Revision as of 12:25, 9 November 2005 view sourceHeadleyDown (talk | contribs)1,509 edits There are too many sources stating that NLP is scientifically unsupported. So sources present are only examples.← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 00:02, 4 September 2024 view source Askarion (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,660 edits rv; WP:CONSENSUS is still to refer to it as pseudoscienceTag: Undo | ||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Pseudoscientific approach to psychotherapy}} | |||
<!-- How to add a footnote: | |||
{{distinguish|text = ] (also NLP). For other uses, see ]}} | |||
NOTE: Footnotes in this article use names, not numbers. Please see ] for details. | |||
{{pp-sock|small = yes}} | |||
1) Assign your footnote a unique name, for example TheSun_Dec9. | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} | |||
2) Add the macro {{ref|TheSun_Dec9}} to the body of the article, where you want the new footnote. | |||
{{Infobox interventions | |||
3) Take note of the name of the footnote that immediately precedes yours in the article body. | |||
| Name = Neuro-linguistic programming | |||
4) Add #{{Note|TheSun_Dec9}} to the list, immediately below the footnote you noted in step 3. No need to re-number anything! | |||
| Image = | |||
5) Multiple footnotes to the same reference: see ] for a how-to. | |||
| Caption = | |||
NOTE: It is important to add footnotes in the right order in the list! | |||
| ICD10 = | |||
--> | |||
| ICD9 = | |||
'''Neuro-Linguistic Programming''' is the name of a set of techniques originally proposed by ] and ] to describe the relationship between ] (''neuro'') and ] (''linguistic'', both verbal and non-verbal) and how their interaction can be calibrated to affect an individual's mind, body and behavior (''programming''). It is formally described by NLP proponents as "the study of the structure of subjective experience", and is predicated upon the assumption that all ]s have a practically determinable structure . Individuals considered to be highly successful in a field can be "]", or studied with the aim of separating out the various key factors which make them more capable than others. Proponents of NLP state they provide specific prepared and universally applicable techniques for ]ming the mind, so that such models can be used by others to emulate effective skills. NLP is most often applied to ] and ], but it has also been applied to a variety of contexts including ], and ] performance. It is also promoted in various specific forms including as a quick fix or lay therapy, in some ] training programs, and for more fringe practices such as NLP ] seduction, and ] or ] practices. | |||
| MeshID = D020557 | |||
| OPS301 = | |||
| OtherCodes = | |||
| HCPCSlevel2 = | |||
}} | |||
{{Neuro-linguistic programming}} | |||
'''Neuro-linguistic programming''' ('''NLP''') is a pseudoscientific approach to communication, personal development and ], that first appeared in ] and ]'s 1975 book '']''. NLP asserts that there is a connection between neurological processes, language and acquired behavioral patterns, and that these can be changed to achieve specific goals in life.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tosey |first1=Paul |last2=Mathison |first2=Jane |title=Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming |publisher=Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Management, University of Surrey. |url=http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Resources/IntroducingNLP.pdf |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103020411/http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Resources/IntroducingNLP.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Dilts|Grinder|Bandler|DeLozier|1980|p=2}} According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP can treat problems such as ]s, depression, ]s, ]es, ],{{efn|name=nscc}} ], the ],{{efn|name=nscc|Note that, in a seminar, {{harvnb|Bandler|Grinder|1982|p=166}}, said that a single session of NLP combined with hypnosis could eliminate certain eyesight problems such as myopia and cure the common cold (op.cit., pp. 169, 174).}} and ]s,<ref>Archived at {{cbignore}} and the {{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |people=Bandler, Richard |year=2008 |title=What is NLP? |medium=Promotional video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vlcsFJyEXQ |access-date=1 June 2013 |quote=We can reliably get rid of a phobia in ten minutes – every single time. |publisher=NLP Life}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Grinder|Bostic St. Clair|2001|loc=Chapter 4: Personal Antecedents of NLP}}.</ref> often in a single session. They also say that NLP can model the skills of exceptional people, allowing anyone to acquire them.{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1975|pp=5–6}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Bandler|1993|p=vii}}: "In single sessions, they can accelerate learning, neutralize phobias, enhance creativity, improve relationships, eliminate allergies, and lead firewalks without roasting toes. NLP achieves the goal of its inception. We have ways to do what only a genius could have done a decade ago." }} | |||
NLP adheres to the notion that the things people are aware of internally and externally, can always be described in terms of the five ] . The methods of NLP involve ] and reprogramming habits and mental associations, which some NLP practioners consider to involve the altering of ] (Sinclair, 1992; ; Drenth, 2003). The basic tenets of NLP include the ], the observation of ] such as the movements of the ]s, and body, the notion of left/right brain myths (Sala et al 1999), and use of ]. Some NLP techniques include behaviour change, transforming ]s, and treatment of ]s through techniques such as reframing (Andreas & Faulkner, 1994) and linguistic NLP "]". | |||
NLP has been adopted by some ]s as well as by companies that run seminars marketed as ] to businesses and government agencies.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dowlen |first=Ashley |title=NLP – help or hype? Investigating the uses of neuro-linguistic programming in management learning |journal=Career Development International |date=1 January 1996 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27–34 |doi=10.1108/13620439610111408}}</ref><ref name="von Bergen-1997" /> | |||
Studies examining the principles and processes of NLP indicate that NLP is scientifically unsupported (e.g.Heap 1988; Sharpley 1987; Lilienfeld 2003). "Certainly research data do not support the rather extreme claims that the proponents of NLP have made as the the validity of its principles or the novelty of its procedures" (Sharpley 1987). Due to general disillusionment with NLP its mention in psychotherapy journals and books is becoming increasingly rare (Efran and Lukens 1990). The recent scientific view is that NLP has been empirically tested over many years, and it has been found to be largely ineffective (Thaler Singer & Lalich, 1996). In addition to scientists, human resource and management researchers also state that NLP is theoretically pseudoscientific, it's principle associations are erroneous, it is practically ineffective, and therefore inappropriate for use in human resources and management training (Von Bergen et al 1997). | |||
There is no ] supporting the claims made by NLP advocates, and it has been called a ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nE9FCQAAQBAJ&q=nlp&pg=PA166 |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8261-7769-8 |first1=Bruce A. |last1=Thyer |first2=Monica G. |last2=Pignotti |pages=56–57, 165–167 |quote=As NLP became more popular, some research was conducted and reviews of such research have concluded that there is no scientific basis for its theories about representational systems and eye movements.}}</ref><ref name="Sharpley-1987" /><ref name="Witkowski-2010">{{cite journal |last=Witkowski |first=Tomasz |title=Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration? |journal=Polish Psychological Bulletin |date=1 January 2010 |volume=41 |issue=2 |doi=10.2478/v10059-010-0008-0|quote=All of this leaves me with an overwhelming impression that the analyzed base of scientific articles is treated just as theater decoration, being the background for the pseudoscientific farce which NLP appears to be. Using "scientific" attributes, which is so characteristic of pseudoscience, is manifested also in other aspects of NLP activities... My analysis leads undeniably to the statement that NLP represents pseudoscientific rubbish|doi-access=free }}</ref> Scientific reviews have shown that NLP is based on outdated metaphors of the brain's inner workings that are inconsistent with current neurological theory, and that NLP contains numerous factual errors.<ref name="von Bergen-1997">{{cite journal |last=von Bergen |first=C. W. |last2=Gary |first2=Barlow Soper |last3=Rosenthal |first3=T. |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Lamar V. |title=Selected alternative training techniques in HRD |journal=Human Resource Development Quarterly |year=1997 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=281–294 |doi=10.1002/hrdq.3920080403}}</ref><ref name="Druckman-2004">{{cite journal |last=Druckman |first=Daniel |title=Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |date=1 November 2004 |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2234–2260 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x}}</ref> Reviews also found that research that favored NLP contained significant methodological flaws, and that there were three times as many studies of a much higher quality that failed to reproduce the claims made by Bandler, Grinder, and other NLP practitioners.<ref name="Sharpley-1987">{{cite journal |last=Sharpley |first=Christopher F. |title=Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory? |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |date=1 January 1987 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103}}</ref><ref name="Witkowski-2010" /> | |||
The lack of scientific support for the claimed efficacy of NLP's processes and principles and a range of other reasons, has led scientists such as Eisner, (2000); Lilienfeld et al (2003), Helisch (2004); Williams et al (2000), Drenth (2003) to conclude that NLP is a ]. ] (Loma 2001) considers NLP a "dubious therapy". Indeed, NLP has been characterised by gullibility, naivety of thinking, and sheer fraudulence (Heap 1991), and ]s have classified NLP as a ]. NLP has also been identified by the ] as quintessential ]ry (Parker 1999). | |||
== Early development == | |||
According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP consists of a ] termed ''modeling'', plus a set of techniques that they derived from its initial applications.{{sfnm|1a1=Bandler|1a2=Grinder|1y=1975|1p=6|2a1=Grinder|2a2=Bostic St. Clair|2y=2001|2loc=Chapter 2: Terminology}} They derived many of the fundamental techniques from the work of ], ] and ].{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1979|p=8}} Bandler and Grinder also drew upon the ] of ], ] and ] (particularly ]).{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1975|p=6}}<ref name="Stollznow-2010" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Wake |first=Lisa |title=Neurolinguistic psychotherapy: a postmodern perspective |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-42541-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wIy20m_u9kC}}</ref> | |||
Bandler and Grinder say that their methodology can codify the structure inherent to the therapeutic "magic" as performed in therapy by Perls, Satir and Erickson, and indeed inherent to any complex human activity. From that codification, they say, the structure and its activity can be learned by others. Their 1975 book, ''The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy'', is intended to be a codification of the therapeutic techniques of Perls and Satir.{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1975|p=6}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Bandler and Grinder say that they used their own process of modeling to model Virginia Satir so they could produce what they termed the Meta-Model, a model for gathering information and challenging a client's language and underlying thinking.{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder |1975|p=6}}<ref name="Clancy-1989" /> They say that by challenging linguistic distortions, specifying generalizations, and recovering deleted information in the client's statements, the transformational grammar concept of surface structure yields a more complete representation of the underlying deep structure and therefore has therapeutic benefit.<ref>John Grinder, Suzette Elgin (1973). "A Guide to Transformational Grammar: History, Theory, Practice." Holt, Rinehart and Winston. {{ISBN|0-03-080126-5}}. Reviewed by Frank H. Nuessel, Jr. ''The Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 58, No. 5/6 (September–October 1974), pp. 282–283</ref><ref name="Bradley-1985">{{cite journal |first1=E. Jane |last1=Bradley |last2=Biedermann |first2=Heinz-Joachim |title=Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming: Its historical context and contribution |journal=Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training |date=1 January 1985 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.1037/h0088527 |issn=0033-3204 |oclc=1588338}}</ref> Also derived from Satir were anchoring, future pacing and representational systems.<ref name="Spitzer-1992">{{cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=Robert |title=Virginia Satir & Origins of NLP |journal=Anchor Point Magazine |issue=July |page=? |year=1992 |url=http://www.social-engineer.org/archives/NLP/NLP-Satir395.pdf |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> | |||
NLP is most widely known as a self-help process. NLP’s promotion through the advertisement and sale of books and seminars has become increasingly widespread through the ] sections of bookshops and various media including ]s and the ] particularly by ]. | |||
In contrast, the Milton-Model—a model of the purportedly hypnotic language of Milton Erickson—was described by Bandler and Grinder as "artfully vague" and ]ic.{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1982|p=240}} The Milton-Model is used in combination with the Meta-Model as a softener, to induce "trance" and to deliver indirect therapeutic suggestion.{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1981}} | |||
NLP emphasizes the ] connection (and some also include the ] connection). The term "neuro-linguistic programming" includes three ideas: | |||
Psychologist ] writes that Chomsky's theories "appear to be irrelevant" to NLP.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mercer |first1=Jean |editor1-last=Cautin |editor1-first=Robin L. |editor2-last=Lilienfeld |editor2-first=Scott O. |title=The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, Volume II |date=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-4706-7127-6 |page=759 |chapter=Controversial Therapies |doi=10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp515}}</ref> Linguist ] describes Bandler's and Grinder's reference to such experts as ]. Other than Satir, the people they cite as influences did not collaborate with Bandler or Grinder. Chomsky himself has no association with NLP, with his work being theoretical in nature and having no therapeutic element. Stollznow writes, "ther than borrowing ], NLP does not bear authentic resemblance to any of Chomsky's theories or philosophies—linguistic, ] or political."<ref name="Stollznow-2010">{{cite journal |last1=Stollznow |first1=Karen|author-link=Karen Stollznow|year=2010 |title=Not-so Linguistic Programming |journal=] |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=7 |url=http://www.skeptic.com/magazine/archives/vol15n04.html |access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> | |||
#Assumes that from birth, our ] creates and develops behavioral programs. Sometimes named ], these programs are called thus in reference to the operation of the computers. | |||
#Any behavioral program rests on a ]al basis; the product of an engram resulting from our sensory perceptions. | |||
#Language is a manifestation of the internal states of the person, internal states resulting from the neuronal or engram programs. NLP is thus proposed as a study of the way in which the human beings structure their ]s. | |||
According to ], a researcher in the field of hypnosis, "the major weakness of Bandler and Grinder's linguistic ] is that so much of it is built upon untested hypotheses and is supported by totally inadequate data."{{sfn|Weitzenhoffer|1989|p=304}} Weitzenhoffer adds that Bandler and Grinder misuse ] and mathematics,{{sfn|Weitzenhoffer|1989|pp=300–301}} redefine or misunderstand terms from the ] ] (e.g., ]),{{efn|{{harvnb|Weitzenhoffer|1989|pp=304–305}}: "I have chosen ] to explain what some of the problems are in Bandler and Grinder's linguistic approach to Ericksonian hypnotism. Almost any other linguistic concept used by these authors could have served equally well for the purpose of showing some of the inherent weaknesses in their treatment."}} create a scientific façade by needlessly complicating Ericksonian concepts with unfounded claims,{{efn|{{harvnb|Weitzenhoffer|1989|p=307}}: "As I have mentioned in the last chapter, any references made to left and right brain functions in relation to hypnotic phenomena must be considered as poorly founded. They do not add to our understanding of nor our ability to utilize hypnotic phenomena in the style of Erickson. Indeed, references such as Bandler and Grinder make to these functions give their subject matter a false appearance of having a more scientific status than it has."}} make factual errors,{{efn|{{harvnb|Weitzenhoffer|1989|p=306}}: "This work , incidentally, contains some glaring misstatements of facts. For example, ] and ] were depicted as contemporaries!"}} and disregard or confuse concepts central to the Ericksonian approach.{{efn|{{harvnb|Weitzenhoffer|1989|p=306}}: One of the most striking features of the Bandler/Grinder interpretation is that it somehow ignores the issue of the existence and function of suggestion, which even in Erickson's own writings and those done with Rossi, is a central idea."}} | |||
NLP's model (in contrast with theory) of how people store and retrieve past ] is based on ] as originally conceived by ] (Grinder & Bandler 1975a). In that model, the sentence as spoken is called "surface structure". It is seen as a transformation of the "deep structure" (John Lyons, 1970). By questioning the ]s on the surface structure for deletions, ]s and distortions, NLP practitioners aim to recreate the original deep structure. Grinder had co-authored ''A Guide for Transformational Grammar'' (Grinder, 1973). NLP's ] is an analysis of transformational grammar constructs as used by the therapists Bandler and Grinder originally modeled. | |||
More recently, Bandler has stated, "NLP is based on finding out what works and formalizing it. In order to formalize patterns I utilized everything from linguistics to ] ... The models that constitute NLP are all formal models based on mathematical, ]al principles such as ] and the mathematical ]."<ref>{{cite web |last=Bandler |first=Richard |title=NLP Seminars Group – Frequently Asked Questions |website=NLP Seminars Group |url=http://www.purenlp.com/nlpfaqr.html |year=1997 |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622080317/http://www.purenlp.com/nlpfaqr.html |archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> There is no mention of the mathematics of holography nor of holography in general in Spitzer's,<ref name="Spitzer-1992" /> or Grinder's<ref>{{harvnb|Grinder|Bostic St. Clair|2001}}.</ref> account of the development of NLP. | |||
With the abandonment of the transformational grammar model by Chomsky, most NLP proponents now state that they do not have a theory to explain neuro-linguistic programming, and Bandler states that he does not do theory (Singer & Lalich, 1996). However, once modeled, NLP proponents have tried to relate their models to existing theories (or new theories have been developed). ] asserts that NLP "is ]ly rooted in the principles of ], ], ], ], and ]" (Dilts et al 1980). | |||
On the matter of the development of NLP, Grinder recollects: | |||
]s are a scientific term for a theoretical neurological mechanism considered by some scientists to be the means by which memory traces are stored in the brain. (Note: ] uses the term but in a different way). Engrams, if confirmed to exist, would give a patterned response which has been stabilised at the level of ] and involve beneficial automatic activities as well as pernicious ones like ](Sinclair, 1992)(Derks & Goldblatt, 1985). The engram has been used to explain the NLP anchoring process that underlies patterns such as the "swish" process. As such it is a theoretical concept that people used to understand NLP (Drenth, 2003)(Levelt 1995). For instance, Sinclair (1992) theorises that NLP processes are explained through the neurological concepts of programming and reprogramming ] of the mind/body connection in order to effect change, to develop ], and to treat ]s (Andreas & Faulkner, 1994). Other explanations of anchoring include: a form of ], or "consciously creating the ]" (Rex & Carolyn Sikes). O'Connor and McDermot (1996) state that NLP works through ] and ] change methods. | |||
{{blockquote|text=My memories about what we thought at the time of discovery (with respect to the classic code we developed—that is, the years 1973 through 1978) are that we were quite explicit that we were out to overthrow a ] and that, for example, I, for one, found it very useful to plan this campaign using in part as a guide the excellent work of ] ('']'') in which he detailed some of the conditions which historically have obtained in the midst of ]s. For example, I believe it was very useful that neither one of us were qualified in the field we first went after—psychology and in particular, its therapeutic application; this being one of the conditions which Kuhn identified in his historical study of paradigm shifts.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grinder |first=John |others=Interviewed by Chris Collingwood and Jules Collingwood |title=1996 Interview with John Grinder PhD, co-creator of NLP |website=Inspiritive |url=http://www.inspiritive.com.au/grinterv.htm |date=July 1996 |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428225949/http://www.inspiritive.com.au/grinterv.htm |archive-date=28 April 2013}}</ref>}} | |||
NLP also uses the concept of hemispheric differences in order to promote NLP. The core concepts of eye accessing cues, and representational systems is related to the left (analytical) and right (creative) brain hemispheric differences: a popular representation of how the brain works. It is proposed that the eyes move in various directions according to the kind of representation in the mind (visual/auditory/]) and that these also correspond with the brain's hemispheres according to ]. It is said that various other physical cues correspond to the hemispheres of the brain, and these can be used to model individuals and work out how they think. | |||
The philosopher ] responded that Grinder has not understood Kuhn's text on the ], ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions''. Carroll replies: (a) individual scientists never have nor are they ever able to create ''paradigm shifts'' volitionally and Kuhn does not suggest otherwise; (b) Kuhn's text does not contain the idea that being unqualified in a field of science is a prerequisite to producing a result that necessitates a ''paradigm shift'' in that field and (c) ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'' is foremost a work of ''history'' and not an instructive text on ''creating'' paradigm shifts and such a text is not possible—extraordinary discovery is not a formulaic procedure. Carroll explains that a ''paradigm shift'' is not a planned activity, rather it is an outcome of scientific effort within the dominant paradigm that produces ] that cannot be adequately accounted for within the current paradigm—hence a ''paradigm shift'', i.e. the adoption of a new paradigm. In developing NLP, Bandler and Grinder were not responding to a paradigmatic crisis in psychology nor did they produce any data that caused a paradigmatic crisis in psychology. There is no sense in which Bandler and Grinder caused or participated in a paradigm shift. "What did Grinder and Bandler do that makes it impossible to continue doing psychology ... without accepting their ideas? Nothing," argues Carroll.<ref name="Carroll-2009">{{cite web |last=Carroll |first=R. T. |author-link=Robert Todd Carroll |publisher=] |url=http://skepdic.com/neurolin.html |title=Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) |access-date=25 June 2009 |date=23 February 2009}}</ref> | |||
==Goals== | |||
=== Commercialization and evaluation === | |||
The NLP user's goal may include changing a state of mind or "re-programming" their own or somebody else's beliefs and ]. By detecting automatic body changes such as ] changes, ], and ]s, as well as other physiological responses, the NLP user attempts to discern how a client/subject or themselves perceive and relate to identity, life, personal beliefs, and life goal issues. NLP users claim to often help clients or themselves to replace false or negative ]s, with positive, life affirming beliefs. Grinder describes NLP as "an accelerated learning approach for modeling human excellence" (Grinder, 2003). | |||
By the late 1970s, the ] had developed into an industry and provided a market for some NLP ideas. At the center of this growth was the ] at ]. Perls had led numerous ] seminars at Esalen. Satir was an early leader and Bateson was a guest teacher. Bandler and Grinder have said that in addition to being a therapeutic method, NLP was also a study of communication and began marketing it as a business tool, writing that, "if any human being can do anything, so can you."<ref name="Clancy-1989">{{cite journal |last1=Clancy |first1=Frank |last2=Yorkshire |first2=Heidi |year=1989 |title=The Bandler Method |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 |journal=] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |issn=0362-8841 |access-date=26 April 2024 |via=}}</ref> After 150 students paid $1,000 each for a ten-day workshop in ], Bandler and Grinder gave up academic writing and started producing popular books from seminar transcripts, such as ''Frogs into Princes,'' which sold more than 270,000 copies. According to court documents relating to an intellectual property dispute between Bandler and Grinder, Bandler made more than $800,000 in 1980 from workshop and book sales.<ref name="Clancy-1989" /> | |||
A community of psychotherapists and students began to form around Bandler and Grinder's initial works, leading to the growth and spread of NLP as a theory and practice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Engineering |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc |last1=Hadnagy |first1=Christopher |last2=Wilson |first2=Paul |access-date=24 May 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LpawpklYogC |date= 2010 |isbn=978-0-470-63953-5}}</ref> For example, ] trained with Grinder and utilized a few ideas from NLP as part of his own ] and motivational speaking programmes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sham: How the Self-Help Movement Made America Helpless |year=2006 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4000-5410-7 |last=Salerno |first=Steve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmmxX81cEmMC}}</ref> Bandler led several unsuccessful efforts to exclude other parties from using NLP.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Meanwhile, the rising number of practitioners and theorists led NLP to become even less uniform than it was at its foundation.<ref name="Stollznow-2010" /> Prior to the decline of NLP, scientific researchers began testing its theoretical underpinnings ]ly, with research indicating a lack of empirical support for NLP's essential theories.<ref name="Witkowski-2010" /> The 1990s were characterized by fewer scientific studies evaluating the methods of NLP than the previous decade. ] attributes this to a declining interest in the debate as the result of a lack of empirical support for NLP from its proponents.<ref name="Witkowski-2010" /> | |||
NLP processes have also been applied to '''replace''' false beliefs, though the same process could be used to '''create''' false beliefs. NLP has been applied to therapy, ], self development, ], sports performance, business, and the ]. NLP has also been applied to ]s or large awareness training seminars (taught by NLP promoters such as ]), ] workshops, and other more fringe practices such as ], and psychic development. | |||
== |
== Main components and core concepts == | ||
NLP can be understood in terms of three broad components: subjectivity, consciousness, and learning. | |||
{{main|Principles_of_NLP}} | |||
According to Bandler and Grinder, people experience the world subjectively, creating ] of their experiences. These representations involve the five senses and language. In other words, our conscious experiences take the form of sights, sounds, feelings, smells, and tastes. When we imagine something, recall an event, or think about the future, we utilize these same sensory systems within our minds{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1976|pp=3–8}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Dilts|Grinder|Bandler|DeLozier|1980|pp=13–14}}: "There are three characteristics of effective patterning in NLP which sharply distinguish it from behavioural science as it is commonly practiced today. First, for a pattern or generalization regarding human communication to be acceptable or well–formed in NLP, it must include in the description the human agents who are initiating and responding to the pattern being described, their actions, their possible responses. Secondly, the description of the pattern must be represented in sensory grounded terms which are available to the user. This user–oriented constraint on NLP ensures usefulness. We have been continually struck by the tremendous gap between theory and practice in the behavioural sciences—this requirement closes that gap. Notice that since patterns must be represented in sensory grounded terms, available through practice to the user, a pattern will typically have multiple representation—each tailored for the differing sensory capabilities of individual users Thirdly, NLP includes within its descriptive vocabulary terms which are not directly observable ."}} Furthermore it is stated that these subjective representations of experience have a discernible structure, a pattern.{{sfn|Dilts|Grinder|Bandler|DeLozier|1980|p=7}} | |||
The ] and ] of NLP are sometimes described as an ]. NLP studies the way people take in ], how a person describe it to themselves with their senses, filter it with their beliefs and ], and act on the result. NLP calls some of these principles "presuppositions". A ] (linguistic term) is a background belief and is treated by the NLP practitioner "as if" it is true when working with a subject, with the intent to increase the effectiveness of change work. | |||
# Presupposition can mean, a statement that one treats as true for the purpose of discussion, thus ''"Suppose money was no object, would you still want that?"''. This is a form of ], used with the intent to increase the client's ability to explore their options and feelings free from previous limiting preconceptions. | |||
# It can also be used in the context of a ] pattern, in which an assumption about the world is made in a sentence. These could be manipulative ''"Have you stopped beating your wife?"'' (the question implies, but does not state explicitly, "You have at some time beaten your wife, the only question is whether you have stopped or not"), or beneficial ''"When you get off drugs what will you do next?"'' . | |||
Bandler and Grinder assert that behavior (both our own and others') can be understood through these sensory-based internal representations. Behavior here includes verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as effective or adaptive behaviors and less helpful or "pathological" ones.{{efn|{{harvp|Dilts|Grinder|Bandler|DeLozier|1980|p=36}}: "The basic elements from which the patterns of human behaviour are formed are the perceptual systems through which the members of the species operate on their environment: vision (sight), audition (hearing), kinesthesis (body sensations) and olfaction/gustation (smell/taste). The neurolinguistic programming model presupposes that all of the distinctions we as human beings are able to make concerning our environment (internal and external) and our behaviour can be usefully represented in terms of these systems. These perceptual classes constitute the structural parameters of human knowledge. We postulate that all of our ongoing experience can usefully be coded as consisting of some combination of these sensory classes."}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grinder |first1=John |last2=Bandler |first2=Richard |title=Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson: Volume 2 |edition=1st |year=1977 |publisher=Meta Publications |pages=11–19 |isbn=978-1-55552-053-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_gbkgAACAAJ}}</ref> They also assert that behavior in both the self and other people can be modified by manipulating these sense-based subjective representations.{{sfnm|1a1=Bandler|1a2=Grinder|1y=1979|1pp=5-78|2a1=Bandler|2a2=Grinder|2y=1981|2pp=240-50|3a1=Hall|3a2=Belnap|3y=2000|3pp=39–40|3loc=#2 Pacing Or Matching Another's Model of the World|4a1=Hall|4a2=Belnap|4y=2000|4pp=89–93|4loc=#23 The Change Personal History Pattern|5a1=Hall|5a2=Belnap|5y=2000|5pp=93–95|5loc=#24 The Swish Pattern}}{{efn|{{harvp|Dilts|Grinder|Bandler|DeLozier|1980|p=7}}: "NLP presents specific tools which can be applied effectively in any human interaction. It offers specific techniques by which a practitioner may usefully organize and re–organize his or her subjective experience or the experiences of a client in order to define and subsequently secure any behavioural outcome."}} | |||
According to Jane Revell, a British NLP trainer, the presuppositions of NLP are not a philosophy or a credo or a set of rules and regulations. Rather, they are assumptions upon which individuals base future actions and plan for meaningful learning experiences. | |||
NLP posits that ] can be divided into conscious and unconscious components. The part of our internal representations operating outside our direct awareness is referred to as the "unconscious mind".{{efn|{{harvnb|Dilts|Grinder|Bandler|DeLozier|1980|pp=77–80}}: "Strategies and representations which typically occur below an individual's level of awareness make up what is often called or referred to as the 'unconscious mind'."}} | |||
Two fundamental presuppositions in NLP are: (Dilts et al, 1980) | |||
*'''The map is not the territory. ''' "NLP epistemology" follows ] (1933) and ]'s (1972, 1979) postulations that there is no such thing as "]". The ] nature of our experience never fully captures the objective world. It is assumed that each of us creates a representation of the world in which we live - that is, we create a map or model which we use to generate our behavior. Our representation or map of the world determines to a large degree what our experience of the world will be, how we will perceive the world, what choices we will see available to us as we live in the world (Bandler and Grinder 1975 I). Thus, the view of NLP assumes that individual people in fact do not in general have access to absolute knowledge of reality, but in fact only have access to a set of beliefs built up over time, about reality. Bateson and Koryzbski considered this a necessary distinction; our beliefs, values and perceptions (the "map") are distorted representions of reality (the "territory"). | |||
*'''Life and 'Mind' are Systemic Processes'''. The processes that take place within a human being and between human beings and their environment are systemic. Our bodies, our societies, and our planet form an ] of complex systems and sub-systems all of which interact with and mutually influence each other. This assumes that looking from different vantage points may result in quite different and yet equally valid descriptions and emphasis of what is important in the system. (Example: the description of a business problem and what is seen as relevant will be quite different depending if you ask the ], a worker on ], or a client). So it is considered important to gather a lot of information from multiple viewpoints to gain a fully appreciation of the complexities involved before intervening, and the same principle is believed true even when working with one individual person. | |||
Finally, NLP uses a method of learning called "modeling", designed to replicate expertise in any field. According to Bandler and Grinder, by analyzing the sequence of sensory and linguistic representations used by an expert while performing a skill, it's possible to create a mental model that can be learned by others.{{sfnm|1a1=Bandler|1a2=Grinder|1y=1975|1p=6|2a1=Bandler|2a2=Grinder|2y=1979|2pp=7, 9, 10, 36, 123|3a1=Dilts|3a2=Grinder|3a3=Bandler|3a4=DeLozier|3y=1980|3pp=35, 78|4a1=Grinder|4a2=Bostic St. Clair|4y=2001|4pp=1, 10, 28, 34, 189, 227–28}} | |||
These presuppositions are considered groundbreaking by NLP proponents because of a contradiction with the modern scientific ] view that reality can be objectively measured (Thaler Singer 1999). | |||
== Techniques or set of practices == | |||
The other most commonly related presuppositions are: | |||
{{further|Methods of neuro-linguistic programming}} | |||
]'' (1979). The six directions represent "visual construct", "visual recall", "auditory construct", "auditory recall", "]" and "auditory internal dialogue".]] | |||
According to one study by Steinbach,<ref name="Steinbach-1984">Steinbach, A. (1984). "Neurolinguistic programming: a systematic approach to change". ''Canadian Family Physician'', 30, 147–50. {{PMC|2153995}}</ref> a classic interaction in NLP can be understood in terms of several major stages including establishing rapport, gleaning information about a problem mental state and desired goals, using specific tools and techniques to make interventions, and integrating proposed changes into the client's life. The entire process is guided by the non-verbal responses of the client.<ref name="Steinbach-1984" /> The first is the act of establishing and maintaining rapport between the practitioner and the client which is achieved through pacing and leading the verbal (''e.g.'', sensory predicates{{Explain|date=October 2023}} and keywords) and non-verbal behavior (''e.g.'', matching and mirroring non-verbal behavior, or responding to eye movements) of the client.{{sfn|Bandler|Grinder|1979|pp=8, 15, 24, 30, 45, 52, 149}} | |||
Once rapport is established, the practitioner may gather information about the client's present state as well as help the client define a desired state or goal for the interaction. The practitioner pays attention to the verbal and non-verbal responses as the client defines the present state and desired state and any resources that may be required to bridge the gap.<ref name="Steinbach-1984" /> The client is typically encouraged to consider the consequences of the desired outcome, and how they may affect his or her personal or professional life and relationships, taking into account any positive intentions of any problems that may arise.<ref name="Steinbach-1984" /> The practitioner thereafter assists the client in achieving the desired outcomes by using certain tools and techniques to change internal representations and responses to stimuli in the world.{{sfn|Bandler|1985|pp=134–3}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Masters |first1=B. |last2=Rawlins |first2=M. |last3=Rawlins |first3=L. |last4=Weidner |first4=J. |year=1991 |title=The NLP swish pattern: An innovative visualizing technique |journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=79–90 |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1991-19473-001}}</ref> Finally, the practitioner helps the client to mentally rehearse and integrate the changes into his or her life.<ref name="Steinbach-1984" /> For example, the client may be asked to envision what it is like having already achieved the outcome. | |||
*'''Behind every behavior is a positive intention.''' This is a model taken from ]'s belief system, and means that whatever a person does, positive intent is attempting to be fulfilled (of which the person may not be aware). It assumes that the current behaviour exhibited by a person represents the best choice available to them at the time. Generating alternatives from this point of view (a method sometimes used in NLP reframing) is thought by NLP proponents to be a useful way of helping people to change unwanted or undesirable behaviours. | |||
According to Stollznow, "NLP also involves fringe discourse analysis and 'practical' guidelines for 'improved' communication. For example, one text asserts 'when you adopt the "but" word, people will remember what you said afterwards. With the "and" word, people remember what you said before and after.'"<ref name="Stollznow-2010" /> | |||
*'''There is no failure, only feedback'''. If you think you have failed, consider instead what you have ] and how you might do it better next time (do not dwell unnecessarily on the failure). This is a principle of ]s, borrowed from ] (see Asbby, ]). This truism is considered groundbreaking by NLP (Thaler Singer 1999). | |||
== Applications == | |||
*'''We already have all the resources we need to succeed'''. It is argued that this is useful for the subject to believe when attempting a change. ] has argued that people's resources consist of sensory representation systems and the organisation of these representations. | |||
=== Alternative medicine === | |||
NLP has been promoted as being able to treat a variety of diseases including ], ] and cancer.<ref name="American Cancer Society-2009">{{cite book |publisher=] |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editor=Russell J |editor2=Rovere A |pages= |chapter=Neuro-linguistic programming |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/120 }}</ref> Such claims have no supporting ].<ref name="American Cancer Society-2009"/> People who use NLP as a form of treatment risk serious adverse health consequences as it can delay the provision of effective medical care.<ref name="American Cancer Society-2009"/> | |||
=== Psychotherapeutic === | |||
* '''Multiple descriptions are better than one.''' This makes use of the perspective of self, another involved individual, and a detached third person in that situation. By moving between perceptual positions it is asserted that one can develop new choice of responses (Bostic & Grinder, 2002 p.247). | |||
Early books about NLP had a psychotherapeutic focus given that the early models were psychotherapists. As an approach to psychotherapy, NLP shares similar core assumptions and foundations in common with some contemporary brief and systemic practices,<ref>Rubin Battino (2002) ''Expectation: The Very Brief Therapy Book''. Crown House Publishing. {{ISBN|1-84590-028-6}}</ref><ref>Kerry, S. (2009) Pretreatment expectations of psychotherapy clients, University of Alberta (Canada)<!--, {{AAT|NR55409}}--></ref><ref name="Beyebach-1999" /> such as ].<ref>Bill O'Connell (2005) Solution-focused therapy (Brief therapy series). Sage; Second Edition </ref><ref>Windy Dryden (2007) Dryden's handbook of individual therapy. 5th edition. Sage. {{ISBN|1-4129-2238-0}} </ref> NLP has also been acknowledged as having influenced these practices<ref name="Beyebach-1999">{{cite journal |last1=Beyebach |first1=M. |last2=Rodríguez Morejón |first2=A. |year=1999 |title=Some thoughts on integration in solution-focused therapy |journal=Journal of Systemic Therapies |volume=18 |pages=24–42|doi=10.1521/jsyt.1999.18.1.24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pesut |first=Daniel J. |title=The art, science, and techniques of reframing in psychiatric mental health nursing |journal=Issues in Mental Health Nursing |date=1 January 1991 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.3109/01612849109058206 |pmid=1988384}}</ref> with its reframing techniques{{sfnm|1a1=Maag|1y=1999|2a1=Maag|2y=2000}} which seeks to achieve behavior change by shifting its ''context'' or ''meaning'',<ref>{{harvnb|Bandler|Grinder|1982}} as cited in {{harvnb|Maag|1999}} and {{harvnb|Maag|2000}}.</ref> for example, by finding the positive connotation of a thought or behavior. | |||
The two main therapeutic uses of NLP are, firstly, as an adjunct by therapists<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Field |first1=E. S. |title=Neurolinguistic programming as an adjunct to other psychotherapeutic/hypnotherapeutic interventions |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=174–82 |year=1990 |pmid=2296919 |doi=10.1080/00029157.1990.10402822}}</ref> practicing in other therapeutic disciplines and, secondly, as a specific therapy called Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy.<ref>Bridoux, D., Weaver, M., (2000) "Neuro-linguistic psychotherapy." In ''Therapeutic perspectives on working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients.'' Davies, Dominic (Ed); Neal, Charles (Ed). (pp. 73–90). Buckingham, England: Open University Press (2000) xviii, 187 pp. {{ISBN|0-335-20333-7}}</ref> | |||
Other more specific presuppositions can also be adopted for change in NLP. For example it has been claimed that the presuppositions of ] of ] have been identified using NLP modeling . This means, a set of beliefs and a structure that a person could explore, to gain a deeper understanding of Jesus's inner world. | |||
According to Stollznow, "Bandler and Grinder's infamous ''Frogs into Princes'' and their other books boast that NLP is a cure-all that treats a broad range of physical and mental conditions and learning difficulties, including epilepsy, myopia and dyslexia. With its promises to cure schizophrenia, depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and its dismissal of psychiatric illnesses as psychosomatic, NLP shares similarities with Scientology and the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR)."<ref name="Stollznow-2010" /> A systematic review of experimental studies by Sturt ''et al.'' (2012) concluded that "there is little evidence that NLP interventions improve health-related outcomes."{{sfn|Sturt|2012}} In his review of NLP, ] writes, "NLP is not really a cohesive therapy but a ragbag of different techniques without a particularly clear theoretical basis ... evidence base is virtually non-existent."<ref>{{cite book|last=Briers|first=Stephen|title=Brilliant Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: How to use CBT to improve your mind and your life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6BQ2S3F_eDMC&q=ragbag&pg=PT15|date=27 December 2012|publisher=Pearson UK|isbn=978-0-273-77849-3|page=15}}</ref> Eisner writes, "NLP appears to be a superficial and gimmicky approach to dealing with mental health problems. Unfortunately, NLP appears to be the first in a long line of mass marketing seminars that purport to virtually cure any mental disorder ... it appears that NLP has no empirical or scientific support as to the underlying tenets of its theory or clinical effectiveness. What remains is a mass-marketed serving of psychopablum."<ref>{{cite book|first=Donald A.|last=Eisner|title=The Death of Psychotherapy: From Freud to Alien Abductions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmcDl6l8uXwC&pg=PA158|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96413-9|pages=158–59}}</ref> | |||
== NLP Modeling == | |||
{{main|Modeling (NLP)}} | |||
] is a method proposed for duplicating somebody's competences. It is considered by some users to be at the heart of NLP. It can be thought of as the process of discovering relevant distinctions within these experiential components, as well as sequencing of these components aimed to achieve a specific result, and NLP proponents claim that it is used to discover and codify patterns of excellence as demonstrated consistently by top performers in any field. It has also been applied to clinical conditions, such as ] and notable dead people of whom we have only writings, such as ]. NLP models are widely used as the basis for learning, training or operations, in clinical, management, educational and other settings. | |||
André Muller Weitzenhoffer—a friend and peer of Milton Erickson—wrote, "Has NLP really abstracted and explicated the essence of successful therapy and provided everyone with the means to be another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson? ... failure to do this is evident because today there is no multitude of their equals, not even another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson. Ten years should have been sufficient time for this to happen. In this light, I cannot take NLP seriously ... contributions to our understanding and use of Ericksonian techniques are equally dubious. ''Patterns I'' and ''II'' are poorly written works that were an overambitious, pretentious effort to reduce hypnotism to a magic of words."{{sfn|Weitzenhoffer|1989|p=305}} | |||
An NLP "modeling project" involves spending time studying and observing in depth, discussing, and ] and ] many different aspects of the subject's thoughts, feelings, beliefs and behaviors (ie, acting ] the modeler is the expert) until the modeler can replicate these with some consistency and precision. Once this has been achieved, it is proposed that the modeler then refines the target skills, building a learnable/transferable model, and tests it by seeing if it can be taught. An example of a simple model is given in the eye accessing cues diagram of this article. | |||
Clinical psychologist Stephen Briers questions the value of the NLP maxim—a ''presupposition'' in NLP jargon—"there is no failure, only feedback".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dilts |first1=Robert |last2=DeLozier |first2=Judith |title=Encyclopedia of Systemic Neuro-Linguistic Programming and NLP New Coding |edition=1st |year=2000 |publisher=NLP University Press |location=Santa Cruz |isbn=978-0-9701540-0-2 |page=1002 |url=http://nlpuniversitypress.com/html2/PrPu25.html |access-date=16 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060637/http://nlpuniversitypress.com/html2/PrPu25.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Briers argues that the denial of the existence of failure diminishes its instructive value. He offers ], ] and ] as three examples of unambiguous acknowledged personal failure that served as an impetus to great success. According to Briers, it was "the crash-and-burn type of failure, not the sanitised NLP Failure Lite, i.e. the failure-that-isn't really-failure sort of failure" that propelled these individuals to success. Briers contends that adherence to the maxim leads to self-deprecation. According to Briers, personal endeavour is a product of invested values and aspirations and the dismissal of personally significant failure as mere feedback effectively denigrates what one values. Briers writes, "Sometimes we need to accept and mourn the death of our dreams, not just casually dismiss them as inconsequential." Briers also contends that the NLP maxim is narcissistic, self-centered and divorced from notions of moral responsibility.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Briers |first1=Stephen |title=Psychobabble: Exploding the myths of the self-help generation |edition=1st |year=2012 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |location=Santa Cruz |isbn=978-0-273-77239-2 |chapter=MYTH 16: There is no failure, only feedback |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zsQeth9yRAC}}</ref> | |||
Most NLP proponents do not state that anyone can be ]. Rather they claim that ''know-how'' can be separated from the person, documented and transferred experientially, and that the ability to ''perform'' the skills can be transferred subject to the modelers own limits, which can change, and improves with practice. | |||
=== Other uses === | |||
It has been strongly argued that modeling from writings is unverifiable, and scientists such as Carroll (2003) have stated that it is impossible to determine a "correct" model, and that applying one particular model to everyone is over-simplistic and will be no substitute for hard earned expertise. NLP proponents reply that in common with most forms of ] approximation, there is not intended to be "one correct way", but only more and less effective and transferable skillsets. | |||
Although the original core techniques of NLP were therapeutic in orientation their generic nature enabled them to be applied to other fields. These applications include ],<ref>{{cite book | last1=Gass | first1=Robert H | last2=Seiter | first2=John S | title=Persuasion: Social Influence and Compliance Gaining | publisher=Routledge | date=2022-04-06 | isbn=978-1-000-55677-3 | page=}}</ref> sales,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zastrow |first1=C. |title=Social Workers and Salesworkers |doi=10.1300/J283v04n03_02 |journal=Journal of Independent Social Work |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=7–16|year=1990 }}</ref> negotiation,<ref>Tosey P. & Mathison, J., "Fabulous Creatures of HRD: A Critical Natural History of Neuro-Linguistic Programming", University of Surrey Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Human Resource Development Research & Practice across Europe, Oxford Brookes Business School, 26–28 June 2007</ref> management training,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yemm |first=Graham |title=Can NLP help or harm your business? |journal=Industrial and Commercial Training |date=1 January 2006 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=12–17 |doi=10.1108/00197850610645990}}</ref> sports,<ref>Ingalls, Joan S. (1988) "Cognition and athletic behavior: An investigation of the NLP principle of congruence." ''Dissertation Abstracts International.'' Vol 48(7-B), p. 2090. {{OCLC|42614014}}</ref> teaching, coaching, team building, public speaking, and in the process of hiring employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) explained |url=https://www.ionos.com/startupguide/productivity/neuro-linguistic-programming-nlp/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=IONOS Startupguide |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Scientific criticism == | |||
==Background== | |||
In the early 1980s, NLP was advertised as an important advance in ] and ], and attracted some interest in counseling research and clinical psychology. However, as controlled trials failed to show any benefit from NLP and its advocates made increasingly dubious claims, scientific interest in NLP faded.<ref name="Devilly-2005">{{cite journal |last=Devilly |first=Grant J. |title=Power Therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |date=1 June 2005 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=437–45 |doi=10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x |pmid=15943644|s2cid=208627667 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gelso |first=C. J. |last2=Fassinger |first2=R. E. |title=Counseling Psychology: Theory and Research on Interventions |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |date=1 January 1990 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=355–86 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002035 |quote=Neurolinguistic programming, focused on such variables as sensory mode preference and use (''e.g.'', Graunke & Roberts 1985) and predicate matching (''e.g.'', Elich et al 1985; Mercier & Johnson 1984) had shown promise at the beginning of the decade, but after several years of conflicting and confusing results, Sharpley (1984, 1987) reviewed the research and concluded that there was little support for the assumptions of NLP. This research is now clearly on the decline, underscoring the value of thoughtful reviews and the publication of nonsupportive results in guiding empirical efforts. |pmid=2407174}}</ref> | |||
One of the earliest influences on NLP were ] (]) as a new perspective for looking at the world which included a kind of ]. This was a departure from the ] concepts of modern science and objective reality, and it influenced notions of programming the mind that NLP includes. | |||
Numerous literature reviews and ] have failed to show evidence for NLP's assumptions or effectiveness as a therapeutic method.{{efn|See, for instance, the following: | |||
General ] influenced several schools of thought, leading to a viable ] industry and associations with emerging ] thinking. By the late ], self-help organizations such as ], ], and ] had become financially successful, receiving attention and promotion from human potential thinkers such as Fritz Perls who had a great interest in the ] concept, and during this period, promoted and operated a ] clinic (Clarkson and Mackewn ]). Hubbard's methodology provide raw material for Frederick Perls' Gestalt therapy (Joyce 1989). The ] human potential seminars in California began to attract people, such as the aforementioned Fritz Perls, as well as ], Virginia Satir, and Milton Erickson. | |||
* Sharpley, 1984<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharpley |first1=Christopher F. |title=Predicate matching in NLP: a review of research on the preferred representational system. |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=1984 |pages=238–48 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.238}}</ref> and 1987<ref name="Sharpley-1987" /> | |||
* Druckman and Swets, 1988<ref name="Druckman-1988">{{cite book | editor1-last=Druckman | editor1-first=D. | editor2-last=Swets | editor2-first=J. | title=Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques | publisher=National Academies Press | publication-place=Washington, D.C. | date=1988-01-01 | isbn=978-0-309-03792-1 | doi=10.17226/1025 | pages=138–149 | chapter=8: Social Processes | chapter-url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1025/chapter/11#138}} | |||
</ref> | |||
* Heap, 1988<ref>{{cite book |last=Heap |first=M. |year=1988 |title=Neurolinguistic programming – an interim verdict |publisher=Croom Helm |location=London |pages=268–280 |chapter=Hypnosis: Current clinical, experimental and forensic practices |url=http://www.mheap.com/nlp1.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615185758/http://www.mheap.com/nlp1.pdf |archivedate=15 June 2007}}</ref> | |||
* von Bergen et al., 1997<ref name="von Bergen-1997" /> | |||
* Druckman, 2004<ref name="Druckman-2004" /> | |||
* Witkowski, 2010<ref name="Witkowski-2010" />}} While some NLP practitioners have argued that the lack of empirical support is due to insufficient research which tests NLP,{{efn|See the following: | |||
* Einspruch and Forman, 1985<ref>{{cite journal |last=Einspruch |first=Eric L. |author2=Forman, Bruce D. |title=Observations concerning research literature on neuro-linguistic programming. |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |date=1 January 1985 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=589–96 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.589}}</ref> | |||
* Murray, 2013<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Laura L. |title=Limited evidence that neurolinguistic programming improves health-related outcomes. |journal=Evidence-Based Mental Health |date=30 May 2013 |url=http://ebmh.bmj.com/content/early/2013/05/29/eb-2013-101355.extract |doi=10.1136/eb-2013-101355 |pmid=23723409 |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=79 |s2cid=150295 }}</ref> | |||
* Sturt et al., 2012{{sfn|Sturt|2012}} | |||
* ''Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Research''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Research/index.asp |title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Research |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103034855/http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Research/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
* Tosey and Mathison, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tosey |first1=P. |last2=Mathison |first2=J. |doi=10.1108/17465641011042035 |title=Exploring inner landscapes through psychophenomenology: The contribution of neuro-linguistic programming to innovations in researching first person experience |journal=Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management |volume=5 |pages=63–82 |year=2010 |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/7448/126/Mathison_Tosey_QROM_final_Oct_2009_amended_Jan_2010.pdf |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719120020/http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/7448/126/Mathison_Tosey_QROM_final_Oct_2009_amended_Jan_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
}} the consensus scientific opinion is that NLP is ]{{efn|See the following: | |||
* Witkowsi, 2010<ref name="Witkowski-2010" /> | |||
* '']'', 2009<ref name="Carroll-2009" /> | |||
* Beyerstein, 1990<ref name="Beyerstein-1990">{{cite journal |last=Beyerstein |first=B. L. |year=1990 |title=Brainscams: Neuromythologies of the New Age |journal=International Journal of Mental Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=27–36 (27) |doi=10.1080/00207411.1990.11449169 }}</ref> | |||
* Corballis, in Della Sala and Anderson, 2012<ref>{{cite book| editor1-last = Della Sala| editor1-first = Sergio| editor2-last = Anderson| editor2-first = Mike |last1=Corballis |first1=Michael C. |author-link=Michael Corballis |title=Neuroscience in Education: The good, the bad, and the ugly |chapter=Chapter 13 Educational double-think |quote=The notion of hemisphericity is also incorporated into such cult activities as Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP).... In any event, NLP is a movement that is still going strong, but has little scientific credibility. |edition=1st |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-960049-6 |pages=225–26 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFE5UCaFwEQC}}</ref> | |||
* ] and ]<ref>] & ] (1997). '']'' Jossey Bass, pp. 167–95 (169). {{ISBN|0-7879-0278-0}}.</ref> | |||
* Lilienfeld, Lynn and Lohr, 2004<ref>(Eds.) Lilienfeld, S., Lynn, S., & Lohr, J. (2004). ''Science and Pseudo-science in Clinical Psychology''. The Guilford Press.</ref> | |||
* Della Sala, 2007<ref>{{cite book |last1=Della Sala |first1=Sergio |title=Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact from Fiction |chapter=Introduction: The myth of 10% and other Tall Tales about the mind and brain |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eftFztxKBAwC&pg=PR20 |page=xx |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=1st |year=2007 |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eftFztxKBAwC |isbn=978-0-19-856876-6}}</ref> | |||
* Williams, 2000<ref>William F. Williams, ed. (2000), ''Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy'', ], {{ISBN|978-1-57958-207-4}} p. 235</ref> | |||
* Lum, 2001<ref name=Lum-2001>{{cite book |title=Scientific Thinking in Speech and Language Therapy |publisher=] |last=Lum |first=C. |year=2001 |page=16 |isbn=978-0-8058-4029-2}}</ref> | |||
* Lilienfeld, Lohr and Morier, 2001<ref name=Lilienfeld-2001>{{cite journal |last=Lilienfeld |first=Scott O. |author2=Lohr, Jeffrey M. |author3=Morier, Dean |title=The Teaching of Courses in the Science and Pseudoscience of Psychology: Useful Resources |journal=Teaching of Psychology |date=1 July 2001 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=182–91 |doi=10.1207/S15328023TOP2803_03|citeseerx=10.1.1.1001.2558 |s2cid=145224099 }}</ref> | |||
* Dunn, Halonen and Smith, 2008<ref name="Dunn-2008">{{cite book |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |vauthors=Dunn D, Halonen J, Smith R |title=Teaching Critical Thinking in Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/teachingcritical00dunn |url-access=limited |year=2008 |page= |isbn=978-1-4051-7402-2}}</ref> | |||
* Molfese, Segalowitz and Harris, 1988<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Molfese |editor1-first=Dennis L. |editor2-last=Segalowitz |editor2-first=Sidney J. |last1=Harris |first1=Lauren Julius |title=Brain Lateralization in Children: Developmental Implications |edition=1st |year=1988 |publisher=Guilford Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-89862-719-0 |page= |quote=NLP began in 1975 and has quickly achieved cult status. |chapter=Chapter 8 Right-Brain Training: Some Reflections on the Application of Research on Cerebral Hemispheric Specialization to Education |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un-AIyRU328C |url=https://archive.org/details/brainlateralizat0000molf/page/214 }}</ref> | |||
}}{{efn|For a description of the social influence tactics used by NLP and similar pseudoscientific therapies, see Devilly, 2005<ref name="Devilly-2005" />}} and that attempts to dismiss the research findings based on these arguments "s an admission that NLP does not have an evidence base and that NLP practitioners are seeking a post-hoc credibility."<ref name="Roderique-Davies-2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Roderique-Davies |first1=G. |year=2009 |title=Neuro-linguistic programming: Cargo cult psychology? |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=58–63 |doi=10.1108/17581184200900014}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowan |first1=John |title=NLP is not based on constructivism |journal=The Coaching Psychologist |volume=4 |issue=3 |date=December 2008 |pages=160–163 |doi=10.53841/bpstcp.2008.4.3.160 |s2cid=255903130 |issn=1748-1104 |url=http://www.sgcp.org.uk/sgcp/publications/the-coaching-psychologist/the-coaching-psychologist-4.3$.cfm}}</ref> | |||
Surveys in the academic community have shown NLP to be widely discredited among scientists.{{efn|In 2006, Norcross and colleagues found NLP to be given similar ratings as ], ], ], scared straight programmes, and ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Norcross |first=John C. |author2=Koocher, Gerald P. |author3=Garofalo, Ariele |title=Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi poll. |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |date=1 January 2006 |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=515–22 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515|s2cid=35414392 }}</ref> In 2010, Norcross and colleagues listed it as seventh out of their list of ten most discredited drug and alcohol interventions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Norcross |first=John C. |author2=Koocher, Gerald P. |author3=Fala, Natalie C. |author4=Wexler, Harry K. |title=What Does Not Work? Expert Consensus on Discredited Treatments in the Addictions |journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine |date=1 September 2010 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=174–180 |doi=10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181c5f9db |pmid=21769032|s2cid=41494642 }}</ref> Glasner-Edwards and colleagues also identified it as discredited in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Glasner-Edwards |first=Suzette |author2=Rawson, Richard |title=Evidence-based practices in addiction treatment: Review and recommendations for public policy |journal=Health Policy |date=1 October 2010 |volume=97 |issue=2–3 |pages=93–104 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.013 |pmid=20557970 |pmc=2951979}}</ref> }} Among the reasons for considering NLP a pseudoscience are that evidence in favor of it is limited to ] and personal testimony<ref name="Bradley-1985" /><ref name="Tye-1994">{{cite journal |last1=Tye |first1=Marcus J.C. |title=Neurolinguistic programming: Magic or myth? |journal=Journal of Accelerative Learning & Teaching |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=309–42 |year=1994 |issn=0273-2459 |id=2003-01157-001}}</ref> that it is not informed by scientific understanding of ] and ],<ref name="Bradley-1985" /><ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Willem Levelt |last1=Levelt |first1=Willem J.M |title=u voor neuro-linguistische programmering |journal=Skepter |volume=9 |issue=3 |year=1996 |language=nl |url=http://www.skepsis.nl/nlp.html }}</ref> and that the name "neuro-linguistic programming" uses jargon words to impress readers and obfuscate ideas, whereas NLP itself does not relate any phenomena to neural structures and has nothing in common with linguistics or programming.<ref name="Witkowski-2010" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Corballis |first=M.C. |title=Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain |year=1999 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chichester, UK |isbn=978-0-471-98303-3 |page=41 |edition=Repr. |editor=S.D. Sala |chapter=Are we in our right minds?}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drenth |first1=Pieter J.D |title=Growing anti-intellectualism in Europe; a menace to science |journal=Studia Psychologica |volume=45 |pages=5–13 |year=2003 |url=http://www.allea.org/Pages/ALL/4/881.bGFuZz1FTkc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616080310/http://www.allea.org/Pages/ALL/4/881.bGFuZz1FTkc.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Beyerstein-1990" />{{efn|For more information on the use of neuroscience terms to lend the appearance of credibility to arguments, see Weisburg et al., 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1162/jocn.2008.20040 |title=The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=470–77 |year=2008 |last1=Weisberg |first1=D. S. |last2=Keil |first2=F. C. |last3=Goodstein |first3=J. |last4=Rawson |first4=E. |last5=Gray |first5=J. R. |pmid=18004955 |pmc=2778755}}</ref>}} In education, NLP has been used as a key example of pseudoscience.<ref name="Lum-2001"/><ref name="Lilienfeld-2001"/><ref name="Dunn-2008"/> | |||
The first 3 people Grinder and Bandler modeled were | |||
*] (]) | |||
*] (]) | |||
*] (Ericksonian Hypnosis) | |||
(source Andreas & Faulkner, 1994) | |||
== As a quasi-religion == | |||
Two other people were later modeled: | |||
Sociologists and anthropologists have categorized NLP as a quasi-religion belonging to the ] and/or ]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Cresswell|1a2=Wilson|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Edwards|2y=2001|2p=573|3a1=Clarke|3y=2006|3pp=440–41|4a1=Walker|4y=2007|4p=235|5a1=Hammer|5a2=Rothstein|5y=2012|5p=}} | |||
*] (see eg. Provocative Therapy, a lesser known 4th model for NLP). | |||
*Feldenkrais (eg. Feldenkrais Method, Bandler & Grinder modeled Feldenkrais, some says this is the NLP for the body). | |||
Medical anthropologist Jean M. Langford categorizes NLP as a form of ]; that is to say, a practice with symbolic efficacy—as opposed to physical efficacy—that is able to effect change through nonspecific effects (e.g., placebo). To Langford, NLP is akin to a syncretic folk religion "that attempts to wed the magic of folk practice to the science of professional medicine".{{sfn|Langford|1999}} | |||
These individuals were considered by Grinder and Bandler to be highly competent in their fields, and the patterns of therapy detected became the basis of NLP applications, along with influences from Korzybski and Bateson (who coined the NLP expressions "]", and "the difference that makes the difference", respectively). Grinder and Bandler analyzed the speaking patterns, voice tones, word selection, gesticulations, postures, and eye movements of these individuals and related this information to the internal thinking process of each participant. | |||
Bandler and Grinder were influenced by the ] described in the books of ].{{sfnm|1a1=Grinder|1a2=DeLozier|1y=1987|1p={{page needed|date=May 2024}}|2a1=Grinder|2a2=Bostic St. Clair|2y=2001|2p={{page needed|date=May 2024}}}} Concepts like "double induction"{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} and "stopping the world", central to NLP modeling, were incorporated from these influences.{{sfn|Grimley|2013|p=}} | |||
The practice of neuro-linguistic programming attracted mostly therapists at first although it eventually attracted business people, sales people, artists, and "new-agers" (Hall, 1994). As it expanded, Leslie Cameron-Bandler, ], ], and David Gordon made further contributions to NLP and the seminars of Bandler and Grinder were transcribed into a book, <i>]</i>. This became a popular NLP book; demand for seminars increased, which in turn became successful human potential attractions (Dilts, 1991). | |||
Some theorists characterize NLP as a type of "psycho-shamanism", and its focus on modeling has been compared to ritual practices in certain syncretic religions.<ref name="Tye-1994"/>{{sfn|Fanthorpe|Fanthorpe|2008|p=}} The emphasis on lineage from an NLP ] has also been likened to similar concepts in some ].{{sfn|Hunt|2003}} Aupers, Houtman, and Bovbjerg identify NLP as a New Age "psycho-religion".{{sfn|Aupers|Houtman|2010|p={{page needed|date=May 2024}}}} Bovbjerg argues that New Age movements center on a transcendent "other".{{sfn|Bovbjerg|2011|p={{page needed|date=May 2024}}}} While monotheistic religions seek communion with a divine being, this focus shifts inward in these movements, with the "other" becoming the unconscious self. Bovbjerg posits that this emphasis on the unconscious and its hidden potential underlies NLP techniques promoting self-perfection through ongoing transformation.{{sfn|Bovbjerg|2011|p={{page needed|date=May 2024}}}} | |||
NLP's core methods and hypotheses have been tested since the early ] and are scientifically unsupported, and as such, scientists classify NLP as a ] self-help development in the same mold as that of ] and ] (Lilienfeld, 2003; Drenth, 2003; Levelt, 1995; Barrett, 1997; Carroll, 2003; Eisner, 2000; Raso, 1994). | |||
Bovbjerg's secular critique echoes the conservative Christian perspective, as exemplified by ]. He argues that NLP's emphasis on self-transformation and internal power conflicts with the Christian belief in salvation through divine grace.{{sfn|Jeremiah|1995}} | |||
Following the influence of the ], NLP is often promoted in combination with ] developments such as ], ], ] development, ], and ] development. | |||
== Legal disputes == | |||
==Basic Tenets== | |||
===Founding, initial disputes, and settlement (1979–1981)=== | |||
In 1979, Richard Bandler and John Grinder established the Society of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) to manage commercial applications of NLP, including training, materials, and certification. The founding agreement conferred exclusive rights to profit from NLP training and certification upon Bandler's corporate entity, Not Ltd. Around November 1980, Bandler and Grinder had ceased collaboration for undisclosed reasons.<ref name="Clancy-1989" /> | |||
On September 25, 1981, Bandler filed suit against Grinder's corporate entity, Unlimited Ltd., in the ] seeking injunctive relief and damages arising from Grinder's NLP-related commercial activities; the Court issued a judgment in Bandler's favor on October 29, 1981.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Not Ltd v. Unlimited Ltd et al (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County, 1981, No. 78482)|vol=|reporter=|opinion=|pinpoint=|court=Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County|date=29 October 1981|url=http://63.197.255.150/openaccesspublic/civil/casereport.asp?casenumber=CV078482&courtcode=A&casetype=CIS}}{{Dead link|date=October 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}<!-- might be able to find it by searching the court's cases - https://www.santacruz.courts.ca.gov/online-services/case-lookup --></ref> The subsequent settlement agreement granted Grinder a 10-year license to conduct NLP seminars, offer NLP certification, and utilize the NLP name, subject to royalty payments to Bandler.<ref name="Legal1997">{{cite web |title=Summary of the Legal Proceedings January 1997 – June 23, 2003 |url=http://www.steverrobbins.com/nlpschedule/random/lawsuit-text.html |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410011826/http://www.steverrobbins.com/nlpschedule/random/lawsuit-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
The basic tenets of NLP are thought of as 5 elements that NLP proponents claim can indicate an individual's internal strategies. These all refer to a notion that internal strategies are subjectively represented via the senses; either visual, auditory, or kinesthetic (with a less likely extra olfactory and gustatory). | |||
<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="attention" style="background-color: #FFFCE6; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> | |||
#body posture, | |||
#breathing, | |||
#gestures towards eyes ears or body, | |||
#eye movements (See eye accessing cues and PRS), and | |||
#language patterns (meta-model) and predicates such as "I see!" "Sounds right! or "I feel that..."(Dilts et al, 1980; Dilts, 1998). | |||
</div> | |||
===Further litigation and consequences (1996–2000)=== | |||
===Eye accessing cues and the representational systems=== | |||
Bandler commenced further civil actions against Unlimited Ltd., various figures within the NLP community, and 200 initially unnamed defendants in July 1996 and January 1997. Bandler alleged violations of the initial settlement terms by Grinder and sought damages of no less than US$10,000,000.00 from each defendant.<ref name="Legal1997"/> | |||
In February 2000, the Court ruled against Bandler. The judgment asserted that Bandler had misrepresented his exclusive ownership of NLP intellectual property and sole authority over Society of NLP membership and certification.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Richard W Bandler et al v. Quantum Leap Inc. et al (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County, 2000, No. 132495) |vol= |reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court=Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County |date=10 February 2000 |url=http://63.197.255.150/openaccesspublic/civil/casereport.asp?casenumber=CV132495&courtcode=A&casetype=CIS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NLP Matters 2 |url=http://www.anlp.org/anlpnews2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210021504/http://www.anlp.org/anlpnews2.htm |archive-date=10 February 2001 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
===Trademark revocation (1997)=== | |||
According to this core NLP tenet, upward eye movements indicate visual processing, eye movements down indicate somatic or kinesthetic (feeling) processing, and eye movements to the sides indicate auditory (hearing) processing. Also, eye movements to the left, or right indicate if a representation was recalled or constructed (created) respectively. Next to eye movements, the words used are seen as important indications of the representation system used. NLP proponents also use other cues to try to understand the representational systems (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) being used by the person. For example, the posture of a person could be; head up and erect, swaying or tilted, rounded and head down to indicate visual, auditory or kinesthetic respectively (O'Connor and McDermot, 1996). | |||
In December 1997, a separate civil proceeding initiated by Tony Clarkson resulted in the revocation of Bandler's UK ] of NLP. The Court ruled in Clarkson's favor.<ref>{{cite web |title=NLP Matters |url=http://www.anlp.org/anlpnews.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406091232/http://www.anlp.org/anlpnews.htm |archive-date=6 April 2001 |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Case details for trade mark UK00002067188 |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmcase/Results/1/UK00002067188 |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> | |||
===Resolution and legacy (2000)=== | |||
Some authors (Bradbury, 1997) use internal Verbal/Auditory/Kinesthetic strategies in order to categorize people within a thinking strategies or ] framework. Unfortunately this theory is also suffers from lack of support from scientific studies. Some early NLP trainings also classified people into "<b>Preferred</b> Representation Systems" (PRS) - such that a person may be predominately visual, auditory, or kinaesthetic. In the 1980s, "strategies" were modeled, and NLP teaches that people use different sequences of representation systems in different contexts as part of their experience, and these sequences can be detected. | |||
Bandler and Grinder reached a settlement in late 2000, acknowledging their status as co-creators and co-founders of NLP and committing to refrain from disparaging one another's NLP-related endeavors.{{sfn|Grinder|Bostic St. Clair|2001|loc=Appendix A}} | |||
Due to these disputes and settlements, the terms 'NLP' and 'Neuro-Linguistic Programming' remain in the ]. No single party holds exclusive rights, and there are no restrictions on offering NLP certifications.{{sfn|Hall|2010}}<ref>{{cite web |title=3.5. Who Owns NLP? |website=NLP Archives – Frequently Asked Questions about NLP |url=http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042934/http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm |archive-date=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=((This page contains the ruling in the case of Richard Bandler against many others in the NLP community)) |website=NLP Archives – Frequently Asked Questions about NLP |url=http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/lawsuit.htm |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627031836/http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/lawsuit.htm |archive-date=2013-06-27}}</ref><ref name="Trademark Status and Document Retrieval-2013">{{cite web |title=75351747 |website=Trademark Status and Document Retrieval |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office |url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=75351747&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=14 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Trademark Status and Document Retrieval-2013a">{{cite web |title=73253122 |website=Trademark Status and Document Retrieval |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office |url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=73253122&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=14 June 2013 }}</ref> | |||
NLP models of experience sometimes also give a theory connecting representation systems with ] of left and right brain dominance for certain skills, such as ] and ] for engram traces in the left hemisphere, and creativity and imagination for engram traces in the right hemisphere (Bandler & Grinder, 1975a; O'Connor & McDermott, 1996). Some NLP proponents, such as Bandler and Grinder (1975b), Dilts (1998) and Lewis (1985) use left/right brain ] differences to explain how the mind works in relation to eye accessing cues and representational systems. However, scientific knowledge indicates that these are oversimplified and mythical ] (Sala et al, 1999; Drenth, 2003). | |||
The designations "NLP" and "Neuro-linguistic Programming" are not owned, trademarked, or subject to centralized regulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=NLP FAQ |url=http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm |date=27 July 2001 |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042934/http://users.telenet.be/merlevede/nlpfaq35.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NLP Comprehensive Lawsuit Response |url=http://www.steverrobbins.com/nlpschedule/random/lawsuit-nlpc.html |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717201129/http://www.steverrobbins.com/nlpschedule/random/lawsuit-nlpc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Trademark Status and Document Retrieval-2013"/><ref name="Trademark Status and Document Retrieval-2013a" /> Consequently, there are no restrictions on individuals self-identifying as "NLP Master Practitioners" or "NLP Master Trainers."<ref name="Roderique-Davies-2009" /> This decentralization has led to numerous certifying associations. | |||
The conjecture that a person has a preferred representational system (PRS) which is observed in the choice of words has been found to be false according to rigorous research reviews (Platt, 2001). The assertion that a person has a PRS which can be determined by the direction of eye movements found even less support (Heap, 1988; Platt, 2001). | |||
=== |
===Decentralization and criticism=== | ||
This lack of centralized control means there's no single standard for NLP practice or training. Practitioners can market their own methodologies, leading to inconsistencies within the field.<ref name="Carroll-2009" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Moxom |first1=Karen |title=The NLP Professional: Create a More Professional, Effective and Successful NLP Business |edition=|year=2011 |publisher=Ecademy Press |location=Herts |isbn=978-1-907722-55-4 |pages=46–50 |chapter=Three: Demonstrating Best Practice |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KEYurmAA8sC}}</ref> This has been a source of criticism, highlighted by an incident in 2009 where a British television presenter registered his cat<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8303126.stm |title=Cat registered as hypnotherapist |publisher=] |date=12 October 2009 |access-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> with the British Board of Neuro Linguistic Programming (BBNLP), demonstrating the organization's lax credentialing. Critics like Karen Stollznow find irony in the initial legal battles between Bandler and Grinder, considering their failure to apply their own NLP principles to resolve their conflict.<ref name="Stollznow-2010"/> Others, such as Grant Devilly, characterize NLP associations as "]s"—a term implying a lack of unifying principles or a shared sense of purpose.<ref name="Devilly-2005"/> | |||
== See also == | |||
The ] is a set of thirteen language patterns developed from Virginia Satir, and Fritz Perls designed to determine what a person believes about any given subject often in order to change those beliefs. These include distortions, generalizations or deletions in the speaker's language (Bandler & Grinder, 1975a Ch3). The meta-model can be reduced to the asking a subject "What specifically", or "How specifically?" to clarify a speaker. | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
'''Notable practitioners''' | |||
The reverse set of the meta-model is the Milton-model; a collection of vague (not specific) language patterns elicited from the work of ]. It is said that the vague language is used to cause the client to lead the client to come to conclusions using their own imagination. | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
== Notes == | |||
Together these 2 models form the basis for the all other NLP models. | |||
{{notelist|30em}} | |||
'''Example 1: Distortions - Presuppositions''' | |||
*Speaker: I'm afraid my son is turning out to be as lazy as my husband | |||
*Challenge: Is your husband lazy? | |||
'''Example 2: Generalizations - Lack of Referential Index (never, nobody, everybody, all, ...)''' | |||
*Speaker: Nobody pays attention to anything I say. | |||
*Challenge: Who doesn't pay attention to you? | |||
*Speaker: My son and daughter. | |||
'''Example 3: Deletions - Comparatives and Superlatives (best, worst, ...)''' | |||
*Speaker: I'm feeling better. | |||
*Challenged: Compared to what? | |||
===Other Models=== | |||
NLP proponents also did research in beliefs, ]s, the ] model, etc. For more information, see the ] category. | |||
== Recent Developments == | |||
Since the mid ] NLP has become more widespread, and following the example of Richard Bandler (who attempted legal action to claim the bulk of the field as his own personal intellectual and commercial property because he could not resolve the dispute through the use of NLP (Salerno 2005). The dispute between Bandler and Grinder over trademarks and copyright was resolved in court of California in 2000 who deemed NLP a generic term (Salerno 2005)(Appendix, Grinder & Bostic, 2001). NLP has undergone some changes in the following directions: | |||
# Individual trainers have often introduced or idiosyncratically developed their own methods, concepts and labels, branding them under the "NLP" name (Carroll 2003) | |||
# Much is now largely targeted for niche markets (particularly commercialized, cut down or self-help usage), and these often involve disagreements within the NLP world, and may be more controversial or esoteric, sometimes ]ally or evangelistically taught, often made into proprietary and customized packagings (Eisner 2000). | |||
# Further to this, NLP methodologies, have increasingly been used to model more controversial phenomenae, such as psychic power, magick, physical body changes and other reported states and abilities, and other "dubious activities" (Loma 2001). Often the results are marketed as a shortcut way to achieve these oneself, using NLP's "brand" for credibility. | |||
# Some of the original developers, noteably Richard Bandler and the stage hypnotist Paul McKenna, have encouraged these trends and the resulting fragmentation and move towards "pop NLP" has discredited the subject in the eyes of many people. | |||
# As time has passed, even trainers who teach basic NLP have often been drawn (or perhaps come under competitive pressure) to focus their trainings "on something", be it business use, medical use, or personal self-help use. This has also led to modern NLP to be seen not as the "toolbox", but as yet another new age fad (Carroll 2003). | |||
NLP proponents claim that NLP is eclectic, open frame, and focused on what an individual practitioner feels "works". As such, it tends to be increasingly considered as ] (Drenth 2003; Lilienfeld et al 2003). It is still taught using the claims to holism and eclecticism designed to immunize it from verifiable efficacy (Lilienfeld et al 2003). "New age" or "commercialized" NLP is increasingly targeted for saleability, and may be characterized as a blend of classic NLP, application specific training, possibly including personal theories and/or pseudoscience of the creator's choosing. The divorce of Tony Robbins despite his commercial promotion of "Perfect Marriage" counseling has also led to a great deal of disenchantment from his own followers (Salerno 2005). | |||
== NLP Applications == | |||
NLP has been applied to fields such as sales, therapy, communication, education, coaching, sport, management, business, occult practices, and spiritual development. This is both through the use of existing NLP patterns, and through modeling thought-to-be high performers in fields. NLP has spawned a 'toolbox' of NLP patterns which have been used in various fields in different ways. | |||
=== Psychotherapy === | |||
NLP developers modeled the first NLP applications after techniques used in ], ], ] and ]. Around 1978, NLP practitioner certification was set up as a 20 day program with the aim of training therapists. In Europe, the has been working to reform this training in line with European therapy standards. However, in the US, this certification still does not require any professional qualifications. It has been said that exaggerated claims about NLP tend to be generated by such NLP practitioners (Eisner 2000). | |||
There are claimed to be various patterns (eg, the NLP fast phobia cure) which often help with specific goals. Most of the basic NLP techniques can be self applied, though working with a practitioner is said to be beneficial especially for less basic change work. Qualified NLP practitioners claim to be able to do more complex NLP change work (Eisner 2000). | |||
===Self Help and Inspirational Seminars=== | |||
NLP methods and models are often applied by personal and business coaches, whether for individuals and teams. Many people learn NLP processes as a means of personal development, and do not themselves formally coach or counsel others. Motivational speakers such as ], promote NLP through books, seminars, and other such information products. (Robbins sought to trademark his own personalized style of NLP when it became a generic term.) | |||
NLP seminars often involve ] methods of dissemination, similar to ] and and ] seminars. Some of these seminars involve day long, or several day periods of large group awareness activities including the introduction of well known guest speakers and promotion of ] products. | |||
===Coaching and other HR applications=== | |||
With the raise in populatity of topics such as emotional intelligence and coaching since 1996, many NLP trainers and consultants are now applying NLP techniques in HR application areas. | |||
===Energy, Spiritual Experience and New Age Movement=== | |||
NLP often involves spirituality especially with reference to the logical levels view. Similar to other amoral pseudoscientific psychocults such as ] and EST (Novopashin 2004; Eisner 2000), some NLP proponents include ] notions of psychic energy. In addition, NLP is occasionally used with remote ] influence (James and Shepherd 2001). | |||
The foundation for Bandler and Grinder's NLP is based in the ] (Williams 2000; Swets and Bjork 1990). | |||
{{Quotation|for so many years people would say NLP didn't have anything to do with spirituality and yet the title of NLP Vol.1 is "The study of the structure of subjective experience", ... well if spiritual is a subjective experience how could it not be part of NLP.''|Robert Dilts|1997}} | |||
Some NLP users consider the mind, spirit and physical body as a system; that is, each influences the other (Dilts 1992). Humans communicate by taking in information through the senses, but also by giving out communication as a kind of energy. | |||
Bandler often uses shamanistic anecdotes in his seminars (Hall & Belnap, 1999) and Grinder uses terms such as "]/]" and "stop the world states", terms borrowed from ]'s ] writings (see for example, Grinder & Delozier, 1987). Shaman and philosophers have used metaphor and some NLP proponents believe that every (succesfull) healer must make use of principles that are similar to those used by witch doctors and shamans (Derks & Hollander 1998). As such, the Spiritual Healing process has been developed by Dilts and McDonald for the Tools of the Spirit program (1992). | |||
According to Bandler and Grinder (1975a, 1979), collateral energy (Bateson 1972, Bateson 1979, Grinder & Delozier, 1986) can be liberated from maladaptive patterns (1979) including phobia reduction process (Visual-Kinesthetic Synaesthesia Dissociation (VKD)) (Figley, 1987), interventions may involve reframing, and recall of past pleasurable experiences and/or fantasy (1979 pp.115-117,174). | |||
Hall (2001) claims that NLP can be used to “create both positive (+) and negative (-) psychic energy which operate at polar opposites from each other”. Energy can be created by using the “right words” (Lakin 2000), and by using inner commitment (Andreas and Faulkner 1996), and ] can create an alignment of energy levels in two different individuals regardless of physical state (Valentino, 1999). It is also claimed that by using NLP, energy can be directed outside of the body all the way to the very furthest reaches of the of the universe (James and Shephard, 2001). | |||
Energy Psychology and the concept of energy is popular subject with NLP trainers and practitioners; some NLP promoters combine NLP with spiritual beliefs such as ] and witchcraft (James and Shephard, 2001). Users who apply NLP patterns in spiritual contexts are often said any religion "whether it be Christian, Buddhist, Occultist, Taoist, Rosicrucian, or any other" (O'Connor and McDermot, 1996). | |||
==Science== | |||
===Scientific Testing=== | |||
NLP has been ]ly tested over many years, and it has been found to be largely ineffective (Thaler Singer & Lalich, 1996). In ], the US National Committee, asked in to judge the various techniques of NLP using available research, and showed that NLP was scientifically unsupported (Heap 1988). | |||
In relating to current understanding of neurology and perception NLP is in error (Bertelsen, 1987), and instead of being grounded in contemporary, scientifically derived neurological theory, NLP is based on outdated metaphors of brain functioning and is laced with numerous factual errors (Druckman and Swets 1988). There is no evidence to support either NLP assumptions or NLP effectiveness (Druckman, & Swets, 1988). | |||
A single critique by Einspruch and Forman (1985) stated that Sharpley's review of NLP (1984) contained methodological errors. However, Sharpley (1987) refuted this and provided further experimental evidence to demonstrate that NLP is ineffective and in error in both method and model. | |||
The ] US National Committee report found that "Individually, and as a group, these studies fail to provide an empirical base of support for NLP assumptions...or NLP effectiveness. The committee cannot recommend the employment of such an unvalidated technique" (Druckman & Swets, 1988). In addition, Edgar Johnson, technical director of the Army Research Institute heading the NLP focused Project Jedi stated that "Lots of data shows that NLP doesn't work" (Squires 1988). NLP has failed to yield convincing evidence for the NLP model, and failed to provide evidence for its effectiveness (Heap 1989). A personal opinion of NLP by hypnotherapist D. Morgan states that the methods of NLP are "devious, indirect, and dubious" (Morgan 1993). | |||
The proposed relationship between eye movement direction and preferred representational system does not stand up to scientific scrutiny (Von Bergen et al 1997) based on controlled studies of NLP hypotheses. | |||
Thus, objective and empirical studies (Bertelsen, 1987, Bleimeister, 1988; Heap, 1988) and review papers (Platt, 2001) have consistently shown NLP to be ineffective and reviews or meta-analyses have given NLP a conclusively negative assessment, and the reiterated statement that there is no neuro-scientific basis for any of NLP"'s claims, or any scientific support for its claimed efficacy (Thaler Singer and Lalich 1996; Drenth 2003; Lilienfeld et al 2003; Eisner 2000). | |||
NLP has not attained sufficient scientific support and as such it is considered inappropriate for thorough clinical studies (Eisner 2000), and due to general disillusionment with NLP it’s mention in psychotherapy journals and books is becoming increasingly rare (Efran and Lukens 1990). Currently, NLP is only briefly mentoned in minor speculative discussion studies into business and human computer interaction studies with inconclusive findings. | |||
There are scientific explanations for why some people perceive some aspects of NLP to work sometimes. This can be due to the ], ], superficial symptomatic rather than core treatment, distortion of fact through beliefs change misrepresenting the value in the treatment, and overestimating some apparent successes while ignoring, downplaying, or explaining away failures (Beyerstein, 1997). | |||
===Claims to science=== | |||
NLP associates itself with science in order to raise its own prestige (Beyerstein, 1991). Grinder claims that NLP is both an ] and a ] (Grinder, 2003) and many NLP promoters and advertisers continue to call the originators "scientists" and to use such terms as "science" to promote their ideas, "technology", and "hi-tech psychology" in order to sell NLP (Thaler Singer & Lalich, 1996). Grinder more recently has been promoting the epistemological side of NLP in contrast with its methodological and technological aspects. | |||
NLP advocates attempt to associate NLP with great minds such as ] (Grinder & Delozier, 1987), and to imply extraordinary ]. Einsteinian thought supports Hume's dictum: "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence", though NLP promoters have failed to provide normal scientific evidence for efficacy or validity. | |||
Psychological modeling distinguishes constructs or factors, it makes considerable effort to measure the existence and strength of the parts of the model, and takes great care to measure the distinct association between each proposed construct (Michie et al, 2005) and this contrasts sharply with NLP as most NLP promoters make no attempt to fulfill these requirements. A criticism has been that "NLP modeling" (of patterns of excellence, based on high-performance models) cannot be verified through statistical methods (Carrol, 2003). According to science, without verification through statistical/psychological methods the techniques developed from patterns may have nothing to do with the patterns or their source models (Carroll, 2003). | |||
The ] view is that "NLP is not informed about linguistics literature, it is based on vague insights that were out of date long ago, their linguistics concepts are not properly construed or are mere fabrications, and conclusions are based upon the wrong premises. NLP theory and practice has nothing to do with neuroscientific insights or linguistics, nor with informatics or theories of programming. NLP developers are not interested in the question as to how neurological processes take place, or in serious research" (Levelt, 1995). | |||
Therefore, according to the principles of science, NLP promotes methods which are false, inaccurate or ineffective (Bleimeister, 1988; Heap, 1988; Platt, 2001), and develops techniques which may have nothing to do with either the models or the sources of the "models" and makes claims about thinking and perception which do not seem to be supported by neuroscience (Bertelsen, 1987; Druckman & Swets, 1988; Platt, 2001; Carroll, 2003). | |||
===Pseudoscience=== | |||
NLP has been classed as a ] self help development (Levelt, 1995; Williams et al, 2000; Lilienfeld et al, 2003; Drenth, 2003), who each also put it in the same mould as ] and ], also considered pseudoscience. This is in part due to the fact that the reviews of research on NLP have not supported either the assumptions of NLP or the efficacy (Thaler Singer & Lalich, 1996), but the NLP community continues to claim their assumptions and methods are powerful, relying only on testimonials and anecdotal evidence to support their claims. NLP proponents are considered similar to proponents of ] and EST. | |||
NLP proponents appear to be resistant to subjecting their field to the scientific method (Levelt 1995). For instance, in ''Whispering in the Wind'', Bostic St.Clair & Grinder (2002) say NLP modeling is not compatible with statistics. | |||
Pseudoscience is prone to certain fallacies and characteristics. These can be; Overgeneral predictions, pseudoscientific experimentation, dogmatic adherence or recycling of de-validated claims (Winn and Wiggins, 2001). | |||
The characteristics of pseudoscience have been identified in NLP promotion. The characteristics of pseudoscience are (Lilienfeld et al, 2003) : | |||
*The use of obscurantist language and ] (eg ]s, parapragmatics, sub-modalities etc) | |||
*The absence of connectivity (Levelt, 1995) | |||
*Over-reliance on testimonial and anecdotal evidence (Krugman et al 1999) | |||
*An overuse of ad hoc hypotheses designed to immunize claims from falsification (Singer 1999) | |||
*Emphasis on confirmation rather refutation (eg reliance on asking how rather than why) | |||
*Absence of boundary conditions | |||
*The mantra of ] (Claiming that NLP is unmeasurable due to too many factors(Eisner 2000) | |||
*Evasion of peer review | |||
*Reversed burden of proof (away from those making claim, and towards those testing the claim). | |||
Pseudoscientific arguments tend to contain several or all of these factors, as can be seen in this example that shows ad hoc hypotheses and holistic argument as an attempt to explain away the negative findings, and an emphasis on confirmation and reversed burden of proof etc. A personal opinion of NLP by hypnotherapist D. Morgan states that the methods of NLP are "devious, indirect, and dubious" (Morgan 1993). | |||
==Criticism == | |||
NLP has been criticized by psychologists, management scholars, linguists, psychotherapists and cult awareness groups, on various grounds. These include inconsistency, ethical questions, cult-like characteristics, promotion of unwarranted claims, and ineffectiveness (see science section for ] and unscientific information). Indeed, NLP has been characterised gullibility, naivety of thinking, and sheer fraudulence (Heap 1991). | |||
After researching for the Financial Times, Sanghera reported that {{Citenews | surname=Sanghera | given=S | title=Look into my eyes and tell me I'm learning not to be a loser | date=Aug 26, 2005 | org=Financial Times, London (UK) | url=http://news.ft.com/cms/s/770f7e96-15cd-11da-8085-00000e2511c8.html}} critics say that NLP is simply a half-baked conflation of pop psychology and pseudo-science that uses jargon to disguise the fact that it is based on a bunch of banal, if not incorrect, presuppositions. Without the required scientific support NLP is just mass marketed psychopablum (Eisner 2000). The British Psychological Society classes NLP as "quintessential charlatanry" (Parker 1999). Most evidence used by NLP promoters to promote the use of NLP appears to be unsubstantiated, uncorroborated or entirely anecdotal (Platt 2001). | |||
===Extraordinary Claims=== | |||
Numerous extraordinary and unsupported claims have been made by some NLP promoters. | |||
NLP is often promoted as "the study of the structure of subjective experience" but as yet no scientific evidence has been presented in order to support such a structure (Carroll 2003). In "The Charismatic Kid: Tony Robbins", the authors refer to statements such as "it's not uncommon for the turnaround on a phobia such as heights or spiders to be under 10 minutes" and that you can "make someone fall in love with you in 5 minutes" (Griffin & Goldsmith, 1985, p. 41). ] has also claimed that through neurolinguistic programming, clinicians can "cure people of ] and long-standing psychological problems", and that NLP also has allowed him to "make a woman have an ] without touching her," and even "bring a person who was ] back to life" (Leikind & McCarthy, 1991). | |||
Also, Bandler has claimed that he taught a novice woman martial artist how to beat an experienced martial artist by slowing down her perception of time (Bandler 1993. p105). Bandler and Grinder also claim that it is possible to develop photographic memory through the use of NLP (Eisner 2000). These type of exaggerated claims are quite common within the literature of NLP and other literature from the human potential movement, and is also criticised for going against advertising standards. | |||
] | |||
Dubious treatments such as hypnotic breast enhancement and penis enlargement often claim to use NLP in order to produce this effect. | |||
===Unethical use=== | |||
Ethical concerns of ] using NLP processes has been raised. NLP processes are intended for change work, and when used as a set of techniques directed towards specific goals, can become mechanistic ("this is how to do that") or manipulative ("this is how to make someone do something"). | |||
In fields such as sales, there is said to be a strong effort to get the 'customer' to buy using NLP, with NLP books being sold as "The Unfair Advantage in Sales" and "The Science and Technology of Getting What You Want". Similar concerns have been raised over NLP patterns being used in "speed seduction" (see ] and ]) and 'optional' concern for the person being 'seduced'. The main concern is that the promotional push of NLP is seen as encouraging people to find more ways to manipulate individuals against their will. Although the effectiveness of NLP as an influencing technique is also scientifically unsupported and some tests have found it to be ineffective, it is widely used within management, and marketing where reputable individuals consider it powerful. | |||
Therapy and coaching fields usually require an ethical code of conduct (eg: ). NLP is said to be ethically neutral and is not intended to cover all medical ethical considerations, and few NLP trainings teach a specific code of ethics for the fields a student might apply NLP to, such as confidentiality in the clinical field. | |||
In addition, "Ethical standards bodies and other professional associations state that unless a technique, process, drug, or surgical procedure can meet requirements of clinical tests, it is ethically questionable to offer it to the public, especially if money is to change hands" (Beyerstein 1997). | |||
===Dubious new age therapies=== | |||
NLP is often criticised as being a dubious ] therapy. This is often as a result of users attempting to model spiritual experiences lacking scientific support. Also, some people who sell psychic services such as remote viewing or remote seduction, sometimes promote this via a connection with NLP. | |||
NLP is sometimes sold in combination with ] methods of magic (by Richard Bandler) or ] (by Tad James). According to Singer & Lalich, (1996), NLP has been found to be largely ineffective, the general behavior of NLP advocates is one of wishful thinking and passing the buck which is characteristic of quick fix schemes. Bandler often used anecdotes and metaphors about the occult in his workshops and large group awareness training ] seminars (Hall & Belnap, 1999) and teaches workshops in practical shamanism. | |||
===Cult characteristics=== | |||
NLP methods have been associated with modern day ] (Langone, 1993; Tippet, 1994; Singer 2003), it is seen as an intrinsic part of modern ritual mind control tactics (Crabtree, 2002) and NLP has even been monitored by the Cult Awareness Network (Shupe & Darnell, 2000) and appears on some lists of cults (Howell, 2001). NLP is said to promote an "almost evangelical fervour" and some practitioners are unreceptive or even unprepared to countenance scientific reviews of NLP (Platt 2001). | |||
The presuppositions of NLP create a background for reduced resistance in the guise of empowerment for the devotees. The presuppositional beliefs - positive intention regardless of negative action - are commonly utilized in other communication and therapeutic fields, but lead to a fertile ground for manipulation on the part of cult leaders. | |||
NLP has belief systems and social control methods which certain cults use in combination with the occult and pseudoscience to claim modern day miracles and induce dependence and compliance on the part of their victims. NLP hypnotic techniques are used by both mild cults and very aggressive cults to induce dependence on the cult, and to further provide conditioning to induce compliance within the cult (Langone, 1993). NLP has resistance reducing ] aspects. These are only effective in combination with the usual high social pressure, threats, and authority control used within cults or similar social situations, and make the victim passive and controllable. It is said that NLP is attractive to cult leaders due to its strong marketing push towards "the unfair advantage" (Langone, 1993). ] philosophies are compatible with the occult mindset of cult acolytes and leaders (Barrett 1997), and NLP is said to share these. | |||
NLP training programs used in the business sector have received complaints of undue and forced adoption of fundamental beliefs, intense confrontational psychological techniques, and coercion through NLP. Aside from complaining that about being put through programs tantamount to a forced religious conversion, employees also objected to specific techniques being used including intense confrontational sessions (Thaler Singer, 1995). | |||
Several cult awareness organizations and scientists such as Eisner (2000) state that NLP is a cult at worst or a New Age movement at best. Some state that NLP procedures are used within mild and agressive cults. The methods and promotion of NLP have been considered to be unethical by scientists such as Beyerstein (2001), Singer (1999) and Carroll (2003), and NLP has been identified by the British Psychology Society as "quintessential charlatanry" (Parker 1999). | |||
===Buzzwords and trademarks=== | |||
NLP's existing patterns, processes and ] are modified and rebranded for promotional purposes. Motivational speaker ], for example, uses NLP technology under the banner "neuroassociative conditioning" and has used unconventional methods such as firewalking to get people's attention (). NLP has created its own technical vocabulary, and some terms are used with a different definition than was originally the case in areas such as applied ] and ]. But in some cases, NLP trainers have created obvious "buzz-words" which are not as much descriptive, as marketing-led. | |||
Many trainers and authors still use the generic term NLP (eg: Robert Dilts, Steve Andreas), though in response to Bandler's legal attempt in the ] to gain the use of the term "NLP" as personal property, several others were legally advised to train under a different name while still referring to NLP as the basis for this: | |||
*John Grinder teaches New Code of NLP | |||
*] teaches NAC (Neuro Associaive Conditioning<sup>TM</sup>) | |||
*Michael Hall teaches Neuro Semantics<sup>TM</sup> | |||
*Tad James teaches Advanced Neuro Dynamics<sup>TM</sup> & Time Line Therapy<sup>TM</sup> | |||
*Richard Bandler himself now teaches his own offshoot of NLP, called DHE (]<sup>TM</sup>) | |||
*Margo Anand promotes a form of NLP called SkyDancing TantraTM | |||
"NLP has been marketed to the general public using a broad brush approach to solutions" (Carroll, 2003), and adopts conveniently broad and simple terms, ], and pseudoscience and myths about the ] to promote its claims (Drenth, 2003). NLP lacks a coherent theory that would explain its terminology and mechanisms of action; it uses anecdotal stories and testimonials as "evidence", while lacks empirical support. NLP is said to have many characteristics of other pseudosciences: scientific-sounding jargon, reliance on anecdotal evidence, unsubstantiated claims of rapid cures, absence of a sound theoretical basis, and over-promotion for financial gains (Krugman et al 1985). | |||
==Notes== | |||
#{{note label|refs|Dilts et al. 1980|Dilts_1980}}{{Book reference | Author=Dilts, Robert B Dilts R, Grinder,J. Bandler,R Cameron-Bandler,L, DeLozier J, | Title=NLP: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience. | Publisher=Cupertino, California: Meta Publications, | Year=1980}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
===Citations=== | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
===Works cited=== | |||
See ] for a fuller list of Books and articles not directly referenced on this page. | |||
;Primary sources | |||
;Criticism | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
*Derks and Hollander (1998) Systemic Voodoo. ISBN 1907388896 | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=Richard |last2=Grinder |first2=John |title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy |year=1975 |publisher=Science and Behavior Books Inc. |isbn=978-0-8314-0044-6 |title-link=The Structure of Magic}} | |||
* Robert Todd Carroll, Robert T. Carroll (2003) The Skeptic's Dictionary Publisher: Wiley; . | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=Richard |last2=Grinder |first2=John |title=The Structure of Magic II |edition=1st |year=1976 |publisher=Science and Behavior Books |location=California |isbn=978-0-8314-0049-1 |title-link=The Structure of Magic}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Thaler Singer, Margaret & Janja Lalich | Title=Crazy Therapies : What they are? Do they work? | Publisher=New York, NY: Jossey Bass | Year=1996 | ID=0787902780}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=Richard |last2=Grinder |first2=John| editor1-last = Andreas| editor1-first = Steve |title=Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming |edition= |year=1979 |publisher=Real People Press |location=Utah |isbn=978-0-911226-19-5 |title-link=Frogs into Princes}} | |||
*Salerno, S(2005); Sham : How the Self-Help Movement Made America Helpless. Crown Publishers | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=Richard |last2=Grinder |first2=John |title=Trance-formations: Neuro-linguistic Programming and the Structure of Hypnosis |year=1981 |publisher=Real People Press |isbn=978-0-911226-22-5 |chapter=Appendix II: Hypnotic Language Patterns: The Milton-Model}} | |||
*{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Sanghera | given=S | title=Look into my eyes and tell me I'm learning not to be a loser | date=Aug 26, 2005 | org=Financial Times, London (UK) | url=http://news.ft.com/cms/s/770f7e96-15cd-11da-8085-00000e2511c8.html}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=Richard |last2=Grinder |first2=John |year=1982 |title=Reframing: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Transformation of Meaning |publisher=Real People Press |isbn=0-911226-25-7}} | |||
*Scott O. Lilienfeld, Steven Jay Lynn, and Jeffrey M. Lohr (Eds.) (2003) . Guilford Press, New York. ISBN 1-57230-282-1,. | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=Richard |editor1-last=Andreas |editor1-first=Steve |editor2-link=Connirae Andreas |editor2-last=Andreas |editor2-first=Connirae |year=1985 |title=Using Your Brain–for a Change |publisher=Real People Press |isbn=0-911226-27-3}} | |||
;Scientific review of NLP | |||
* {{cite book |last=Bandler |first=Richard |title=Time for a Change |year=1993 |publisher=Meta Publications |isbn=978-0-916990-28-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/timeforchange00band |url-access=registration }} | |||
*Drenth, J.D. (2003) Growing anti-intellectualism in Europe; a menace to science. Studia Psychologica, 2003, 45, 5-13 | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Dilts |first1=Robert |last2=Grinder |first2=John |last3=Bandler |first3=Richard |last4=DeLozier |first4=Judith |title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming |volume=I: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience |edition=Limited |year=1980 |publisher=Meta Publications |location=California |isbn=978-0-916990-07-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwsRAQAAIAAJ }} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Druckman, Daniel & John A Swets, (Eds) | Title=Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques | Publisher=Washington DC: National Academy Press | Year=1988 | ID=ISBN 0309037921}}<br>See pages 138-149. Retrieved 25 Aug 2005 | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Grinder |first1=John |last2=DeLozier |first2=Judith |title=Turtles All The Way Down: Prerequisites To Personal Genius |edition=1st |year=1987 |publisher=Grinder & Associates |location=California |isbn=978-1-55552-022-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/turtlesallwaydow00grin|url-access=registration }} | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Bradley, E J & Heinz J Biedermann | Title=Bandler and Grinder's Communication Analysis: Its historical context and contribution. | Journal=Psychotherapy, Theory and Research | Year=1985 | Volume=22 | Pages=59-62}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Grinder |first1=John |last2=Bostic St. Clair |title=Whispering in the Wind |year=2001 |publisher=J & C Enterprises |isbn=978-0-9717223-0-9}} | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Bertelsen, Preben & Lars Hem: | Title=Om begrebet: klientens model af verden (??: the client's model of the world)| Journal=Psyke & Logos | Year=1987 | Volume=2 | Pages=375-408}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
*Beyerstein. B.L. (1997) Why Bogus Therapies Seem to Work. Skeptical Inquirer magazine. September/October 1997 | |||
*Beyerstein, B. (2001). Fringe psychotherapies: The public at risk. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 5, 70-79. | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Platt, Garry | Title=NLP - Neuro Linguistic Programming or No Longer Plausible? | Journal=Training Journal | Year=2001 | Volume=May 2001 | Pages=10-15}}<br>See Retrieved 24 Aug 2005. | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Bliemeister, J | Title=Empirische Uberprufung zentraler theoretischer Konstrukte des Neurolinguistischen Programmierens (NLP) (Empirical verification of central theoretical constructs of neurolinguistic programming (NLP).) | Journal=Zeitschrift f klinische Psychologie, Forschung und Praxis | Year=1988 | Volume=17(1) | Pages=21-30}} | |||
*Heap, M. (1989) Neurolinguistic programming: What is the evidence? In D Waxman D. Pederson. I, Wilkie, and P Mellett(Eds) Hypnosis: The fourth european congress at Oxford (pp 118-124) London. Whurr Publishers. | |||
*Williams, W F. general editor.(2000) Encyclopedia of pseudoscience | |||
Publisher Facts On File New York. | |||
*Helisch. M (2004) Veranstaltung:- Gesellschaftliche Funktion, Entwicklung und Sozialisation von Emotionen Seitenzahl: 39 Issue: 1 | |||
*Raso. J. (1994) "Alternative" Healthcare: A Comprehensive Guide. Prometheus Books. ISBN: 0879758910 | |||
*Winn, C.M , and Wiggins,A.W (2001) QUANTUM LEAPS..in the wrong direction: Where real science ends and pseudoscience begins. Joseph Henry Press. | |||
;Psychology theory | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Michie, S, M Johnston, C Abraham, R Lawton, D Parker & A Walker | Title=Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: a consensus approach | Journal=Quality & Safety in Health Care | Year=2005 | Volume=14 | Pages=26-33}} | |||
*Derks, L. & Goldblatt, R.,(1985) The Feedforward Conception of Consciousness: A Bridge between Therapeutic Practice and Experimental Psychology. The William James Foundation, Amsterdam. | |||
;Human Resources | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Von Bergen, C W, Barlow Soper, Gary T Rosenthal, Lamar V Wilkinson | Title=Selected alternative training techniques in HRD | Journal=Human Resource Development Quarterly | Year=1997 | Volume=8(4) | Pages=281-294}} | |||
;Enneagrams | |||
*Valentino, A (1999) Personality Selling : Using NLP and the Enneagram to Understand People and How They Are Influenced Vantage Point Publishing ISBN: 0966773233 | |||
;Cults (New Religious Movements) | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Barrett, D. V. | Title=The New Believers - A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions | Publisher=UK, Cassell & Co. | Year=2003 | ID=1844030407}} | |||
*Barrett, D. (1997) Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions: A World Survey and Sourcebook. Pub Blandford. | |||
*Christopher, P. (2004) New Religions: A Guide : New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. Oxford University Press ISBN: 0195220420 | |||
*Howell, Tom (2001). . Retrieved August 29, 2005. | |||
*{{Conference reference | Author=Shupe, Anson & Susan E Darnell | Title=CAN, We Hardly Knew Ye: Sex, Drugs, Deprogrammers?Kickbacks, and Corporate Crime in the (old) Cult Awareness Network | Booktitle=Society for the Scientific Study of Religion | Year=October 2000 | Pages=Appendix B}} | |||
*{{Citenewsauthor | surname=Tippet | given=Gary | title=Inside the cults of mind control | date=3 Apr 1994 | org=Melbourne, Australia: Sunday Age | url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/general/general756.html}} Retrieved 28 Aug 2005 | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Langone, Michael D (Ed) | Title=Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse | Publisher=New York, NY: W W Norton & Company | Year=1993 | ID=ISBN 0393313212}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Thaler Singer, Margaret | Title=Cults in Our Midst : The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace | Publisher=New York, NY: Jossey Bass | Year=1995 | ID=ISBN 0787967416}}<br />See ] and Retrieved 25 Aug 2005 | |||
;Brain theory | |||
*Schacter.D (1997) Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past Publisher: Basic Books; (1997) ISBN: 0465075525 | |||
;NLP application | |||
*Bradbury, A (1997) NLP for business success. Kogan Page. | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Skinner, H. and Stephens, P. | Title=Speaking the Same Language: Exploring the relevance of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to Marketing Communications | Journal=Journal of Marketing Communications | Year=2003 | Volume=September | Pages=9(3)}} | |||
;NLP literature | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Dilts, Robert B, McDonald, Robert | Title=Tools of the spirit | Publisher=NLP University Press | Year=1997}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Dilts, Robert B, Todd Epstein, Robert W Dilts | Title=Tools for Dreamers: Strategies for Creativity | Publisher=Palo Alto, CA: Meta Publications | Year=1991 | ID=ISBN 0916990265}} | |||
* Dilts, R. (1998) Modeling With NLP Meta Publications ISBN: 0916990419 | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Dilts, Robert B | Title=Cognitive Patterns of Jesus of Nazareth | Publisher=Ben Lomond, CA: Dynamic Learning Publications | Year=1992 | ID=ISBN -}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Grinder, John & Judith DeLozier | Title=Turtles All the Way Down: Prerequisites to Personal Genius | Publisher=Scoots Valley, CA: Grinder & Associates | Year=1987 | ID=ISBN 1555520227}} | |||
* {{Book reference | Author=Grinder, John | Title=Interview in London on New Code of NLP | Publisher=Inspiritive, Sydney Australia | Year=2003 | ID=-}}<br>See | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Grinder, John & Judith DeLozier | Title=Turtles All the Way Down: Prerequisites to Personal Genius | Publisher=Scotts Valley, CA: Grinder & Associates | Year=1987 | ID=ISBN 1555520227}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Grinder, John & Richard Bandler | Title=The Structure of Magic II: A Book About Communication and Change | Publisher=Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books | Year=1975 | ID=ISBN 0831400498}} | |||
* Heap.M. Dryden.W. (1991) Hypnotherapy : a handbook .Publisher Open University Press, 1991. | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=O'Connor, Joseph & Ian McDermott | Title=Principles of NLP | Publisher=London, UK: Thorsons | Year=1996 | ID=ISBN 0722531958}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Bostic St Clair, Carmen & John Grinder | Title=Whispering in the Wind | Publisher=Scotts Valley, CA:J & C Enterprises | Year=2002 | ID=ISBN 0-9717223-0-7}} | |||
*Hall, M (2001) The Spirit of NLP. Crown House Publishing ISBN: 1899836047 | |||
*Overdurf, J, Silverthorn, J (1995) Training Trances: Multi-Level Communication in Therapy and Training Metamorphous Press; 3rd edition ISBN: 1555520693 | |||
*James T, Shephard. D, (2001) Presenting Magically: Transforming Your Stage Presence with NLP Crown House Publishing ISBN: 1899836527 | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Heap, Michael (Ed) | Title=Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices | Publisher=London, UK: Croom Helm | Year=1988 | ID=ISBN 0709947798}} | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Malloy, T. E., Bostic St Clair, C. & Grinder, J. | Title=Steps to an ecology of emergence | Journal=Cybernetics & Human Knowing | Year=2005 | Volume=2005 | Pages=102-119.}} | |||
*Sinclair. J. (1992) An ABC of NLP. Publisher: Self-published (ASPEN) ISBN: 0951366017 | |||
*Squires. S. (1988) The Pentagon's Twilight Zone. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. : Apr 17, 1988 | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Tosey P.; Mathison J.; Michelli D. | Title=Mapping Transformative Learning: The Potential of Neuro-Linguistic Programming | Journal=Journal of Transformative Education | Year=2005 | Volume=Vol. 3, No. 2 | Pages=140-167}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Dilts, Robert B & Judith A DeLozier | Title=Encyclopaedia of Systemic Neuro-Linguistic Programming and NLP New Coding | Publisher=NLP University Press | Year=2000 | ID=ISBN 0-9701540-0-3}} Two volumes, 1600 pages of "history, biography & related knowledge the steps to techniques and procedures". | |||
;Psychotherapy | |||
* Gallo, F, (2001) Energy Psychology in Psychotherapy. Norton and Company publishers. | |||
*Eisner, D. A. (2000). | |||
;Epistemology/Modeling/Formal Systems | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Bandler, Richard & John Grinder | Title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book About Language and Therapy | Publisher=Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books | Year=1975a | ID=ISBN 08314-0044-7}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Bandler, Richard & John Grinder | Title=Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Volume 1 | Publisher=Cupertino, CA :Meta Publications | Year=1975b | ID=ISBN 091699001X}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Bandler, Richard & John Grinder | Title=Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming | Publisher=Moab, UT: Real People Press | Year=1979 | ID=ISBN 0911226192}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Bateson, Gregory | Title=Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology | Publisher=University Of Chicago Press | Year=1972 | ID=ISBN 0226039056}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Bateson, Gregory | Title=Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences) | Publisher=Hampton Press, Incorporated; New Ed edition (August, 2002) | Year=1979 | ID=ISBN 0525166902}} | |||
*<cite></cite>, Alfred Korzybski, Preface by ], Institute of General Semantics, 1994 (first published 1933), hardcover, 5th edition, ISBN 0937298018 | |||
*Krugman, Kirsch, Wickless, Milling, Golicz, & Toth (1985). Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. Vol 53(4), 526-530. | |||
;Unsorted | |||
*Brothers B.J. (1992) Spirituality and couples : heart and soul in the therapy process New York : Haworth Press. | |||
*Clarkson, P, Mackewn, J SAGE Publications | |||
(1993) ? ISBN: 0803984537 | |||
*{{Journal reference link | First=John Clabby, PhD | Last=Robert O’Connor, MD | Title=Teaching Learners to Use Mirroring: Rapport Lessons From Neurolinguistic Programming | Journal=Department of Family Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. | Year=2004 | Volume=Vol. 36, No. 8 | Pages=3 | URL=https://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2004/September/John541.pdf}} | |||
*Crabtree, Vexen (2002). . Retrieved August 28, 2005.<br />See Retrieved 28 Aug 2005 | |||
*Efran, J S. Lukens M.D. (1990) Language, structure, and change: frameworks of meaning in psychotherapy / New York : W.W. Norton | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Gordon, David | Title=Therapeutic Metaphors | Publisher=Meta Publications | Year=1978 | ID=ISBN 0-916990-04-4}} | |||
*Griffin, N., & Goldsmith, L. (1985, March). The charismatic kid: Tony Robbins, 25, gets rich peddling a hot self-help program. Life, 8, 41-46. | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Hall, L Michael & Barbara P Belnap | Title=The Sourcebook of Magic | Publisher=Carmarthen, UK: Crown House Publishing | Year=1999 | ID=ISBN 1899836225}} | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Hall, L Michael | Meta-States: Reflexivity in Human States of Consciousness| Publisher=CET Publications, Grand Junction, CO. | Year=1994 | }} | |||
*Joyce, T, (1989) Gnosis no 12, Hubbards Ladder. Pub Chichester. | |||
*Lakin, D. (2000) The Unfair Advantage: Sell with NLP! (Paperback) Lakin Associates ISBN: 0967916208 | |||
*Leikind, B. J., & McCarthy, W. J. (1991). An investigation of firewalking. In K. Frazier (Ed.)., The hundredth monkey and other paradigms of the paranormal (pp.182-193). Buffalo, NY | |||
* Levelt W. (1995) Hoedt u voor Neuro-Linguistisch Programmeren! Intermediair 17 Nov pp113 | |||
* Loma.L. (2001) | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=Milliner, Charlotte | Title=NLP a framework for excellence, Preface by John Grinder | Publisher=Scotts Valley, Calif | Year=1988 }} | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Morgan, Dylan A | Title=Scientific Assessment of NLP | Journal=Journal of the National Council for Psychotherapy & Hypnotherapy Register | Year=1993 | Volume=Spring 1993 | Pages=-}}<br>See Retrieved 25 Aug 2005 and Retrieved 24 Aug 2005. | |||
*Novopashin. A. (2004) "Totalitarian Sects and the Democratic State. " | |||
*{{Book reference | Author=O'Connor, Joseph & John Seymour | Title=Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Psychological Skills for Understanding and Influencing People | Publisher=London, UK: Thorsons | Year=1993 | ID=ISBN Aquarian Press1855383446}} | |||
*{{Journal reference | Author=Skinner, H. and Stephens, P. | Title=Speaking the Same Language: Exploring the relevance of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to Marketing Communications | Journal=Journal of Marketing Communications | Year=2003 | Volume=Volume 9, Number 3 / September| Pages=177-192}} | |||
* Parker, I. (1999) Annual Review of Critical Psychology. | |||
Vol. 1, pp. 3-18 (ISSN: 1464-0538) | |||
*Sala, S.D, editor (1999) Mind Myths. Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain. Wiley. | |||
*Seitz, V A., Cohn, W A. (1992) Using the Psychology of Influence in Job Interviews. Business Forum. Los Angeles: Summer 1992.Vol.17, Iss. 3; pg. 14, 4 pgs | |||
== See also == | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
;Secondary sources | |||
===Developers=== | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
*]* | |||
*{{cite journal| editor1-last = Aupers| editor1-first = Stef| editor2-last = Houtman| editor2-first = Dick |title=Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital | journal = International Studies in Religion and Society|edition=1st |year=2010 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |issn=1573-4293 |isbn=978-90-04-18451-0 |pages=115–132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l85zsiTI28sC&pg=PA115}} | |||
*]* | |||
*{{Cite journal |last=Bovbjerg |first=Kirsten Marie |date=2011-05-01 |title=Personal Development under Market Conditions: NLP and the Emergence of an Ethics of Sensitivity Based on the Idea of the Hidden Potential of the Individual |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2011.573333 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1080/13537903.2011.573333 |s2cid=145148234 |issn=1353-7903}} | |||
*] | |||
*{{cite book| editor1-last = Clarke| editor1-first = Peter B. |title=Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements |edition=1st |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-203-48433-3}} | |||
*] | |||
*{{cite book| editor1-last = Cresswell| editor1-first = Jamie | editor2-last = Wilson| editor2-first = Bryan |title=New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response |edition=1st |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-20049-3}} | |||
*] | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Linda |title=A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements |edition=1st |year=2001 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |location=Kentucky |isbn=978-0-664-22259-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_s5t3|url-access=registration }} | |||
*] | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Fanthorpe |first1=Lionel |last2=Fanthorpe |first2=Patricia |title=Mysteries and Secrets of Voodoo, Santeria, and Obeah |edition=1st |year=2008 |publisher=New Page Books |location=New Jersey |isbn=978-1-55002-784-6}} | |||
*] | |||
<!-- G --> | |||
(*)Grinder & Bandler are considered the co-creators/co-originators of NLP. | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Grimley |first1=Bruce |title=Theory and Practice of NLP Coaching: A Psychological Approach |edition=1st |year=2013 |publisher=Sage Publications Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-1-4462-0172-5}} | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=L. Michael |last2=Belnap |first2=Barbara P. |title=The Sourcebook of Magic: A Comprehensive Guide to the Technology of NLP |orig-year=1999 |year=2000 |publisher=Crown House Publishing Limited |location=Wales |isbn=978-1-899836-22-2}} | |||
*{{cite web |last=Hall |first=L. Michael |title=The lawsuit that almost killed NLP |url=http://www.neurosemantics.com/nlp/the-history-of-nlp/the-lawsuit-that-almost-killed-nlp |date=20 September 2010 |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627130505/http://www.neurosemantics.com/nlp/the-history-of-nlp/the-lawsuit-that-almost-killed-nlp |archive-date=27 June 2013}} | |||
*{{cite book| editor1-last = Hammer| editor1-first = Olav| editor2-last = Rothstein| editor2-first = Mikael |title=The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements |edition=1st |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-14565-7}} | |||
*{{cite book |title=Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd |location=Hampshire |last1=Hunt |first1=Stephen J. |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7546-3410-2}} | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Jeremiah |first1=David |title=Invasion of Other Gods: The Seduction of New Age Spirituality |edition=1st |year=1995 |publisher=W Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8499-3987-7 |chapter=Chapter 9: Corporate Takeovers}} | |||
*{{cite journal |last1=Langford |first1=Jean M. |title=Medical Mimesis: Healing Signs of a Cosmopolitan "Quack" |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=24–46 |date=February 1999 |jstor=647497 |doi=10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.24|doi-access=free }} | |||
<!-- M --> | |||
*{{cite journal |last=Maag |first=John W. |year=1999 |title=Why they say no: Foundational precises and techniques for managing resistance |journal=Focus on Exceptional Children |volume=32 |page=1 |url=http://altcommtechniques.com/publications/why_they_say_no.pdf |access-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417095148/http://altcommtechniques.com/publications/why_they_say_no.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 |url-status=dead }} | |||
*{{cite journal |last=Maag |first=John W. |year=2000 |title=Managing resistance |journal=Intervention in School and Clinic |volume=35 |page=3 |doi=10.1177/105345120003500301 |issue=3|s2cid=220927708 }} | |||
*{{cite journal |last1=Sturt |first1=Jackie |display-authors=etal |title=Neurolinguistic programming: a systematic review of the effects on health outcomes |journal=British Journal of General Practice |volume=62 |issue=604 |pages=e757–64 |date=November 2012 |doi=10.3399/bjgp12X658287 |pmid=23211179 |id=23211179|pmc=3481516 }} | |||
<!-- W --> | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=James K. |title=The Concise Guide to Today's Religions and Spirituality |edition=1st |year=2007 |publisher=Harvest House Pubslishers |location=Oregon |isbn=978-0-7369-2011-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseguidetoto0000walk|url-access=registration }} | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Weitzenhoffer |first1=André Muller |title=The Practice of Hypnotism |volume=2: Applications of Traditional an Semi-Traditional Hypnotism. Non-Traditional Hypnotism |year=1989 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=New York |isbn=978-0-471-62168-3 |chapter=Chapter 8: Ericksonian Hypnotism: The Bandler/Grinder Interpretation}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== Further reading == | |||
===Intellectual Antecedents=== | |||
{{Refbegin}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Andreas |editor1-first=Steve |editor1-link=Steve Andreas |editor2-first=Charles |editor2-last=Faulkner |title=NLP: the new technology of achievement |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-688-14619-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nlpnewtechnology00andr |url-access=registration |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Austin |first=A. |title=The Rainbow Machine: Tales from a Neurolinguist's Journal |location=UK |publisher=Real People Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-911226-44-7 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=R. |last2=Grinder |first2=J. |author3-link=Virginia Satir |last3=Satir |first3=V. |year=1976 |title=Changing with Families: A Book about Further Education for Being Human |publisher=Science and Behavior Books |isbn=0-8314-0051-X |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Bradbury |first1=A. |title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Time for an Informed Review |journal=Skeptical Intelligencer |volume=11 |year=2008 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Burn |first=Gillian |title=NLP Pocketbook |location=Alresford, United Kingdom |publisher=Management Pocketbooks Ltd |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-903776-31-5 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{cite book |last=Dilts |first=R. |year=1990 |title=Changing Belief Systems with NLP |publisher=Meta Publications |isbn=978-0-916990-24-4 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Dilts |first1=R. |last2=Hallbom |first2=Tim |last3=Smith |first3=Suzi |year=1990 |title=Beliefs: Pathways to Health & Well-being |publisher=Crown House Publishing |isbn=978-1-84590-802-7 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{Skeptoid | id=4155 | number= 155| title= NLP: Neuro-linguistic Programming| date=26 May 2009 | last= Dunning| first=Brian |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Ellerton |first=Roger |title=Live Your Dreams, Let Reality Catch Up: NLP and Common Sense for Coaches, Managers and You |location=Ottawa, Canada |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4120-4709-8 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{cite book |last=Grinder |first=M. |year=1991 |title=Righting the Educational Conveyor Belt |publisher=Metamorphous Press |isbn=1-55552-036-7 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Joseph |year=2007 |title=Not Pulling Strings: Application of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to Teaching and Learning Music |publisher=Kahn & Averill |place=London |isbn=978-1-871082-90-6 |ref=none}} | |||
*] | |||
* {{Cite journal |last=Platt |first=Garry |title=NLP – Neuro Linguistic Programming or No Longer Plausible? |series=May |journal=Training Journal |year=2001 |volume=2001 |pages=10–15 |ref=none}} | |||
{{Refend}} | |||
== |
==External links== | ||
*{{Wiktionary inline|Neuro-linguistic programming}} | |||
* | |||
*{{Commons category-inline|Neuro-linguistic programming}} | |||
* | |||
*{{Wikiquote-inline|Neuro-linguistic programming}} | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* (describes itself as "honoring and rewarding people who have used NLP to make significant contributions to peace, environent and education") | |||
* | |||
{{Seduction community}} | |||
] | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 00:02, 4 September 2024
Pseudoscientific approach to psychotherapy Not to be confused with Natural language processing (also NLP). For other uses, see NLP.Medical intervention
Neuro-linguistic programming | |
---|---|
MeSH | D020557 |
[edit on Wikidata] |
Neuro-linguistic programming |
---|
Topics |
Developers |
Practitioners |
Organisations |
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a pseudoscientific approach to communication, personal development and psychotherapy, that first appeared in Richard Bandler and John Grinder's 1975 book The Structure of Magic I. NLP asserts that there is a connection between neurological processes, language and acquired behavioral patterns, and that these can be changed to achieve specific goals in life. According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP can treat problems such as phobias, depression, tic disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, near-sightedness, allergy, the common cold, and learning disorders, often in a single session. They also say that NLP can model the skills of exceptional people, allowing anyone to acquire them.
NLP has been adopted by some hypnotherapists as well as by companies that run seminars marketed as leadership training to businesses and government agencies.
There is no scientific evidence supporting the claims made by NLP advocates, and it has been called a pseudoscience. Scientific reviews have shown that NLP is based on outdated metaphors of the brain's inner workings that are inconsistent with current neurological theory, and that NLP contains numerous factual errors. Reviews also found that research that favored NLP contained significant methodological flaws, and that there were three times as many studies of a much higher quality that failed to reproduce the claims made by Bandler, Grinder, and other NLP practitioners.
Early development
According to Bandler and Grinder, NLP consists of a methodology termed modeling, plus a set of techniques that they derived from its initial applications. They derived many of the fundamental techniques from the work of Virginia Satir, Milton Erickson and Fritz Perls. Bandler and Grinder also drew upon the theories of Gregory Bateson, Alfred Korzybski and Noam Chomsky (particularly transformational grammar).
Bandler and Grinder say that their methodology can codify the structure inherent to the therapeutic "magic" as performed in therapy by Perls, Satir and Erickson, and indeed inherent to any complex human activity. From that codification, they say, the structure and its activity can be learned by others. Their 1975 book, The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy, is intended to be a codification of the therapeutic techniques of Perls and Satir.
Bandler and Grinder say that they used their own process of modeling to model Virginia Satir so they could produce what they termed the Meta-Model, a model for gathering information and challenging a client's language and underlying thinking. They say that by challenging linguistic distortions, specifying generalizations, and recovering deleted information in the client's statements, the transformational grammar concept of surface structure yields a more complete representation of the underlying deep structure and therefore has therapeutic benefit. Also derived from Satir were anchoring, future pacing and representational systems.
In contrast, the Milton-Model—a model of the purportedly hypnotic language of Milton Erickson—was described by Bandler and Grinder as "artfully vague" and metaphoric. The Milton-Model is used in combination with the Meta-Model as a softener, to induce "trance" and to deliver indirect therapeutic suggestion.
Psychologist Jean Mercer writes that Chomsky's theories "appear to be irrelevant" to NLP. Linguist Karen Stollznow describes Bandler's and Grinder's reference to such experts as namedropping. Other than Satir, the people they cite as influences did not collaborate with Bandler or Grinder. Chomsky himself has no association with NLP, with his work being theoretical in nature and having no therapeutic element. Stollznow writes, "ther than borrowing terminology, NLP does not bear authentic resemblance to any of Chomsky's theories or philosophies—linguistic, cognitive or political."
According to André Muller Weitzenhoffer, a researcher in the field of hypnosis, "the major weakness of Bandler and Grinder's linguistic analysis is that so much of it is built upon untested hypotheses and is supported by totally inadequate data." Weitzenhoffer adds that Bandler and Grinder misuse formal logic and mathematics, redefine or misunderstand terms from the linguistics lexicon (e.g., nominalization), create a scientific façade by needlessly complicating Ericksonian concepts with unfounded claims, make factual errors, and disregard or confuse concepts central to the Ericksonian approach.
More recently, Bandler has stated, "NLP is based on finding out what works and formalizing it. In order to formalize patterns I utilized everything from linguistics to holography ... The models that constitute NLP are all formal models based on mathematical, logical principles such as predicate calculus and the mathematical equations underlying holography." There is no mention of the mathematics of holography nor of holography in general in Spitzer's, or Grinder's account of the development of NLP.
On the matter of the development of NLP, Grinder recollects:
My memories about what we thought at the time of discovery (with respect to the classic code we developed—that is, the years 1973 through 1978) are that we were quite explicit that we were out to overthrow a paradigm and that, for example, I, for one, found it very useful to plan this campaign using in part as a guide the excellent work of Thomas Kuhn (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) in which he detailed some of the conditions which historically have obtained in the midst of paradigm shifts. For example, I believe it was very useful that neither one of us were qualified in the field we first went after—psychology and in particular, its therapeutic application; this being one of the conditions which Kuhn identified in his historical study of paradigm shifts.
The philosopher Robert Todd Carroll responded that Grinder has not understood Kuhn's text on the history and philosophy of science, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Carroll replies: (a) individual scientists never have nor are they ever able to create paradigm shifts volitionally and Kuhn does not suggest otherwise; (b) Kuhn's text does not contain the idea that being unqualified in a field of science is a prerequisite to producing a result that necessitates a paradigm shift in that field and (c) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is foremost a work of history and not an instructive text on creating paradigm shifts and such a text is not possible—extraordinary discovery is not a formulaic procedure. Carroll explains that a paradigm shift is not a planned activity, rather it is an outcome of scientific effort within the dominant paradigm that produces data that cannot be adequately accounted for within the current paradigm—hence a paradigm shift, i.e. the adoption of a new paradigm. In developing NLP, Bandler and Grinder were not responding to a paradigmatic crisis in psychology nor did they produce any data that caused a paradigmatic crisis in psychology. There is no sense in which Bandler and Grinder caused or participated in a paradigm shift. "What did Grinder and Bandler do that makes it impossible to continue doing psychology ... without accepting their ideas? Nothing," argues Carroll.
Commercialization and evaluation
By the late 1970s, the human potential movement had developed into an industry and provided a market for some NLP ideas. At the center of this growth was the Esalen Institute at Big Sur, California. Perls had led numerous Gestalt therapy seminars at Esalen. Satir was an early leader and Bateson was a guest teacher. Bandler and Grinder have said that in addition to being a therapeutic method, NLP was also a study of communication and began marketing it as a business tool, writing that, "if any human being can do anything, so can you." After 150 students paid $1,000 each for a ten-day workshop in Santa Cruz, California, Bandler and Grinder gave up academic writing and started producing popular books from seminar transcripts, such as Frogs into Princes, which sold more than 270,000 copies. According to court documents relating to an intellectual property dispute between Bandler and Grinder, Bandler made more than $800,000 in 1980 from workshop and book sales.
A community of psychotherapists and students began to form around Bandler and Grinder's initial works, leading to the growth and spread of NLP as a theory and practice. For example, Tony Robbins trained with Grinder and utilized a few ideas from NLP as part of his own self-help and motivational speaking programmes. Bandler led several unsuccessful efforts to exclude other parties from using NLP. Meanwhile, the rising number of practitioners and theorists led NLP to become even less uniform than it was at its foundation. Prior to the decline of NLP, scientific researchers began testing its theoretical underpinnings empirically, with research indicating a lack of empirical support for NLP's essential theories. The 1990s were characterized by fewer scientific studies evaluating the methods of NLP than the previous decade. Tomasz Witkowski attributes this to a declining interest in the debate as the result of a lack of empirical support for NLP from its proponents.
Main components and core concepts
NLP can be understood in terms of three broad components: subjectivity, consciousness, and learning.
According to Bandler and Grinder, people experience the world subjectively, creating internal representations of their experiences. These representations involve the five senses and language. In other words, our conscious experiences take the form of sights, sounds, feelings, smells, and tastes. When we imagine something, recall an event, or think about the future, we utilize these same sensory systems within our minds Furthermore it is stated that these subjective representations of experience have a discernible structure, a pattern.
Bandler and Grinder assert that behavior (both our own and others') can be understood through these sensory-based internal representations. Behavior here includes verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as effective or adaptive behaviors and less helpful or "pathological" ones. They also assert that behavior in both the self and other people can be modified by manipulating these sense-based subjective representations.
NLP posits that consciousness can be divided into conscious and unconscious components. The part of our internal representations operating outside our direct awareness is referred to as the "unconscious mind".
Finally, NLP uses a method of learning called "modeling", designed to replicate expertise in any field. According to Bandler and Grinder, by analyzing the sequence of sensory and linguistic representations used by an expert while performing a skill, it's possible to create a mental model that can be learned by others.
Techniques or set of practices
Further information: Methods of neuro-linguistic programmingAccording to one study by Steinbach, a classic interaction in NLP can be understood in terms of several major stages including establishing rapport, gleaning information about a problem mental state and desired goals, using specific tools and techniques to make interventions, and integrating proposed changes into the client's life. The entire process is guided by the non-verbal responses of the client. The first is the act of establishing and maintaining rapport between the practitioner and the client which is achieved through pacing and leading the verbal (e.g., sensory predicates and keywords) and non-verbal behavior (e.g., matching and mirroring non-verbal behavior, or responding to eye movements) of the client.
Once rapport is established, the practitioner may gather information about the client's present state as well as help the client define a desired state or goal for the interaction. The practitioner pays attention to the verbal and non-verbal responses as the client defines the present state and desired state and any resources that may be required to bridge the gap. The client is typically encouraged to consider the consequences of the desired outcome, and how they may affect his or her personal or professional life and relationships, taking into account any positive intentions of any problems that may arise. The practitioner thereafter assists the client in achieving the desired outcomes by using certain tools and techniques to change internal representations and responses to stimuli in the world. Finally, the practitioner helps the client to mentally rehearse and integrate the changes into his or her life. For example, the client may be asked to envision what it is like having already achieved the outcome.
According to Stollznow, "NLP also involves fringe discourse analysis and 'practical' guidelines for 'improved' communication. For example, one text asserts 'when you adopt the "but" word, people will remember what you said afterwards. With the "and" word, people remember what you said before and after.'"
Applications
Alternative medicine
NLP has been promoted as being able to treat a variety of diseases including Parkinson's disease, HIV/AIDS and cancer. Such claims have no supporting medical evidence. People who use NLP as a form of treatment risk serious adverse health consequences as it can delay the provision of effective medical care.
Psychotherapeutic
Early books about NLP had a psychotherapeutic focus given that the early models were psychotherapists. As an approach to psychotherapy, NLP shares similar core assumptions and foundations in common with some contemporary brief and systemic practices, such as solution focused brief therapy. NLP has also been acknowledged as having influenced these practices with its reframing techniques which seeks to achieve behavior change by shifting its context or meaning, for example, by finding the positive connotation of a thought or behavior.
The two main therapeutic uses of NLP are, firstly, as an adjunct by therapists practicing in other therapeutic disciplines and, secondly, as a specific therapy called Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy.
According to Stollznow, "Bandler and Grinder's infamous Frogs into Princes and their other books boast that NLP is a cure-all that treats a broad range of physical and mental conditions and learning difficulties, including epilepsy, myopia and dyslexia. With its promises to cure schizophrenia, depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and its dismissal of psychiatric illnesses as psychosomatic, NLP shares similarities with Scientology and the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR)." A systematic review of experimental studies by Sturt et al. (2012) concluded that "there is little evidence that NLP interventions improve health-related outcomes." In his review of NLP, Stephen Briers writes, "NLP is not really a cohesive therapy but a ragbag of different techniques without a particularly clear theoretical basis ... evidence base is virtually non-existent." Eisner writes, "NLP appears to be a superficial and gimmicky approach to dealing with mental health problems. Unfortunately, NLP appears to be the first in a long line of mass marketing seminars that purport to virtually cure any mental disorder ... it appears that NLP has no empirical or scientific support as to the underlying tenets of its theory or clinical effectiveness. What remains is a mass-marketed serving of psychopablum."
André Muller Weitzenhoffer—a friend and peer of Milton Erickson—wrote, "Has NLP really abstracted and explicated the essence of successful therapy and provided everyone with the means to be another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson? ... failure to do this is evident because today there is no multitude of their equals, not even another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson. Ten years should have been sufficient time for this to happen. In this light, I cannot take NLP seriously ... contributions to our understanding and use of Ericksonian techniques are equally dubious. Patterns I and II are poorly written works that were an overambitious, pretentious effort to reduce hypnotism to a magic of words."
Clinical psychologist Stephen Briers questions the value of the NLP maxim—a presupposition in NLP jargon—"there is no failure, only feedback". Briers argues that the denial of the existence of failure diminishes its instructive value. He offers Walt Disney, Isaac Newton and J.K. Rowling as three examples of unambiguous acknowledged personal failure that served as an impetus to great success. According to Briers, it was "the crash-and-burn type of failure, not the sanitised NLP Failure Lite, i.e. the failure-that-isn't really-failure sort of failure" that propelled these individuals to success. Briers contends that adherence to the maxim leads to self-deprecation. According to Briers, personal endeavour is a product of invested values and aspirations and the dismissal of personally significant failure as mere feedback effectively denigrates what one values. Briers writes, "Sometimes we need to accept and mourn the death of our dreams, not just casually dismiss them as inconsequential." Briers also contends that the NLP maxim is narcissistic, self-centered and divorced from notions of moral responsibility.
Other uses
Although the original core techniques of NLP were therapeutic in orientation their generic nature enabled them to be applied to other fields. These applications include persuasion, sales, negotiation, management training, sports, teaching, coaching, team building, public speaking, and in the process of hiring employees.
Scientific criticism
In the early 1980s, NLP was advertised as an important advance in psychotherapy and counseling, and attracted some interest in counseling research and clinical psychology. However, as controlled trials failed to show any benefit from NLP and its advocates made increasingly dubious claims, scientific interest in NLP faded.
Numerous literature reviews and meta-analyses have failed to show evidence for NLP's assumptions or effectiveness as a therapeutic method. While some NLP practitioners have argued that the lack of empirical support is due to insufficient research which tests NLP, the consensus scientific opinion is that NLP is pseudoscience and that attempts to dismiss the research findings based on these arguments "s an admission that NLP does not have an evidence base and that NLP practitioners are seeking a post-hoc credibility."
Surveys in the academic community have shown NLP to be widely discredited among scientists. Among the reasons for considering NLP a pseudoscience are that evidence in favor of it is limited to anecdotes and personal testimony that it is not informed by scientific understanding of neuroscience and linguistics, and that the name "neuro-linguistic programming" uses jargon words to impress readers and obfuscate ideas, whereas NLP itself does not relate any phenomena to neural structures and has nothing in common with linguistics or programming. In education, NLP has been used as a key example of pseudoscience.
As a quasi-religion
Sociologists and anthropologists have categorized NLP as a quasi-religion belonging to the New Age and/or Human Potential Movements.
Medical anthropologist Jean M. Langford categorizes NLP as a form of folk magic; that is to say, a practice with symbolic efficacy—as opposed to physical efficacy—that is able to effect change through nonspecific effects (e.g., placebo). To Langford, NLP is akin to a syncretic folk religion "that attempts to wed the magic of folk practice to the science of professional medicine".
Bandler and Grinder were influenced by the shamanism described in the books of Carlos Castaneda. Concepts like "double induction" and "stopping the world", central to NLP modeling, were incorporated from these influences.
Some theorists characterize NLP as a type of "psycho-shamanism", and its focus on modeling has been compared to ritual practices in certain syncretic religions. The emphasis on lineage from an NLP guru has also been likened to similar concepts in some Eastern religions. Aupers, Houtman, and Bovbjerg identify NLP as a New Age "psycho-religion". Bovbjerg argues that New Age movements center on a transcendent "other". While monotheistic religions seek communion with a divine being, this focus shifts inward in these movements, with the "other" becoming the unconscious self. Bovbjerg posits that this emphasis on the unconscious and its hidden potential underlies NLP techniques promoting self-perfection through ongoing transformation.
Bovbjerg's secular critique echoes the conservative Christian perspective, as exemplified by David Jeremiah. He argues that NLP's emphasis on self-transformation and internal power conflicts with the Christian belief in salvation through divine grace.
Legal disputes
Founding, initial disputes, and settlement (1979–1981)
In 1979, Richard Bandler and John Grinder established the Society of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) to manage commercial applications of NLP, including training, materials, and certification. The founding agreement conferred exclusive rights to profit from NLP training and certification upon Bandler's corporate entity, Not Ltd. Around November 1980, Bandler and Grinder had ceased collaboration for undisclosed reasons.
On September 25, 1981, Bandler filed suit against Grinder's corporate entity, Unlimited Ltd., in the Superior Court of California, County of Santa Cruz seeking injunctive relief and damages arising from Grinder's NLP-related commercial activities; the Court issued a judgment in Bandler's favor on October 29, 1981. The subsequent settlement agreement granted Grinder a 10-year license to conduct NLP seminars, offer NLP certification, and utilize the NLP name, subject to royalty payments to Bandler.
Further litigation and consequences (1996–2000)
Bandler commenced further civil actions against Unlimited Ltd., various figures within the NLP community, and 200 initially unnamed defendants in July 1996 and January 1997. Bandler alleged violations of the initial settlement terms by Grinder and sought damages of no less than US$10,000,000.00 from each defendant.
In February 2000, the Court ruled against Bandler. The judgment asserted that Bandler had misrepresented his exclusive ownership of NLP intellectual property and sole authority over Society of NLP membership and certification.
Trademark revocation (1997)
In December 1997, a separate civil proceeding initiated by Tony Clarkson resulted in the revocation of Bandler's UK trademark of NLP. The Court ruled in Clarkson's favor.
Resolution and legacy (2000)
Bandler and Grinder reached a settlement in late 2000, acknowledging their status as co-creators and co-founders of NLP and committing to refrain from disparaging one another's NLP-related endeavors.
Due to these disputes and settlements, the terms 'NLP' and 'Neuro-Linguistic Programming' remain in the public domain. No single party holds exclusive rights, and there are no restrictions on offering NLP certifications.
The designations "NLP" and "Neuro-linguistic Programming" are not owned, trademarked, or subject to centralized regulation. Consequently, there are no restrictions on individuals self-identifying as "NLP Master Practitioners" or "NLP Master Trainers." This decentralization has led to numerous certifying associations.
Decentralization and criticism
This lack of centralized control means there's no single standard for NLP practice or training. Practitioners can market their own methodologies, leading to inconsistencies within the field. This has been a source of criticism, highlighted by an incident in 2009 where a British television presenter registered his cat with the British Board of Neuro Linguistic Programming (BBNLP), demonstrating the organization's lax credentialing. Critics like Karen Stollznow find irony in the initial legal battles between Bandler and Grinder, considering their failure to apply their own NLP principles to resolve their conflict. Others, such as Grant Devilly, characterize NLP associations as "granfalloons"—a term implying a lack of unifying principles or a shared sense of purpose.
See also
- Avatar Course
- Family systems therapy
- Frank Farrelly
- List of New Age topics
- List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
- Solution-focused brief therapy
Notable practitioners
Notes
- ^ Note that, in a seminar, Bandler & Grinder 1982, p. 166, said that a single session of NLP combined with hypnosis could eliminate certain eyesight problems such as myopia and cure the common cold (op.cit., pp. 169, 174).
- Bandler 1993, p. vii: "In single sessions, they can accelerate learning, neutralize phobias, enhance creativity, improve relationships, eliminate allergies, and lead firewalks without roasting toes. NLP achieves the goal of its inception. We have ways to do what only a genius could have done a decade ago."
- Weitzenhoffer 1989, pp. 304–305: "I have chosen nominalization to explain what some of the problems are in Bandler and Grinder's linguistic approach to Ericksonian hypnotism. Almost any other linguistic concept used by these authors could have served equally well for the purpose of showing some of the inherent weaknesses in their treatment."
- Weitzenhoffer 1989, p. 307: "As I have mentioned in the last chapter, any references made to left and right brain functions in relation to hypnotic phenomena must be considered as poorly founded. They do not add to our understanding of nor our ability to utilize hypnotic phenomena in the style of Erickson. Indeed, references such as Bandler and Grinder make to these functions give their subject matter a false appearance of having a more scientific status than it has."
- Weitzenhoffer 1989, p. 306: "This work , incidentally, contains some glaring misstatements of facts. For example, Freud and Mesmer were depicted as contemporaries!"
- Weitzenhoffer 1989, p. 306: One of the most striking features of the Bandler/Grinder interpretation is that it somehow ignores the issue of the existence and function of suggestion, which even in Erickson's own writings and those done with Rossi, is a central idea."
- Dilts et al. 1980, pp. 13–14: "There are three characteristics of effective patterning in NLP which sharply distinguish it from behavioural science as it is commonly practiced today. First, for a pattern or generalization regarding human communication to be acceptable or well–formed in NLP, it must include in the description the human agents who are initiating and responding to the pattern being described, their actions, their possible responses. Secondly, the description of the pattern must be represented in sensory grounded terms which are available to the user. This user–oriented constraint on NLP ensures usefulness. We have been continually struck by the tremendous gap between theory and practice in the behavioural sciences—this requirement closes that gap. Notice that since patterns must be represented in sensory grounded terms, available through practice to the user, a pattern will typically have multiple representation—each tailored for the differing sensory capabilities of individual users Thirdly, NLP includes within its descriptive vocabulary terms which are not directly observable ."
- Dilts et al. (1980), p. 36: "The basic elements from which the patterns of human behaviour are formed are the perceptual systems through which the members of the species operate on their environment: vision (sight), audition (hearing), kinesthesis (body sensations) and olfaction/gustation (smell/taste). The neurolinguistic programming model presupposes that all of the distinctions we as human beings are able to make concerning our environment (internal and external) and our behaviour can be usefully represented in terms of these systems. These perceptual classes constitute the structural parameters of human knowledge. We postulate that all of our ongoing experience can usefully be coded as consisting of some combination of these sensory classes."
- Dilts et al. (1980), p. 7: "NLP presents specific tools which can be applied effectively in any human interaction. It offers specific techniques by which a practitioner may usefully organize and re–organize his or her subjective experience or the experiences of a client in order to define and subsequently secure any behavioural outcome."
- Dilts et al. 1980, pp. 77–80: "Strategies and representations which typically occur below an individual's level of awareness make up what is often called or referred to as the 'unconscious mind'."
- See, for instance, the following:
- Sharpley, 1984 and 1987
- Druckman and Swets, 1988
- Heap, 1988
- von Bergen et al., 1997
- Druckman, 2004
- Witkowski, 2010
- See the following:
- Einspruch and Forman, 1985
- Murray, 2013
- Sturt et al., 2012
- Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Research
- Tosey and Mathison, 2010
- See the following:
- Witkowsi, 2010
- The Skeptic's Dictionary, 2009
- Beyerstein, 1990
- Corballis, in Della Sala and Anderson, 2012
- Singer and Lalich
- Lilienfeld, Lynn and Lohr, 2004
- Della Sala, 2007
- Williams, 2000
- Lum, 2001
- Lilienfeld, Lohr and Morier, 2001
- Dunn, Halonen and Smith, 2008
- Molfese, Segalowitz and Harris, 1988
- For a description of the social influence tactics used by NLP and similar pseudoscientific therapies, see Devilly, 2005
- In 2006, Norcross and colleagues found NLP to be given similar ratings as dolphin-assisted therapy, equine-assisted therapy, psychosynthesis, scared straight programmes, and emotional freedom technique. In 2010, Norcross and colleagues listed it as seventh out of their list of ten most discredited drug and alcohol interventions. Glasner-Edwards and colleagues also identified it as discredited in 2010.
- For more information on the use of neuroscience terms to lend the appearance of credibility to arguments, see Weisburg et al., 2008
References
Citations
- Tosey, Paul; Mathison, Jane. "Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming" (PDF). Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Management, University of Surrey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
- Dilts et al. 1980, p. 2.
- Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Bandler, Richard (2008). What is NLP? (Promotional video). NLP Life. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
We can reliably get rid of a phobia in ten minutes – every single time.
- Grinder & Bostic St. Clair 2001, Chapter 4: Personal Antecedents of NLP.
- Bandler & Grinder 1975, pp. 5–6.
- Dowlen, Ashley (1 January 1996). "NLP – help or hype? Investigating the uses of neuro-linguistic programming in management learning". Career Development International. 1 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1108/13620439610111408.
- ^ von Bergen, C. W.; Gary, Barlow Soper; Rosenthal, T.; Wilkinson, Lamar V. (1997). "Selected alternative training techniques in HRD". Human Resource Development Quarterly. 8 (4): 281–294. doi:10.1002/hrdq.3920080403.
- Thyer, Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica G. (2015). Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 56–57, 165–167. ISBN 978-0-8261-7769-8.
As NLP became more popular, some research was conducted and reviews of such research have concluded that there is no scientific basis for its theories about representational systems and eye movements.
- ^ Sharpley, Christopher F. (1 January 1987). "Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory?". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 34 (1): 103–107. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103.
- ^ Witkowski, Tomasz (1 January 2010). "Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration?". Polish Psychological Bulletin. 41 (2). doi:10.2478/v10059-010-0008-0.
All of this leaves me with an overwhelming impression that the analyzed base of scientific articles is treated just as theater decoration, being the background for the pseudoscientific farce which NLP appears to be. Using "scientific" attributes, which is so characteristic of pseudoscience, is manifested also in other aspects of NLP activities... My analysis leads undeniably to the statement that NLP represents pseudoscientific rubbish
- ^ Druckman, Daniel (1 November 2004). "Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 34 (11): 2234–2260. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x.
- Bandler & Grinder 1975, p. 6; Grinder & Bostic St. Clair 2001, Chapter 2: Terminology.
- Bandler & Grinder 1979, p. 8.
- ^ Bandler & Grinder 1975, p. 6.
- ^ Stollznow, Karen (2010). "Not-so Linguistic Programming". Skeptic. 15 (4): 7. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- Wake, Lisa (2008). Neurolinguistic psychotherapy: a postmodern perspective. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42541-4.
- ^ Clancy, Frank; Yorkshire, Heidi (1989). "The Bandler Method". Mother Jones. 14 (2): 22–28. ISSN 0362-8841. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
- John Grinder, Suzette Elgin (1973). "A Guide to Transformational Grammar: History, Theory, Practice." Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-080126-5. Reviewed by Frank H. Nuessel, Jr. The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 58, No. 5/6 (September–October 1974), pp. 282–283
- ^ Bradley, E. Jane; Biedermann, Heinz-Joachim (1 January 1985). "Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming: Its historical context and contribution". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 22 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1037/h0088527. ISSN 0033-3204. OCLC 1588338.
- ^ Spitzer, Robert (1992). "Virginia Satir & Origins of NLP" (PDF). Anchor Point Magazine (July): ?. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- Bandler & Grinder 1982, p. 240.
- Bandler & Grinder 1981.
- Mercer, Jean (2015). "Controversial Therapies". In Cautin, Robin L.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, Volume II. John Wiley & Sons. p. 759. doi:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp515. ISBN 978-0-4706-7127-6.
- Weitzenhoffer 1989, p. 304.
- Weitzenhoffer 1989, pp. 300–301.
- Bandler, Richard (1997). "NLP Seminars Group – Frequently Asked Questions". NLP Seminars Group. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- Grinder & Bostic St. Clair 2001.
- Grinder, John (July 1996). "1996 Interview with John Grinder PhD, co-creator of NLP". Inspiritive. Interviewed by Chris Collingwood and Jules Collingwood. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ Carroll, R. T. (23 February 2009). "Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- Hadnagy, Christopher; Wilson, Paul (2010). Social Engineering. John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-63953-5. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- Salerno, Steve (2006). Sham: How the Self-Help Movement Made America Helpless. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4000-5410-7.
- Bandler & Grinder 1976, pp. 3–8.
- Dilts et al. 1980, p. 7.
- Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard (1977). Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson: Volume 2 (1st ed.). Meta Publications. pp. 11–19. ISBN 978-1-55552-053-3.
- Bandler & Grinder 1979, pp. 5–78; Bandler & Grinder 1981, pp. 240–50; Hall & Belnap 2000, pp. 39–40, #2 Pacing Or Matching Another's Model of the World; Hall & Belnap 2000, pp. 89–93, #23 The Change Personal History Pattern; Hall & Belnap 2000, pp. 93–95, #24 The Swish Pattern.
- Bandler & Grinder 1975, p. 6; Bandler & Grinder 1979, pp. 7, 9, 10, 36, 123; Dilts et al. 1980, pp. 35, 78; Grinder & Bostic St. Clair 2001, pp. 1, 10, 28, 34, 189, 227–28.
- ^ Steinbach, A. (1984). "Neurolinguistic programming: a systematic approach to change". Canadian Family Physician, 30, 147–50. PMC 2153995
- Bandler & Grinder 1979, pp. 8, 15, 24, 30, 45, 52, 149.
- Bandler 1985, pp. 134–3.
- Masters, B.; Rawlins, M.; Rawlins, L.; Weidner, J. (1991). "The NLP swish pattern: An innovative visualizing technique". Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 13 (1): 79–90.
- ^ Russell J; Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Neuro-linguistic programming". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 120–22. ISBN 9780944235713.
- Rubin Battino (2002) Expectation: The Very Brief Therapy Book. Crown House Publishing. ISBN 1-84590-028-6
- Kerry, S. (2009) Pretreatment expectations of psychotherapy clients, University of Alberta (Canada)
- ^ Beyebach, M.; Rodríguez Morejón, A. (1999). "Some thoughts on integration in solution-focused therapy". Journal of Systemic Therapies. 18: 24–42. doi:10.1521/jsyt.1999.18.1.24.
- Bill O'Connell (2005) Solution-focused therapy (Brief therapy series). Sage; Second Edition p. 9
- Windy Dryden (2007) Dryden's handbook of individual therapy. 5th edition. Sage. ISBN 1-4129-2238-0 p. 382
- Pesut, Daniel J. (1 January 1991). "The art, science, and techniques of reframing in psychiatric mental health nursing". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 12 (1): 9–18. doi:10.3109/01612849109058206. PMID 1988384.
- Maag 1999; Maag 2000.
- Bandler & Grinder 1982 as cited in Maag 1999 and Maag 2000.
- Field, E. S. (1990). "Neurolinguistic programming as an adjunct to other psychotherapeutic/hypnotherapeutic interventions". The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 32 (3): 174–82. doi:10.1080/00029157.1990.10402822. PMID 2296919.
- Bridoux, D., Weaver, M., (2000) "Neuro-linguistic psychotherapy." In Therapeutic perspectives on working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients. Davies, Dominic (Ed); Neal, Charles (Ed). (pp. 73–90). Buckingham, England: Open University Press (2000) xviii, 187 pp. ISBN 0-335-20333-7
- ^ Sturt 2012.
- Briers, Stephen (27 December 2012). Brilliant Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: How to use CBT to improve your mind and your life. Pearson UK. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-273-77849-3.
- Eisner, Donald A. (2000). The Death of Psychotherapy: From Freud to Alien Abductions. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–59. ISBN 978-0-275-96413-9.
- Weitzenhoffer 1989, p. 305.
- Dilts, Robert; DeLozier, Judith (2000). Encyclopedia of Systemic Neuro-Linguistic Programming and NLP New Coding (1st ed.). Santa Cruz: NLP University Press. p. 1002. ISBN 978-0-9701540-0-2. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- Briers, Stephen (2012). "MYTH 16: There is no failure, only feedback". Psychobabble: Exploding the myths of the self-help generation (1st ed.). Santa Cruz: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-0-273-77239-2.
- Gass, Robert H; Seiter, John S (6 April 2022). Persuasion: Social Influence and Compliance Gaining. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-55677-3.
- Zastrow, C. (1990). "Social Workers and Salesworkers". Journal of Independent Social Work. 4 (3): 7–16. doi:10.1300/J283v04n03_02.
- Tosey P. & Mathison, J., "Fabulous Creatures of HRD: A Critical Natural History of Neuro-Linguistic Programming", University of Surrey Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Human Resource Development Research & Practice across Europe, Oxford Brookes Business School, 26–28 June 2007
- Yemm, Graham (1 January 2006). "Can NLP help or harm your business?". Industrial and Commercial Training. 38 (1): 12–17. doi:10.1108/00197850610645990.
- Ingalls, Joan S. (1988) "Cognition and athletic behavior: An investigation of the NLP principle of congruence." Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 48(7-B), p. 2090. OCLC 42614014
- "Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) explained". IONOS Startupguide. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ Devilly, Grant J. (1 June 2005). "Power Therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 39 (6): 437–45. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x. PMID 15943644. S2CID 208627667.
- Gelso, C. J.; Fassinger, R. E. (1 January 1990). "Counseling Psychology: Theory and Research on Interventions". Annual Review of Psychology. 41 (1): 355–86. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002035. PMID 2407174.
Neurolinguistic programming, focused on such variables as sensory mode preference and use (e.g., Graunke & Roberts 1985) and predicate matching (e.g., Elich et al 1985; Mercier & Johnson 1984) had shown promise at the beginning of the decade, but after several years of conflicting and confusing results, Sharpley (1984, 1987) reviewed the research and concluded that there was little support for the assumptions of NLP. This research is now clearly on the decline, underscoring the value of thoughtful reviews and the publication of nonsupportive results in guiding empirical efforts.
- Sharpley, Christopher F. (1984). "Predicate matching in NLP: a review of research on the preferred representational system". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 31 (2): 238–48. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.238.
- Druckman, D.; Swets, J., eds. (1 January 1988). "8: Social Processes". Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 138–149. doi:10.17226/1025. ISBN 978-0-309-03792-1.
- Heap, M. (1988). "Hypnosis: Current clinical, experimental and forensic practices". Neurolinguistic programming – an interim verdict (PDF). London: Croom Helm. pp. 268–280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007.
- Einspruch, Eric L.; Forman, Bruce D. (1 January 1985). "Observations concerning research literature on neuro-linguistic programming". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 32 (4): 589–96. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.589.
- Murray, Laura L. (30 May 2013). "Limited evidence that neurolinguistic programming improves health-related outcomes". Evidence-Based Mental Health. 16 (3): 79. doi:10.1136/eb-2013-101355. PMID 23723409. S2CID 150295.
- "Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Research". Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
- Tosey, P.; Mathison, J. (2010). "Exploring inner landscapes through psychophenomenology: The contribution of neuro-linguistic programming to innovations in researching first person experience" (PDF). Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management. 5: 63–82. doi:10.1108/17465641011042035. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ Beyerstein, B. L. (1990). "Brainscams: Neuromythologies of the New Age". International Journal of Mental Health. 19 (3): 27–36 (27). doi:10.1080/00207411.1990.11449169.
- Corballis, Michael C. (2012). "Chapter 13 Educational double-think". In Della Sala, Sergio; Anderson, Mike (eds.). Neuroscience in Education: The good, the bad, and the ugly (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–26. ISBN 978-0-19-960049-6.
The notion of hemisphericity is also incorporated into such cult activities as Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP).... In any event, NLP is a movement that is still going strong, but has little scientific credibility.
- Singer, Margaret & Lalich, Janja (1997). Crazy Therapies: What Are They? Do They Work? Jossey Bass, pp. 167–95 (169). ISBN 0-7879-0278-0.
- (Eds.) Lilienfeld, S., Lynn, S., & Lohr, J. (2004). Science and Pseudo-science in Clinical Psychology. The Guilford Press.
- Della Sala, Sergio (2007). "Introduction: The myth of 10% and other Tall Tales about the mind and brain". Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact from Fiction (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xx. ISBN 978-0-19-856876-6.
- William F. Williams, ed. (2000), Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57958-207-4 p. 235
- ^ Lum, C. (2001). Scientific Thinking in Speech and Language Therapy. Psychology Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8058-4029-2.
- ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lohr, Jeffrey M.; Morier, Dean (1 July 2001). "The Teaching of Courses in the Science and Pseudoscience of Psychology: Useful Resources". Teaching of Psychology. 28 (3): 182–91. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1001.2558. doi:10.1207/S15328023TOP2803_03. S2CID 145224099.
- ^ Dunn D, Halonen J, Smith R (2008). Teaching Critical Thinking in Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4051-7402-2.
- Harris, Lauren Julius (1988). "Chapter 8 Right-Brain Training: Some Reflections on the Application of Research on Cerebral Hemispheric Specialization to Education". In Molfese, Dennis L.; Segalowitz, Sidney J. (eds.). Brain Lateralization in Children: Developmental Implications (1st ed.). New York: Guilford Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-89862-719-0.
NLP began in 1975 and has quickly achieved cult status.
- ^ Roderique-Davies, G. (2009). "Neuro-linguistic programming: Cargo cult psychology?". Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. 1 (2): 58–63. doi:10.1108/17581184200900014.
- Rowan, John (December 2008). "NLP is not based on constructivism". The Coaching Psychologist. 4 (3): 160–163. doi:10.53841/bpstcp.2008.4.3.160. ISSN 1748-1104. S2CID 255903130.
- Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Garofalo, Ariele (1 January 2006). "Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi poll". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 37 (5): 515–22. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515. S2CID 35414392.
- Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Fala, Natalie C.; Wexler, Harry K. (1 September 2010). "What Does Not Work? Expert Consensus on Discredited Treatments in the Addictions". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 4 (3): 174–180. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181c5f9db. PMID 21769032. S2CID 41494642.
- Glasner-Edwards, Suzette; Rawson, Richard (1 October 2010). "Evidence-based practices in addiction treatment: Review and recommendations for public policy". Health Policy. 97 (2–3): 93–104. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.013. PMC 2951979. PMID 20557970.
- ^ Tye, Marcus J.C. (1994). "Neurolinguistic programming: Magic or myth?". Journal of Accelerative Learning & Teaching. 19 (3–4): 309–42. ISSN 0273-2459. 2003-01157-001.
- Levelt, Willem J.M (1996). "u voor neuro-linguistische programmering". Skepter (in Dutch). 9 (3).
- Corballis, M.C. (1999). "Are we in our right minds?". In S.D. Sala (ed.). Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain (Repr. ed.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-471-98303-3.
- Drenth, Pieter J.D (2003). "Growing anti-intellectualism in Europe; a menace to science" (PDF). Studia Psychologica. 45: 5–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011.
- Weisberg, D. S.; Keil, F. C.; Goodstein, J.; Rawson, E.; Gray, J. R. (2008). "The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 20 (3): 470–77. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20040. PMC 2778755. PMID 18004955.
- Cresswell & Wilson 1999, p. 64; Edwards 2001, p. 573; Clarke 2006, pp. 440–41; Walker 2007, p. 235; Hammer & Rothstein 2012, p. 247.
- Langford 1999.
- Grinder & DeLozier 1987, p. ; Grinder & Bostic St. Clair 2001, p. .
- Grimley 2013, p. 31.
- Fanthorpe & Fanthorpe 2008, p. 112.
- Hunt 2003.
- Aupers & Houtman 2010, p. .
- ^ Bovbjerg 2011, p. .
- Jeremiah 1995.
- Not Ltd v. Unlimited Ltd et al (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County, 1981, No. 78482) (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County 29 October 1981), Text.
- ^ "Summary of the Legal Proceedings January 1997 – June 23, 2003". Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- Richard W Bandler et al v. Quantum Leap Inc. et al (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County, 2000, No. 132495) (Super. Ct. Santa Cruz County 10 February 2000), Text.
- "NLP Matters 2". Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- "NLP Matters". Archived from the original on 6 April 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- "Case details for trade mark UK00002067188". 13 June 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- Grinder & Bostic St. Clair 2001, Appendix A.
- Hall 2010.
- "3.5. Who Owns NLP?". NLP Archives – Frequently Asked Questions about NLP. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- "This page contains the ruling in the case of Richard Bandler against many others in the NLP community". NLP Archives – Frequently Asked Questions about NLP. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ "75351747". Trademark Status and Document Retrieval. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ "73253122". Trademark Status and Document Retrieval. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- "NLP FAQ". 27 July 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- "NLP Comprehensive Lawsuit Response". Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- Moxom, Karen (2011). "Three: Demonstrating Best Practice". The NLP Professional: Create a More Professional, Effective and Successful NLP Business. Herts: Ecademy Press. pp. 46–50. ISBN 978-1-907722-55-4.
- "Cat registered as hypnotherapist". BBC. 12 October 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
Works cited
- Primary sources
- Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1975). The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy. Science and Behavior Books Inc. ISBN 978-0-8314-0044-6.
- Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1976). The Structure of Magic II (1st ed.). California: Science and Behavior Books. ISBN 978-0-8314-0049-1.
- Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1979). Andreas, Steve (ed.). Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming. Utah: Real People Press. ISBN 978-0-911226-19-5.
- Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1981). "Appendix II: Hypnotic Language Patterns: The Milton-Model". Trance-formations: Neuro-linguistic Programming and the Structure of Hypnosis. Real People Press. ISBN 978-0-911226-22-5.
- Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1982). Reframing: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Transformation of Meaning. Real People Press. ISBN 0-911226-25-7.
- Bandler, Richard (1985). Andreas, Steve; Andreas, Connirae (eds.). Using Your Brain–for a Change. Real People Press. ISBN 0-911226-27-3.
- Bandler, Richard (1993). Time for a Change. Meta Publications. ISBN 978-0-916990-28-2.
- Dilts, Robert; Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard; DeLozier, Judith (1980). Neuro-Linguistic Programming. Vol. I: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience (Limited ed.). California: Meta Publications. ISBN 978-0-916990-07-7.
- Grinder, John; DeLozier, Judith (1987). Turtles All The Way Down: Prerequisites To Personal Genius (1st ed.). California: Grinder & Associates. ISBN 978-1-55552-022-9.
- Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair (2001). Whispering in the Wind. J & C Enterprises. ISBN 978-0-9717223-0-9.
- Secondary sources
- Aupers, Stef; Houtman, Dick, eds. (2010). "Religions of Modernity: Relocating the Sacred to the Self and the Digital". International Studies in Religion and Society (1st ed.). Leiden: Brill: 115–132. ISBN 978-90-04-18451-0. ISSN 1573-4293.
- Bovbjerg, Kirsten Marie (1 May 2011). "Personal Development under Market Conditions: NLP and the Emergence of an Ethics of Sensitivity Based on the Idea of the Hidden Potential of the Individual". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 26 (2): 189–205. doi:10.1080/13537903.2011.573333. ISSN 1353-7903. S2CID 145148234.
- Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-48433-3.
- Cresswell, Jamie; Wilson, Bryan, eds. (1999). New Religious Movements: Challenge and Response (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20049-3.
- Edwards, Linda (2001). A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements (1st ed.). Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22259-8.
- Fanthorpe, Lionel; Fanthorpe, Patricia (2008). Mysteries and Secrets of Voodoo, Santeria, and Obeah (1st ed.). New Jersey: New Page Books. ISBN 978-1-55002-784-6.
- Grimley, Bruce (2013). Theory and Practice of NLP Coaching: A Psychological Approach (1st ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4462-0172-5.
- Hall, L. Michael; Belnap, Barbara P. (2000) . The Sourcebook of Magic: A Comprehensive Guide to the Technology of NLP. Wales: Crown House Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-899836-22-2.
- Hall, L. Michael (20 September 2010). "The lawsuit that almost killed NLP". Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael, eds. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14565-7.
- Hunt, Stephen J. (2003). Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-3410-2.
- Jeremiah, David (1995). "Chapter 9: Corporate Takeovers". Invasion of Other Gods: The Seduction of New Age Spirituality (1st ed.). W Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8499-3987-7.
- Langford, Jean M. (February 1999). "Medical Mimesis: Healing Signs of a Cosmopolitan "Quack"". American Ethnologist. 26 (1): 24–46. doi:10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.24. JSTOR 647497.
- Maag, John W. (1999). "Why they say no: Foundational precises and techniques for managing resistance" (PDF). Focus on Exceptional Children. 32: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- Maag, John W. (2000). "Managing resistance". Intervention in School and Clinic. 35 (3): 3. doi:10.1177/105345120003500301. S2CID 220927708.
- Sturt, Jackie; et al. (November 2012). "Neurolinguistic programming: a systematic review of the effects on health outcomes". British Journal of General Practice. 62 (604): e757–64. doi:10.3399/bjgp12X658287. PMC 3481516. PMID 23211179. 23211179.
- Walker, James K. (2007). The Concise Guide to Today's Religions and Spirituality (1st ed.). Oregon: Harvest House Pubslishers. ISBN 978-0-7369-2011-7.
- Weitzenhoffer, André Muller (1989). "Chapter 8: Ericksonian Hypnotism: The Bandler/Grinder Interpretation". The Practice of Hypnotism. Vol. 2: Applications of Traditional an Semi-Traditional Hypnotism. Non-Traditional Hypnotism. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-62168-3.
Further reading
- Andreas, Steve; Faulkner, Charles, eds. (1996). NLP: the new technology of achievement. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-688-14619-1.
- Austin, A. (2007). The Rainbow Machine: Tales from a Neurolinguist's Journal. UK: Real People Press. ISBN 978-0-911226-44-7.
- Bandler, R.; Grinder, J.; Satir, V. (1976). Changing with Families: A Book about Further Education for Being Human. Science and Behavior Books. ISBN 0-8314-0051-X.
- Bradbury, A. (2008). "Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Time for an Informed Review". Skeptical Intelligencer. 11.
- Burn, Gillian (2005). NLP Pocketbook. Alresford, United Kingdom: Management Pocketbooks Ltd. ISBN 978-1-903776-31-5.
- Dilts, R. (1990). Changing Belief Systems with NLP. Meta Publications. ISBN 978-0-916990-24-4.
- Dilts, R.; Hallbom, Tim; Smith, Suzi (1990). Beliefs: Pathways to Health & Well-being. Crown House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84590-802-7.
- Dunning, Brian (26 May 2009). "Skeptoid #155: NLP: Neuro-linguistic Programming". Skeptoid.
- Ellerton, Roger (2005). Live Your Dreams, Let Reality Catch Up: NLP and Common Sense for Coaches, Managers and You. Ottawa, Canada: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-4709-8.
- Grinder, M. (1991). Righting the Educational Conveyor Belt. Metamorphous Press. ISBN 1-55552-036-7.
- O'Connor, Joseph (2007). Not Pulling Strings: Application of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to Teaching and Learning Music. London: Kahn & Averill. ISBN 978-1-871082-90-6.
- Platt, Garry (2001). "NLP – Neuro Linguistic Programming or No Longer Plausible?". Training Journal. May. 2001: 10–15.
External links
- The dictionary definition of Neuro-linguistic programming at Wiktionary
- Media related to Neuro-linguistic programming at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Neuro-linguistic programming at Wikiquote
Seduction community | |
---|---|
Concepts | |
Key people | |
Media |