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⚫ {{Short description|Transcarpathian Ruthenian priest, poet, writer, pedagogue and social activist}}
⚫ {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see ] -->
| name = Oleksandr Dukhnovych<br>Олександр Духнович {{Family name hatnote|Vasylievych|Dukhnovych|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
⚫ | image = Oleksandr Dukhnovych.jpg
⚫ {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see ] -->
| birthname = Oleksandr Vasylovych Dukhnovych
⚫ | name = Aleksander Dukhnovych
⚫ | birthdate = {{birth date|1803|4|24|mf=y}}
| native_name_lang = rue
| birthplace = ], ], ]
| native_name = {{nobold|Александер Духновіч}}
⚫ | deathdate = {{death date and age|1865|3|30|1803|4|24|mf=y}}
| image = Alexander Dukhnovich.jpg
| deathplace = ], ], ]
⚫ | birth_date = {{Birth date|1803|4|24|df=y}}
⚫ | occupation = ], ], ], ], and ]
| birth_place = Topolya, ] (now ], ])
| nationality = ], ], ]
⚫ | death_date = {{death date and age|1865|3|30|1803|4|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Eperies, ], ] (now ], ])
⚫ | occupation = Priest, poet, writer, ], and ]
| nationality = ]
}} }}


'''Alexander Vasilyevich Dukhnovych'''{{efn|{{langx|rue|Александер Васильєвич Духновіч|{{transliteration|rue|Aleksander Vasylievych Dukhnovich}}}}; {{langx|uk|Олександр Васильович Духнович|{{transliteration|uk|ukrainian|Oleksandr Vasylovych Dukhnovych}}}}; {{langx|sk|Alexander Duchnovič}}; {{langx|ru|Александр Васильевич Духнович|{{transliteration|ru|Aleksandr Vasilyevich Dukhnovich}}}}}} (24 April 1803 – 30 March 1865) was an ]<ref>{{cite book |last1= Kann|first1= Robert A.|last2= David|first2= Zdenek|date= 2017|title= Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7qgpDAAAQBAJ&q=Alexander+Dukhnovych+Transcarpathian&pg=PA274|publisher= University of Washington Press|page= 274|isbn= 9780295806839}}</ref> priest, poet, writer, ], and ] of the Russophile orientation. He is considered as the awakener (Rusyn: Будитиль, ''Budytyl’'') of the ].
'''Oleksandr Vasylovych Dukhnovych''' ({{lang-uk|Олександр Васильович Духнович}}; {{lang-ry|Александeр Духнович}}; {{lang-sk|Alexander Duchnovič}}) (], ]—], ]) was a ], ], ], ], and ] of the ] and ] nations.

==Life== ==Life==
Oleksandr Dukhnovych was born in the village of ] (now Eastern ]). The son of a ] priest, he went to a Hungarian school in ] (1816 to 1821). Later Oleksandr studied philosophy at an academy in ] (1821-1823), and theology at the Theological Seminary in ] (1824-1827). Alexander Dukhnovych was born in the village of Topolya, ] (now ] in Eastern ]). The son of a ] priest, he went to a Hungarian school in Ungvár (now ]) (1816 to 1821). Later Alexander studied philosophy at an academy in Kassa (now ]) (1821–1823), and theology at the Theological Seminary in Ungvár (]) (1824–1827).


In (1827 - 1830 and 1832), Dukhnovych worked as an archivist and a teacher. Later, in 1833-1838, he worked as a ] priest in remote villages of ] (present day ] of Ukraine) and as a ] in Uzhhorod (1838 - 1844). Dukhnovych started to write poems in his early years. He wrote in the ], ], and ] languages. His early works are said to have been influenced by Hungarian ]. In (1827–1830 and 1832), Dukhnovych worked as an archivist and a teacher. Later, in 1833-1838, he worked as a ] priest in remote villages of ] (present-day ] of Ukraine) and as a ] in Ungvár (Uzhhorod) (1838–1844). Dukhnovych started to write poems in his early years. He wrote in the ], ], and ] languages. His early works are said to have been influenced by Hungarian ].


Dukhnovych supported education and cultural revival of Carpathian Ruthenians. He saw his role as a defender of Ruthenian culture against ]. In 1850 Dukhnovych established the first Ruthenian cultural association, the ] Literary Society. The society under his guidance published a series of books. His most famous patriotic poem ''Ia rusyn byl, ies'm i budu'' (I Was, Am, and Will Be a Ruthenian) was published as part of an anthology in 1851. This poem would later become the national anthem of Carpatho-Ruthenians. Dukhnovych also published a number of pedagogical and religious books, elementary school textbook and a Grammar. His most famous scholarly works were ''The History of the Eparchy of Prjašev'' (1877), originally published in Latin and later translated in Russian and English, and a ''History of Carpathian Ruthenians'' (1853). Dukhnovych supported education and cultural revival of Carpathian Ruthenians. He saw his role as a defender of ] culture against ]. In 1850 Dukhnovych established the first Ruthenian cultural association, the Eperjes (now ]) Literary Society. Under his guidance, the society published a series of books. His most famous patriotic poem ''Ia rusyn byl, ies'm i budu'' (I Was, Am, and Will Be a Ruthenian) was published as part of an anthology in 1851. This poem would later become a popular hymn of Carpatho-Ruthenians. Dukhnovych also published a number of pedagogical and religious books, elementary school textbook and a Grammar. His most famous scholarly works were ''The History of the Eparchy of Prjašev'' (1877), originally published in Latin and later translated in Russian and English, and a ''History of Carpathian Ruthenians'' (1853).


His last years were devoted to development of education and schooling among local Ruthenians. In an effort to forestall the ] of the Ruthenian population Dukhnovych founded in ] together with ] the St. John the Baptist Society (1862). On ], ] Dukhnovych died in ]. His last years were devoted to development of education and schooling among local Ruthenians. In an effort to forestall the ] of the Ruthenian population, Dukhnovych founded the St. John the Baptist Society in Eperjes (]) with ] in 1862. Dukhnovych died in Eperjes (]) on 30 March 1865.


==Assessment== ==Assessment==
Dukhnovych is regarded to be one of the outstanding Ukrainian and Ruthenian humanists and educators. In words of ] "he made everything so that forgotten Ruthenians revived spiritually"<ref> - Oleksandr Dukhnovych</ref>. His views were based on Christian principles and idealism. Dukhnovych is regarded to be one of the outstanding Ruthenian humanists and educators. In the words of ] "he made everything so that forgotten Ruthenians revived spiritually".<ref> - Oleksandr Dukhnovych</ref> His views were based on Christian principles and idealism.


Dukhnovych also actively participated in the Moscophile (]) <ref> - Moskofilstvo</ref>(Москвофільство) movement in Western Ukraine at the end of the 19th century. Even though Dukhnovych wrote in the local language he did not believe it to be a separate language nor did he wish to contribute to a creation of a literary language of Carpathian ]. Instead Dukhnovych wrote his scholarly works in a peculiar dialect called ] made of Russian, Church-Slavonic and local Ukrainian. Dukhnovych also actively participated in the ] movement in the territory of today's ] at the end of the 19th century. Even though Dukhnovych wrote in the local language, he did not believe it to be a separate language nor did he wish to contribute to a creation of a literary language of Carpathian Ruthenians. Instead Dukhnovych wrote his scholarly works in a peculiar dialect called ] made up of Church-Slavonic and local Lemko-Rusyn.

He also believed Ruthenians to be one people with Russians and therefore advocated for closer cultural ties with Russia.


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]

==Notes==
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
<div class="references-small">
* at the * at the
* ]. Ukraine. A history. University of Toronto press. 1994. ISBN 0-8020-0591-0. * ]. ''Ukraine: A History''. University of Toronto Press. 1994. {{ISBN|0-8020-0591-8}}.
* at the ] * at the ]
{{refend}}
</div>


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{{Persondata
|NAME= Dukhnovych, Oleksandr
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Dukhnovich, Aleksander
⚫ |SHORT DESCRIPTION= Priest, poet, writer, pedagogue, and social activist
|DATE OF BIRTH= ], ]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= ], ]
|DATE OF DEATH= ], ]
|PLACE OF DEATH= ], ]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dukhnovych, Oleksandr}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dukhnovych, Oleksandr}}
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⚫ ]
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] ]
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Latest revision as of 12:03, 25 October 2024

Transcarpathian Ruthenian priest, poet, writer, pedagogue and social activist In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vasylievych and the family name is Dukhnovych.

Aleksander Dukhnovych
Native nameАлександер Духновіч
Born(1803-04-24)24 April 1803
Topolya, Kingdom of Hungary (now Topoľa, Slovakia)
Died30 March 1865(1865-03-30) (aged 61)
Eperies, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now Prešov, Slovakia)
OccupationPriest, poet, writer, pedagogue, and social activist
NationalityKingdom of Hungary

Alexander Vasilyevich Dukhnovych (24 April 1803 – 30 March 1865) was an Transcarpathian Ruthenian priest, poet, writer, pedagogue, and social activist of the Russophile orientation. He is considered as the awakener (Rusyn: Будитиль, Budytyl’) of the Rusyns.

Life

Alexander Dukhnovych was born in the village of Topolya, Kingdom of Hungary (now Topoľa in Eastern Slovakia). The son of a Greek Catholic priest, he went to a Hungarian school in Ungvár (now Uzhhorod) (1816 to 1821). Later Alexander studied philosophy at an academy in Kassa (now Košice) (1821–1823), and theology at the Theological Seminary in Ungvár (Uzhhorod) (1824–1827).

In (1827–1830 and 1832), Dukhnovych worked as an archivist and a teacher. Later, in 1833-1838, he worked as a Greek Catholic priest in remote villages of Carpathian Ruthenia (present-day Zakarpattia oblast of Ukraine) and as a notary in Ungvár (Uzhhorod) (1838–1844). Dukhnovych started to write poems in his early years. He wrote in the Ruthenian, Russian, and Hungarian languages. His early works are said to have been influenced by Hungarian Romanticism.

Dukhnovych supported education and cultural revival of Carpathian Ruthenians. He saw his role as a defender of Ruthenian culture against Magyarization. In 1850 Dukhnovych established the first Ruthenian cultural association, the Eperjes (now Prešov) Literary Society. Under his guidance, the society published a series of books. His most famous patriotic poem Ia rusyn byl, ies'm i budu (I Was, Am, and Will Be a Ruthenian) was published as part of an anthology in 1851. This poem would later become a popular hymn of Carpatho-Ruthenians. Dukhnovych also published a number of pedagogical and religious books, elementary school textbook and a Grammar. His most famous scholarly works were The History of the Eparchy of Prjašev (1877), originally published in Latin and later translated in Russian and English, and a History of Carpathian Ruthenians (1853).

His last years were devoted to development of education and schooling among local Ruthenians. In an effort to forestall the Magyarization of the Ruthenian population, Dukhnovych founded the St. John the Baptist Society in Eperjes (Prešov) with Adolf Dobryansky in 1862. Dukhnovych died in Eperjes (Prešov) on 30 March 1865.

Assessment

Dukhnovych is regarded to be one of the outstanding Ruthenian humanists and educators. In the words of Ivan Franko "he made everything so that forgotten Ruthenians revived spiritually". His views were based on Christian principles and idealism.

Dukhnovych also actively participated in the Russophile movement in the territory of today's Western Ukraine at the end of the 19th century. Even though Dukhnovych wrote in the local language, he did not believe it to be a separate language nor did he wish to contribute to a creation of a literary language of Carpathian Ruthenians. Instead Dukhnovych wrote his scholarly works in a peculiar dialect called iazychie made up of Church-Slavonic and local Lemko-Rusyn.

See also

Notes

  1. Rusyn: Александер Васильєвич Духновіч, romanized: Aleksander Vasylievych Dukhnovich; Ukrainian: Олександр Васильович Духнович, romanized: Oleksandr Vasylovych Dukhnovych; Slovak: Alexander Duchnovič; Russian: Александр Васильевич Духнович, romanized: Aleksandr Vasilyevich Dukhnovich

References

  1. Kann, Robert A.; David, Zdenek (2017). Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918. University of Washington Press. p. 274. ISBN 9780295806839.
  2. litopys.org.ua - Oleksandr Dukhnovych
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