uroë barô (geu)tanyoë peuë apuy
Lampung sai khua telu pak jelema lamban asu nyiwi khani baru kham api apui
Buginese se'di dua tellu eppa' tau bola kaluku esso idi' aga api
Batak sada tolu opat halak jabu biang harambiri ari hita aha
Minangkabau ciek duo tigo ampek urang rumah anjiang karambia kito apo
Tetum ida rua tolu haat ema uma asu nuu loron foun ita saida ahi
Māori tahi toru wha tangata whare kuri kokonati ra hou taua aha
Tuvaluan tasi lua tolu fá toko fale moku aso fou tāua ā afi
Hawaiian kahi kolu hā kanaka hale 'īlio niu ao hou kākou aha ahi
Banjarese asa dua talu ampat urang rumah hadupan kalapa hari hanyar kita apa api
Malagasy isa roa telo efatra olona trano alika voanio andro vaovao isika inona afo
Dusun iso duo tolu apat tulun walai tasu piasau tadau wagu tokou onu/nu tapui
Iban sa/san duan dangku dangkan orang rumah ukui/uduk nyiur hari baru kitai nama api
Melanau satu dua telou empat apah lebok asou nyior lau baew teleu apui

Religious literature

The Ten Commandments in Tagalog.

Religious literature remains one of the most dynamic components to Tagalog literature. The first Bible in Tagalog, then called Ang Biblia ("the Bible") and now called Ang Dating Biblia ("the Old Bible"), was published in 1905. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the Bible into modern Tagalog. Even before the Second Vatican Council, devotional materials in Tagalog had been in circulation. There are at least four circulating Tagalog translations of the Bible

When the Second Vatican Council, (specifically the Sacrosanctum Concilium) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into vernacular languages, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines was one of the first to translate the Roman Missal into Tagalog. The Roman Missal in Tagalog was published as early as 1982. In 2012, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines revised the 41-year-old liturgy with an English version of the Roman Missal, and later translated it in the vernacular to several native languages in the Philippines. For instance, in 2024, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos uses the Tagalog translation of the Roman Missal entitled "Ang Aklat ng Mabuting Balita."

Jehovah's Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941 and The Watchtower (the primary magazine of Jehovah's Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1950s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah's Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog. The revised bible edition, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, was released in Tagalog on 2019 and it is distributed without charge both printed and online versions.

Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic Bible translations. Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, liturgical prayers tend to be more ecumenical.

Example texts

Lord's Prayer

In Tagalog, the Lord's Prayer is known by its incipit, Amá Namin (literally, "Our Father").

Amá namin, sumasalangit Ka,
Sambahín ang ngalan Mo.
Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.
Sundín ang loób Mo,
Dito sa lupà, gaya nang sa langit.
Bigyán Mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw,
At patawarin Mo kamí sa aming mga salà,
Para nang pagpápatawad namin,
Sa nagkakasalà sa amin;
At huwág Mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksô,
At iadyâ Mo kamí sa lahát ng masamâ.
[Sapagkát sa Inyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,
At ang kaluwálhatian, ngayón, at magpakailanman.]
Amen.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Pangkalahatáng Pagpapahayág ng Karapatáng Pantao)

Tagalog (Latin)

Bawat tao'y isinilang na may layà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkalooban ng pangangatwiran at budhî, na kailangang gamitin nilá sa pagtuturingan nilá sa diwà ng pagkakapatiran.

Tagalog (Baybayin)

ᜊᜏᜆ᜔ ᜆᜂᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜌ᜔ ᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄ᜔ᜎᜌ᜔ ᜈ ᜇᜅᜎ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶ ᜐᜒᜎᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆ᜔ᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇᜑᜒ᜵ ᜈ ᜃᜁᜎᜅᜅ᜔ ᜄᜋᜒᜆᜒᜈ᜔ ᜈᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜆᜓᜆᜓᜇᜒᜅᜈ᜔ ᜈᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶

English

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Numbers

Numbers (mga bilang/mga numero) in Tagalog follow two systems. The first consists of native Tagalog words and the other are Spanish-derived. (This may be compared to other East Asian languages, except with the second set of numbers borrowed from Spanish instead of Chinese.) For example, when a person refers to the number "seven", it can be translated into Tagalog as "pitó" or "siyete" (Spanish: siete).

Number Cardinal Spanish-derived
(Original Spanish) 		Ordinal
0 sero / walâ (lit. "null") sero (cero) –
1 isá uno (uno) una
2 dalawá dos (dos) pangalawá / ikalawá
3 tatló tres (tres) pangatló / ikatló
4 apat kuwatro (cuatro) pang-apat / ikaapat (In standard Filipino orthography, "ika" and the number-word are never hyphenated.)
5 limá singko (cinco) panlimá / ikalimá
6 anim seis (seis) pang-anim / ikaanim
7 pitó siyete (siete) pampitó / ikapitó
8 waló otso (ocho) pangwaló / ikawaló
9 siyám nuwebe (nueve) pansiyám / ikasiyám
10 sampû / pû (archaic) diyés (diez) pansampû / ikasampû (or ikapû in some literary compositions)
11 labíng-isá onse (once) panlabíng-isá / pang-onse / ikalabíng-isá
12 labíndalawá dose (doce) panlabíndalawá / pandose / ikalabíndalawá
13 labíntatló trese (trece) panlabíntatló / pantrese / ikalabíntatló
14 labíng-apat katorse (catorce) panlabíng-apat / pangkatorse / ikalabíng-apat
15 labínlimá kinse (quince) panlabínlimá / pangkinse / ikalabínlimá
16 labíng-anim disisais (dieciséis) panlabíng-anim / pandyes-sais / ikalabíng-anim
17 labímpitó disisiyete (diecisiete) panlabímpitó / pandyes-syete / ikalabímpitó
18 labíngwaló disiotso (dieciocho) panlabíngwaló / pandyes-otso / ikalabíngwaló
19 labinsiyám / labins'yam / labingsiyam disinuwebe (diecinueve) panlabinsiyám / pandyes-nwebe / ikalabinsiyám
20 dalawampû beynte (veinte) pandalawampû / ikadalawampû (rare literary variant: ikalawampû)
21 dalawampú't isá beynte y uno / beynte'y uno (veintiuno) pang-dalawampú't isá / ikalawamapú't isá
30 tatlumpû treynta (treinta) pantatlumpû / ikatatlumpû (rare literary variant: ikatlumpû)
40 apatnapû kuwarenta (cuarenta) pang-apatnapû / ikaapatnapû
50 limampû singkuwenta (cincuenta) panlimampû / ikalimampû
60 animnapû sesenta (sesenta) pang-animnapû / ikaanimnapû
70 pitumpû setenta (setenta) pampitumpû / ikapitumpû
80 walumpû otsenta (ochenta) pangwalumpû / ikawalumpû
90 siyamnapû nobenta (noventa) pansiyamnapû / ikasiyamnapû
100 sándaán / daán siyen (cien) pan(g)-(i)sándaán / ikasándaán (rare literary variant: ikaisándaán)
200 dalawandaán dosyentos (doscientos) pandalawándaán / ikadalawandaan (rare literary variant: ikalawándaán)
300 tatlóndaán tresyentos (trescientos) pantatlóndaán / ikatatlondaan (rare literary variant: ikatlóndaán)
400 apat na raán kuwatrosyentos (cuatrocientos) pang-apat na raán / ikaapat na raán
500 limándaán kinyentos (quinientos) panlimándaán / ikalimándaán
600 anim na raán seissiyentos (seiscientos) pang-anim na raán / ikaanim na raán
700 pitondaán setesyentos (setecientos) pampitóndaán / ikapitóndaán (or ikapitóng raán)
800 walóndaán otsosyentos (ochocientos) pangwalóndaán / ikawalóndaán (or ikawalóng raán)
900 siyám na raán nobesyentos (novecientos) pansiyám na raán / ikasiyám na raán
1,000 sánlibo / libo mil / uno mil (mil) pan(g)-(i)sánlibo / ikasánlibo
2,000 dalawánlibo dos mil (dos mil) pangalawáng libo / ikalawánlibo
10,000 sánlaksâ / sampúng libo diyes mil (diez mil) pansampúng libo / ikasampúng libo
20,000 dalawanlaksâ / dalawampúng libo beynte mil (veinte mil) pangalawampúng libo / ikalawampúng libo
100,000 sangyutá / sandaáng libo siyento mil (cien mil)
200,000 dalawangyutá / dalawandaáng libo dosyentos mil (doscientos mil)
1,000,000 sang-angaw / sangmilyón milyón (un millón)
2,000,000 dalawang-angaw / dalawang milyón dos milyónes (dos millones)
10,000,000 sangkatì / sampung milyón diyes milyónes (diez millones)
100,000,000 sambahalà / sampúngkatì / sandaáng milyón siyen milyónes (cien millones)
1,000,000,000 sanggatós / sang-atós / sambilyón bilyón / mil milyón (un billón (US), mil millones, millardo)
1,000,000,000,000 sang-ipaw / santrilyón trilyón / bilyón (un trillón (US), un billón)
Number English Spanish Ordinal / Fraction / Cardinal
1st first primer, primero, primera una / ikaisá
2nd second segundo/a ikalawá
3rd third tercero/a ikatló
4th fourth cuarto/a ikaapat
5th fifth quinto/a ikalimá
6th sixth sexto/a ikaanim
7th seventh séptimo/a ikapitó
8th eighth octavo/a ikawaló
9th ninth noveno/a ikasiyám
10th tenth décimo/a ikasampû
1⁄2 half medio/a, mitad kalahatì
1⁄4 one quarter cuarto kapat
3⁄5 three fifths tres quintas partes tatlóng-kalimá
2⁄3 two thirds dos tercios dalawáng-katló
1+1⁄2 one and a half uno y medio isá't kalahatì
2+2⁄3 two and two thirds dos y dos tercios dalawá't dalawáng-katló
0.5 zero point five cero punto cinco, cero coma cinco, cero con cinco salapî / limá hinatì sa sampû
0.05 zero point zero five cero punto cero cinco, cero coma cero cinco, cero con cero cinco bagól / limá hinatì sa sandaán
0.005 zero point zero zero five cero punto cero cero cinco, cero coma cero cero cinco, cero con cero cero cinco limá hinatì sa sanlibo
1.25 one point two five uno punto veinticinco, uno coma veinticinco, uno con veinticinco isá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sampû
2.025 two point zero two five dos punto cero veinticinco, dos coma cero veinticinco, dos con cero veinticinco dalawá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sanlibo
25% twenty-five percent veinticinco por ciento dalawampú't-limáng bahagdán
50% fifty percent cincuenta por ciento limampúng bahagdán
75% seventy-five percent setenta y cinco por ciento pitumpú't-limáng bahagdán

Months and days

Months and days in Tagalog are also localised forms of Spanish months and days. "Month" in Tagalog is buwán (also the word for moon) and "day" is araw (the word also means sun). Unlike Spanish, however, months and days in Tagalog are always capitalised.

Month Original Spanish Tagalog (abbreviation)
January enero Enero (Ene.)
February febrero Pebrero (Peb.)
March marzo Marso (Mar.)
April abril Abríl (Abr.)
May mayo Mayo (Mayo)
June junio Hunyo (Hun.)
July julio Hulyo (Hul.)
August agosto Agosto (Ago.)
September septiembre Setyembre (Set.)
October octubre Oktubre (Okt.)
November noviembre Nobyembre (Nob.)
December diciembre Disyembre (Dis.)
Day Original Spanish Tagalog
Sunday domingo Linggó
Monday lunes Lunes
Tuesday martes Martes
Wednesday miércoles Miyérkules / Myérkules
Thursday jueves Huwebes / Hwebes
Friday viernes Biyernes / Byernes
Saturday sábado Sábado

Time

Time expressions in Tagalog are also Tagalized forms of the corresponding Spanish. "Time" in Tagalog is panahón or oras.

Time English Original Spanish Tagalog
1 hour one hour una hora Isáng oras
2 min two minutes dos minutos Dalawáng sandalî/minuto
3 sec three seconds tres segundos Tatlóng saglít/segundo
morning mañana Umaga
afternoon tarde Hápon
evening/night noche Gabí
noon mediodía Tanghalì
midnight medianoche Hatinggabí
1:00 am one in the morning una de la mañana Ika-isá ng umaga
7:00 pm seven at night siete de la noche Ikapitó ng gabí
1:15 quarter past one
one-fifteen 		una y cuarto Kapat makalipas ika-isá
Labínlimá makalipas ika-isá
Apatnapú't-limá bago mag-ikalawá
Tatlong-kapat bago mag-ikalawá
2:30 half past two
two-thirty
half-way to/of three 		dos y media Kalahatì makalipas ikalawá
Tatlumpû makalipas ikalawá
Tatlumpû bago mag-ikatló
Kalahatì bago mag-ikatló
3:45 three-forty-five
quarter to/of four 		tres y cuarenta y cinco
cuatro menos cuarto 		Tatlóng-kapat makalipas ikatló
Apatnapú't-limá makalipas ikatló
Labínlimá bago mag-ikaapat
Kapat bago mag-ikaapat
4:25 four-twenty-five
twenty-five past four 		cuatro y veinticinco Dalawampú't-limá makalipas ikaapat
Tatlumpú't-limá bago mag-ikaapat
5:35 five-thirty-five
twenty-five to/of six 		cinco y treinta y cinco
seis menos veinticinco 		Tatlumpú't-limá makalipas ikalimá
Dalawampú't-limá bago mag-ikaanim

Common phrases

English Tagalog (with Pronunciation)
Filipino Pilipino
English Inglés
Tagalog Tagálog
Spanish Espanyol/Español/Kastila
What is your name? Anó ang pangálan ninyó/nilá*? (plural or polite) , Anó ang pangálan mo? (singular)
How are you? Kumustá (modern), Anó pô ang lagáy ninyó/nilá? (old use)
Knock knock Táo pô
Good day! Magandáng araw!
Good morning! Magandáng umaga!
Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.) Magandáng tanghali!
Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.) Magandáng hapon!
Good evening! Magandáng gabí!
Good-bye Paálam
Please Depending on the nature of the verb, either pakí- or makí- is attached as a prefix to a verb. Ngâ is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness. (e.g. Pakipasa ngâ ang tinapay. ("Can you pass the bread, please?"))
Thank you Salamat
This one Itó , sometimes pronounced (literally—"it", "this")
That one (close to addressee) Iyán
That one (far from speaker and addressee) Iyón
Here Dito , heto , simplified to eto ("Here it is")
Right there Diyán , (h)ayán ("There it is")
Over there Doón , ayón ("There it is")
How much? Magkano?
How many? Ilán?
Yes Oo

Opò or ohò (formal/polite form)

No Hindî (at the end of a pause or sentence), often shortened to dî

Hindî pô (formal/polite form)

I don't know Hindî ko alám

Very informal: Ewan , archaic aywan (closest English equivalent: colloquial dismissive 'Whatever' or 'Dunno')

Sorry Pasénsiya pô (literally from the word "patience") or paumanhín pô , patawad pô (literally—"asking your forgiveness")
Because Kasí or dahil
Hurry! Dalî! , Bilís!
Again Mulî , ulít
I don't understand Hindî ko naíintindihán or

Hindî ko naúunawáan

What? Anó?
Where? Saán? , Nasaán? (literally – "Where at?")
Why? Bakit?
When? Kailán? , , or (literally—"In what order?/"At what count?")
How? Paánó? (literally—"By what?")
Where's the bathroom? Nasaán ang banyo?
Generic toast Mabuhay! (literally—"long live")
Do you speak English? Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Inglés?

Marunong pô ba kayóng magsalitâ ng Inglés? (polite version for elders and strangers)
Marunong ka bang mag-Inglés? (short form)
Marunong pô ba kayóng mag-Inglés? (short form, polite version for elders and strangers)

It is fun to live. Masayá ang mabuhay! or Masaya'ng mabuhay (contracted version)

*Pronouns such as niyó (2nd person plural) and nilá (3rd person plural) are used on a single 2nd person in polite or formal language. See Tagalog grammar.

Proverbs

Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinánggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan.

(— José Rizal)

One who knows not how to look back to whence he came will never get to where he is going.

Unang kagát, tinapay pa rin.
First bite, still bread.
All fluff, no substance.

Tao ka nang humaráp, bilang tao kitáng haharapin.
You reach me as a human, I will treat you as a human and never act as a traitor.
(A proverb in Southern Tagalog that has made people aware of the significance of sincerity in Tagalog communities.)

Hulí man daw (raw) at magalíng, nakáhahábol pa rin.
If one is behind but capable, one will still be able to catch up.

Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising.
Make fun of someone drunk, if you must, but never one who has just awakened.

Aanhín pa ang damó kung patáy na ang kabayò?
What use is the grass if the horse is already dead?

Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, damdám ng buóng katawán.
The pain in the pinkie is felt by the whole body.
In a group, if one goes down, the rest follow.

Nasa hulí ang pagsisisi.
Regret is always in the end.

Pagkáhabà-habà man ng prusisyón, sa simbahan pa rin ang tulóy.
The procession may stretch on and on, but it still ends up at the church.
(In romance: refers to how certain people are destined to be married. In general: refers to how some things are inevitable, no matter how long you try to postpone it.)

Kung 'dî mádaán sa santóng dasalan, daanin sa santóng paspasan.
If it cannot be got through holy prayer, get it through blessed force.
(In romance and courting: santóng paspasan literally means 'holy speeding' and is a euphemism for sexual intercourse. It refers to the two styles of courting by Filipino boys: one is the traditional, protracted, restrained manner favored by older generations, which often featured serenades and manual labor for the girl's family; the other is upfront seduction, which may lead to a slap on the face or a pregnancy out of wedlock. The second conclusion is known as pikot or what Western cultures would call a 'shotgun marriage'. This proverb is also applied in terms of diplomacy and negotiation.)

See also

References

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