Misplaced Pages

Intermovement: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 09:38, 26 March 2009 editSuva (talk | contribs)1,238 edits Reverted 1 edit by Suva; Holy s***, the source DOES state that. The numbers and "expulsion" are still dubious claims.. (TW)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 16:15, 2 November 2024 edit undoMonkbot (talk | contribs)Bots3,695,952 editsm Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 8);Tag: AWB 
(98 intermediate revisions by 48 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Political movement and organisation in the Estonian SSR}}
⚫ {{About|movement in Estonia|movement of the same name in Latvia|International Front of the Working People of Latvia}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Politics of Estonia}} {{Politics of Estonia}}


⚫ The '''Intermovement''' ''(International Movement of Workers in the ])'' ({{langx|et|Interliikumine}}, {{langx|ru|Интердвижение}}, ]&nbsp;Interdvizhenie) was a political movement and organisation in the ]. It was founded on 19 July 1988<ref name="survey">{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 13 June 1989</ref> and claimed by different sources 16,000 - 100,000 members.<ref name="survey" /><ref> - ] - September 25, 1989</ref> The original name of the movement was ] ('''International Front of Workers in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic'''), which was changed to Intermovement in autumn 1988.
⚫ {{otheruses4|movement in Estonia|movement of the same name in Latvia|International Front of the Working People of Latvia}}


⚫ The movement was aligned with the pro-Soviet wing of the ], and opposed the ] led by the pro-independence ] and the liberal wing of the CPE.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901213128/http://cog.kent.edu/lib/TerkEMPLOYEEOWNERSHIPINTRANSITIONALECONOMIESESTONIA.pdf |date=2006-09-01 }}</ref><ref name="THE ANATOMY OF INDEPENDENCE">, Kripta, Tartu, Sankt Petersburg 2004, {{ISBN|5-98451-007-3}}</ref><ref name="here">{{cite web |title=Estonia Nationalists Begin to Challenge Moscow Dominance (Published 1988) |website=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519135306/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/21/world/estonia-nationalists-begin-to-challenge-moscow-dominance.html?n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/Estonia |archive-date=2018-05-19 |url-status=live |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/21/world/estonia-nationalists-begin-to-challenge-moscow-dominance.html?n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/Estonia}}</ref> The Intermovement was not an organisation built on nationalist principles, as it gathered almost exclusively supporters from ethnic ]. The main leader of the movement was ] ({{langx|ru|Евгений Коган}}, sometimes transliterated as Evgeny Kogan).<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120908002558/http://www.postimees.ee/290307/esileht/siseuudised/252502.php |date=2012-09-08 }}, Postimees 29 March 2007</ref> Kogan was also one of the leaders of the hardline ] faction in the USSR legislature. Other leaders of the Intermovement included ] ({{langx|ru|Владимир Яровой}}, also transliterated as Vladimir Yarovoi), Arnold Sai,<ref name="survey"/> Vladimir Lebedev ({{langx|ru|Владимир Лебедев}}) and economist Konstantin Kiknadze<ref> - ] - November 28, 1988</ref>
⚫ The '''Intermovement''' ''(International Movement of Workers in the ])'' ({{lang-et|Interliikumine}}, {{lang-ru|Интердвижение}}) was a political movement and organisation in the ]. It was founded on 19 July 1988<ref name="survey">, 13 June 1989</ref> and claimed by different sources 16,000 - 100,000 members.<ref name="survey" /><ref> - ] - September 25, 1989</ref> The original name of the movement was '''Interfront''' (International Front of Workers in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic), which was changed to Intermovement in autumn 1988.


⚫ The Intermovement functioned at factories, mainly, at military plants and those factories that had an ] importance. A large part of Estonian heavy industry was part of the integrated production chain providing their production to the industries in other Soviet regions. These included e.g. the engine factory '']'', Kalinin's and Pöögelmann's electrotechnical plant '']'', and the (especially but not only ]) mining industry in Northern Estonia. It was feared that Estonian independence would lead to the loss of jobs. In fact, after independence the industries were forced to restructure their production and re-orient to new markets, which in most of cases drastically reduced production and forced lay off many people, a large number of whom were Soviet-era immigrants.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
⚫ The movement was aligned with the conservative wing of ], and opposed the ] led by the ] ] and the liberal wing of the CPE.<ref></ref> <ref>, Kripta, Tartu, Sankt Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-98451-007-3</ref><ref></ref> The Intermovement was not perceived as an organisation built on nationalist principles, and gained some support of ethnic Estonians. It also included many supporters from ethnic ]. The main leader of the movement was ] ({{lang-ru|Евгений Коган}}, sometimes transliterated as Evgeny Kogan).<ref>, Postimees 29 March 2007</ref> Other leaders of the movement included ] ({{lang-ru|Владимир Яровой}}, also transliterated as Vladimir Yarovoi), Arnold Sai,<ref name="survey"/> ] ({{lang-ru|Владимир Лебедев}}) and economist ]<ref> - ] - November 28, 1988 </ref>


⚫ According to critics, the movement's aim was to protect the conservative Soviet values and make everything possible to block the actions of the Popular Front. According to the former KGB general ] ({{langx|ru|Олег Калугин}}) it was established in Estonia as also in other parts of the USSR on the initiative of the ], as a counterbalance to the ]s, perceived as ] organizations.<ref name="THE ANATOMY OF INDEPENDENCE"/><ref name="here"/> Despite the stereotyping of the ]s as an elitist force opposing an Estonian independence movement, the Interfront organizations were mass movements and their membership was made up of people from all walks of life.<ref> - ({{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}); originally Smith, Graham 1996. 'The Ethnic Democracy Thesis and the Citizenship Question in Estonia and Latvia'. Nationalities Papers, 24, 2, pp. 199-216.</ref> One of initiators of foundation of the Popular Front R. Grigorjan afterwards gave the following evaluation:
⚫ The Intermovement functioned at factories, mainly, at military plants and those factories that had an ] importance. A large part of Estonian heavy industry was part of the integrated production chain providing their production to the industries in other Soviet regions. These included e.g. the engine factory '']'', Kalinin's and Pöögelmann's electrotechnical plant '']'', and the (especially but not only ]) mining industry in Northern Estonia. It was feared that Estonian independence would lead to the loss of jobs. In fact, after independence the industries were forced to restructure their production and re-orientate to new markets, which in most of cases drastically reduced production and forced lay off many people, a large number of whom were Soviet-era immigrants, brought into Estonia specifically to work at these industries.{{fact}}


{{blockquote|One cannot say that everything in the ideas and slogans of the Intermovementians was wrong. Their concerns that Estonian language will be introduced and people will be fired for not speaking it, fulfilled completely. Or, that the Russian-speakers will be deprived of political rights (citizenship) and turn into second-class people, that Russian schools will be closed etc. But, if the leaders of the Intermovement cared really about human rights, one could find common language with them. However, what they thought about weren't people. For them, as well as for the radical nationalists, people were means, not aim. They'd cared about destiny of the CPSU, Soviet Empire, red flag, marxism-leninism etc.<ref>, Kripta, Tartu, Sankt Petersburg 2004, {{ISBN|5-98451-007-3}}. p. 173{{in lang|ru}}</ref>}}
⚫ According to critics, the movement's aim was to protect the conservative Soviet values and make everything possible to block the actions of the Popular Front. According to the former KGB general ] ({{lang-ru|Олег Калугин}}) it was established in Estonia as also in other parts of the USSR on the initiative of the ], as a counterbalance to the ]s, perceived as ] organizations.<ref>, Kripta, Tartu, Sankt Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-98451-007-3</ref><ref></ref> Despite the stereotyping of the ]s as a force opposing an Estonian independence movement, the Interfront organizations were never mass movements and their membership was largely confined to members of the Party apparat and plant managers.<ref> - (); originally Smith, Graham 1996. ‘The Ethnic Democracy Thesis and the Citizenship Question in Estonia and Latvia’. Nationalities Papers, 24, 2, pp. 199-216.</ref>


In elections for the ] of the ] in 1989 pro-Intermovement candidates won 6 seats out of Estonia's 36, against 27 won by the Popular Front.<ref></ref> In elections for the ] of the ] in 1989 pro-Intermovement candidates won 6 seats out of Estonia's 36, against 27 won by the Popular Front.<ref></ref>


From ] ] to ] ] the Intermovement ran the radiostation Nadezhda ({{lang-ru|Надежда}}, meaning 'Hope'), which contrary to the ordinary procedure got its license from the central authorities of the Soviet Union without informing local authorities in Estonia. Following an order by the ] ], the radiostation was installed at the territory of the Soviet military base in ], near Tallinn.<ref>] ], ]: {{et icon}}</ref> From 29 August 1990 to 21 August 1991 the Intermovement ran the radio station Nadezhda ({{langx|ru|Надежда}}, meaning 'Hope'), which contrary to the ordinary procedure got its license from the central authorities of the Soviet Union without informing local authorities in Estonia. Following an order by the ] ], the radio station was installed at the territory of the Soviet military base in ], near Tallinn.<ref>] August 15, 2006: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003723/http://www.ekspress.ee/viewdoc/B7AB714AC4E2E72EC22571CB002BA584 |date=2007-09-27 }} {{in lang|et}}</ref>


In 1993 Estonian state adopted a ], based on ]. Under the new law, approximately 500,000 ethnic Russians living in Estonia were to be regarded foreigners, facing possible expulsion from the territory of the new state.<ref></ref> In 1993 Estonian state adopted a ], based on '']''. Under the new law, former Soviet citizens who had neither held Estonian citizenship nor were descended from citizens (including approximately 500,000 ethnic Russians) were to be regarded foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/estonias-russians-threaten-breakaway-1494791.html|title=Estonia's Russians threaten breakaway|website=]|date=21 September 2015}}</ref> Some raised concerns that the new foreigners would face possible expulsion from Estonian territory; however, these concerns were not based in fact and in general, Soviet-era non-citizen immigrants were furnished with long-term ]s.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}


In response to the governments' actions, ] <ref>{{lang-ru|Юрий Мишин}}, also transliterated as Yury Mishin)</ref> and a few other former activists of the Intermovement made demands of regional autonomy for Estonia's Russian minority, seeking ] of the ethnic Russian dominated areas in North-East Estonia.<ref> - ] - ], ]</ref> Ostensibly in response to the government's actions, ]<ref>{{langx|ru|Юрий Мишин}}, also transliterated as Yury Mishin,</ref> and a few other former activists of the Intermovement made demands of regional autonomy for Estonia's Russian minority, seeking ] of the ethnic Russian dominated areas in North-East Estonia.<ref> - ] - July 19, 1993</ref>


Following plebiscite, considered by the Republic to be ], on this matter was held on in ] region <ref>Kansalaisuuskiistojen ei uskota vievän sijoittajia Virosta - '']'' ], ] {{fi icon}}</ref>. Central Estonian government ruled out the use of force to prevent the referendum, however it took place on ]–], ]. According to the ] and ] electoral commissions, 53.2 percent of voters participated, and a total of 98%, and 97.2 in Narva supported the idea of territorial autonomy. However, the central government claimed the majority of the population did not participate, and demanded the Narva city council to disband. <ref></ref><ref></ref> Activists held an unconstitutional plebiscite on this matter in the ] region.<ref>Kansalaisuuskiistojen ei uskota vievän sijoittajia Virosta - '']'' July 9, 1993 {{in lang|fi}}</ref> Some raised concerns that the central government might use force to prevent the plebiscite, but these concerns were not based in fact, and it tookplace on July 16–July 17, 1993. According to the activist commissions in ] and ], 53.2% percent of voters participated and 98% in total (97.2% in Narva). However, the central government determined the majority of the population did not participate, and demanded the Narva city council, which had provided material support to separatists, to disband.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nc.ee/?id=489|title=Uudised &#124; Riigikohus|access-date=2009-03-26|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222124748/http://www.nc.ee/?id=489|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crismart.org/templates/Page____571.aspx |title=CRISMART — Försvarshögskolan |access-date=2009-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102085141/http://www.fhs.se/sv/forskning/centrumbildningar-och-forskningsprogram/crismart/om/ |archive-date=2012-11-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The Internmovement was not built on nationalist principles and had some ethnic Estonian supporters. However, of the 742 delegates attending the first congress on March 5 1989, only 11 were ethnic Estonian.<ref>Toivo Miljan, ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia'', Scarecrow Press, 2004, ISBN 0810849046</ref> It was supported by ] and ]; Intermovements ranks also included Arnold Sai, Lembit Annus and Valter Toots<ref></ref>. Similar organisations existed in Latvia, Lithuania (called 'Yedinstvo' - 'Unity') and Moldavia. They shared orthodox communist views and struggled for preserving the Soviet Union. Being committed to the USSR's territorial integrity, they forged alliances with Russian nationalist organizations<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=a-dbI7B6Vs0C&pg=PA224&dq=intermovement+estonia</ref>. Pyotr Rozhok, a participant of the Intermovement, became a ] politician in 1990s <ref>http://rusdrev.narod.ru/R/rojkov.htm</ref><ref>http://www.igpi.ru/monitoring/1047645476/jan1994/Estoniya0194.htm</ref> before running as ] candidate in Russian legislative election, 1999 <ref>http://www.moles.ee/99/Sep/07/2-3.html</ref><ref>http://www.panorama.ru/works/vybory/party/stalin2.html</ref>. The Intermovement was not built on ethnic principles and had some ethnic Estonian supporters. However, of the 742 delegates attending the first congress on March 5, 1989, only 11 were ethnic Estonian.<ref>Toivo Miljan, ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia'', Scarecrow Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8108-4904-6}}</ref> It was supported by ] and ]; Intermovements ranks also included Arnold Sai, Lembit Annus and Valter Toots.<ref></ref> Similar organisations existed in Latvia, Lithuania (called ']' - 'Unity') and Moldova. They shared orthodox communist views and struggled for preserving the Soviet Union. Being committed to the USSR's territorial integrity, they forged alliances with Russian nationalist organizations.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-dbI7B6Vs0C&q=intermovement+estonia&pg=PA224 |title = Reinventing Russia|isbn = 9780674004382|year = 2000|last1 = Brundy|first1 = Yitzhak M.| publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref> Pyotr Rozhok, a participant of the Intermovement, became a ] politician in 1990s <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rusdrev.narod.ru/R/rojkov.htm |title=Российское Генеалогическое Древо является системой родственных связей многих поколений. По структуре напоминает дёрн - массу корешков(связей)многократно переплетённых между собой |access-date=2009-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101205601/http://rusdrev.narod.ru/R/rojkov.htm |archive-date=2005-11-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.igpi.ru/monitoring/1047645476/jan1994/Estoniya0194.htm|title = IGPI.RU :: Политический мониторинг :: Выпуски 1993 - 2000 :: Январь 1994 года :: $title}}</ref> before running as ] candidate in the Russian legislative election in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moles.ee/99/Sep/07/2-3.html|title = Газета "Молодежь Эстонии" 07.09.99 Сталинский блок в Ивангороде Е.АШИХМИН.}}</ref><ref>http://www.panorama.ru/works/vybory/party/stalin2.html</ref>

On 15 May 1990, the Intermovement had a mass gathering in front of the ], that escalated into an attempt to take over the parliament building. ] made a radio announcement "Toompea is under attack". Thousands of Estonians responded and forced the unarmed anti-independence protesters to disperse within few hours. Images of Intermovement leaving Toompea by ]:
<gallery>
Toompea 15.05.90 (01) Interrinde lahkumine.jpg
Toompea 15.05.90 (03) Interrinde lahkumine.jpg
Toompea 15.05.90 (09) Interrinde lahkumine.jpg
Toompea 15.05.90 (10).jpg
Toompea 15.05.90 (12).jpg
Toompea 15.05.90 (15) ENSV Ülemnõukogu.jpg
Toompea 15.05.90 (22) ENSV Ülemnõukogu.jpg
Toompea 16.05.90 (38).jpg
Toompea 16.05.90 (42).jpg
Toompea 16.05.90 (43).jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* ]
* ] (Lithuanian counterpart)
* ]


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


== External links == == External links ==
* *
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227045941/http://www.estonica.org/en/VIDEO:_Intermovement_rally_on_November_16th_1989%09_/ |date=2017-02-27 }} Estonica


]
<!-- ] -->
]

] ]
]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 16:15, 2 November 2024

Political movement and organisation in the Estonian SSR This article is about movement in Estonia. For movement of the same name in Latvia, see International Front of the Working People of Latvia.
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Politics of Estonia
State
Presidency
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations

The Intermovement (International Movement of Workers in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic) (Estonian: Interliikumine, Russian: Интердвижение, translit. Interdvizhenie) was a political movement and organisation in the Estonian SSR. It was founded on 19 July 1988 and claimed by different sources 16,000 - 100,000 members. The original name of the movement was Interfront (International Front of Workers in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic), which was changed to Intermovement in autumn 1988.

The movement was aligned with the pro-Soviet wing of the Estonian Communist Party, and opposed the Estonian independence movement led by the pro-independence Popular Front of Estonia and the liberal wing of the CPE. The Intermovement was not an organisation built on nationalist principles, as it gathered almost exclusively supporters from ethnic non-Estonians. The main leader of the movement was Jevgeni Kogan (Russian: Евгений Коган, sometimes transliterated as Evgeny Kogan). Kogan was also one of the leaders of the hardline Soyuz faction in the USSR legislature. Other leaders of the Intermovement included Vladimir Jarovoi (Russian: Владимир Яровой, also transliterated as Vladimir Yarovoi), Arnold Sai, Vladimir Lebedev (Russian: Владимир Лебедев) and economist Konstantin Kiknadze

The Intermovement functioned at factories, mainly, at military plants and those factories that had an all-union importance. A large part of Estonian heavy industry was part of the integrated production chain providing their production to the industries in other Soviet regions. These included e.g. the engine factory Dvigatel, Kalinin's and Pöögelmann's electrotechnical plant Tondi Elektroonika, and the (especially but not only phosphorite) mining industry in Northern Estonia. It was feared that Estonian independence would lead to the loss of jobs. In fact, after independence the industries were forced to restructure their production and re-orient to new markets, which in most of cases drastically reduced production and forced lay off many people, a large number of whom were Soviet-era immigrants.

According to critics, the movement's aim was to protect the conservative Soviet values and make everything possible to block the actions of the Popular Front. According to the former KGB general Oleg Kalugin (Russian: Олег Калугин) it was established in Estonia as also in other parts of the USSR on the initiative of the KGB, as a counterbalance to the Popular Fronts, perceived as nationalist organizations. Despite the stereotyping of the Russophones as an elitist force opposing an Estonian independence movement, the Interfront organizations were mass movements and their membership was made up of people from all walks of life. One of initiators of foundation of the Popular Front R. Grigorjan afterwards gave the following evaluation:

One cannot say that everything in the ideas and slogans of the Intermovementians was wrong. Their concerns that Estonian language will be introduced and people will be fired for not speaking it, fulfilled completely. Or, that the Russian-speakers will be deprived of political rights (citizenship) and turn into second-class people, that Russian schools will be closed etc. But, if the leaders of the Intermovement cared really about human rights, one could find common language with them. However, what they thought about weren't people. For them, as well as for the radical nationalists, people were means, not aim. They'd cared about destiny of the CPSU, Soviet Empire, red flag, marxism-leninism etc.

In elections for the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union in 1989 pro-Intermovement candidates won 6 seats out of Estonia's 36, against 27 won by the Popular Front.

From 29 August 1990 to 21 August 1991 the Intermovement ran the radio station Nadezhda (Russian: Надежда, meaning 'Hope'), which contrary to the ordinary procedure got its license from the central authorities of the Soviet Union without informing local authorities in Estonia. Following an order by the Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, the radio station was installed at the territory of the Soviet military base in Keila, near Tallinn.

In 1993 Estonian state adopted a law on citizenship and residency, based on Jus sanguinis. Under the new law, former Soviet citizens who had neither held Estonian citizenship nor were descended from citizens (including approximately 500,000 ethnic Russians) were to be regarded foreigners. Some raised concerns that the new foreigners would face possible expulsion from Estonian territory; however, these concerns were not based in fact and in general, Soviet-era non-citizen immigrants were furnished with long-term residence permits.

Ostensibly in response to the government's actions, Juri Mišin and a few other former activists of the Intermovement made demands of regional autonomy for Estonia's Russian minority, seeking autonomy of the ethnic Russian dominated areas in North-East Estonia.

Activists held an unconstitutional plebiscite on this matter in the Narva region. Some raised concerns that the central government might use force to prevent the plebiscite, but these concerns were not based in fact, and it tookplace on July 16–July 17, 1993. According to the activist commissions in Narva and Sillamäe, 53.2% percent of voters participated and 98% in total (97.2% in Narva). However, the central government determined the majority of the population did not participate, and demanded the Narva city council, which had provided material support to separatists, to disband.

The Intermovement was not built on ethnic principles and had some ethnic Estonian supporters. However, of the 742 delegates attending the first congress on March 5, 1989, only 11 were ethnic Estonian. It was supported by Gustav Naan and Vladimir Hütt; Intermovements ranks also included Arnold Sai, Lembit Annus and Valter Toots. Similar organisations existed in Latvia, Lithuania (called 'Yedinstvo' - 'Unity') and Moldova. They shared orthodox communist views and struggled for preserving the Soviet Union. Being committed to the USSR's territorial integrity, they forged alliances with Russian nationalist organizations. Pyotr Rozhok, a participant of the Intermovement, became a LDPRF politician in 1990s before running as Stalinist Bloc candidate in the Russian legislative election in 1999.

On 15 May 1990, the Intermovement had a mass gathering in front of the Toompea Castle, that escalated into an attempt to take over the parliament building. Edgar Savisaar made a radio announcement "Toompea is under attack". Thousands of Estonians responded and forced the unarmed anti-independence protesters to disperse within few hours. Images of Intermovement leaving Toompea by Jaan Künnap:

See also

References

  1. ^ An Annotated Survey of Independent Movements in Eastern Europe, 13 June 1989
  2. Soviet Union Look Who's Feeling Picked On - Time magazine - September 25, 1989
  3. Employee Ownership and the Political Debate in Estonia 1987-1994. Archived 2006-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ THE ANATOMY OF INDEPENDENCE, Kripta, Tartu, Sankt Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-98451-007-3
  5. ^ "Estonia Nationalists Begin to Challenge Moscow Dominance (Published 1988)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-05-19.
  6. Suri endine Interrinde liider Jevgeni Kogan Archived 2012-09-08 at archive.today, Postimees 29 March 2007
  7. Estonia - Time magazine - November 28, 1988
  8. Estonia: Nation Building And Integration. Political And Legal Aspects - (Google cache); originally Smith, Graham 1996. 'The Ethnic Democracy Thesis and the Citizenship Question in Estonia and Latvia'. Nationalities Papers, 24, 2, pp. 199-216.
  9. Iseseisvuse anatoomia. Анатомия независимости. The anatomy of independence, Kripta, Tartu, Sankt Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-98451-007-3. p. 173(in Russian)
  10. ELECTIONS AND REFERENDUMS IN ESTONIA 1989-1999 - Elections to the Congress of the USSR People's Deputies 26.03.1989
  11. Eesti Ekspress August 15, 2006: Raadiohääl Keila tankipolgust Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine (in Estonian)
  12. "Estonia's Russians threaten breakaway". Independent.co.uk. 21 September 2015.
  13. Russian: Юрий Мишин, also transliterated as Yury Mishin,
  14. Aliens in a Land They Call Home - Time magazine - July 19, 1993
  15. Kansalaisuuskiistojen ei uskota vievän sijoittajia Virosta - Kauppalehti July 9, 1993 (in Finnish)
  16. "Uudised | Riigikohus". Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  17. "CRISMART — Försvarshögskolan". Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
  18. Toivo Miljan, Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Scarecrow Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8108-4904-6
  19. The Anatomy of Independence
  20. Brundy, Yitzhak M. (2000). Reinventing Russia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674004382.
  21. "Российское Генеалогическое Древо является системой родственных связей многих поколений. По структуре напоминает дёрн - массу корешков(связей)многократно переплетённых между собой". Archived from the original on 2005-11-01. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  22. "IGPI.RU :: Политический мониторинг :: Выпуски 1993 - 2000 :: Январь 1994 года :: $title".
  23. "Газета "Молодежь Эстонии" 07.09.99 Сталинский блок в Ивангороде Е.АШИХМИН".
  24. http://www.panorama.ru/works/vybory/party/stalin2.html

External links

Categories: