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| {{Short description|Species of mammal}} | |||
| {{Taxobox | |||
| {{Speciesbox | |||
| | name = Straw Colored Fruit Bats | |||
| | image = |
| image = Eidolon helvum fg01.JPG | ||
| ⚫ | | status = NT | ||
| | image_caption = '''Eidolon helvum''' | |||
| ⚫ | | status_system = IUCN3.1 | ||
| ⚫ | | status = |
||
| | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Cooper-Bohannon, R. |author2=Mickleburgh, S. |author3=Hutson, A.M. |author4=Bergmans, W. |author5=Fahr, J. |author6=Racey, P.A. |date=2020 |title=''Eidolon helvum'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T7084A22028026 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T7084A22028026.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | | status_system = |
||
| | |
| genus = Eidolon | ||
| ⚫ | | species = helvum | ||
| | divisio = ] | |||
| | authority = Kerr, 1792 | |||
| | classis = ] | |||
| | range_map = Straw-coloured Fruit Bat area.png | |||
| | ordo = ] | |||
| | range_map_caption = Straw-coloured fruit bat range | |||
| | familia = ] | |||
| | genus = '']'' | |||
| ⚫ | | species = |
||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''straw colored fruit bat''' (''Eidolon hevlum'') is the most widely distributed of all the African fruit bats. It is quite common throughout its area ranging from southwestern Arabian Peninsula, forest and savanna zones of Africa (south of the Sahara) and to the offshore island of Madagascar . These bats are very abundant, and they are not endangered nor threatened because they travel in massive colonies of at least 100,000 and sometimes massing to 1 million. Their neck and back are a yellowish- brown color, while their underside is tawny olive or brownish. This is one of the larger species of fruit bats. <ref></ref> | |||
| The '''straw-coloured fruit bat''' ('''''Eidolon helvum''''') is a large fruit bat that is the most widely distributed of all the African ]s. It is quite common throughout its area ranging from the southwestern ], across forest and ] zones of ]. It is listed as ] on the ] due to a decreasing population trend. Straw-coloured fruit bats travel in massive colonies of at least 100,000 bats and sometimes massing up to 1 million. From October to end of December every year, in the largest migration of mammals on the planet, up to 10 million straw-coloured fruit bats congregate in ], ], roosting in a {{convert|2|ha}} area of Mushitu forest each day. This migration was only discovered in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beamer |first1=B. |title=How to Catch a Bat |url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/12/07/how-to-catch-a-bat/ |website=National Geographic |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pumfrett |first1=Belinda |title=Bats About Kasanka |date=7 November 2018 |publisher=ARC Zambia |isbn=978-9982-70-630-8 |url=http://www.arczambia.com/product/bats-about-kasanka-pdf-version/ |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Their necks and backs are a yellowish-brown colour, while their undersides are tawny olive or brownish. | |||
| ==Appearance== | |||
| ==Description== | |||
| ⚫ | The straw |
||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | The straw-coloured fruit bat is named for the silky yellowish or straw colour of its fur. The wings are black, and the back hair is pale and tawny. Males are generally bright orange and females are usually yellowish. The bats have large cheeks, eyes, and ears. The average weight of these bats ranges from {{convert|8|to|12|oz|g|abbr=on}} and the animals grow to {{convert|5.7|to|9|in|cm|abbr=on}} in length, with wings spanning up to {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Males are generally larger than females. The bat's heart is very large, and its wings are long and tapered at the tip. The cheeks of the bat are also large and pouch-like.<ref></ref> | ||
| ==Behaviour and ecology== | |||
| ==Taxonomy== | |||
| The straw-coloured fruit bat is a highly social species. The bats tend to live in groups of over 100,000 and at times that number may increase to almost one million. At night the bats leave the roost in smaller groups to find food by sight and smell. They have also been seen chewing on soft wood for moisture. These bats can also ] flowers and ] through the forests. They are the main agents of seed dispersal for the increasingly rare and economically significant African ] tree '']''.<ref>Taylor, D. A. R. et al. Northern Arizona University School of Forestry.</ref> | |||
| The taxonomy of ''E. hevlum'' (Straw Colored Fruit Bat) are bats from the family Pteropodidae in the order of Chiroptera. | |||
| ⚫ | Although they feed at night, straw-coloured fruit bats are not necessarily ]. During the day, they will be found resting and moving among the colony. Year to year, season to season, the bats will return to the same place where they found food the previous year or season. | ||
| ==Lifestyle== | |||
| The mating season of straw-coloured fruit bats is from April to June and is not synchronized among the bats. ] until October and is synchronized with all females implanting during this time.<ref name="Kingdon">{{cite book|last1=Kingdon|first1=Jonathan .|title=East African mammals. Volume 2A: Insectivores and bats|date=1974|publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=9780124083028 |pages=146–152}}</ref> The delay corresponds one of two dry periods in the home range of the bats. Birth occurs in February and March.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fayenuwo|first1=J. O.|last2=Halstead|first2=L. B.|title=Breeding Cycle of Straw-Colored Fruit Bat, ''Eidolon helvum'', at Ile-Ife, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=22 May 1974|volume=55|issue=2|pages=453–454|doi=10.2307/1379016|jstor=1379016|pmid=4833188 }}</ref> | |||
| The Straw Colored Fruit bat is a highly social species. They tend to live in groups of over 100,000 and at times that number may increase to almost one million. In the nighttime, the colony leaves the roost in smaller groups to find any food which is in forests near to their environment or any plantations that also may be near. | |||
| ===Diet=== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The diets of straw-coloured fruit bats vary depending on whether or not they are living in captivity. Wild bats usually eat bark, flowers, leaves, ], and fruits. In captivity, they are fed various mixes, including apples, oranges, bananas, grapes, and cantaloupe. In some zoos, they are also fed a ] diet.<ref></ref> | ||
| ==Distribution and habitat== | |||
| The only problem with these animals is that since they live in large colonies, they have a tendency to ruin crops and be a pest to farms. Although they do bother farms, biologists are not clear yet whether their advantages of being pollinators and seed dispersers evens out the damage they do to crops every season.<ref></ref> | |||
| The straw-coloured fruit bat is the most widely distributed fruit bat in Africa, and perhaps the world. It appears mainly in Africa, mostly among the ], in many forest and savanna zones, and around the southwestern Arabian peninsula. It can also be found in urban areas and at altitudes up to {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It prefers tall trees for roosting.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} | |||
| == |
==Threats== | ||
| The straw-coloured fruit bat is hunted as ] in West and Central Africa.<ref name="Mickleburgh">{{cite journal |author1=Mickleburgh, S. |author2=Waylen, K. |author3=Racey, P. |year=2009 |title=Bats as bushmeat: a global review |journal=Oryx |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=217–234 |doi=10.1017/S0030605308000938 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/747260E678F188D0A89E8A6966DEFBA5/S0030605308000938a.pdf/bats_as_bushmeat_a_global_review.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
| In 2011, it was estimated that about 128,400 straw-coloured fruit bats are traded as bushmeat every year in four cities in southern Ghana.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kamins, A. O. |author2=Restif, O. |author3=Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. |author4=Suu-Ire, R. |author5=Hayman, D. T. |author6=Cunningham, A. A. |author7=Wood, J. L. |author8=Rowcliffe, J. M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=12 |pages=3000–3008 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.003|pmid=22514356 |pmc=3323830 |bibcode=2011BCons.144.3000K }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | The |
||
| ==Origin== | |||
| ''Eidolon helvum'' is the most widely distributed fruit bat in Africa, and perhaps the world. It appears mainly in Africa, mostly among the sub-saharan climates, and in many forest and savanna zones, around the southwestern Arabian peninsula, and also found in Madagascar. Specifically the bats are mainly found in tropical forests, but also found in urban areas where human activity does not seem to disturb it. The savannas is also another key area where the fruit bat is also found. It has been found at a max altitude of 6,562 ft (2,000 m). It prefers tall trees for roosts. And country wise, it is found mainly around south of Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique is used usually for migration purposes.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category|Eidolon helvum}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{Wikispecies|Eidolon helvum}} | ||
| {{Pteropodidae|P.}} | |||
| <div class="references-small"><references /></div> | |||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q33108}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Straw-coloured fruit bat}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:05, 28 November 2024
Species of mammal
| Straw-coloured fruit bat | |
|---|---|
| |
| Conservation status | |
 Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Pteropodidae |
| Genus: | Eidolon |
| Species: | E. helvum |
| Binomial name | |
| Eidolon helvum Kerr, 1792 | |
| |
| Straw-coloured fruit bat range | |
The straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) is a large fruit bat that is the most widely distributed of all the African megabats. It is quite common throughout its area ranging from the southwestern Arabian Peninsula, across forest and savanna zones of sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to a decreasing population trend. Straw-coloured fruit bats travel in massive colonies of at least 100,000 bats and sometimes massing up to 1 million. From October to end of December every year, in the largest migration of mammals on the planet, up to 10 million straw-coloured fruit bats congregate in Kasanka National Park, Zambia, roosting in a 2 hectares (4.9 acres) area of Mushitu forest each day. This migration was only discovered in 1980. Their necks and backs are a yellowish-brown colour, while their undersides are tawny olive or brownish.
Description
_(cropped).jpg)
The straw-coloured fruit bat is named for the silky yellowish or straw colour of its fur. The wings are black, and the back hair is pale and tawny. Males are generally bright orange and females are usually yellowish. The bats have large cheeks, eyes, and ears. The average weight of these bats ranges from 8 to 12 oz (230 to 340 g) and the animals grow to 5.7 to 9 in (14 to 23 cm) in length, with wings spanning up to 30 in (76 cm). Males are generally larger than females. The bat's heart is very large, and its wings are long and tapered at the tip. The cheeks of the bat are also large and pouch-like.
Behaviour and ecology
The straw-coloured fruit bat is a highly social species. The bats tend to live in groups of over 100,000 and at times that number may increase to almost one million. At night the bats leave the roost in smaller groups to find food by sight and smell. They have also been seen chewing on soft wood for moisture. These bats can also pollinate flowers and disperse seeds through the forests. They are the main agents of seed dispersal for the increasingly rare and economically significant African teak tree Milicia excelsa.
Although they feed at night, straw-coloured fruit bats are not necessarily nocturnal. During the day, they will be found resting and moving among the colony. Year to year, season to season, the bats will return to the same place where they found food the previous year or season.
The mating season of straw-coloured fruit bats is from April to June and is not synchronized among the bats. Implantation is delayed until October and is synchronized with all females implanting during this time. The delay corresponds one of two dry periods in the home range of the bats. Birth occurs in February and March.
Diet
The diets of straw-coloured fruit bats vary depending on whether or not they are living in captivity. Wild bats usually eat bark, flowers, leaves, nectar, and fruits. In captivity, they are fed various mixes, including apples, oranges, bananas, grapes, and cantaloupe. In some zoos, they are also fed a marmoset diet.
Distribution and habitat
The straw-coloured fruit bat is the most widely distributed fruit bat in Africa, and perhaps the world. It appears mainly in Africa, mostly among the sub-Saharan climates, in many forest and savanna zones, and around the southwestern Arabian peninsula. It can also be found in urban areas and at altitudes up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It prefers tall trees for roosting.
Threats
The straw-coloured fruit bat is hunted as bushmeat in West and Central Africa.
In 2011, it was estimated that about 128,400 straw-coloured fruit bats are traded as bushmeat every year in four cities in southern Ghana.
References
- Cooper-Bohannon, R.; Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A.M.; Bergmans, W.; Fahr, J.; Racey, P.A. (2020). "Eidolon helvum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T7084A22028026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T7084A22028026.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- Beamer, B. "How to Catch a Bat". National Geographic. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- Pumfrett, Belinda (7 November 2018). Bats About Kasanka. ARC Zambia. ISBN 978-9982-70-630-8. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- Akron Zoo Information on Straw Colored Bats
- Taylor, D. A. R. et al. The role of the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, in seed dispersal, survival, and germination in Milicia excelsa, a threatened West African hardwood. Northern Arizona University School of Forestry.
- Kingdon, Jonathan . (1974). East African mammals. Volume 2A: Insectivores and bats. London: Academic Press. pp. 146–152. ISBN 9780124083028.
- Fayenuwo, J. O.; Halstead, L. B. (22 May 1974). "Breeding Cycle of Straw-Colored Fruit Bat, Eidolon helvum, at Ile-Ife, Nigeria". Journal of Mammalogy. 55 (2): 453–454. doi:10.2307/1379016. JSTOR 1379016. PMID 4833188.
- Oregon Zoo Information on Straw Colored Bats
- Mickleburgh, S.; Waylen, K.; Racey, P. (2009). "Bats as bushmeat: a global review" (PDF). Oryx. 43 (2): 217–234. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000938.
- Kamins, A. O.; Restif, O.; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Suu-Ire, R.; Hayman, D. T.; Cunningham, A. A.; Wood, J. L. & Rowcliffe, J. M. (2011). "Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa". Biological Conservation. 144 (12): 3000–3008. Bibcode:2011BCons.144.3000K. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.003. PMC 3323830. PMID 22514356.
External links
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Eidolon helvum | |