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{{Short description|Monument in Estonia}}
⚫ {{Infobox Protected area

⚫ {{Infobox protected area
| name = Lihula Monument | name = Lihula Monument
| photo = Mälestusmärk Eesti meestele.jpg | photo =
| photo_caption = Lihula Monument in Lagedi, 2008 | photo_caption =
| location = Lagedi, ] | location = ], ]
| coords = {{coord|59.40|N|24.93|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}| | coords = {{Coord|59.389615|N|24.94081|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|
| established = 2005 (2002) | established = 2005 (firstly 2002)
}} }}
'''Monument of Lihula''' is the colloquial name of a monument commemorating the Estonians who fought for ] against the ] in ], located in a privately owned museum in ], ]. The monument has been controversial due to, in part, its dedication to those who served in the German ] and particularly in the ].


⚫ The monument has moved twice before ending up in the current location. It was originally unveiled in ] on 2002, but taken down only nine days after prime minister ] had condemned the statue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parnupostimees.ee/220705/esileht/uudised/10057478.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201726/http://www.parnupostimees.ee/220705/esileht/uudised/10057478.php|url-status=dead|title=Eesti riik soovib Lihula ausammast endale|archive-date=September 27, 2007|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2148732.stm|title=Estonia removes SS monument|date=July 24, 2002|access-date=September 13, 2019|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The statue was then located in ] in 2004, finally being unveiled in Lagedi on October 15, 2005.
'''Monument of Lihula''' is a monument commemorating the Estonians who fought for Estonia in ], located in Lagedi near ], the capital of ].


==Description==
⚫ The monument has moved two times before ending up in the current location. It was originally unveiled in ] on 2002, but taken down in only nine days after prime minister ] had condemned the statue<ref>{{et icon}}</ref><ref></ref>. The statue was unveiled in ] on ], ], and taken down by the Estonian authorities on ], ].
The monument depicts a soldier in a military uniform, with a ], ] on the wrist and the "hand with a sword" symbol from the ] on the collar. There are no purely national-socialist symbols on the monument.<ref name='torop'/><ref name="torop1">{{cite news|url=http://www.postimees.ee/160904/esileht/siseuudised/144601.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130213033430/http://www.postimees.ee/160904/esileht/siseuudised/144601.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-13|title=Semiootikaprofessori hinnangul ei ole Lihula sammas natslik|date=2004-09-15|publisher=Postimees|access-date=2009-09-24}}</ref><ref name="torop2">{{cite news|url=http://www.postimees.ee/150904/esileht/siseuudised/144506.php|title=Semiootikaprofessor Toropi hinnangul ei ole Lihula sammas natslik|date=2004-09-14|publisher=Postimees|language=et|access-date=2009-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222204314/http://www.postimees.ee/150904/esileht/siseuudised/144506.php|archive-date=2005-02-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="torop3">{{cite news|url=http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/274069|title=Semiootik Torop: Lihula mälestussammas pole natslik |publisher=Eesti Päevaleht|language=et|access-date=2009-09-24}}</ref> It consists of a bronze bas-relief and a dedication tablet mounted on a vertical ] slab. The tablet reads: "To Estonian men who fought in 1940–1945 against Bolshevism and for the restoration of Estonian independence".

The monument depicts an Estonian soldier in a ] uniform resembling ] military uniform<ref name='torop'/>. It consists of a bronze bas-relief and a dedication tablet mounted on a vertical ] slab. The tablet reads: ''To Estonian men who fought in 1940-1945 against Bolshevism and for the restoration of Estonian independence''.


== Controversy == == Controversy ==
As the dedication included those who fought against ] in the ] and ], a number of organisations condemned it, most notably the ]<ref name='swc'>] ], ]: </ref>. Most supporters of the monument, however, have clearly distanced themselves from the ] ideology. ], head of the Association of Estonian Veterans, who fought on the German side, says he does not regret taking the German uniform, because there was a "naive" hope that somehow an independent Estonia could be salvaged. He thinks wearing a German uniform does not make you a fascist. That both regimes, Nazi and Soviet were equally evil - there was no difference between the two except that Stalin was more cunning. <ref></ref> and view Estonians' serving in German army a as having been a necessary evil instead. <ref></ref> The monument caused concern among some Jewish officials and organisations, including the ] and Chief Rabbi of Estonia.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> As the dedication included those who served in the ], the ] and particularly the ], a number of organisations condemned it; most notably the ] issued an official protest stating that the monument glorifies "those who were willing to sacrifice their lives to help achieve the victory of Nazi Germany".<ref name='swc'>] August 25, 2004: </ref> Ilmar Haaviste, head of the Association of Estonian Veterans, who fought on the German side, says he does not regret taking the German uniform, because there was a "naïve" hope that somehow an independent Estonia could be salvaged. He thinks wearing a German uniform does not make you a fascist and that both regimes, Nazi and Soviet were equally evil&nbsp;– there was no difference between the two except that Stalin was more cunning.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6637895.stm | work=BBC News | title=When giants fought in Estonia | date=May 9, 2007 | access-date=May 13, 2010}}</ref> ], the governor of the Lihula parish, said at the opening ceremony that Estonians' serving in German army chose the lesser evil.<ref name=bbc>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3585272.stm|title=Estonia unveils Nazi war monument|date=August 20, 2004|access-date=September 13, 2019|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The monument caused concern among some Jewish officials and organisations, including the Chief Rabbi of Estonia and Russia’s Jewish Communities Federation.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020242/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=148323 |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regnum.ru/english/681683.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009131033/http://www.regnum.ru/english/681683.html|url-status=dead|title=Russia’s Jewish Communities Federation: Setting up monuments to SS soldiers in Estonia is attempt to turn criminals and butchers into heroes of liberation war - Russian News - REGNUM<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=October 9, 2007|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=bhKRI6PDInE&b=296323&ct=350557|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120734/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=bhKRI6PDInE&b=296323&ct=350557|url-status=dead|title=News Releases - SWC New Design Test<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=September 29, 2007|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref>


=== Status of the Baltic Legions === === Status of the Baltic Legions ===
⚫ {{main|20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)}}


⚫ {{See also|Estonian Legion|3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade|20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)}}
The ], in declaring the SS a criminal organisation, explicitly excluded conscripts in the following terms:

Some Estonians joined these formations voluntarily, the majority were conscripted by Germans.<ref "name=EE">{{cite book |title=Estonia and the Estonians |last=Raun |first=Toivo |year=2001 |publisher=Hoover Press |isbn=978-0-8179-2852-0 |pages=158–159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ1NRJlUrwkC&pg=PA158 }}</ref> The ], in declaring the SS a criminal organisation, explicitly excluded conscripts in the following terms:
:Tribunal declares to be criminal within the meaning of the Charter the group composed of those persons who had been officially accepted as members of the SS as enumerated in the preceding paragraph who became or remained members of the organisation with knowledge that it was being used for the commission of acts declared criminal by Article 6 of the Charter or who were personally implicated as members of the organisation in the commission of such crimes, ''excluding, however, those who were drafted into membership by the State in such a way as to give them no choice in the matter, and who had committed no such crimes.'' :Tribunal declares to be criminal within the meaning of the Charter the group composed of those persons who had been officially accepted as members of the SS as enumerated in the preceding paragraph who became or remained members of the organisation with knowledge that it was being used for the commission of acts declared criminal by Article 6 of the Charter or who were personally implicated as members of the organisation in the commission of such crimes, ''excluding, however, those who were drafted into membership by the State in such a way as to give them no choice in the matter, and who had committed no such crimes.''


In ], ], a message from the U.S. High Commission in Germany (HICOG), signed by ] to the Secretary of State, clarified the US position on the "Baltic Legions": they were not to be seen as "movements", "volunteer", or "SS". In short, they were not given the training, indoctrination, and induction normally given to SS members. Subsequently the US Displaced Persons Commission in September 1950 declared that: On April 13, 1950, a message from the U.S. High Commission in Germany (HICOG), signed by ] to the Secretary of State, clarified the US position on the "]": they were not to be seen as "movements", "volunteer", or "SS". In short, they were not given the training, indoctrination, and induction normally given to SS members. Subsequently the US Displaced Persons Commission in September 1950 declared that:
:''The Baltic Waffen SS Units (Baltic Legions) are to be considered as separate and distinct in purpose, ideology, activities, and qualifications for membership from the German SS, and therefore the Commission holds them not to be a movement hostile to the Government of the United States.'' :The Baltic Waffen SS Units (Baltic Legions) are to be considered as separate and distinct in purpose, ideology, activities, and qualifications for membership from the German SS, and therefore the Commission holds them not to be a movement hostile to the Government of the United States.


=== Rumours of Nazi glorification === === Concerns about Nazi glorification ===
A number of rumours were circulated about the soldier depicted on the monument wearing ] symbolism, and thus constituting an attempt to glorify Nazism. As no such symbolism is on the bas-relief, sometimes the rumours have taken the form that these symbols were removed between the first and current installment.<ref>] ], ]: by Aleksei Gunter</ref> A semiotic analysis by professor ] of ], ordered by Lihula police department after the first installment concluded that no Nazi or ] symbolics whatsoever appear in the bas-relief.<ref name='torop'>Postimees ], ]: </ref><ref>SL Õhtuleht ], ]: by Kadri Paas</ref> He pointed out the monument's slightly impolite composition but found no basis for the hypothesis that the installment of the monument would constitute an ]. (Under Estonian law, such incitement is a ] punishable by a ] or imprisonment of up to three years.) In any case, short of recasting, it would be very hard to modify a bronze-cast statue. The monument has been regarded as controversial, including by former Prime Minister ], who labeled the Lihula Monument a "provocation".<ref>. ]. 20 August 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2009.</ref> A number of rumours were circulated about the soldier depicted on the monument wearing ] symbolism, and thus constituting an attempt to glorify Nazism. As no such symbolism is on the bas-relief, sometimes the rumours have taken the form that these symbols were removed between the first and current installation.<ref>] August 26, 2004: by Aleksei Gunter</ref>


A semiotic analysis by professor ] of ], ordered by Lihula police department to analyse the installation concluded that no Nazi or ] symbols whatsoever appear in the bas-relief. He pointed out the monument's composition was "unduly militaristic", concluding that the monument could be said to be "rude or controversial" given its resemblance to wartime mobilisation posters.<ref name='torop'>Postimees September 14, 2004: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050928131806/http://www.postimees.ee/150904/online_uudised/144506.php |date=2005-09-28 }}</ref><ref>SL Õhtuleht September 14, 2004: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011907/http://www.sloleht.ee/index.aspx?id=162567&d=14.09.04&r=1 |date=2007-09-28 }} by Kadri Paas</ref> He found no basis for the hypothesis that the installation of the monument would constitute an "incitement of social hatred". Under Estonian law, such incitement is a crime punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to three years. In any case, short of recasting, it would be very hard to modify a bronze-cast statue.
However, the rumours were picked up by some press. On May 22, 2004, the '']'' ran a story about the plans of some Estonian individuals to build a monument to the 20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS. The false rumours led to Russia's chief ], ] condemning installment of the monument, expressing concern it would breed anti-Semitism {{Fact|date=June 2007}}, as well as a formal protest from the ].<ref name='swc'/>


== Moving the monument == == Moving the monument ==
In 2004, shortly after it was opened, ], possibly due to pressure from the ] and the ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} as well as other international organisations, opposed the unveiling of the monument, and ultimately ordered it to be removed. In 2004, shortly after it was opened, the ] opposed the unveiling of the monument and ultimately ordered it to be removed.


The ] which arrived to remove the monument from Lihula could not enter the cemetery because of a crowd of protesting people. The Riot Police were called in, but as they arrived, locals started to throw stones at them and at the driver of the crane. After a fight between the crowd and the police, the people were driven back using teargas, and some policemen were treated for minor wounds in a hospital.<ref></ref> The ] which arrived to remove the monument from Lihula could not enter the cemetery because of a crowd of protesting people. Riot police were called in, but as they arrived, locals started to throw stones at them and at the driver of the crane. After a fight between the crowd and the police, the people were driven back using teargas, and some policemen were treated for minor wounds in a hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/10835/|title=Riot police help remove controversial WWII monument|website=]|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref>


After the removal of the monument it was subsequently placed on ], ] on grounds of the privately owned ] in ] near ]. <ref></ref> The monument has not been moved again. After the removal of the monument, it was subsequently placed on October 15, 2005 on grounds of the privately owned ] in ] near ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/10/15/estoniamonument.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20051107085528/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/10/15/estoniamonument.shtml|archive-date=November 7, 2005|url-status=usurped|title=Estonia Restores Monument to SS Legionnaires, Russia Angered - NEWS - MOSNEWS.COM|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref> The monument has not been moved again.

The ] have declared that they want to move the statue back to Lihula.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ekre.ee/ekre-lihula-osakond-meenutas-kohalviibimisega-samba-teisaldamise-13-aastapaeva/|title=EKRE Lihula osakond meenutas kohalviibimisega samba teisaldamise 13 aastapäeva &#124; EKRE – Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://online.le.ee/2018/08/25/laaneranna-ekre-tahab-lihula-samba-tagasi-tuua/|title=Lääneranna EKRE tahab Lihula samba tagasi tuua|first=Kaie|last=Ilves|date=August 25, 2018|access-date=September 13, 2019}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
Line 42: Line 47:


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ], "Lihula õppetund" ("The Lesson of Lihula"), 2005 {{et icon}}


== External links == == External links ==
* *
* {{et icon}} * {{in lang|et}}
* {{et icon}} * {{in lang|et}}


] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 00:53, 18 September 2024

Monument in Estonia
Lihula Monument
LocationLagedi, Estonia
Coordinates59°23′23″N 24°56′27″E / 59.389615°N 24.94081°E / 59.389615; 24.94081
Established2005 (firstly 2002)

Monument of Lihula is the colloquial name of a monument commemorating the Estonians who fought for Estonia against the Soviet Union in World War II, located in a privately owned museum in Lagedi, Estonia. The monument has been controversial due to, in part, its dedication to those who served in the German Wehrmacht and particularly in the Waffen-SS.

The monument has moved twice before ending up in the current location. It was originally unveiled in Pärnu on 2002, but taken down only nine days after prime minister Siim Kallas had condemned the statue. The statue was then located in Lihula in 2004, finally being unveiled in Lagedi on October 15, 2005.

Description

The monument depicts a soldier in a military uniform, with a German helmet, Estonian flag on the wrist and the "hand with a sword" symbol from the Cross of Liberty on the collar. There are no purely national-socialist symbols on the monument. It consists of a bronze bas-relief and a dedication tablet mounted on a vertical granite slab. The tablet reads: "To Estonian men who fought in 1940–1945 against Bolshevism and for the restoration of Estonian independence".

Controversy

As the dedication included those who served in the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200, the Wehrmacht and particularly the Waffen SS, a number of organisations condemned it; most notably the Simon Wiesenthal Center issued an official protest stating that the monument glorifies "those who were willing to sacrifice their lives to help achieve the victory of Nazi Germany". Ilmar Haaviste, head of the Association of Estonian Veterans, who fought on the German side, says he does not regret taking the German uniform, because there was a "naïve" hope that somehow an independent Estonia could be salvaged. He thinks wearing a German uniform does not make you a fascist and that both regimes, Nazi and Soviet were equally evil – there was no difference between the two except that Stalin was more cunning. Tiit Madisson, the governor of the Lihula parish, said at the opening ceremony that Estonians' serving in German army chose the lesser evil. The monument caused concern among some Jewish officials and organisations, including the Chief Rabbi of Estonia and Russia’s Jewish Communities Federation.

Status of the Baltic Legions

See also: Estonian Legion, 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade, and 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)

Some Estonians joined these formations voluntarily, the majority were conscripted by Germans. The Nuremberg Trials, in declaring the SS a criminal organisation, explicitly excluded conscripts in the following terms:

Tribunal declares to be criminal within the meaning of the Charter the group composed of those persons who had been officially accepted as members of the SS as enumerated in the preceding paragraph who became or remained members of the organisation with knowledge that it was being used for the commission of acts declared criminal by Article 6 of the Charter or who were personally implicated as members of the organisation in the commission of such crimes, excluding, however, those who were drafted into membership by the State in such a way as to give them no choice in the matter, and who had committed no such crimes.

On April 13, 1950, a message from the U.S. High Commission in Germany (HICOG), signed by John J. McCloy to the Secretary of State, clarified the US position on the "Baltic Legions": they were not to be seen as "movements", "volunteer", or "SS". In short, they were not given the training, indoctrination, and induction normally given to SS members. Subsequently the US Displaced Persons Commission in September 1950 declared that:

The Baltic Waffen SS Units (Baltic Legions) are to be considered as separate and distinct in purpose, ideology, activities, and qualifications for membership from the German SS, and therefore the Commission holds them not to be a movement hostile to the Government of the United States.

Concerns about Nazi glorification

The monument has been regarded as controversial, including by former Prime Minister Juhan Parts, who labeled the Lihula Monument a "provocation". A number of rumours were circulated about the soldier depicted on the monument wearing Nazi symbolism, and thus constituting an attempt to glorify Nazism. As no such symbolism is on the bas-relief, sometimes the rumours have taken the form that these symbols were removed between the first and current installation.

A semiotic analysis by professor Peeter Torop of University of Tartu, ordered by Lihula police department to analyse the installation concluded that no Nazi or SS symbols whatsoever appear in the bas-relief. He pointed out the monument's composition was "unduly militaristic", concluding that the monument could be said to be "rude or controversial" given its resemblance to wartime mobilisation posters. He found no basis for the hypothesis that the installation of the monument would constitute an "incitement of social hatred". Under Estonian law, such incitement is a crime punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to three years. In any case, short of recasting, it would be very hard to modify a bronze-cast statue.

Moving the monument

In 2004, shortly after it was opened, the Estonian Government opposed the unveiling of the monument and ultimately ordered it to be removed.

The crane which arrived to remove the monument from Lihula could not enter the cemetery because of a crowd of protesting people. Riot police were called in, but as they arrived, locals started to throw stones at them and at the driver of the crane. After a fight between the crowd and the police, the people were driven back using teargas, and some policemen were treated for minor wounds in a hospital.

After the removal of the monument, it was subsequently placed on October 15, 2005 on grounds of the privately owned Museum of Fight for Estonia's Freedom in Lagedi near Tallinn. The monument has not been moved again.

The Conservative People's Party of Estonia have declared that they want to move the statue back to Lihula.

See also

References

  1. "Eesti riik soovib Lihula ausammast endale". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  2. "Estonia removes SS monument". July 24, 2002. Retrieved September 13, 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  3. ^ Postimees September 14, 2004: Semiootikaprofessor Toropi hinnangul ei ole Lihula sammas natslik Archived 2005-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  4. "Semiootikaprofessori hinnangul ei ole Lihula sammas natslik". Postimees. 2004-09-15. Archived from the original on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
  5. "Semiootikaprofessor Toropi hinnangul ei ole Lihula sammas natslik" (in Estonian). Postimees. 2004-09-14. Archived from the original on 2005-02-22. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
  6. "Semiootik Torop: Lihula mälestussammas pole natslik" (in Estonian). Eesti Päevaleht. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
  7. Simon Wiesenthal Center August 25, 2004: Wiesenthal center protests erection of monument commemorating Estonian SS-division which fought with Nazis in World War II
  8. "When giants fought in Estonia". BBC News. May 9, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  9. "Estonia unveils Nazi war monument". August 20, 2004. Retrieved September 13, 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  10. FJC | News | Estonia Immortalizes Nazi Criminals Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "Russia's Jewish Communities Federation: Setting up monuments to SS soldiers in Estonia is attempt to turn criminals and butchers into heroes of liberation war - Russian News - REGNUM". Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  12. "News Releases - SWC New Design Test". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  13. Raun, Toivo (2001). Estonia and the Estonians. Hoover Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-8179-2852-0.
  14. "Estonia Unveils Nazi War Monument". BBC News. 20 August 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  15. Baltic Times August 26, 2004: Monument unveiled despite criticism by Aleksei Gunter
  16. SL Õhtuleht September 14, 2004: Ekspert Peeter Torop: Lihula mälestussammas pole natslik Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine by Kadri Paas
  17. "Riot police help remove controversial WWII monument". baltictimes.com. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  18. "Estonia Restores Monument to SS Legionnaires, Russia Angered - NEWS - MOSNEWS.COM". Archived from the original on November 7, 2005. Retrieved September 13, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. "EKRE Lihula osakond meenutas kohalviibimisega samba teisaldamise 13 aastapäeva | EKRE – Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond". Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  20. Ilves, Kaie (August 25, 2018). "Lääneranna EKRE tahab Lihula samba tagasi tuua". Retrieved September 13, 2019.

External links

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