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| == Aegean Macedonians == | |||
| {{ethnic group| | |||
| |group= Aegean Macedonians<br/>Егејски Македонци<br/>''Egejski Makedonci'' | |||
| |image =<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: ] --> | |||
| |caption=Fighters of the 1st Aegean Shock Brigade marching through liberated ]. | |||
| |poptime= '''150,000 - 200,000''' | |||
| |region2 = {{flagcountry|Macedonia}} | |||
| |pop2 = 52,000 - 72,000 (est.) | |||
| |ref2 = {{lower| <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book | |||
| |title= Macedonia Its Disputed History | |||
| |last= Simpson | |||
| |first= Neil | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors= | |||
| |year= 1994 | |||
| |publisher= Aristoc Press | |||
| |location= Victoria | |||
| |isbn= 0646204629 | |||
| |pages= 101,102 & 91}} </ref>}} | |||
| |region3 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | |||
| |pop3 = 2,892(2006 </br>census){{smallsup|a}} - 28,000 (est.) | |||
| |ref3 = {{lower| <ref> and Peter,Hill. (1989) The Macedonians in Australia, Hesperian Press, Carlisle</ref><ref>The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, 1988, James Jupp(Editor), Angus and Roberston, Sydney.</ref>}} | |||
| |region4 ={{flagcountry|Albania}} | |||
| |pop4 = 4,231 (1989 census){{smallsup|b}} | |||
| |ref4 ={{lower|<ref></ref>}} | |||
| |region5 ={{flagcountry|Canada}} | |||
| |pop5 = 26,000 (est.) | |||
| |ref5 = {{lower|<ref name=autogenerated5>Peter,Hill. (1989) The Macedonians in Australia, Hesperian Press, Carlisle</ref>}} | |||
| |region6 ={{flagcountry|United States}} | |||
| |pop6 = 30,000 (est.) | |||
| |ref6 = {{lower|<ref name=autogenerated5 />}} | |||
| |region1 ={{flagcountry|Greece}} | |||
| |pop1 = 30,000 (1999 est.) - 150,000 | |||
| |ref1 = {{lower|<ref name="GHM">{{cite web|url=http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223|title=Greece – Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)|date=1999-09-18|work=Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) & Minority Rights Group – Greece (MRG-G)|accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | |||
| |title= Encyclopedia of World Geography | |||
| |last=Gardner | |||
| |first=Philip | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors= Professor P. Landini, Institute of Science, Pescara, Italy | |||
| |year= 1994 | |||
| |publisher= Readers Digest Pty Limited | |||
| |location= Surry Hills | |||
| |isbn= 0864385889 | |||
| |pages= 302}} </ref>}} | |||
| |region7 = {{EUR}} | |||
| |pop7 = 20,000 (est.) | |||
| |ref7 = {{lower|<ref>www.bak-services.com/dossiers/marinov.pdf</ref>}} | |||
| |region8 = ] ] (]) | |||
| |pop8 = 7,500 (est.) | |||
| |ref8 = | |||
| |popplace= | |||
| |rels=Predominantly ] and ] | |||
| |langs=], ] and ] | |||
| |footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} By Birthplace Only <br>{{smallsup|b}} Sometimes considered to be Aegean Macedonians | |||
| }} | |||
| {{distinguish2|]}} | |||
| '''"Aegean Macedonians"''' ({{lang-mk|Егејски Македонци, ''Egejski Makedonci''}}) or simply '''"Aegeans"''' ({{lang-mk|Егејци, ''Egejci''}}), are terms used to refer to members of the ] community of the ] of ] who identify as ]. The term "Aegeans" has also been used to signify those who identify as ethnic Bulgarians,<ref>, .</ref> or the Slav-speaking population without a clear sense of ethnic consciousness.<ref></ref> The different uses of the term are linked to the diverse standpoints on the ethnic belonging and history of the Slavophone population in the wider region of ]. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] began settling in the region of Macedonia in the 6th and 7th centuries and in the following centuries. By the 10th century, Slavs were the majority population in central Balkans. During ], most of the ]-Slavic population of Macedonia had not formed a national identity separate from their neighbors and were instead identified through their religious affiliation.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} In the Middle Ages and later, until 20th century the Slavspeaking population of Greek Macedonia (regarded in Republic of Macedonia as ethnic Macedonians) was indentified mostly as Bulgarian or Greek.<ref>, one of the passages in English - , ,</ref> <ref>Pulcherius, Receuil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux. III, p. 331 – a passage in English -, </ref><ref></ref>During the period of ] many Bulgarians from these regions supported the struggle for creation of Bulgarian cultural educational and religious institutions, including ].<ref>Journal Bulgarski knizhitsi, Constantinople, No. 10 May, 1858, p. 19, in English - , ,, Vacalopulos, Konstandinos A. Modern history of Macedonia, Thessaloniki 1988, p. 52, 57, 64</ref> | |||
| ] revolutionaries from ], 1903]] | |||
| The ] identified population groups based on religious orientation.<ref>The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. D P Hupchik </ref> (see ]) The people in Macedonia, at that time a roughly defined region, that were under the jurisdiction of the ] (Greek Orthodox Church) were thus considered "]". Those under the Bulgarian Exarchate (Bulgarian Orthodox Church) were thus considered "]". The foundation of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870) aimed specifically at differentiating the Bulgarian from the Greek population on an ethnic and linguistic basis, hence providing the conditions for the open assertion of ]n ].<ref>Journal of Modern Greek Studies 14.2 (1996) 253-301 Nationalism and Identity Politics in the Balkans: Greece and the Macedonian Question by Victor Roudometof.</ref> The ] (IMARO) was founded in 1893 in Ottoman ] by several Bulgarian Exarchate teachers and professionals who sought to create a militant movement dedicated to the autonomy of Macedonia and Thrace within the Ottoman Empire. Many ] participated in the ] in hope of liberation from the Porte. After the ] in 1913, Greece took control of ] and began an official policy of ] (]) which included the settlement of Greeks from other provinces into southern Macedonia, as well as the linguistic and cultural Hellenization of Slav speakers. <ref>The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Dennis Hupchik</ref> which continued even after ].<ref>http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/greece/greece945.pdf</ref> After the Balkan Wars and after the First World War many Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia moved to ]. There was agreement in 1919 between Bulgaria and Greece which provided opportunities to expatriate the Bulgarians from Greece.<ref>Даскалов, Георги. Българите в Егейска Македония. Rсторико-демографско изследване /1900-1990/, София, Македонски научен институт, 1996, с. 165 (Daskalov, Georgi. The Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia. Historical-Demographic research /1900-1990/, Sofia, published by Macedonian Scientific Institute, 1996, p. 165) - The Bulgarian-Greek agreement from 1919 officially had for an object to stimulate the voluntary expatriation of the Bulgarian population from Aegean Macedonia and the deporting of the less numerous Greek population from Bulgaria. If in the first years insignificant number of persons from both of minorities embraced the opportunity to move, stipulated in convention, the situation changed radically after 1922. After the Greek military venture against Turkey and the disaster of the Greek army in Asia Minor in 1922 ant after arriving in the Greece of the significant number of refugees Athens adopted policy sending away the Bulgarian population from Aegean Macedonia and Western Thrace.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| On August 10, 1920, upon signing the ], the Greek government reiterated that "measures were being taken towards the opening of schools with instruction in the Slavic language in the following school year of 1925/26".{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Thus, the primer intended for the children of the "Slavic-speaking minority" to learn their native language in school. A bilingual book entitled "]" was offered as an argument in support of this statement. However, no such schoolbooks ever reached any classrooms. After ], ] (Greek: Σλαβομακεδόνας) nationalism began to arise.<ref></ref> In 1934 the ] issued a declaration supporting development of Macedonian nationalism <ref>"Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна" - Февраль 1934 г, Москва</ref> a decision which was supported by the ]. The Situation for ] became unbearable when the ] took power in 1936.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Place names and surnames were forcibly Hellenized and the native Macedonian dialects were banned even in personal use. <ref name=autogenerated5 /> It was during this time that many ] fled their homes and immigrated to the ], ] and ]. | |||
| During the ], many ethnic Macedonians fought within the Greek army{{Fact|date=August 2008}} until the country was overrun in 1941. Many ethnic Macedonians joined the ] (KKE) and participated in partisan activities. The KKE expressed its intent to "fight for the national self-determination of the repressed Macedonians" <ref>KKE, Πέντε Χρόνια Αγώνες 1931-1936, Athens, 2nd ed., 1946.</ref>. In 1943, the ] (SNOF) was set up by ethnic Macedonian members of the ]. The main aim of the SNOF was to obtain the entire support of the local population and to mobilize it, through SNOF, for the aims of the ] (EAM)<ref> "Славјано Македонски Глас", 15 Јануари 1944 с.1 </ref>. Another major aim was to fight against the Bulgarian organisation ] and Bulgarian autorities.<ref>"АМ, Збирка: Егејска Македонија во НОБ 1941-1945 - (Повик на СНОФ до Македонците од Костурско 16 Мај 1944)" </ref>. During this time, the ethnic Macedonians in Greece were permitted to publish newspapers in the ] and run schools<ref>"Народно Ослободителниот Фронт и други организации на Македонците од Егејскиот дел на Македонија. (Ристо Кирјазовски)", Скопје, 1985.</ref>. Following the German withdrawal from Macedonia much of the region was dragged into the ensuing ]. In late 1944 after the German and Bulgarian withdrawal from Greece, the ]'s ] movement hardly concealed its intention of expanding.<ref>Macedonia in the 1940s. Modern and Contemporary Macedonia, vol. II, 64-103. by Yiannis D. Stefanidis</ref> It was from this period that Slav-speakers in Greece who had previously referred to themselves as "Bulgarians" increasingly began to identify as "Macedonians".<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |title= Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece | |||
| |last= Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.) | |||
| |first= | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors= Lois Whitman, Jeri Laber | |||
| |year= 1994 | |||
| |publisher= Human Rights Watch | |||
| |location= Toronto | |||
| |isbn= 1564321320 | |||
| |pages= 9}} </ref> By 1945 ] had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of the Second World War over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the Germans, Italians, Bulgarians or ] was determined by the geopolitical position of each village. Depending upon whether their village was vulnerable to attack by the Greek communist guerrillas or the occupation forces, the peasants would opt to support the side in relation to which they were most vulnerable. In both cases, the attempt was to promise "freedom" (autonomy or independence) to the formerly persecuted Slavic minority as a means of gaining its support.<ref>John S. Koliopoulos. Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia. Foreword by C. M. Woodhouse. New York: New York University Press. 1999. p. 304. </ref> | |||
| ===National Liberation Front=== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{see|National Liberation Front (Macedonia)}} | |||
| The National Liberation Front (NOF) was organized by the political and military groups of the ] minority in Greece, active from 1945-1949. At first, the NOF organized meetings, street and factory protests and published illegal underground newspapers. Soon after it founding, members began forming armed partisan detachments. In 1945, 12 such groups were formed in ], 7 in Florina, and 11 in ] and the ] region.<ref>"Les Archives de la Macedonine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" - (Field report of Mihail Keramidzhiev to the Main Command of NOF), 8 July 1945 </ref> Many ] also joined the ethnic Macedonians in NOF, especially in the Kastoria region. The NOF merged with the ] (DSE) which was the main armed unit supporting the Communist Party. Owing to the KKE's equal treatment of ethnic Macedonians and Greeks, many ethnic Macedonians enlisted as volunteers in the DSE (60% of the DSE was composed of ethnic Macedonians).<ref>"Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια. Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος" (ISBN 9607213432).</ref> It was during this time that books written in the Macedonian language were published and ethnic Macedonians cultural organizations theatres were opened.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> According to information announced by Paskal Mitrovski on the I plenum of NOF on August 1948, about 85% of the Slavic-speaking population in Greek Macedonia had an ethnic Macedonian self-identity. It has been estimated that out of DSE's 20,000 fighters, 14,000 were Slavic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia.<ref>Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος. ''Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια'' (ISBN 9607213432).</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 /> Given their important role in the battle<ref>, published in ''Σαράντα Χρόνια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958'', Athens, 1958, p. 575.</ref>, the KKE changed its policy towards them. At the fifth Plenum of KKE on January 31, 1949, a resolution was passed declaring that after KKE's victory, the Slavic Macedonians would find their national restoration as they wish<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Refugee children=== | |||
| <!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: ] from Lerin/Florina, 1947]] --> | |||
| :::'' Futher Information :]'' | |||
| The DSE was slowly driven back and eventually defeated. Thousands of ethnic Macedonians were expelled and fled to the newly established ], while thousands more children took refuge in other ] countries.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In Macedonian they are known as ''Децата бегалци/Decata begalci''. Many of them made their way to the US, Canada and Australia. Other estimates claim that 5,000 were sent to Romania, 3,000 to Czechoslovakia, 2,500 to Bulgaria, Poland and Hungary and a further 700 to East Germany.<ref>[http://www.bak-services.com/dossiers/marinov.pdf Nationalism, Society and Culture | |||
| in post-Ottoman South East Europe]</ref> ] sources claim up to 213,000 Aegean Macedonian fled Greece at the end of the Civil War.<ref name=autogenerated7>Human Rights Violations Against Ethnic Macedonians-Report 1996, Macedonian Human Rights Movement of Canada, Toronto, 1996; p.111-112</ref> Other sources estimate that 52,000 - 72,000 people in total were evacuated to the ].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> | |||
| ===The return to Greece=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Since the end of the Greek Civil War many Aegean Macedonians have attempted to return to their homes in Greece. A 1982 amnesty law which stated "all Greek by Genus who during the civil war of 1946-1949 and because of it have fled abroad as political refugees" had the right to return, thus excluding all those who did not identify as ].<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite book | |||
| |title= Denying Ethnic Identity; The Macedonians Of Greece | |||
| |last= Human Rights Watch | |||
| |first= Helsinki | |||
| |authorlink= | |||
| |coauthors= | |||
| |year= 1994 | |||
| |publisher= Human Rights Watch | |||
| |location= New York | |||
| |isbn= 1564321320 | |||
| |pages= }}</ref> This was brought to a forefront shortly after the independence of the ] in 1991. Many ethnic Macedonians have been refused entry to Greece because their documentation listed the Slavic names of the places of birth as opposed to the now-official new Greek names, despite the Child Refugees, now elderly, only knowing their village by the local Macedonian name.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> These measures were even extended to Australian and Canadian citizens. Despite this, there have been sporadic periods of free entry most of which have only ever lasted a few days.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Human rights issues== | |||
| ] | |||
| According to Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, "a widespread policy of Hellenisation was implemented after ]."<ref>Denying Ethnic Identity: the Macedonians of Greece, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, New York, 1994</ref> Many Slavic toponyms were deprecated in favour of the official Greek forms. By 1936 the situation for many Aegean Macedonians had become intolerable, causing many to emigrate<ref name=autogenerated5 />. Their native speech was banned even in their own homes.<ref> {{cite book | |||
| | last = Simson | |||
| | first = Neil | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Macedonia Its Disputed History | |||
| | publisher = Aristoc Press | |||
| | date = 1994 | |||
| | location = Victoria | |||
| | pages = 66 | |||
| | isbn = 0646204629 }}</ref><ref> {{cite book | |||
| | last = Poulton | |||
| | first = Hugh | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Who are the Macedonians? | |||
| | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Publishers | |||
| | date = 2000 | |||
| | location = London | |||
| | pages = 88 | |||
| | isbn = 1850655340 }}</ref><ref> {{cite book | |||
| | last = Hill | |||
| | first = Peter | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = The Macedonians in Australia | |||
| | publisher = Hesperian Press | |||
| | date = 1989 | |||
| | location = Australia | |||
| | pages = 7 | |||
| | isbn = 0859051420 }} </ref><ref> {{cite book | |||
| | last = Uluslararası | |||
| | first = İlişkiler Ajansı | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = The Rising Sun in the Balkans: The Republic of Macedonia | |||
| | publisher = Polliteccon Publications | |||
| | date = 1995 | |||
| | location = Australia | |||
| | pages = 33 | |||
| | isbn = 0646209272}} </ref><ref> {{cite book | |||
| | last = Cowan | |||
| | first = Jane | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = | |||
| | title = Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference | |||
| | publisher = Pluto Press | |||
| | date = 2000 | |||
| | location = | |||
| | pages = 57 | |||
| | isbn = 0646209272}} </ref><ref> {{cite book | |||
| | last = Macridge | |||
| | first = Peter | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | coauthors = Eleni Yannakakis | |||
| | title = Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian | |||
| | publisher = Berd Publishers | |||
| | date =1997 | |||
| | location = | |||
| | pages = 66 | |||
| | isbn = 0646209272}} </ref> Many people who broke the rule were deported to the islands of ] and ]<ref>The Rising Sun In the Balkans: The Republic of Macedonia, International Affairs Agency, Sydney, Pollitecon Publications, 1995; p.33</ref> but generally they just had to pay a fine of 30-40 drachmas for speaking the Macedonian language or were arrested.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Many people were also forced to evacuate the border regions with ].<ref name=autogenerated1 />. However this situation was completely reversed during ] and the Greek Civil War when the ] and ] were allowed to flourish. | |||
| However the situation deteriorated after the Communists lost the Greek Civil War. By 1959 the inhabitants of three villages adopted a 'language oath', renouncing their Slavic dialect.<ref name=autogenerated3>Denying Ethnic Identity: the Macedonians of Greece: the Macedonians of Greece, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, New York, 1994</ref> According to Riki Van Boeschoten,this peculiar ritual took place "on the initiative of local government officials."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Van Boeschoten |first=Riki |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= |title= Code-switching, Linguistic Jokes and Ethnic Identity,Reading Hidden Transcripts in a Cross-Cultural Contex |journal=Journal of Modern Greek Studies |volume=25 |issue= |pages= |id= |url= |accessdate=2008-06-22 |quote= }}</ref> According to Vlassis Vlasidis and Veniamin Karakostanoglou, "such oaths were indeed taken by villagers after church service under yet unknown circumstances, probably at the initiative of local officials. Apparently they were discontinued once they became known to authorities in Athens."<ref>Vlassis Vlasidis - Veniamin Karakostanoglou, </ref> | |||
| Many of the people who fled during the Greek Civil War were stripped of their Greek Citizenship and Property.<ref>Decree LZ/1947; later by Law 2536/1953 & Decree M/1948, N/1948, and Law 2536/1953, Denying Ethnic Identity: the Macedonians of Greece: the Macedonians of Greece, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, New York, 1994</ref> During the Cold War cases of discrimination against people who identified as ] and the Macedonian language have been reported by the Human Rights Watch/Helsinki.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> A 1982 amnesty law excluded all people who identified as non-Greeks from return, this included Ethnic Macedonians<ref name=autogenerated6 />. | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| {{see|Macedonian culture (Slavic)}} | |||
| Aegean Macedonian culture is very similar to that of other Ethnic Macedonians. Yet many regional folk songs and dances are performed and practised. They celebrate many Greek and Ethnic Macedonian holidays. ] is an ethnic Macedonian singer from Greece, who performs songs in the Macedonian language. The ''lerinsko oro''/lerin dance, with origins in the region of Florina, is also popular amongst Aegean Macedonians. Other Aegean Macedonian dances popularized by the ] include the ''Bufsko Pušteno'' and A''rmensko Oro''. Recently world renowned ] dance group, ] toured through Greece. Greece has blocked attempts by Aegean Macedonians to establish ''the Home of Macedonian Culture (]: Дом на Македонската култура, ]: Stegi Makedonikou Politismou)'' despite being convicted for a violation of freedom of association by the European Court of Human Rigts.<ref name=autogenerated4></ref> | |||
| ==Education== | |||
| Aegean Macedonians in Greece attend Greek language schools as the Macedonian language is not taught in Greece. The Abecedar primer originally printed in 1925 was designed for Slav language students. Many Ethnic Macedonians learned Macedonian throughout the Greek Civil War. The Abecedar primer was reprinted in 2006 by the ], it was printed in Macedonian, Greek and English<ref>http://www.florina.org/archive/abecedar/main.html</ref>. Many of the Child Refugees learned Macedonian, Greek and the host countries language. | |||
| ==Religion== | |||
| Most Aegean Macedonians are typically of the Orthodox Faith. Unlike other Ethnic Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia many belong to the ]. Recently many emigrants have joined the ] while most in Greece still follow the Greek Orthodox Church. | |||
| ==Language== | |||
| ] in 1949.]] | |||
| {{see|Macedonian language|Slavic dialects of Greece}} | |||
| The Aegean Macedonian's speak various ]. The Dialects of the Macedonian language spoken in Greece are the ] and ]'s, the Florina variant of the ], the ], ], ] and ] dialect's. The various Slavic dialects of Greece are often considered as Macedonian. Many Aegean Macedonians also speak Greek. Many of the Child Refugees were educated in the Standard form of Macedonian, along with the host country's language, Greek and often ]. Archimandrite Nikodim Tsarknias has recently called for the language to be used in Church Services. The ] has called for the introduction of the language in Schools and for official purposes.<ref> http://www.florina.org/public/html/about/manifesto.html</ref> In 2006 the Macedonian language primer ''Abecedar'' was reprinted in an informal attempt to reintroduce the language.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Media== | |||
| {{Ethnic Macedonians}} | |||
| Throughout the Greek Civil War many Macedonian language radio stations and newspapers were established and operating amongst the local population. After the KKE were defeated all of these were shut down and equipment dismantled. Until the ] there has been virtually no Macedonian language media in operation in Greece. Since then many informal types of Macedonian language media has been in operation in Greece. The ] produces a journal named ''Zora''<ref></ref> which is in both ] and ]. Radio stations have also been shut down reportedly due to the use of the Macedonian language on air and the broadcasting of Ethnic Macedonian Music<ref name=autogenerated4 /> ''Macedonian Sound (Greek: Makedonikos Ichos)'' was notable example of this. | |||
| ==Diaspora== | |||
| During the 19th and 20th century many Aegean Macedonians went on pečalba or seasonal work to many other regions of the Balkans. Eventually many Ethnic Macedonians made their way to America, Canada, Australia and Brazil.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> More still decided to emigrate after the Metaxas regime came to power<ref name=autogenerated5 />. After the Greek Civil war thousands were expelled and fled to the Eastern Bloc before making their ways to Canada, America and Australia. Of the total number of people evacuated to the Eastern Bloc, 9052 went to ], 11,623 to ], 11,458 to ], 7,253 to ], 3,019 to Bulgaria and 11,980 were sent to the ]. | |||
| ===Republic of Macedonia=== | |||
| After the Greek Civil War the bulk of all Ethnic Macedonian refugees ended up in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (part of Yugoslavia). Many refugees sent to the Eastern Bloc returned to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in the 1950s. Many associations such as '"the Association of Macedonians from the Aegean Part of Macedonia" and "Association of Refugee Children from Aegean Macedonia" were established in order to provide support and community. Every year events are held such as the "]" and the Regular Border meetings with Aegean Macedonians in Greece. | |||
| ===Canada=== | |||
| Many thousands of Aegean Macedonians emigrated to Canada in the 20th century. The settled primarily in Ontario. By 1910 an estimated 1090 Aegean Macedonians had emigrated to Canada.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}. Many early Aegean Macedonian immigrants found industrial work in Toronto, either as factory hands or labourers in abattoirs, local sheet metal industries, or iron and steel foundries. From these jobs, they quickly progressed to the ownership of a great number of restaurants, grocery stores and butcher shops. Macedonian entrepreneurs and their descendants eventually employed their numerical strength within the food service industry as a catapult into a variety of larger and more sophisticated ventures. The majority of Macedonians today are employed in the professional, clerical and service sector of the economy. They set up many organizations such as "The Lerin Region Macedonian Cultural Association of Ontario". In 1979 the "The Association of Refugee Children from Aegean Macedonia" (ARCAM) was set up in order to unite the former child refugees from all over the world. It was reported that chapters had been set up in ], ], ], Skopje, ], ] and Poland. <ref name=autogenerated7 /> | |||
| ===Australia=== | |||
| {{see|Macedonian Australian|Macedonian-Australian People's League}} | |||
| The Aegean Macedonian people have had a long history with Australia. In 19th Century pečalba, working away from home, was a widespread Macedonian custom.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> The first Aegean Macedonian was Stojan Kenkov who came to Australian in 1914.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Pre-World War Two migration occurred in two waves: the first, in 1924, when the USA imposed heavy immigration restrictions and the second, after 1936, when the fascist regime of Ioanis Metaxas in Greece took power.<ref></ref> The third wave occurred after the Greek Civil War when many ethnic Macedonians fled Greece. Charles Price estimates that by 1940 there were 670 Ethnic Macedonians from Florina and 370 from Kastoria resident in Australia.<ref>Charles Price,Southern Europeans in Australia, page 11 and 23, 1963</ref> Charles Price also claims that by 1989 an estimated 21,140 could claim ethnic Macedonian ancestry from Greece.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Peter Hill also estimates a figure of 50,000 Aegean Macedonians (including second generation and excluding the aegean Macedonians who identify as Greeks).<ref name=autogenerated5 /> 2.5% of adherents to the Macedonian Orthodox Church in Australia were born in Greece<ref name=autogenerated2></ref> while 3,152 speakers of the Macedonian language were born in Greece and 2,919 people born in Greece claimed ethnic Macedonian ancestry or roughly 3.6% of the total population group.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> | |||
| Aegean Macedonians were essential in the establishment of the ] ('']: Makedono-Avstraliski Naroden Sâjuz'') which dominated ethnic Macedonian life throughout the 1940s and 1950s. They then went on to establish organizations and events such as Macedonian Cultural Week, ], Makedonska Iskra, Macedonian Community of S.A, Nova Makedonija and many others.<ref name=autogenerated5 />. There are Aegean Macedonian minorities in ], Melbourne, ]<ref></ref>, ], ] and ].<ref name=autogenerated5 /> The Church of St George and the Florina Community Centre and Day Care center was built in Shepparton the Aegean Macedonian hall - Kotori was built by 32 families from the village Kotori in Richmond. Another Church was established by Aegean Macedonians in Queanbeyan and a hall erected in Manjimup. Other Aegean Macedonians oragnizations include the "Aegean Macedonian Association of Australia" and the "Richmond Aegean Macedonian Cultural and Sporting Association. | |||
| == Notable Aegean Macedonians == | |||
| *] - Macedonian politician | |||
| *] - Australian Rules footballer | |||
| *] - communist leader during the Greek Civil War from Florina | |||
| *] - musician | |||
| *] - academic from Florina | |||
| *] - Former Minister in the Republic of Macedonia | |||
| *] - revoloutionary | |||
| *] - writer and journalist | |||
| *] - historian and journalist | |||
| *] - jurist, politician and painter from Kastoria | |||
| *] - famous poet in the Republic of Macedonia (from ]) | |||
| *] - Jurist and Professor (from ]) | |||
| *] - folklorist from Koufalia, Greece | |||
| *] - communist fighter | |||
| *] - surgeon | |||
| *] - writer and poet | |||
| *] - Commander of the NOF | |||
| *] - poet from ] | |||
| *] - NOF fighter from ] | |||
| *] - Human rights activist and Rainbow Party member from ] | |||
| *] - Macedonian monk from ], Greece | |||
| *] - Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia (father from Florina) | |||
| *] - academic from Florina | |||
| *] - poet, writer and translator | |||
| *] - Secretary of the NOF | |||
| *] - Human rights activist and Rainbow Party member from Florina | |||
| *] - writer and literary critic from ] (''Gorničevo'') | |||
| *] - diplomat, writer and translator | |||
| *] - poet, artist, translator and journalist | |||
| *] - scientist and historian from Kastoria | |||
| *] - revoloutionary and historian | |||
| *] - poet and writer | |||
| *] - Canadian businessman from Kastoria | |||
| *] - painter | |||
| *] - model and brand ambassador | |||
| *] - leader of the ] | |||
| *] - former member of Yugoslav Presidency | |||
| == See also == | |||
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| == External links == | |||
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| * {{mk icon}} | |||
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| == References == | |||
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Latest revision as of 10:46, 5 May 2021
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