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| The '''Syriac people''' <big>(</big>]: <big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>, {{IPA-all|'Sūryōyɛ Orōmōyɛ}}<big>)</big>, also simply known as '''Syriacs''' or '''Arameans''' are an ] of ], in the sense of sharing a common ], ], ], and speak a variant of ]. They are native to ], ], ], ], ] and neighbouring regions who can also be found in a plethora of ] communities around the world. In later times, many of them fled into ], ], ], ], ] and ]; mostly to ], ], ] and ]. Today hundreds of thousands Syriacs live in ].<ref></ref><ref>http://www.themesopotamian.org/magazine/mesopotamian_v1_i4_jan05.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.kristdemokraterna.se/PressOchMedia/Pressmeddelanden/Internationellt/~/media/DBB059D6B89C42C1B8CB49B55C7CAC49.ashx</ref> | |||
| For the most part, they speak the ], which is known as "]" (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in their native tongue, but a large part also speak a dialect of the ] called ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>). The Syriacs mostly call themselves "]" (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in their native tongue, but a large part also tend to use "]" (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) as self-designation, since the Syriacs are ] to the ].<ref>http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=210540</ref> | |||
| Being adherents of the ], they belong to the ] and ], for which reason they are also known as ] (named after ]). They are known as one of the first people to accept ] as their ].<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14417a.htm</ref><ref>http://www.tulumba.com/storeItem.asp?ic=VI342856CI279</ref><ref>"Tur Abdin, and the Aramaean Renaissance" by John Messo</ref> | |||
| Their ], which is known as ], or ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in the their mother tounge, lies in what is now ], ] and ], specifically in the ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) region in ], and in the ] region in ]. The strongest Syriac community in the world is found in the city of ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in ] where a large Syriac community live. Following the ] (<big><big>{{lang|arc|]}}</big></big>) in the early 20th century, many fled abroad, and a large portion today lives in ].<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/christians-caught-in-the-crossfire-members-of-syriac-sect-driven-from-homes-1392468.html</ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| === Prehistoric time === | |||
| {{Main|Aramaeans}} | |||
| ] | |||
| The ] was a semitic ethnic group that lived in ] and in ] from around 1100 BC. <ref name="BE"></ref> | |||
| Their language, ], was a north Semitic language that had its time of greatness in the bigger part of the ] during the first millennium before our time of counting; much as a result of the new Assyrian empire, that assumed the language as its national language,<ref name="BD"/> that led to the big spread of the ] in that area in the Middle East, today known as the ] <ref name="BD"></ref>. | |||
| Later, even the ] and the ] came to talk different accents of Aramaic <ref name="BD"/>. In the ], the ] are described as with the ], a close related ethnic group <ref name="BE"/><ref name="BD"/>. | |||
| The ] along with the Hittite rulers came to rule Syro-Hittite states from about 1000 BC. The Aramaeans ruled cities such as Bit-Adini, Bit-Bahiani, Bit Agusi, Hatarikka-Luhuti and ]. .<ref>''Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas''. Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13-14</ref><ref>], ''The Hittites''. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 2nd ed., 1976 = 1954. p. 39-46.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The Aramean expansion continues and in the second half of the second century BCE, ] became the capital of the ] dynasty, who founded the Kingdom of ], the first Christian state under ].<ref>{{cite book |title=China in World History |last=Adshead |first=Samuel Adrian Miles |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan |location= |isbn=0312225652 |pages=27 }}</ref><ref name="ball">{{cite book |title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire |last=Ball |first=Warwick |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=Rome |isbn=0415113768 |pages=95 }}</ref><ref name="cheetham">{{cite book |title=A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries |last=Cheetham |first=Samuel |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1905 |publisher=Macmillan and Co |location= |isbn= |pages=58 }}</ref><ref name="Lockyer">{{cite book |title=All the Apostles of the Bible |last=Lockyer |first=Herbert |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1988 |publisher=Zondervan |location= |isbn=0310280117 |pages=260 }}</ref> | |||
| The ] were, in the 11th century BC, dominating the area in ]. The ] established kingdoms across the northern frontier of ], such as ], ] and ] around Mount Hermon, ] in the Hauran, and ] which became the strongest and largest one. | |||
| In 900 BC the Arameans reaches the culmination of their political power. A large group of Aramaeans moved to the east of the ], where they settled in such numbers that the whole region became known as Aram-Naharaim or "Aram of the two rivers". One of their earliest kingdoms in ] was Bît-bahiâni (]). North of Sam'al was the Aramaean state of Bit-Gabari, sandwiched between the ] states of ], Gurgum, Tabal, Khattina and Unqi. | |||
| The Arameans was dominating great areas in the southern ], whit states such as ]. Other Aramean tribes lived around the areas today known as ]. | |||
| ] falls in 723 BC, with ] as the last king in throne. | |||
| In 720 BC the Assyrian emperor ] dispersed the last Aramaean kingdoms independence <ref name="mercer"/>. | |||
| Some people mean that the ] that occupied ], was of ] extraction <ref name="mercer">{{cite book | |||
| | last = | |||
| | first = | |||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | author = Watson E. Mills | |||
| | coauthors = Roger Aubrey Bullard | |||
| | editor = | |||
| | others = | |||
| | title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible | |||
| | origdate = | |||
| | origyear = | |||
| | origmonth = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover#PRA2-PA52,M1 | |||
| | format = | |||
| | accessdate = | |||
| | accessyear = | |||
| | accessmonth = | |||
| | edition = | |||
| | series = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | year = 1990 | |||
| | month = | |||
| | publisher = Mercer University Press | |||
| | location = | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | isbn = 0865543739 | |||
| | oclc = 20852514 | |||
| | doi = | |||
| | id = | |||
| | pages = pp. 52 | |||
| | chapter = | |||
| | chapterurl = | |||
| | quote = | |||
| | ref = | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| 123 ] the great ] king ] founds the kingdom of ] with ] as capital city. | |||
| Between the years 267–272 BC the ] queen ] of ] conquers ]. | |||
| === Christian time === | |||
| {|border="0" align="right" margin="1" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#ffffd9" style="margin-left:10px" | |||
| |bgcolor="#ffffd9"|<timeline> | |||
| ImageSize = width:320 height:700 | |||
| PlotArea = right:40 top:10 left:40 bottom:10 | |||
| DateFormat = yyyy | |||
| TimeAxis = orientation:vertical order:reverse | |||
| Period = from:0 till:2005 | |||
| AlignBars = early | |||
| ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:0 | |||
| Colors = | |||
| id:canvas value:rgb(1,1,0.85) | |||
| BackgroundColors = canvas:canvas | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| width:15 color:red | |||
| bar:test from:0 till:700 # Old Syriacs | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| width:15 color:orange | |||
| bar:test from:700 till:1400# Middle Syriacs | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| width:15 color:yellow | |||
| bar:test from:1400 till:2005 # Modern Syriacs | |||
| PlotData = | |||
| bar:test at:45 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:45 shift:(10,0) text:1st c. Syriacs becomes Christians | |||
| bar:test at:135 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:135 shift:(10,4) text:c. 200 Aramaic is | |||
| bar:test at:172 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:172 shift:(10,1) text:172 | |||
| bar:test at:200 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:200 shift:(10,-3) text:3rd c. | |||
| bar:test at:224 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:224 shift:(10,-8) text:224 | |||
| bar:test at:306 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:306 shift:(10,-1) text:306 Ephrem born, Syriac golden age | |||
| bar:test at:359 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:359 shift:(10,-3) text:359 Monastery of Mor Gabriel is built | |||
| bar:test at:373 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:373 shift:(10,-9) text:373 Ephrem the Syrian dies | |||
| bar:test at:500 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:500 shift:(10,-7) text:c. 500 Many Syriacs from Urhoy settles in Iran | |||
| bar:test at:635 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:635 shift:(10,-9) text:635 Syriac missionaries reaches China | |||
| bar:test at:700 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:700 shift:(10,0) text:700 Talmud completed | |||
| bar:test at:1100 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1100 shift:(10,2) text:1100 SOC reaches their biggest spread | |||
| bar:test at:1150 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1150 shift:(10,4) text:1150 Patriarch of SOC moves to Mardin | |||
| bar:test at:1258 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1200 shift:(10,0) text:1200 SOC reaches their culmination | |||
| bar:test at:1200 mark:(line,white) | |||
| at:1258 shift:(10,0) text:1258 Mongols sack Baghdad, many Syriacs killed | |||
| bar:test at:1290 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1290 shift:(10,1) text:1290 Syriac bishop Bar-Hebraeus dies | |||
| bar:test at:1295 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1295 shift:(10,-6) text:1293 Deiro d-Za´faran seat for Syr. Orthodox Pat | |||
| bar:test at:1650 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1650 shift:(10,0) text:17th c. | |||
| bar:test at:1834 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1834 shift:(10,0) text:1846 Persecution in Syria | |||
| bar:test at:1908 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1908 shift:(10,15) text:1908 The Aramean sunrelief is discovered | |||
| bar:test at:1915 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1915 shift:(10,4) text:1915 Persecution in Turkey | |||
| bar:test at:1951 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1951 shift:(10,2) text:1967 Syriacs emigrates to Europe | |||
| bar:test at:1998 mark:(line,black) | |||
| at:1998 shift:(10,0) text:1998 last speakers of Mlahsô & Bijil die | |||
| </timeline> | |||
| |} | |||
| Between the years 0–100 AD the terms ''Arameans'' and ''Aram'' were replaced by the terms ''Syrians'' (which today are known as ''Syriacs'') and ''Syria''. <ref name=autogenerated19 /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref></ref><ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated17 /><ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated10 /><ref name=autogenerated11 /><ref>The Greek writer Posidonius (150 BC) says in his work.. "''The people that we (The Greeks) call Syrians, are called by themselves Arameans..........Because the people in Syra are the Arameans''"</ref><ref name="kaldaya" /><ref name=autogenerated2 /> | |||
| The Syriacs were ] in the 1st to 3rd centuries, at the time subject to the ] in the ] and ] provinces. According to legend already during the lifetime of ], as king ] asked to be cured of leprosy and was healed by ].<ref name="abgar">This event is described in ]' ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ''</ref>. | |||
| During the 3rd centurie, large scale Syriacs settle in Mardin and becomes a majority. In 1910, the Syriacs is forced to emigrate because of massacres.<ref>http://lexicorient.com/e.o/mardin.htm</ref> | |||
| ] became an important center of ], and the local ] came to be the liturgical language of ]. The ] developed at the time evolved into the ] followed by Western Syriacs. | |||
| The great king ] V the Black (]; Abgar u Komo), son of the ] <ref name="serug">S:t Jakob from Serug in a poem about the martyrs Guria and Shamuna, he says that Abgar V is son of the Araméans: | |||
| ''"Two precious pearls, which were an ornament for the bride of my lord Abgar, the Aramaean's son."'' | |||
| ''(Text tr. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 8 (1886);) | |||
| (See Syriac Manuscripts from the Vatican Library: Volume 1, VatSyr. 117, number 224:On Shmona and Gurya. Fol. 551a, p. 1099)''</ref>, suffered from a leprosy sickness, that even his own doctor not could cure him from. | |||
| ] had been told about a wise man in ] (]) that this person had effective cures against sicknesses. He send a delegation with a letter to ] and invited him to ], to cure ]. ] answered that could not come to ], because he was on other duties. But he sent one of his followers, ] and this Thaddeus cured king ] and not long after, ] and the ] population converted into ]. | |||
| The kingdom of ], ], got famous because of this event, and many people visited ] to look at the letters that was exchanged between Abgar V and Jesus <ref name="abgar">This event is described in Eusebios from Caesares work ''Church-history'' (I.13;II.1) ( 300 AD) ''</ref>. | |||
| Later, ] became a important centre for the Christian ] (Syriacs) and for their Syriac-Christian culture. The ] dialect that was spoken in ], became standard language in the new ]. | |||
| With the rise of ] in the 3rd century, the Western Syriacs were divided from their Eastern cousins, who found themselves in the Sassanid province of ]. The division deepened with the ] and ] schism in the 5th century. | |||
| After the ] (431), the Church of ], which had hitherto been governed by a ] under ], refused to accept the condemnation of Nestorius, cut itself and the Church to the East of it off from both the Roman Catholic Church and the Syriac ]. The Church of Antioch remained in communion with Rome until the ] of the 11th century. | |||
| The first Syriac documents come from about the end of the 5th century.<ref>'']'', ed. by ], ''Life of Severus of Antioch'', sixth century.</ref> The oldest Jacobite Liturgy extant is the one ascribed (as in its Greek form) to ]. It is in the dialect of Edessa. | |||
| During the Fifth century, Many Syriacs moved from ] to ] in ], as medical doctors. During that time, ] was the leading medical centre.<ref>http://rnb.uin.googlepages.com/v22n2spring2005.pdf</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| The first Jacobite writer on their rite is ] (d. 708), who wrote a letter to a priest Thomas comparing the Syrian Liturgy with that of Egypt. | |||
| With the establishment of the ] in the 650s, both the Eastern and the Western Syriac Churches fell under ], their followers receiving the status of ]. Syriac Christianity has held the status of a ] in the ] ever since. | |||
| Nevertheless, the Syriacs remained a significant majority in various areas of the ] until the late 13th century. | |||
| After this century, the Syriacs never succeeded in recovering, and this was the start on oppressions, persecutions and constant massacres on the Syriacs. | |||
| During the 14th-century ] rule, however, large numbers of Syriacs were killed, and many of the survivors fled into the mountains of ]. This area became the center of Syriac culture. The Syriacs built villages, churches and monasteries. | |||
| === Modern === | |||
| During the years 1843, 1846 and 1860 there was three mass murders committed against the Syriac population, which led to new emigrations, where many of the Syriac population fled into the mountains of ] which already was dominated by Syriacs. | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1911 a ] relief was found in the ] village ], and there after the Syriacs in ] started to use this relief as an honour to their ] origin. | |||
| In 1914 a genocide, also known as "The ]" was committed against the Syriac population in the ] near the end of the ] by ]. <ref>Assyrians: The Continuous Saga - Page 40 by Frederick A. Aprim</ref> The Syriac population of northern ] (], ], ], ] region in modern-day southeastern ] and ] region in northwestern ]) was forcibly relocated and massacred by ] (] and ]) forces between 1914 and 1920 under the regime of the ].<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PK-TPKvmG7UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA148,M1 | |||
| |title = Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide | |||
| |accessdate = | |||
| |accessdaymonth = | |||
| |accessmonthday = | |||
| |accessyear = | |||
| |author = ] | |||
| |last = | |||
| |first = | |||
| |authorlink = | |||
| |coauthors = Miriam Kochan, David Littman | |||
| |date = | |||
| |year = 2002 | |||
| |month = | |||
| |format = | |||
| |work = | |||
| |publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | |||
| |pages = pp. 148-149 | |||
| |language = English | |||
| |isbn = 0838639437 | |||
| |oclc = 47054791 | |||
| |doi = | |||
| |archiveurl = | |||
| |archivedate = | |||
| |quote = | |||
| }}</ref> This genocide is considered by some scholars to be a part of the same policy of extermination as the ] and ] <ref>Schaller, Dominik J. and Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008) 'Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies - introduction', Journal of Genocide Research, 10:1, 7 - 14</ref>. | |||
| During the years 1915-1923, ] finds were discovered by ] ] in the ] village ], ]. This finds were brought by the Syriacs from ] when they fled into ]. Today they can be found in the Berlin Museum. | |||
| In 1920 a large amount of Syriacs emigrated into the plains in North Eastern ], especially in ] and ]. Large Syriac communities could also be found in ].<ref name="jaas.org">http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v1/jastrow.pdf</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| In , at the ]'s fall after the first world war, the Syriac homeland fell under the ] in the west and the ] in the east, and many Syriac Christians were dispersed in the ]. | |||
| During the fifties and the sixties another large wave of immigration set in. Syriac communities moved into larger urban areas in western part of ]. 20,000 Syriacs settled in ] until the sixties.<ref name=jaas.org />´ | |||
| In year 1968, Syriacs moved from ] to ]. The group contained a total of 200 Syriacs. At this time, many Syriacs left ], ] and ] and moved to ] and the ]. <ref></ref><ref name=autogenerated8 /> | |||
| ] | |||
| The first Syriac soccer team in the ] was ], which currently plays in the third highest division in ], was established in 1977. The first name on the soccer team was ], but was changed in 1986 to Syrianska SK, and finally to ].<ref></ref> | |||
| In 1988 the Aramean-Syriac party ] was established in ]. | |||
| Syriacs were still the largest ] denomination in ], with more than 100,000 Syriacs still left in ]. In later years many Syriacs started to move from ], especially to ], ] and ]. | |||
| In the mid 1980s there were still 70,000 Syriacs left in ]. During this time many Syriacs fled abroad due to unrest in the border region and concerns for their security. <ref></ref> In 1995 they were still a majority as the largest ] denomination in ], with around 50,000 Syriacs.<ref name=autogenerated13 /> Today in ], there remain about 3,000 Syriacs.<ref name="3000turabdin">* ''He was documenting life in the Tur Abdin, where about 3,000 members of the Aramean minority still live in''.</ref>. However, after the turn of the century, many Syriacs have started to move back.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref name=autogenerated7 /> | |||
| The Syriac party ], also known as SUL, is established in 29 of March, 2005 in ]. The current leader for the party is Brahim Murat.<ref></ref> | |||
| In 2008 the ] for the Aramean-Syriac people all over the world was established. The ] team is named ] and attended for the first time in ]. The football team reached the final, but lost against ] with 2-0.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> | |||
| At the end of 2008, the Syriac team ] reaches the second highest division in ], ] for the first time in the history.<ref>http://www.lt.se/index.asp?kat=st&i1=index_red_2007.asp&i2=1&Id=29332&isp2=hela</ref><ref>http://www.syrianskafc.com</ref> | |||
| At the turn of the year 2008 and 2009, the Syriac monastery of ] gets a lot of media attention, after the 1700 years old monastery being accused of neighboring ] villages to be built on a mosque. Syriacs around the world performing large demonstrations against ] and gets a lot of media attention.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE50L08720090122?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0</ref><ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3968370,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14310&size=A</ref> | |||
| == References == | |||
| <references/> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{MEast-stub}} | |||
Latest revision as of 15:18, 27 December 2014
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