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{{short description|Professional in the discipline of economics}}
{{otheruses4|the profession|the news publication|The Economist}}
{{About|the profession|the news publication|The Economist|other uses|Economist (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{globalize|article|the English-speaking world|date=May 2015}}
{{Update|part=United States|reason=the information about economist salaries in the United States is from 2006 and 2013|date=October 2024}}
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An '''economist''' is a professional and practitioner in the ] discipline of ].
An '''economist''' is an expert in the ] of ].<ref>. Retrieved on ], ].</ref> The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about ]. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad ] ] to the focused study of minutiae within specific ]s, ] analysis, ] analysis or ], involving analytical methods and tools such as ], ], ] ]s, ], ] and ].


The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about ]. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad ] ] to the focused study of minutiae within specific ]s, ] analysis, ] analysis or ], involving analytical methods and tools such as ], ], ]s, ], ] and ].
==In academia==
The professionalization of economics, reflected in academia, has been described as "the main change in economics since around 1900."<ref>] (2001), "Economics: Overview", The Profession of Economics, '']'', v. 6, p. 4159.</ref> Economists debate the path they believe their profession should take. It is, primarily, a debate between a scholastic orientation, focused on mathematical techniques, and a public discourse orientation, which is more focused on communicating to lay people pertinent economic principles as they relate to ]. Surveys among economists indicate a preference for a shift toward the latter. However, these preferences expressed in private often differ with what is actually acted out in the public eye.<ref>Davis, William L. "Preference Falsification in the Economics Profession" (August 2004). </ref>

Most major universities have an economics faculty, school or department, where ]s are awarded in economics. However, many prominent economists come from a background in ], ], ], ], ], or ]. Getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5.3 years.<ref>Siegried JF, Stock WA. (2001). . ''Journal of Human Resources''.</ref>

The ], established by ] in 1968, is a prize awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field of economics. The prize winners are announced in October every year. They receive their awards (a prize amount, a gold medal and a diploma) on ], the anniversary of ]'s death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ |title=The Nobel Prize |accessdate=2008-03-14 |format=HTML |publisher=Nobel Web AB }}</ref>


==Professions== ==Professions==
] ], who obtained his Ph.D. in economics from ], testifies before the ].]]
Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "...study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin."<ref></ref>
] speaks with ] Managing Director ], 2014.]]


Economists work in many fields including<ref name="bls"/> academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin."<ref>, ].</ref> In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in ]ing, ], ], ], ], ], ] and non- or not-for profit organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.econ-jobs.com/|title=Economics Jobs and Economist Jobs|publisher= Econ-Jobs.com}}</ref>
It is more difficult to define the professional category of "economists" than to define regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine. While a lawyer, for example, may be generally defined as a person possessing a law degree and state license to practice law, there is not a legally-required educational requirement or license for economists. In some job settings, the possession of a Bachelor's or Master's degree in economics is considered the minimum credential for being an economist. However, in some parts of the US government, a person can be considered an economist as long as they have four or more university courses in economics. As well, a person can gain the skills required to become a professional economist in other related disciplines, such as statistics or some types of ], such as ] or ].


In many organizations, an "'''Economic Analyst'''" is a formalized role.<ref>, ].</ref> Professionals here are employed (or engaged as ]) to conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans and strategies to address economic problems. Here, as outlined, the analyst provides forecasts, analysis and advice, based upon observed trends and economic principles; this entails also collecting and processing economic and statistical data using econometric methods and statistical techniques.
A professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject is widely considered to be an economist, and any person within any of these fields can claim to be one{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Economists are also employed in ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and non- or not-for profit organizations. <ref></ref>
* Economic analysts employed ] and in other large corporates, provide the (long term) ]s used within their organizations. Relatedly, they consult to fund managers, risk managers, ] re their ] / ] decisions. Particularly in ],<ref>, ]</ref> the focus may be microeconomic, addressing pricing, competition, and customer behavior. Re. either perspective, (]) economists are also often included<ref>, ].</ref> in ].
* In the ], analysts advise legislators and executives on economic policy, public works, and related; ]s often consult economists before enacting economic ]; and many statesmen have academic degrees in economics. A Federal Government Economic Analyst<ref>, ].</ref> conducts economic analysis of issues directly related to the function of their ].


In contrast to regulated ]s such as engineering, law or medicine, there is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists. In academia, most economists have a ].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} In the U.S. Government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/classification-qualifications/general-schedule-qualification-standards/0100/economist-series-0110/|title=Economist Series, 0110: U.S. Office of Personnel Management}}</ref> In fact, a professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist;<ref name="bls">{{Cite web |title=Economists |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Life-Physical-and-Social-Science/Economists.htm |access-date=2017-02-02 |website=] |language=en-us}}</ref> see ] and ].
]s often consult economists before enacting ], and many statesmen have academic degrees in economics (see ]).


==By country== ==By country==
Economics ]s are employable in varying degrees, depending on the regional economic scenario and ] conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to ] and the capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the ] or ]. Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in ] – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or ]. A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in a variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in ] and ]. Small numbers go on to undertake postgraduate studies, either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas. ]s are employable in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario and ] conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of ] and analysis, the ability to ] and the capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the ] or ]. Whilst only a few{{quantify|date=July 2016}} economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists,{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} many find it a base for entry into a career in ] – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or ].{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in a variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in ] and ]. Some graduates go on to undertake ], either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas.

===Brazil===
Unlike most nations, the economist profession in ] is regulated by law; specifically, Law № 1,411, of August 13, 1951. The professional designation of an economist, according to said law, is exclusive to those who graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree in Brazil.<ref>{{cite act |type= |index= |date= |article= |article-type= |legislature= |title= LEI № 1.411, DE 13 DE AGOSTO DE 1951|script-title= |trans-title= LAW № 1,411, OF AUGUST 13, 1951|page= |url= https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/lei/1950-1959/lei-1411-13-agosto-1951-361899-normaatualizada-pl.pdf|access-date= May 10, 2024|via= |language= pt}}</ref>


===United States=== ===United States===
] ]
According to the United States Department of Labor there were 13,000 economists in the US with a median salary of roughly $72,780 with the top ten percent earning more than $129,170 annually.<ref></ref> About 400 colleges and universities grant about 900 new ]s in economics each year. The type of academic degree, Bachelors, Masters or Doctorate degree had significant influence on an individuals job outlook and salary. While the overall expected job growth for economists remains below nation average, the demand for those with a Doctorate, especially those employed in the corporate sector, is expected to increase at a considerably faster pace.<ref name="The Market for new PhD Economists 2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.aeaweb.org/joe/articles/2004/2004_market.pdf#search=%22economist%20phd%20income%20for%22|title=The Market for new PhD Economists 2002|accessdate=2006-09-11}}</ref> Incomes were highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government with academia and high schools paying the lowest incomes. Median salaries ranged from $45,000 for those with a Bachelor to $85,000 for those with a Ph.D. in economics. A recent and continuous study by PayScale.com showed Economic consultants with a Ph.D. had the overall highest median income for any group making $116,250, the median salaries for an assistant professor was $63,500, for an associate professor it lay at $67,000 and $85,000 for a full professor. The overall median income for doctorates in academia was $75,000 compared to $125,000 in consulting and $87,000 in banking.<ref name="Pay Scale, US income of Economists">{{cite web|url=http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Degree=Ph.D._Economics/Salary|title=Pay Scale, US income of Economists|accessdate=2006-12-22}}</ref> According to the ], there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $83,000, and the top ten percent earning more than $147,040 annually.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430185238/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos055.htm#earnings/ |date=April 30, 2006 }}</ref> Nearly 135 colleges and universities<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AEA/gradstudents/Schools.htm|title=Subscription Application}}</ref>{{verify source|date=June 2016}} grant around 900 new ]s every year. Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, ] showed Ph.D. economists' salary ranges as follows: all Ph.D. economists, $61,000 to $160,000; Ph.D. corporate economists, $71,000 to $207,000; economics full professors, $89,000 to $137,000; economics associate professors, $59,000 to $156,000, and economics assistant professors, $72,000 to $100,000.<ref name="Pay Scale, US income of Economists">{{cite web|url=http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Degree=Ph.D._Economics/Salary|title=Pay Scale, US income of Economists|access-date=2013-01-14}}</ref>

Policy advising and analyzing of economic current trends are among the main responsibilities of economists in the United States. A recent study of U.S. economists by Daniel B. Klein and Charlotta Stern found that the responses show that most economists are supporters of safety regulations, gun control, redistribution, public schooling, and anti-discrimination laws. They are evenly mixed on personal choice issues, military action, and the minimum wage. Most economists oppose tighter immigration controls, government ownership of enterprise and tariffs.<ref name="Klein, D. B. & Stern, C. (6 December, 2004) Economists' policy views and voting. ''Public Choice Journal''.">{{cite web|url=http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/w4q363786573275h/|title=Klein, D. B. & Stern, C. (6 December, 2004) Economists' policy views and voting. ''Public Choice Journal''.|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref> A study in the ''Southern Economic Journal'' found that "71 percent of American economists believe the distribution of ] should be ], and 81 percent feel that the redistribution of income is a legitimate role for government."<ref name="Klein, G. P. (15 November, 2006). Why Intellectuals Still Support Socialism. ''Ludwig Von Mieses Institute''. (Survey results were taken from a tetriary source in this case)">{{cite web|url=http://www.mises.org/story/2318|title=Klein, G. P. (15 November, 2006). Why Intellectuals Still Support Socialism. ''Ludwig Von Mieses Institute''. (Survey results were taken from a tetriary source in this case)|accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref> In terms of ] 63% identified as ] and less than 20% as ]/].<ref name="Boxx & Quinlivan">Boxx, W. T. & Quinlivan, G. M. (1994). The Cultural Context of Economics and Politics. Lanham, MA: University Press of America.</ref> with registered ] outnumbering registered ] 2.5:1.<ref name="Klein, D. B. & Stern, C. (6 December, 2004) Economists' policy views and voting. ''Public Choice Journal''.">{{cite web|url=http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/w4q363786573275h/|title=Klein, D. B. & Stern, C. (6 December, 2004) Economists' policy views and voting. ''Public Choice Journal''.|accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref>


===United Kingdom=== ===United Kingdom===
The largest single professional grouping of economists in the ] are the more than 1000 members of the ], who work in 30 government departments and agencies. The largest single professional grouping of economists in the ] are the more than 3500 members of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/civil-service-government-economic-service/about |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Open Government Licence |access-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref>


Analysis of destination surveys for economics graduates from a number of selected top schools of economics in the United Kingdom (ranging from ] to the ]), shows nearly 80 per cent in employment six months after graduation – with a wide range of roles and employers, including regional, national and international organisations, across many sectors. This figure compares very favourably with the national picture, with 64 per cent of economics graduates in employment. Analysis of destination surveys for economics graduates from a number of selected top schools of economics in the ] (ranging from ] to the ]), shows nearly 80 percent in employment six months after graduation – with a wide range of roles and employers, including regional, national and international organisations, across many sectors.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}


==Famous economists== ==Notable economists==
{{Main| History of economic thought}} {{See also|List of economists|History of economic thought}}
]]]


Some current well-known economists include:
Early economists were found in the ], with ] (382-322 BC) expounding in his work ''Topics'' on the topic of human production and further examining the topic in ''Politics''.<ref>Younkis, Dr. Edward "Aristotle and Economics" http://www.quebecoislibre.org/05/050915-11.htm </ref> ] (431-355) also wrote extensively on the Athenian economy in his work ''Economics.'' <ref>Xenophon, Economics. http://classics.mit.edu/Xenophon/xen.ec.html</ref> According to ] "the pioneer economist of the world" was ] (c. 350-283 BC) an adviser and prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta from 340-293 BC.<ref>L. K. Jha, K. N. Jha (1998). "Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world", International Journal of Social Economics 25 (2-4), p. 267-282.</ref>


* ], Scottish economist and philosopher. Known as "The Father of Economics".
In the 1700s, one of the first economic writers was ] (1680-1734), who wrote the treatise '' Essai Sur la Nature du Commerce en Général''. Early founders of economic concepts included the Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian, ] (1711-1776), and the so-called "classical economists": English demographer and political economist ] (1766-1834), political economist ] (1772–1823), and the Scottish moral philosopher and political economist ] (1723-1790).
* ], English economist well known for forming the basis of ]
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] appeared on an edition of ] in 1965|{{deletable image-caption|1=Saturday, 8 March 2008}}]] -->
* ], Dutch economist known for developing and applying dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes, which led to the establishment of ]. He was awarded the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969.
Other early developers of economic concepts include the British philosopher, political economist ] (1806–1873); French economist and free trade advocate ] (1767–1832); Prussian philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary ] (1818–1883); French classical liberal theorist and political economist, ] (1801–1850); and English economist and logician ] (1835-1882).
* ], Norwegian economist who coined the term econometrics in 1926 for utilising statistical methods to describe economic systems. He was awarded the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969.

* ], English Keynesian economist.
Founders of important economic concepts who were alive during the 20th century include the Austrian economist ] (1851–1914); the founder of the ] of economics, ] (1840–1921); British economist, developer of ], and influential founders of modern theoretical ] ] (1883–1946); American economist, health campaigner, and eugenicist ] (1867-1947); German economist and proponent of the ], ] (1899-1966); Canadian-american economist, popularizer of economics ] (1908-2006); American economist, Nobel Prize Laureate and proponent of the ], ] (1918-2002); Austrian-British member of the Austrian School of economics ] (1899-1992); and American economist, public intellectual, and ] advocate ] (1912–2006).
* ], German philosopher and economist known for founding ].

* ] (b. 1933), ] laureate and professor at Harvard University.
Current well-known American economists include 2008 ] winner ], a public intellectual, advocate of ] policies, known for his descriptions of rising inequality; ], former ] economic adviser to the ], author of '']'' and architect of '']'' throughout poor countries ; ], the former ] of the ]; ; and American economist, Nobel prize winner, critic of the management of ], Chief economist of the ], ].
* ], ] laureate and professor at ].

* ] (b. 1930), Israeli-American mathematician, ] in 2005.
==Criticism==
* ], Indian scholar, jurist, economist, politician and social reformer. The ] was conceptualized in accordance with the guidelines presented by Ambedkar to the ] (also known as Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance) based on his book, ''The Problem of the Rupee – Its Origin and Its Solution''.

* ], ] from 2006 to 2014.
Economics has been derogatorily called the ]. According to a cover story in ] Magazine, economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the ] of 1930s <ref></ref>.
* ], ] laureate and professor at ].
<br />Even outstanding economists as ] have criticized their own profession<ref> ], Money: Whence it came, where it went - 1975, p15&p29</ref>:
* ], ] laureate.
<blockquote>
* ], ] laureate and professor at ].
“The study of money, above all other fields in economics, is one in which complexity is used to disguise truth or to evade truth, not to reveal it.” <br />
* ], Chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006.
"The only function of economic forecasting is to make ] look respectable."
* ], 2000 ] winner and Professor at ]; most cited economist as of 2018.
</blockquote>
* ], Dean of the ]; Chair of the ] from 2001 to 2003.

* ], American economist and historian of economic thought.
Many scientists have expressed their view that economics does not even qualify as a science.
* ], 2008 ] laureate, ], and advocate of ] policies.
* ], American macroeconomist, academic economist, public intellectual, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2003 to 2005.
* ], 2001 ] winner, critic of ] and the ] of ], and former ].
* ], Zambian-born international economist and author who analyzes the macroeconomy and global affairs.
* ], American economist and social theorist, Senior ] at the ].
* ]., 1995 ] winner.
* ], 2001 ] winner, known for his work on markets with asymmetric information
* ], member of ], 2018 ] winner.
* ], 1990 ] winner.
* ], 2010 ] winner.
* ], 2019 ] winner.
* ], Professor of Sustainable Development at Columbia's ], 2015 ] winner.
* ], Austrian economist and philosopher, author of '']''.
* ], Austrian economist, ] laureate and author of '']''.
* ], developed the classical theory of ] in 1817.
* ], developed ] stating that a free economy could not know economic crises.
* ], founder of the concept of ].


==See also== ==See also==
Line 62: Line 85:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


==Notes== == References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==References== === Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*] ''The Worldly Economists'' (1980).
* ] and Howard R. Vane (1983, 2003 4th ed.). {{Interlanguage link|Who's who in Economics|ru}}. Table of Contents Cheltenham & Edward Elgar Pub.

* ], 2006. ''Fifty Major Economists.'' Routledge,
==Further reading==
*] ''Fifty Major Economists.'' Routledge, 2006. * ], 1980. ''The Worldly Economists'' .
{{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary|economist}}
{{wiktionary-inline|economist}}


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Latest revision as of 06:07, 10 December 2024

Professional in the discipline of economics This article is about the profession. For the news publication, see The Economist. For other uses, see Economist (disambiguation).
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
Globe icon.The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Parts of this article (those related to United States) need to be updated. The reason given is: the information about economist salaries in the United States is from 2006 and 2013. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2024)
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Part of a series on
Economics
Branches and classifications
Concepts, theory and techniques
By application
Notable economists
Lists

An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.

The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, regulatory impact analysis and mathematical economics.

Professions

Former chair of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan, who obtained his Ph.D. in economics from New York University, testifies before the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services.
Former chair of the Federal Reserve Janet Yellen speaks with IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde, 2014.

Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin." In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking, finance, accountancy, commerce, marketing, business administration, lobbying and non- or not-for profit organizations.

In many organizations, an "Economic Analyst" is a formalized role. Professionals here are employed (or engaged as consultants) to conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans and strategies to address economic problems. Here, as outlined, the analyst provides forecasts, analysis and advice, based upon observed trends and economic principles; this entails also collecting and processing economic and statistical data using econometric methods and statistical techniques.

In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, there is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists. In academia, most economists have a Ph.D. degree in Economics. In the U.S. Government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus. In fact, a professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist; see Bachelor of Economics and Master of Economics.

By country

Economics graduates are employable in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario and labour market conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to communicate and the capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the university or college. Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in finance – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management.

A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in a variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in government and politics. Some graduates go on to undertake postgraduate studies, either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas.

Brazil

Unlike most nations, the economist profession in Brazil is regulated by law; specifically, Law № 1,411, of August 13, 1951. The professional designation of an economist, according to said law, is exclusive to those who graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree in Brazil.

United States

Economist salaries by educational attainment

According to the United States Department of Labor, there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $83,000, and the top ten percent earning more than $147,040 annually. Nearly 135 colleges and universities grant around 900 new Ph.D.s every year. Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, PayScale.com showed Ph.D. economists' salary ranges as follows: all Ph.D. economists, $61,000 to $160,000; Ph.D. corporate economists, $71,000 to $207,000; economics full professors, $89,000 to $137,000; economics associate professors, $59,000 to $156,000, and economics assistant professors, $72,000 to $100,000.

United Kingdom

The largest single professional grouping of economists in the UK are the more than 3500 members of the Government Economic Service.

Analysis of destination surveys for economics graduates from a number of selected top schools of economics in the United Kingdom (ranging from Newcastle University to the London School of Economics), shows nearly 80 percent in employment six months after graduation – with a wide range of roles and employers, including regional, national and international organisations, across many sectors.

Notable economists

See also: List of economists and History of economic thought

Some current well-known economists include:

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Economists". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
  2. "Economist", Princeton Review.
  3. "Economics Jobs and Economist Jobs". Econ-Jobs.com.
  4. "Economist or Economic Analyst", Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  5. "Why Tech Companies Hire So Many Economists", Harvard Business Review
  6. "What an Economist Brings to a Business Strategy", Harvard Business Review.
  7. "Federal Government Economic Analyst", University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
  8. "Economist Series, 0110: U.S. Office of Personnel Management".
  9. LEI № 1.411, DE 13 DE AGOSTO DE 1951 [LAW № 1,411, OF AUGUST 13, 1951] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  10. ^ "Pay Scale, US income of Economists". Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  11. US Bureau of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook Archived April 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  12. "Subscription Application".
  13. "About Us". Gov.uk. Open Government Licence. Retrieved May 30, 2022.

Sources

External links

The dictionary definition of economist at Wiktionary

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