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{{Short description|German piano manufacturer}}
] piano]]
{{Infobox company
'''Blüthner''', formally '''''Julius Blüthner Pianofortefabrik ]''''', is a ]-manufacturing company founded by ] in 1853 in ] Germany.
| name = Julius Blüthner Pianofortefabrik GmbH
| logo = Blüthner Logo.png
| type = Private
| foundation = 1853
| founder = ]
| location = ] near ], Germany
| key_people = Dr. Christian Blüthner-Haessler (CEO)
| num_employees =
| revenue =
| industry = ]s
| products = ]s and ]s
| homepage =
}}
'''Julius Blüthner Pianofortefabrik ]''' is a ]-manufacturing company in ], Germany.<ref name="Grove">, ''Grove Music Online'', 2009. Accessed 14 April 2009.</ref> Composers who used Blüthner include ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ] among others.

]


== History == == History ==
]
{{Unreferenced section}}
After a long and difficult campaign to gain Leipzig citizenship, ] established his workshop in Leipzig, Saxony in 1853. In the beginning he employed three other craftsmen.
The company's early success occurred at exhibitions, conservatories and the concert stage. Further invention and innovations lead Blüthner to patent a ‘repetition action', and, in 1873, the ] scaling patent for grand pianos. This added a fourth, ] to each trichord group in the treble.


By 1900 Blüthner had become the largest piano maker in Germany, producing some 5,000 instruments annually. Innovations such as the ] (an additional string on high treble notes that improves their tone by vibrating sympathetically), as well as a cylindrical soundboard and angle cut hammers, created a unique voice for the Blüthner instrument.
By 1885, the company was the largest European piano manufacturer (] surpassed them in 1905). During ] the factory was ruined by target bombing but was later rebuilt and opened at the same location. Unique to the great makers, the Blüthner family continues their 5th generation piano building tradition.


The owners in 1917 (Adolf Max Blüthner, Dr. Paul Robert and Willy Bruno Heinrich) were awarded an imperial and ] to the court of ].<ref>{{cite web| year=1917| title=Handbuch des Allerhöchsten Hofes und des Hofstaates Seiner K. und K. Apostolischen Majestät| publisher=K.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei| location=Vienna| page=519| url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesalle01monagoog| access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
]


In 1936, Blüthner was selected to build the piano for the airship ].<ref name=":1" />
== Models ==
The sympathetic (‘aliquot’) strings enrich the piano's weakest register by enhancing the ] spectrum of the instrument. The aliquot string runs parallel to the normal strings, but is elevated at the point where the hammer strikes so that it is not struck directly, but vibrates in sympathy with the other strings<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-06-12|date=2008-04-01|title=Roberts Pianos Oxford|url=http://www.robertspianos.com/bluthner.php}}</ref>. The sympathetic (‘aliquot’) string remains free of damper and thus a ] always occurs when other ] notes are played. This sympathetic resonance contributes to the sound of Bluthner pianos. <ref>Central Music. Bluthner. </ref>


In 1943, during ], an air raid destroyed the Blüthner factory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Bluthner Piano History|url=https://shacklefordpianos.com/collections/bluthner-piano-history|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Shackleford Pianos|language=en}}</ref>
=== Designer models ===
{{Unreferenced section}}
The one-of-a-kind Blüthner piano of particular interest was the special lightweight instrument, made for use on the ] '']''. The piano had its harp plate made of aluminum, that saved about 100 kg of weight versus a regular cast iron plate of the same size piano. This was the first piano used in flight, and it was used in an "air-concert" radio broadcast. It was removed in 1937 to save weight so it survived the ''Hindenburg'''s infamous crash, only to be destroyed by bombing during the Second World War. A ] of this piano was also featured in the ] film '']'' where Reed Channing (]) sings ''"There's A Lot to be Said for the Fuhrer"''. Since the film is set during the ]'s final flight, the piano's presence is an historical error.


After the war, Dr. Rudolf Blüthner-Haessler rebuilt the company; production of pianos resumed in 1948.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Bluthner History – HOUSE OF PIANOS|url=https://www.houseofpianos-uae.com/contents/view/bluthner-history|access-date=2021-02-27|website=www.houseofpianos-uae.com|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185942/https://www.houseofpianos-uae.com/contents/view/bluthner-history|url-status=dead}}</ref>
] with a Blüthner piano. Photo ca. 1910s]]

In 1972, the company was nationalized by the ] government, with Ingbert Blüthner-Haessler remaining as managing director.<ref name=":3" />

With the ] in 1989 and ] in 1990, the Blüthner family regained control of the company. Ingbert Blüthner-Haessler reorganized the company, increasing the production capacity and modernizing the manufacturing process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bluthner Piano History {{!}} Atlantic Music Center|url=https://www.atlanticmusiccenter.com/piano-history/bluthner-pianos/|access-date=2021-02-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026004629/https://www.atlanticmusiccenter.com/piano-history/bluthner-pianos/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between 1994 and 1997 a new factory was built in ] near Leipzig.<ref name=":3" />

Beginning in 1995, Ingbert Blüthner-Haessler shared the management of the company with his two sons, Christian Blüthner-Haessler and Knut Blüthner-Haessler.<ref name=":2" />

In 2009, the ] piano company merged with Blüthner, and Karl Rönisch production was moved to Blüthner's factory in ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rönisch Pianos {{!}} Blüthner Piano Centre|url=https://bluthner.co.uk/pianos/roenisch|access-date=2021-02-27|website=bluthner.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184310/https://bluthner.co.uk/pianos/roenisch|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The age of any particular Blüthner piano can be determined by matching its serial number to the age table freely available on the Blüthner website.<ref name="AgeTable">{{cite web| title=Table of Blüthner Serial Numbers| url=http://www.bluthner.co.uk/our-pianos/bluthner-piano-serial-numbers/| publisher=Blüthner UK| access-date=6 February 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924202834/http://www.bluthner.co.uk/our-pianos/bluthner-piano-serial-numbers/| archive-date=24 September 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Recordings made with instruments by Blüthner'''
* Yury Martynov. Beethoven-Liszt. ''Symphonies Nos. 3 & 8''. Label: Zig-Zag Territoires. Played on a Blüthner piano from about 1867.
* Yury Martynov. Beethoven-Liszt. ''Symphonies Nos. 4-5''. Label: Zig-Zag Territoires. Played on a Blüthner piano from about 1867.
* Yury Martynov. Beethoven-Liszt. ''Symphony No. 9''. Label: Zig-Zag Territoires. Played on a Blüthner piano from about 1867.
* Alec Frank-Gemmill, Alasdair Beatson. Beethoven, Schumann, Franz Joseph Strauss, Rossini, Saint-Saëns, Glazunov, Gilbert Vinter. ''A Noble and Melancholy Instrument''. Label: BIS. Played on pianos by Salvatore Lagrassa (about 1815), ] (1847), Blüthner (1867), and Bechstein (1898).
* ]. Clara Schumann, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms. ''Love in Variations''. Label: Berlin Classics. Played on a Julius Blüthner piano from 1856.
* Primrose Piano Quartet. Johannes Brahms. ''The Piano Quartets''. Label: Meridian Records. Played on pianos by Rönisch, Blüthner and Streicher.
* Franziska Hirzel, Tobias Schabenberger. Zumsteeg, Loewe, Raff, Schumann, Elgar, Parker, Wagner. ''Lieder der Maria Stuart''. Label: Bonitz Music Network. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1874.
* ]. Claude Debussy. ''Children's Corner, Suite Bergamasque''. Label: Harmonia Mundi. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1902.
* Randall Love. Claude Debussy. ''Preludes, Books 1 & 2''. Label: Centaur. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1907.
* Randall Love. ''Le Tombeau de Debussy''. Label: Centaur. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1907.

== Current grand piano models ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Model<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Blüthner Classic|url=https://www.bluethnerworld.com/en/instruments/bluthner-classic|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.bluethnerworld.com}}</ref>
!Length
|-
|1
|280&nbsp;cm (9'2")
|-
|2
|238&nbsp;cm (7'8")
|-
|4
|210&nbsp;cm (6'10")
|-
|6
|190&nbsp;cm (6'3")
|-
|10
|166&nbsp;cm (5'5")
|-
|11
|154&nbsp;cm (5'1")
|}

== Current upright piano models ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Model<ref name=":0" />
!Height
|-
|S
|145&nbsp;cm (57.3”)
|-
|B
|132&nbsp;cm (52.2”)
|-
|A
|124&nbsp;cm (49”)
|-
|C
|118&nbsp;cm (46.2”)
|-
|D
|116&nbsp;cm (45.7”)
|}

== Discontinued piano models ==
List of discontinued piano models:
{| class="wikitable"
!Model<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bluthner Pianos for Sale at The Piano Gallery|url=https://www.thepianogallery.co.uk/bluthner-pianos-for-sale.php|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.thepianogallery.co.uk}}</ref>
!Length
|-
|Style IV
|150&nbsp;cm (4'11")
|-
|Style IVa
|165&nbsp;cm (5'5")
|-
|Style V
|175&nbsp;cm (5'9")
|-
|Style VI (Aliquot)
|175&nbsp;cm (5'9")
|-
|Style VII
|190&nbsp;cm (6'3")
|-
|Style VIII (Aliquot)
|190&nbsp;cm (6'3")
|-
|Style IX
|200&nbsp;cm – 211&nbsp;cm (6'7" – 6'11")
|-
|Style X
|234&nbsp;cm (7'8")
|-
|Style XI
|274&nbsp;cm (9')
|-
|Style XII
|190&nbsp;cm (6'3")
|}

== Designer models ==
The one-of-a-kind Blüthner piano of particular interest was a special lightweight instrument, made for use on the ] '']''. The piano had its harp plate made of aluminum, that saved about 100&nbsp;kg of weight versus a regular cast iron plate of the same size piano. This was the first piano used in flight, and it was used in an "air-concert" radio broadcast.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724200155/http://www.bluthner.co.uk/about/history.html |date=July 24, 2008}}, Blüthner UK Website, 2005. Accessed 14 April 2009.</ref> It was removed in 1937 to save weight so it survived the ''Hindenburg'''s infamous crash, only to be destroyed by bombing during WWII.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal| title=The Hindenburg's Aluminum Piano| url=http://www.airships.net/blog/hindenburg-piano| last=Grossman| first=Dan| date=June 25, 2010| publisher=Airships.net}}</ref> A ] of this piano was featured in the 1975 film '']'' where Reed Channing (]) sings. Since the film is set during the ]'s final flight, during which the piano was not on the ship, the piano's presence is a historical error.<ref>{{cite journal| title="The Hindenburg" (1975): Fact & Fiction| url=http://www.airships.net/blog/the-hindenburg-1975-movie| last=Grossman| first=Dan| date=June 10, 2010| publisher=Airships.net}}</ref>

Blüthner makes a few specialized pianos including some with the design reversed so that a left-handed person can play the tenor with his left hand and the bass with his right hand. In 2008 they designed and built a special keyboard for a customer in Spain which had the ] design.

== Brands ==
In addition to the ''Blüthner'' brand, Blüthner manufactures two other brands: ''Haessler'' for the mid-level market and ''Irmler'' for the entry-level market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haessler Gallery|url=https://www.bluethnerworld.com/en/instruments/haessler-gallery|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.bluethnerworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Irmler Gallery|url=https://www.bluethnerworld.com/en/instruments/irmler-gallery|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.bluethnerworld.com}}</ref>

=== Haessler ===
Made for the mid-level piano market, Haessler pianos are designed and built in the same factory as Bluthner pianos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haessler Pianos {{!}} Blüthner Piano Centre|url=https://bluthner.co.uk/pianos/haessler|access-date=2021-03-05|website=bluthner.co.uk|language=en}}</ref>

=== Irmler ===
Made for the entry-level piano market, Irmler pianos are designed by Blüthner and manufactured in different countries. The Studio Edition pianos are manufactured in ] and shipped to Germany were they receive Abel hammers. Professional Edition pianos use structural and acoustical elements from the ] factory in ] and cabinets from ] and then are assembled in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRMLER|url=https://www.pianobuyer.com/brand/irmler/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=PianoBuyer|language=en-US}}</ref>


== Notable Blüthner artists == == Notable Blüthner artists ==
] with a Blüthner piano.<ref name="docs.google.com">{{Cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3Ayl5jgZQALYIJ%3Abluthnerpianos.com%2FBluethner_for_friends_4_09_en.pdf+rachmaninoff+bluthner+piano&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg3TP4f0wwrdVxQ4JrBA8V4iCJAUYqk_dTgUkVb-hQCaQPOIKF2FfZJGm4JG9hh9EEquvqDNtSy09EarMwriubJAgqhTds2u8IbQqIK6dsUVnCV6pJW0z6jGEVEMm4JtIQDD079&sig=AHIEtbRugQgpFYcJOtgJEcLWsbaQTrZd1Q |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-07-20 |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128235422/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3Ayl5jgZQALYIJ%3Abluthnerpianos.com%2FBluethner_for_friends_4_09_en.pdf+rachmaninoff+bluthner+piano&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg3TP4f0wwrdVxQ4JrBA8V4iCJAUYqk_dTgUkVb-hQCaQPOIKF2FfZJGm4JG9hh9EEquvqDNtSy09EarMwriubJAgqhTds2u8IbQqIK6dsUVnCV6pJW0z6jGEVEMm4JtIQDD079&sig=AHIEtbRugQgpFYcJOtgJEcLWsbaQTrZd1Q |url-status=dead }}</ref> Photo ca. 1905]]
{{Unreferenced section}}
Numerous royals, composers, conductors, artists, and performers have owned Blüthner pianos. They include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Blüthners have been used in popular music. Numerous royals, composers, conductors, artists, authors and performers have owned Blüthner pianos. They include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724200131/http://www.bluthner.co.uk/notables/personalities.html |date=2008-07-24 }}, ''Blüthner UK Website'', 2005. Accessed 14 April 2009.</ref>
] commented that "There are only two things which I took with me on my way to America...my wife and my precious Blüthner".<ref name="docs.google.com"/>
One Blüthner piano owned by the ] in ] was used on some tracks of ]' '']'' album, most notably, in the hits "]" and "]". One was also used in the film '']''. Another (stunt piano) was destroyed in '']''.

Blüthners have been used in popular music, as well. One Blüthner piano owned by the ] in ] was used on some tracks of ]' '']'' (1970) album, most notably, in the hits "]" and "]". Blüthners were also used in the films '']'' (1944) and '']'' (1973),<ref>In an interview included on the 2012 ] ] release of '']'' (1973), ] states: "... I didn't want to use a ] at all. But I wanted to use a very sweet-sounding piano and I used a Blüthner. So I didn't go for the dynamics, let's say, of a ] or a ]. I went for a more quiet sound."</ref> and one was played by Hannibal Lecter in the movie '']''. Another, a stunt piano, was destroyed in '']'' (2008). A Blüthner piano also appears in the 2004 ] ] '']'' in the Venice apartment scenes.


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


== External links == == External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Blüthner pianos}}
*
* *{{official|http://www.bluethnerworld.com/ }}
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bluthner}}
]
]


{{Authority control}}
{{Germany-company-stub}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bluethner}}
]
]
]
]
]
]
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Latest revision as of 11:03, 19 October 2024

German piano manufacturer
Julius Blüthner Pianofortefabrik GmbH
Company typePrivate
IndustryMusical instruments
Founded1853
FounderJulius Blüthner
HeadquartersGroßpösna near Leipzig, Germany
Key peopleDr. Christian Blüthner-Haessler (CEO)
ProductsGrand pianos and upright pianos
Websitebluethner.de

Julius Blüthner Pianofortefabrik GmbH is a piano-manufacturing company in Leipzig, Germany. Composers who used Blüthner include Brahms, Debussy, Wagner, Strauss, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff, and the Beatles among others.

Blüthner

History

The founder Julius Blüthner

After a long and difficult campaign to gain Leipzig citizenship, Julius Blüthner established his workshop in Leipzig, Saxony in 1853. In the beginning he employed three other craftsmen.

By 1900 Blüthner had become the largest piano maker in Germany, producing some 5,000 instruments annually. Innovations such as the aliquot string (an additional string on high treble notes that improves their tone by vibrating sympathetically), as well as a cylindrical soundboard and angle cut hammers, created a unique voice for the Blüthner instrument.

The owners in 1917 (Adolf Max Blüthner, Dr. Paul Robert and Willy Bruno Heinrich) were awarded an imperial and royal warrant of appointment to the court of Austria-Hungary.

In 1936, Blüthner was selected to build the piano for the airship Hindenburg.

In 1943, during World War II, an air raid destroyed the Blüthner factory.

After the war, Dr. Rudolf Blüthner-Haessler rebuilt the company; production of pianos resumed in 1948.

In 1972, the company was nationalized by the East German government, with Ingbert Blüthner-Haessler remaining as managing director.

With the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990, the Blüthner family regained control of the company. Ingbert Blüthner-Haessler reorganized the company, increasing the production capacity and modernizing the manufacturing process.

Between 1994 and 1997 a new factory was built in Störmthal near Leipzig.

Beginning in 1995, Ingbert Blüthner-Haessler shared the management of the company with his two sons, Christian Blüthner-Haessler and Knut Blüthner-Haessler.

In 2009, the Karl Rönisch piano company merged with Blüthner, and Karl Rönisch production was moved to Blüthner's factory in Leipzig.

The age of any particular Blüthner piano can be determined by matching its serial number to the age table freely available on the Blüthner website.

Recordings made with instruments by Blüthner

  • Yury Martynov. Beethoven-Liszt. Symphonies Nos. 3 & 8. Label: Zig-Zag Territoires. Played on a Blüthner piano from about 1867.
  • Yury Martynov. Beethoven-Liszt. Symphonies Nos. 4-5. Label: Zig-Zag Territoires. Played on a Blüthner piano from about 1867.
  • Yury Martynov. Beethoven-Liszt. Symphony No. 9. Label: Zig-Zag Territoires. Played on a Blüthner piano from about 1867.
  • Alec Frank-Gemmill, Alasdair Beatson. Beethoven, Schumann, Franz Joseph Strauss, Rossini, Saint-Saëns, Glazunov, Gilbert Vinter. A Noble and Melancholy Instrument. Label: BIS. Played on pianos by Salvatore Lagrassa (about 1815), Streicher (1847), Blüthner (1867), and Bechstein (1898).
  • Ragna Schirmer. Clara Schumann, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms. Love in Variations. Label: Berlin Classics. Played on a Julius Blüthner piano from 1856.
  • Primrose Piano Quartet. Johannes Brahms. The Piano Quartets. Label: Meridian Records. Played on pianos by Rönisch, Blüthner and Streicher.
  • Franziska Hirzel, Tobias Schabenberger. Zumsteeg, Loewe, Raff, Schumann, Elgar, Parker, Wagner. Lieder der Maria Stuart. Label: Bonitz Music Network. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1874.
  • Alain Planès. Claude Debussy. Children's Corner, Suite Bergamasque. Label: Harmonia Mundi. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1902.
  • Randall Love. Claude Debussy. Preludes, Books 1 & 2. Label: Centaur. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1907.
  • Randall Love. Le Tombeau de Debussy. Label: Centaur. Played on a Blüthner piano from 1907.

Current grand piano models

Model Length
1 280 cm (9'2")
2 238 cm (7'8")
4 210 cm (6'10")
6 190 cm (6'3")
10 166 cm (5'5")
11 154 cm (5'1")

Current upright piano models

Model Height
S 145 cm (57.3”)
B 132 cm (52.2”)
A 124 cm (49”)
C 118 cm (46.2”)
D 116 cm (45.7”)

Discontinued piano models

List of discontinued piano models:

Model Length
Style IV 150 cm (4'11")
Style IVa 165 cm (5'5")
Style V 175 cm (5'9")
Style VI (Aliquot) 175 cm (5'9")
Style VII 190 cm (6'3")
Style VIII (Aliquot) 190 cm (6'3")
Style IX 200 cm – 211 cm (6'7" – 6'11")
Style X 234 cm (7'8")
Style XI 274 cm (9')
Style XII 190 cm (6'3")

Designer models

The one-of-a-kind Blüthner piano of particular interest was a special lightweight instrument, made for use on the Zeppelin LZ 129 Hindenburg. The piano had its harp plate made of aluminum, that saved about 100 kg of weight versus a regular cast iron plate of the same size piano. This was the first piano used in flight, and it was used in an "air-concert" radio broadcast. It was removed in 1937 to save weight so it survived the Hindenburg's infamous crash, only to be destroyed by bombing during WWII. A replica of this piano was featured in the 1975 film The Hindenburg where Reed Channing (Peter Donat) sings. Since the film is set during the airship's final flight, during which the piano was not on the ship, the piano's presence is a historical error.

Blüthner makes a few specialized pianos including some with the design reversed so that a left-handed person can play the tenor with his left hand and the bass with his right hand. In 2008 they designed and built a special keyboard for a customer in Spain which had the Jankó keyboard design.

Brands

In addition to the Blüthner brand, Blüthner manufactures two other brands: Haessler for the mid-level market and Irmler for the entry-level market.

Haessler

Made for the mid-level piano market, Haessler pianos are designed and built in the same factory as Bluthner pianos.

Irmler

Made for the entry-level piano market, Irmler pianos are designed by Blüthner and manufactured in different countries. The Studio Edition pianos are manufactured in China and shipped to Germany were they receive Abel hammers. Professional Edition pianos use structural and acoustical elements from the Samick factory in Indonesia and cabinets from Poland and then are assembled in Germany.

Notable Blüthner artists

Sergei Rachmaninoff with a Blüthner piano. Photo ca. 1905

Numerous royals, composers, conductors, artists, authors and performers have owned Blüthner pianos. They include Willhelm II, Emperor Franz Joseph I, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Liberace, Béla Bartók, Claude Debussy, George Formby, Dodie Smith, Max Reger, Richard Wagner, Johann Strauss, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Dmitri Shostakovich, Petronel Malan. Sergei Rachmaninoff commented that "There are only two things which I took with me on my way to America...my wife and my precious Blüthner".

Blüthners have been used in popular music, as well. One Blüthner piano owned by the Abbey Road Studios in London was used on some tracks of The Beatles' Let It Be (1970) album, most notably, in the hits "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road". Blüthners were also used in the films Gaslight (1944) and The Sting (1973), and one was played by Hannibal Lecter in the movie Hannibal. Another, a stunt piano, was destroyed in Iron Man (2008). A Blüthner piano also appears in the 2004 Cole Porter biopic De-Lovely in the Venice apartment scenes.

References

  1. "Blüthner", Grove Music Online, 2009. Accessed 14 April 2009.
  2. "Handbuch des Allerhöchsten Hofes und des Hofstaates Seiner K. und K. Apostolischen Majestät". Vienna: K.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1917. p. 519. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  3. ^ Grossman, Dan (June 25, 2010). "The Hindenburg's Aluminum Piano". Airships.net. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ "Bluthner Piano History". Shackleford Pianos. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  5. ^ "Bluthner History – HOUSE OF PIANOS". www.houseofpianos-uae.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  6. "Bluthner Piano History | Atlantic Music Center". Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  7. "Rönisch Pianos | Blüthner Piano Centre". bluthner.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  8. "Table of Blüthner Serial Numbers". Blüthner UK. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  9. ^ "Blüthner Classic". www.bluethnerworld.com. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  10. "Bluthner Pianos for Sale at The Piano Gallery". www.thepianogallery.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  11. "History" Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Blüthner UK Website, 2005. Accessed 14 April 2009.
  12. Grossman, Dan (June 10, 2010). ""The Hindenburg" (1975): Fact & Fiction". Airships.net. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. "Haessler Gallery". www.bluethnerworld.com. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
  14. "Irmler Gallery". www.bluethnerworld.com. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
  15. "Haessler Pianos | Blüthner Piano Centre". bluthner.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
  16. "IRMLER". PianoBuyer. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2022-07-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. "Personalities" Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Blüthner UK Website, 2005. Accessed 14 April 2009.
  19. In an interview included on the 2012 Universal Pictures Home Entertainment DVD release of The Sting (1973), Marvin Hamlisch states: "... I didn't want to use a 'honky-tonk' piano at all. But I wanted to use a very sweet-sounding piano and I used a Blüthner. So I didn't go for the dynamics, let's say, of a Bosendorfer or a Steinway. I went for a more quiet sound."

External links

Media related to Blüthner pianos at Wikimedia Commons

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