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{{Short description|Areas of Tokyo}}
{{nihongo|'''Yamanote'''|山の手||literally "towards the mountain"}}, is the traditional name for the affluent, upper-class areas of ] west of the Imperial Palace, especially ] and ]. The area's name, which in Japanese means "towards the mountain", comes from the fact that it lies on the slopes of the ] ending after ] and the ]. The ] takes its name from the region because it crosses it, as does the modern Japanese word {{nihongo|''yamanote kotoba''|山の手言葉}} meaning "the refined speech of the uptown residents of Tokyo".
{{redirect|Yamanote|the railway line|Yamanote Line}}
]
{{nihongo|'''Yamanote'''|山の手}} and {{nihongo|'''Shitamachi'''|下町}} are traditional names for two areas of ], ]. Yamanote refers to the affluent, upper-class areas of ] west of the ].<ref name="kokushiyamanote">{{cite book|last=Kokushi Daijiten Iinkai|title=]|edition=1983|volume=14|page=216|language=ja }}</ref><ref name="kojien">Iwanami {{nihongo|]|広辞苑}} Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version</ref> While citizens once considered it as consisting of ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in the ], ], ], and ] wards,<ref name="kokushiyamanote" /> in popular conception, the area extended westwards to include the Nakano, Suginami, and Meguro wards after the ] in 1923.<ref name="kokushiyamanote" /> Shitamachi is the traditional name for the area of ] including today the ], ], ] (in part), ], ], ], ], ], and ] wards, the physically low part of the city along and east of the ], mostly consisted of commercial areas and ] residential areas during the Edo period.<ref name="kojien"/><ref name="kokushishitamachi">{{cite book|last=Kokushi Daijiten Iinkai|title=]|edition=1983|volume=4|page=842|language=ja }}</ref>


The two regions have always been vaguely defined, as their identity was more based on culture and caste than on geography.<ref name="seiden"/> While ] vassals of the ] caste (] and ]) lived in the hilly Yamanote, lower castes (merchants and artisans) lived in the marshy areas near the sea. This dual class and geographic division has remained strong through the centuries while evolving with the times and is still in common use today.<ref name="edogaku">Edogaku Jiten, Kōbunsha, 1984, pages 14, 15, and 16.</ref> Indeed, the two terms are now used also in other parts of the country. The term Yamanote still indicates a higher social status, and Shitamachi a lower one, even though ''de facto'' this is not always true.<ref name="edogaku"/>
==See also==
*]


Both the Yamanote and the Shitamachi have grown gradually over the years, and the map above shows them as they are today.<ref name="kokushi">{{cite book|last=Kokushi Daijiten Iinkai|title=]|edition=1983|volume=4 and 14, pages 842 and 216|language=ja}}</ref>
==References==
{{No footnotes|date=June 2009}}
* New York: ]. 10-ISBN 0-394-50730-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-394-50730-9 (cloth) ], Tokyo, 1984. 10-ISBN 4-805-30494-4; 13-ISBN 978-4-805-30494-5 (paper)] ], Cambridge, 1991. 10-ISBN 0-674-53939-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-53939-6 (paper)]
* Iwanami {{nihongo|]|広辞苑}} Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version


==History of the terms==


When the ] regime moved its seat of power to ], it granted most of the solid hilly regions to the military aristocracy and their families for residences, in part taking advantage of its cooler summer.<ref name="seiden"/> Marshland around the mouths of the ] and ] rivers, to the east of the castle, was filled in, with the flatlands that resulted becoming the area for merchants and craftsmen who supplied and worked for the aristocracy.<ref name="seiden">{{cite book |title=Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake: how the shogun's ancient capital became a great modern city, 1867-1923|last=Seidensticker|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Seidensticker|year=1991|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-0-674-53939-6|pages=8 and 9}}</ref> Thus, from the beginning of its existence, Tokyo (the former ]) has been culturally and economically divided in two parts: the higher caste Yamanote, located on the hills of the ], and the lower caste Shitamachi, literally "low town" or "low city", located next to the ].<ref name="seiden" /> Although neither of the two was ever an official name, both stuck and are still in use. Both words are used with the same meaning in other parts of the country too. The term "Yamanote" is also used for example in Hokkaido, Oita, Yokohama and Osaka.
{{tokyo-geo-stub}}

{{ja-lang-stub}}
There are several theories about the etymology of the term Yamanote, in addition to its hilly location. In the book {{nihongo|''Gofunai Bikō''|御府内備考|Notes on Edo}} it is said that ]'s (1641–1680) younger brother Tsunashige was given two suburban residences, one in {{nihongo|Umite|海手|Towards the sea}} and another in Yamanote, so it is possible that the opposite of Yamanote was not Shitamachi, but Umite. However, with the progressive construction of landfills in the Sumida estuary and the urbanization of the area, gradually Shitamachi replaced Umite. The pairing of Yamanote - Shitamachi is well attested in records of the spoken language as early as 1650, and from that time appears often in documents and books. The warrior/merchant distinction between Yamanote and Shitamachi was also well established early on.<ref name="edogaku"/>

==Geography==
]. ] is at the center of the map.]] The terms' usage as geographic terms in modern times has changed. In '']'', translator and scholar ] believes that the dividing line goes from ] to ], and "north" and "south" are more accurate terms.<ref name="metropolis"/> Seidensticker also describes how the economic and cultural centers have moved from Ginza and ] to Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Shibuya, and Shinagawa.<ref name="metropolis">{{cite web|url=http://www.metropolis.co.jp/tokyofeaturestoriesarchive349/300/tokyofeaturestoriesinc.htm|title=Tokyo Feature Story: Edward Seidensticker|publisher=]}}</ref>

===Yamanote===
], ], a typical Yamanote residential district]]
The extent of the early Yamanote cannot be defined exactly, but in ]'s work ''Gendō Hōgen'' of 1818 (therefore during the Edo period) it is said that "Yotsuya, Aoyama, Ichigaya, Koishikawa and Hongō constitute Yamanote", and occupied therefore more or less a part each of today's Shinjuku, Bunkyo and Minato.<ref name="edogaku"/>

The extent of the Yamanote changed little during the Meiji era. In 1894 it was described as consisting of Hongo, Koishikawa, Ushigome, Yotsuya, Akasaka, and Azabu. After the great earthquake of 1923 and again after the second world war, the Yamanote started to expand. As a result, today's Yamanote extends, in the eyes of the young, even further than Shinjuku, Bunkyo and Minato, to Suginami, Setagaya, Nakano, and even to Kichijōji or Denen-chōfu. What used to be the hilly area within the Yamanote line has now expanded west on the Musashino Plateau.<ref name="edogaku"/> Bunkyo and Minato are generally considered Yamanote, however, some districts (Nezu and Sendagi in Bunkyo, and ] in Minato) are typically Shitamachi.

Today, the ] is one of Tokyo's busiest and most important ] lines. Originally thus named in 1909, when the line only connected Shinagawa to Akabane in the Yamanote area, the line was extended into its present loop in 1925, connecting Shitamachi areas like Ueno, Kanda, Yurakucho and Shinbashi as well. {{nihongo|Tokyo ] 317|東京都道317号|Tōkyō-todō Sanbyakujūnana-gō}} is colloquially known as {{nihongo|Yamate Dōri|山手通り|Yamate Dōri}}, or sometimes "Yamate Street", after the Yamanote region, as well.

===Shitamachi===
] shopping district in Shitamachi]]
The term originally indicated just the three areas of ], ] and ] but, as the city grew, it came to cover also the areas mentioned above.<ref name="kokushishitamachi"/> Shitamachi was the center of Edo, so much so that the two were often thought of as coterminous.<ref name="edogaku"/> While Shitamachi was not in fact synonymous with Edo, there was originally a certain "conflation"<ref name = "Waley"/> of the two terms, and those born in Shitamachi are typically considered true ], children of Edo. This conflation is evident in the Edo period habit of saying "I am going to Edo" to mean going from the area around Fukagawa in Kōtō ward to anywhere east of the Sumida river.<ref name="edogaku"/>

While the Yamanote grew west on the Musashino Plateau, in time the Shitamachi expanded east beyond the Arakawa river, and now includes the Chūō, Kōtō (Fukagawa), Sumida, and Taitō wards, plus part of Chiyoda ward.

The center of ] in Taitō lies at the heart of the old Shitamachi and still has several museums and a concert hall. Today the immediate area, due to its close proximity to a major transportation hub, retains high land value. The ] in Ueno is dedicated to the area's way of life and culture, with models of old environments and buildings.<ref>Shitamachi Museum leaflet (English version)</ref> The ], in Tokyo's ] district, also has exhibits on Shitamachi.

Bunkyo and Minato are generally considered Yamanote, however, Nezu and Sendagi in eastern Bunkyo, and ] in northeastern Minato are typical Shitamachi districts.

==List of districts==
===Wards with both Yamanote and Shitamachi districts===
*]:
**Shitamachi: all of ] area
**Yamanote: all of the former Kojimachi ward (areas such as ], ] and ])
*] ward:
**Shitamachi: ], ] (Shiodome) and ]
**Yamanote:
***all of ] area (including ], ] and ])
***all of ] area (including Akasaka and ])
*] ward:
**Shitamachi: Nezu and Sendagi
**Yamanote:
***all of ] area, except for Nezu and Sendagi
***all of ] area

===All Shitamachi districts ===
*Chuo ward (including ], ] and ])
*Taito ward (including ], ] and ])
*Arakawa ward
*Sumida ward
*Koto ward
*Edogawa ward
*Katsushika ward
*Adachi ward

===All Yamanote districts ===
*Shibuya ward (after the Great Kanto Earthquake)
*Shinjuku ward
*Nakano ward (after the Second World War)
*Suginami ward (after the Second World War)
*Meguro ward (after the Second World War)

==Differences between Yamanote and Shitamachi in the popular imagination==

The distinction between the two areas has been called "one of the most fundamental social, subcultural, and geographic demarcations in contemporary Tokyo."<ref>] (1992) "Conflict, Legitimacy, and Tradition in a Tokyo Neighborhood", in Sugiyama-Lebra (ed.) ''Japanese social organization''. Hawaii:University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1420-7}}. p. 28</ref> While the distinction has become "geographically fuzzy, or almost non-existent...it survives symbolically because it carries the historical meaning of class boundary, the samurai having been replaced by modern white collar commuters and professionals."<ref>Sugiyama-Lebra, T. (1992) "Introduction" in Lebra (ed.) ''Japanese social organization''. Hawaii:University of Hawaii Press. p. 7</ref> Generally speaking, the term Yamanote has a connotation of "distant and cold, if rich and trendy", whereas "Shitamachi people are deemed honest, forthright and reliable".<ref>Buckley, S. (2002) "Tokyo", in ''Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture''. Taylor & Francis {{ISBN|0-415-14344-6}} p. 529</ref> These differences encompass speech, community, profession and appearance. There is also an overarching difference based on notions of modernity and tradition. The inhabitants of Yamanote were thought of as espousing modernising ideals for their country,
based on Western models. The people of Shitamachi, on the other hand, came to be seen as representatives of the old order and defenders of traditional cultural forms.<ref name="Smith"/>

===Speech===

The modern Japanese word {{nihongo|''yamanote kotoba''|山の手言葉}} meaning "dialect of the Yamanote", takes its name from the region.<ref name="kojien"/> It is characterized by a relative lack of regional inflections, by a well-developed set of honorifics ('']''), and by linguistic influences from Western Japan.<ref name="yahoo"/> After the ] it became the standard language spoken in public schools and therefore the basis of modern Japanese ('']''), which is spoken all over the country.<ref name="kojien"/> The Yamanote accent is now considered to be standard Japanese, "making the ''shitamachi'' man a speaker of a dialect".<ref name = "Smith"/> The origins of the difference arise from the presence of '']s'' and their vassals, and the continuous influx of soldiers from the provinces.<ref name="edogaku"/>

Phrases such as {{nihongo|''shitamachi kotoba''|下町言葉}} meaning "Shitamachi dialect", and {{nihongo|''shitamachifū''|下町風}} meaning "Shitamachi style"<ref name="kojien"/> are still in use, and refer to certain characteristics and roughness in Shitamachi speech. The lack of distinction between the two phonemes ''hi'' and ''shi'' (so that ''hitotsu'' ("one)" is pronounced ''shitotsu'') is typical of the ''Shitamachi kotoba''.<ref name="kojien"/> Another characteristic trait is the pronunciation of the sound ''-ai'' as for example in ''wakaranai'' (''I don't know'' or ''I don't understand'') or ''-oi'' as in ''osoi'' (slow) as ''-ee'' (''wakaranee'' or ''osee'').<ref name="yahoo"> from Yahoo Japan's Encyclopedia, accessed on June 26, 2009</ref> The use of either is still considered very low-class and rough. Shitamachi speakers are also supposedly less apt to use the elaborate word forms more characteristic of Yamanote Japanese.<ref name="Kondo">{{cite book| last = Kondo| first = Dorinne K.| author-link = Dorinne K. Kondo| title = Crafting selves: power, gender, and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace| publisher = University of Chicago Press| year = 1990| pages = | isbn = 978-0-226-45044-5| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/craftingselvespo00kon_1gh/page/346}}</ref>

''Yamanote kotoba'' and ''Shitamachi kotoba'' together form the so-called {{nihongo3|language or dialect of Tokyo|東京語|Tōkyō-go}} which, because of its influences from Western Japan, is a linguistic island within the ''Kantō region''.<ref name="yahoo"/>

===Profession===

The division between samurai and merchant has carried on into the modern day. Shitamachi is associated with petty entrepreneurs,<ref name="Waley">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00420980220151646 | last = Waley | first=Paul| author-link = Paul Waley| title = Moving the Margins of Tokyo| journal = Urban Studies| volume = 39 | issue = 9| pages = 1533–1550| date = February 2002| s2cid = 145140108 }}</ref> restaurant owners, small shop-owners and workshops, while Yamanote suggests the business executive, and the office worker.<ref name = "Dore">{{cite book| last=Dore | first=Ronald | author-link=Ronald P. Dore | title= City Life in Japan. A Study of a Tokyo Ward| url=https://archive.org/details/citylifeinjapans0000dore_o1r4 | url-access=registration |publisher = University of California Press| year= 1958}}</ref>

===Attitude===
Until ], the Shitamachi people did not give "a damn about tomorrow".<ref name="Shoji">{{cite book |last1=Shoji |first1=Kaori |title=Seeing Tokyo |date=2005 |publisher=Kodansha International Ltd |location=Tokyo |isbn=978-4-7700-2339-1 |pages=14, 20, 26 |edition=First |language=en |chapter=Asakusa, Ueno, Yanaka, Nezu}}</ref>
Older locals were proud of not having gone far from the neighborhood.
The March 1945 ] wiped out the Shitamachi area and one hundred thousand lives.<ref name="Shoji"/>
The development associated to the ] and the ] further eroded the alley lifestyle.
In spite of this, the Shitamachi mindset still values living for the moment and present pleasures.
Clinging to something is unfashionable and one should be ready to weather disaster and start over.<ref name="Shoji"/>

==The Shitamachi boom==

Alongside the long drive for modernisation that had characterised Japan's post-] history, Shitamachi was marginalised for the larger part of the 20th century. In the words of one sociologist{{Who|date=June 2023}}, "it was increasingly confined to a defensive position, guarding old traditions and old social norms".<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal|last = Smith|first=Robert J. | title = Pre-Industrial Urbanism in Japan: A Consideration of Multiple Traditions in a Feudal Society | journal = Economic Development and Cultural Change| volume = 9, 1| pages = 241–257 | year = 1960|doi=10.1086/449888 |s2cid=143641621 }}</ref> After a long period of post-war economic decline, in the 1980s a "Shitamachi boom" emerged, with increased interest in and celebration of Shitamachi culture and history, in particular that of the ].<ref name="Waley"/> Shitamachi culture is thus depicted as more authentic and traditional (while Yamanote Tokyo is the present and future),<ref name="Waley"/> and its valorisation has been described as a refuge from the rapid modernisation of the ].<ref>Hotaka-Roth, J. (2002) ''Brokered Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Migrants in Japan''. Cornell University Press. p. 127</ref> Popular television dramas, comedy and documentary now "rarefy an often idealised notion of the ], with the same intensity and nostalgia afforded an endangered species".<ref>Buckley, S. (2002) "Shitamachi", in ''Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture''. Taylor & Francis {{ISBN|0-415-14344-6}} p. 457</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Tokyo}}
{{reflist}}


] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 18:41, 21 July 2024

Areas of Tokyo "Yamanote" redirects here. For the railway line, see Yamanote Line.
Yamanote and Shitamachi today. Yamanote marked in red and Shitamachi in blue letters.

Yamanote (山の手) and Shitamachi (下町) are traditional names for two areas of Tokyo, Japan. Yamanote refers to the affluent, upper-class areas of Tokyo west of the Imperial Palace. While citizens once considered it as consisting of Hongo, Kōjimachi, Koishikawa, Ushigome, Yotsuya, Akasaka, Aoyama and Azabu in the Bunkyō, Chiyoda, Shinjuku, and Minato wards, in popular conception, the area extended westwards to include the Nakano, Suginami, and Meguro wards after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. Shitamachi is the traditional name for the area of Tokyo including today the Adachi, Arakawa, Chiyoda (in part), Chūō, Edogawa, Katsushika, Kōtō, Sumida, and Taitō wards, the physically low part of the city along and east of the Sumida River, mostly consisted of commercial areas and chonin residential areas during the Edo period.

The two regions have always been vaguely defined, as their identity was more based on culture and caste than on geography. While Tokugawa vassals of the samurai caste (hatamoto and gokenin) lived in the hilly Yamanote, lower castes (merchants and artisans) lived in the marshy areas near the sea. This dual class and geographic division has remained strong through the centuries while evolving with the times and is still in common use today. Indeed, the two terms are now used also in other parts of the country. The term Yamanote still indicates a higher social status, and Shitamachi a lower one, even though de facto this is not always true.

Both the Yamanote and the Shitamachi have grown gradually over the years, and the map above shows them as they are today.

History of the terms

When the Tokugawa regime moved its seat of power to Edo, it granted most of the solid hilly regions to the military aristocracy and their families for residences, in part taking advantage of its cooler summer. Marshland around the mouths of the Sumida and Tone rivers, to the east of the castle, was filled in, with the flatlands that resulted becoming the area for merchants and craftsmen who supplied and worked for the aristocracy. Thus, from the beginning of its existence, Tokyo (the former Edo) has been culturally and economically divided in two parts: the higher caste Yamanote, located on the hills of the Musashino Terrace, and the lower caste Shitamachi, literally "low town" or "low city", located next to the Sumida River. Although neither of the two was ever an official name, both stuck and are still in use. Both words are used with the same meaning in other parts of the country too. The term "Yamanote" is also used for example in Hokkaido, Oita, Yokohama and Osaka.

There are several theories about the etymology of the term Yamanote, in addition to its hilly location. In the book Gofunai Bikō (御府内備考, Notes on Edo) it is said that Tokugawa Ietsuna's (1641–1680) younger brother Tsunashige was given two suburban residences, one in Umite (海手, Towards the sea) and another in Yamanote, so it is possible that the opposite of Yamanote was not Shitamachi, but Umite. However, with the progressive construction of landfills in the Sumida estuary and the urbanization of the area, gradually Shitamachi replaced Umite. The pairing of Yamanote - Shitamachi is well attested in records of the spoken language as early as 1650, and from that time appears often in documents and books. The warrior/merchant distinction between Yamanote and Shitamachi was also well established early on.

Geography

A view of Yamanote (above) and Shitamachi (below) by Utagawa Hiroshige. Nihonbashi is at the center of the map.

The terms' usage as geographic terms in modern times has changed. In Metropolis Magazine, translator and scholar Edward Seidensticker believes that the dividing line goes from Ginza to Shinjuku, and "north" and "south" are more accurate terms. Seidensticker also describes how the economic and cultural centers have moved from Ginza and Nihonbashi to Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Shibuya, and Shinagawa.

Yamanote

Hojo zaka, Minamiazabu, Minato, a typical Yamanote residential district

The extent of the early Yamanote cannot be defined exactly, but in Kyokutei Bakin's work Gendō Hōgen of 1818 (therefore during the Edo period) it is said that "Yotsuya, Aoyama, Ichigaya, Koishikawa and Hongō constitute Yamanote", and occupied therefore more or less a part each of today's Shinjuku, Bunkyo and Minato.

The extent of the Yamanote changed little during the Meiji era. In 1894 it was described as consisting of Hongo, Koishikawa, Ushigome, Yotsuya, Akasaka, and Azabu. After the great earthquake of 1923 and again after the second world war, the Yamanote started to expand. As a result, today's Yamanote extends, in the eyes of the young, even further than Shinjuku, Bunkyo and Minato, to Suginami, Setagaya, Nakano, and even to Kichijōji or Denen-chōfu. What used to be the hilly area within the Yamanote line has now expanded west on the Musashino Plateau. Bunkyo and Minato are generally considered Yamanote, however, some districts (Nezu and Sendagi in Bunkyo, and Shinbashi in Minato) are typically Shitamachi.

Today, the Yamanote Line is one of Tokyo's busiest and most important commuter rail lines. Originally thus named in 1909, when the line only connected Shinagawa to Akabane in the Yamanote area, the line was extended into its present loop in 1925, connecting Shitamachi areas like Ueno, Kanda, Yurakucho and Shinbashi as well. Tokyo Metropolitan Route 317 (東京都道317号, Tōkyō-todō Sanbyakujūnana-gō) is colloquially known as Yamate Dōri (山手通り, Yamate Dōri), or sometimes "Yamate Street", after the Yamanote region, as well.

Shitamachi

Ginza shopping district in Shitamachi

The term originally indicated just the three areas of Kanda, Nihonbashi and Kyōbashi but, as the city grew, it came to cover also the areas mentioned above. Shitamachi was the center of Edo, so much so that the two were often thought of as coterminous. While Shitamachi was not in fact synonymous with Edo, there was originally a certain "conflation" of the two terms, and those born in Shitamachi are typically considered true Edokko, children of Edo. This conflation is evident in the Edo period habit of saying "I am going to Edo" to mean going from the area around Fukagawa in Kōtō ward to anywhere east of the Sumida river.

While the Yamanote grew west on the Musashino Plateau, in time the Shitamachi expanded east beyond the Arakawa river, and now includes the Chūō, Kōtō (Fukagawa), Sumida, and Taitō wards, plus part of Chiyoda ward.

The center of Ueno in Taitō lies at the heart of the old Shitamachi and still has several museums and a concert hall. Today the immediate area, due to its close proximity to a major transportation hub, retains high land value. The Shitamachi Museum in Ueno is dedicated to the area's way of life and culture, with models of old environments and buildings. The Edo-Tokyo Museum, in Tokyo's Ryogoku district, also has exhibits on Shitamachi.

Bunkyo and Minato are generally considered Yamanote, however, Nezu and Sendagi in eastern Bunkyo, and Shinbashi in northeastern Minato are typical Shitamachi districts.

List of districts

Wards with both Yamanote and Shitamachi districts

All Shitamachi districts

All Yamanote districts

  • Shibuya ward (after the Great Kanto Earthquake)
  • Shinjuku ward
  • Nakano ward (after the Second World War)
  • Suginami ward (after the Second World War)
  • Meguro ward (after the Second World War)

Differences between Yamanote and Shitamachi in the popular imagination

The distinction between the two areas has been called "one of the most fundamental social, subcultural, and geographic demarcations in contemporary Tokyo." While the distinction has become "geographically fuzzy, or almost non-existent...it survives symbolically because it carries the historical meaning of class boundary, the samurai having been replaced by modern white collar commuters and professionals." Generally speaking, the term Yamanote has a connotation of "distant and cold, if rich and trendy", whereas "Shitamachi people are deemed honest, forthright and reliable". These differences encompass speech, community, profession and appearance. There is also an overarching difference based on notions of modernity and tradition. The inhabitants of Yamanote were thought of as espousing modernising ideals for their country, based on Western models. The people of Shitamachi, on the other hand, came to be seen as representatives of the old order and defenders of traditional cultural forms.

Speech

The modern Japanese word yamanote kotoba (山の手言葉) meaning "dialect of the Yamanote", takes its name from the region. It is characterized by a relative lack of regional inflections, by a well-developed set of honorifics (keigo), and by linguistic influences from Western Japan. After the Meiji Restoration it became the standard language spoken in public schools and therefore the basis of modern Japanese (hyōjungo), which is spoken all over the country. The Yamanote accent is now considered to be standard Japanese, "making the shitamachi man a speaker of a dialect". The origins of the difference arise from the presence of daimyōs and their vassals, and the continuous influx of soldiers from the provinces.

Phrases such as shitamachi kotoba (下町言葉) meaning "Shitamachi dialect", and shitamachifū (下町風) meaning "Shitamachi style" are still in use, and refer to certain characteristics and roughness in Shitamachi speech. The lack of distinction between the two phonemes hi and shi (so that hitotsu ("one)" is pronounced shitotsu) is typical of the Shitamachi kotoba. Another characteristic trait is the pronunciation of the sound -ai as for example in wakaranai (I don't know or I don't understand) or -oi as in osoi (slow) as -ee (wakaranee or osee). The use of either is still considered very low-class and rough. Shitamachi speakers are also supposedly less apt to use the elaborate word forms more characteristic of Yamanote Japanese.

Yamanote kotoba and Shitamachi kotoba together form the so-called Tōkyō-go (東京語, language or dialect of Tokyo) which, because of its influences from Western Japan, is a linguistic island within the Kantō region.

Profession

The division between samurai and merchant has carried on into the modern day. Shitamachi is associated with petty entrepreneurs, restaurant owners, small shop-owners and workshops, while Yamanote suggests the business executive, and the office worker.

Attitude

Until World War II, the Shitamachi people did not give "a damn about tomorrow". Older locals were proud of not having gone far from the neighborhood. The March 1945 bombing of Tokyo wiped out the Shitamachi area and one hundred thousand lives. The development associated to the 1964 Summer Olympics and the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway further eroded the alley lifestyle. In spite of this, the Shitamachi mindset still values living for the moment and present pleasures. Clinging to something is unfashionable and one should be ready to weather disaster and start over.

The Shitamachi boom

Alongside the long drive for modernisation that had characterised Japan's post-restoration history, Shitamachi was marginalised for the larger part of the 20th century. In the words of one sociologist, "it was increasingly confined to a defensive position, guarding old traditions and old social norms". After a long period of post-war economic decline, in the 1980s a "Shitamachi boom" emerged, with increased interest in and celebration of Shitamachi culture and history, in particular that of the Edo Period. Shitamachi culture is thus depicted as more authentic and traditional (while Yamanote Tokyo is the present and future), and its valorisation has been described as a refuge from the rapid modernisation of the economic boom years. Popular television dramas, comedy and documentary now "rarefy an often idealised notion of the Edokko, with the same intensity and nostalgia afforded an endangered species".

References

  1. ^ Kokushi Daijiten Iinkai. Kokushi Daijiten (in Japanese). Vol. 14 (1983 ed.). p. 216.
  2. ^ Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version
  3. ^ Kokushi Daijiten Iinkai. Kokushi Daijiten (in Japanese). Vol. 4 (1983 ed.). p. 842.
  4. ^ Seidensticker, Edward (1991). Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake: how the shogun's ancient capital became a great modern city, 1867-1923. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 8 and 9. ISBN 978-0-674-53939-6.
  5. ^ Edogaku Jiten, Kōbunsha, 1984, pages 14, 15, and 16.
  6. Kokushi Daijiten Iinkai. Kokushi Daijiten (in Japanese). Vol. 4 and 14, pages 842 and 216 (1983 ed.).
  7. ^ "Tokyo Feature Story: Edward Seidensticker". Metropolis Magazine.
  8. ^ Waley, Paul (February 2002). "Moving the Margins of Tokyo". Urban Studies. 39 (9): 1533–1550. doi:10.1080/00420980220151646. S2CID 145140108.
  9. Shitamachi Museum leaflet (English version)
  10. Bestor, T. C. (1992) "Conflict, Legitimacy, and Tradition in a Tokyo Neighborhood", in Sugiyama-Lebra (ed.) Japanese social organization. Hawaii:University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1420-7. p. 28
  11. Sugiyama-Lebra, T. (1992) "Introduction" in Lebra (ed.) Japanese social organization. Hawaii:University of Hawaii Press. p. 7
  12. Buckley, S. (2002) "Tokyo", in Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture. Taylor & Francis ISBN 0-415-14344-6 p. 529
  13. ^ Smith, Robert J. (1960). "Pre-Industrial Urbanism in Japan: A Consideration of Multiple Traditions in a Feudal Society". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 9, 1: 241–257. doi:10.1086/449888. S2CID 143641621.
  14. ^ Tōkyō-go from Yahoo Japan's Encyclopedia, accessed on June 26, 2009
  15. Kondo, Dorinne K. (1990). Crafting selves: power, gender, and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. University of Chicago Press. pp. 346. ISBN 978-0-226-45044-5.
  16. Dore, Ronald (1958). City Life in Japan. A Study of a Tokyo Ward. University of California Press.
  17. ^ Shoji, Kaori (2005). "Asakusa, Ueno, Yanaka, Nezu". Seeing Tokyo (First ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. pp. 14, 20, 26. ISBN 978-4-7700-2339-1.
  18. Hotaka-Roth, J. (2002) Brokered Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Migrants in Japan. Cornell University Press. p. 127
  19. Buckley, S. (2002) "Shitamachi", in Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture. Taylor & Francis ISBN 0-415-14344-6 p. 457
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