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{{Short description|692 CE Battle between the Umayyad Caliphate and the Byzantine empire}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict|
{{Infobox military conflict
conflict=Battle of Sebastopolis| | conflict = Battle of Sebastopolis
image=]|
| image =
caption=] (Sebastopolis) in ] of ]|
| caption =
partof=the ] and the ]|
| partof = the ]
date=]|
| date = 692 AD
place=Sebastopolis (modern ])|
| place = ]
result=Umayyad victory|
combatant1=]| | result = Umayyad victory
| combatant1 = ]
combatant2=]| | combatant2 = ]
commander1=Caliph ]|
| commander1 = ]
commander2=], <br> Neboulos| | commander2 = ]<br/>]
strength1=Unknown| | strength1 =
strength2=Unknown| | strength2 =
casualties1=Unknown| | casualties1 =
casualties2=Unknown| | casualties2 =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars}}
}} }}
The '''Battle of Sebastopolis''' was fought at Sebastopolis (mostly identified with ] in ] but also with modern ]) in 692 CE between the ] and the ] under ]. The battle ended the peace that had existed between the two powers since 680.
The '''Battle of Sebastopolis''' was fought near the eastern shores of the ] in ] between the ] and ]. The Byzantines were led by ], and included a "special army" of 30,000 Slavs (primarily Serbs) under their leader Neboulos. The Byzantine loss can be attributed to the defection of upwards of 20,000 Serbs/Slavs due to the harsh treatment under ], thus ensuring a Byzantine defeat. Furthermore, many of the rebellious ] left their lands in ] to fight the Byzantine Emperor as retribution for the harsh treatment he had given his Serbian subjects. In the aftermath of the battle the Emperor reportedly rounded up every ] family in Bithynia and had them killed. Hwever,this is considered false as Byzantine sources document a large Serbian population in ] as late as the 13th century. Furious at the loss of the army, the Emperor Justinian also had the commander ] imprisoned for two years.


The Umayyad army was led by ]. The Byzantines were led by ] and included a "special army" of 30,000 ] under their leader, ]. The Umayyads, incensed at the breaking of the treaty, used copies of its texts in the place of a flag.<ref>Brooks, E.W., "The Successors of Heraclius to 717" in ''The Cambridge Medieval History'', vol. 2(Cambridge University Press, 1957), 407.</ref> Though the battle seemed to be tilting to the Byzantine advantage, the defection of upwards of 20,000 Slavs ensured a Byzantine defeat.<ref>Ostrogorsky, George, ''History of the Byzantine state'',(Rutgers University Press, 1969), 131.</ref><ref name="Hendy">Hendy, Michael F., ''Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy C. 300-1450'', (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 631.</ref><ref name="Haldon">Haldon, John F., ''Byzantium in the seventh century'', (Cambridge University Press, 1997), 72.</ref> One source states that the Emperor ] massacred the remaining Slavs, including women and children, at the Gulf of ],<ref name="Hendy"/> but modern scholars do not consider it a reliable account.<ref name="Haldon"/>
==References==
* ], ''Chronicle'', entry for '']'' 6184
* {{cite book
| title = Byzantium: The Early Years
| first = John Julius | last = Norwich
| isbn = 0-394-53778-5
}}


==Notes==
⚫ {{battle-stub}}
{{reflist}}


==Sources==
{{coord missing}}
* {{cite book|last=Hendy|first=Michael F.|title=Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy C. 300-1450|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2008}}
* {{citation | last = Lilie | first = Ralph-Johannes | authorlink = Ralph-Johannes Lilie | title = Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd. | language = German | publisher = Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München | location = Munich | year = 1976 |oclc=797598069 }}
* {{citation | last = Stratos | first = A.N. | authorlink = Andreas Stratos | title = Byzantium in the Seventh Century, Volume V: Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius, 685–711 | publisher= Adolf M. Hakkert | year = 1980 | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 90-256-0852-3 | pages=34–38}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
]
]
]



]
{{Byzantine-stub}}
⚫ {{battle-stub}}

Latest revision as of 20:51, 9 June 2024

692 CE Battle between the Umayyad Caliphate and the Byzantine empire
Battle of Sebastopolis
Part of the Arab–Byzantine Wars
Date692 AD
LocationSebastopolis
Result Umayyad victory
Belligerents
Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad ibn Marwan Leontius
Neboulos
Arab–Byzantine wars
Early conflicts

The Levant

Egypt

North Africa

Anatolia & Constantinople

Border conflicts

Sicily and Southern Italy

Naval warfare

Byzantine reconquest

The Battle of Sebastopolis was fought at Sebastopolis (mostly identified with Elaiussa Sebaste in Cilicia but also with modern Sulusaray) in 692 CE between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate under Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. The battle ended the peace that had existed between the two powers since 680.

The Umayyad army was led by Muhammad ibn Marwan. The Byzantines were led by Leontios and included a "special army" of 30,000 Bulgars under their leader, Neboulos. The Umayyads, incensed at the breaking of the treaty, used copies of its texts in the place of a flag. Though the battle seemed to be tilting to the Byzantine advantage, the defection of upwards of 20,000 Slavs ensured a Byzantine defeat. One source states that the Emperor Justinian II massacred the remaining Slavs, including women and children, at the Gulf of Nicomedia, but modern scholars do not consider it a reliable account.

Notes

  1. Brooks, E.W., "The Successors of Heraclius to 717" in The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2(Cambridge University Press, 1957), 407.
  2. Ostrogorsky, George, History of the Byzantine state,(Rutgers University Press, 1969), 131.
  3. ^ Hendy, Michael F., Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy C. 300-1450, (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 631.
  4. ^ Haldon, John F., Byzantium in the seventh century, (Cambridge University Press, 1997), 72.

Sources

  • Hendy, Michael F. (2008). Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy C. 300-1450. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1976), Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd. (in German), Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München, OCLC 797598069
  • Stratos, A.N. (1980), Byzantium in the Seventh Century, Volume V: Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius, 685–711, Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, pp. 34–38, ISBN 90-256-0852-3


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