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	~~The~~ ~~'''''Summa Logicae''''' is a textbook~~ on ] by ~~]. It was written around 1323.~~		{{Short description\|Textbook on logic (1323) by William of Ockham}}
			{{pp-semi\|small=yes}}
			{{italic title}}
			The '''''Summa Logicae''''' ("Sum of Logic") is a textbook on ] by ]. It was written around 1323.
			{{Scholasticism}}
			Systematically, it resembles other works of medieval logic, organised under the basic headings of the ] ]s, ], ], ]s, and ]s. These headings, though often given in a different order, represent the basic arrangement of scholastic works on logic.

			This work is important in that it contains the main account of Ockham's ], a position related to the ].
	Systematically, it resembles other works of medieval logic, organised under the basic headings of the Aristotelian ], ], ], ]s, and ]s. These headings, though often given in a different order, represent the basic arrangement of all scholastic textbooks.

			==Book I. On Terms==
	This work is important in that it contains the main account of Ockham's ]. The nominalists of the fifteenth century (such as ], ], ] and ]) looked upon him as the founder of their school.
			{{ordered list
			\| list-style-type = lower-roman\|Chapters 1–17 deal with terms: what they are, and how they are divide into categorematic, abstract and concrete, absolute and connotative, ''first intention'', and ''second intention''. Ockham also introduces the issue of universals here.\|Chapters 18–25 deal with the five predicables of ].\|Chapters 26–62 deal with the ] of Aristotle, known to the medieval philosophers as the ''Praedicamenta'' in the latin translation of ]. The first chapters of this section concern definition and description, the notions of subject and predicate, the meaning of terms like ''whole'', ''being'' and so on. The later chapters deal with the ten Categories themselves, as follows: Substance (42–43), Quantity (44–49), Relation (50–54), Quality (55–56), Action (57), Passion (58), Time (59), Place (60), Position (61), Habit (62).\|Chapters 63–77 onwards deal with the ].
			}}

	==Book I: On ~~Terms~~==		==Book II. On Propositions==

			{{ordered list
	(i) Chapters 1-17 deal with terms: what they are, and how they are divide into categorematic, abstract and concrete, absolute and connotative, 'first intention' and 'second intention'. Ockham also introduces the issue of universals here.
			\|list-style-type=lower-roman
			\|On categorical propositions (1–20)
			\|On the conversion of propositions (21–9)
			\|On hypothetical propositions (30–7)
			}}

			==Book III. On Syllogisms==
	(ii) Chapters 18-25 deal with the five ] of ].

			===Part I. On Syllogisms===
	(iii) Chapters 26-62 deal with the ] of Aristotle, known to the medieval philosophers as the 'Praedicamenta'. The first chapters of this section concern definition and description, the notions of subject and predicate, the meaning of terms like 'whole', 'being' and so on. The later chapters deal with the ten Categories themselves, as follows: Substance (42-3), Quantity (44-9), Relation (50-4), Quality (55-6), Action (57), Passion (58), Time (59), Place (60), Position (61), Habit (62).

			{{ordered list
	(iv) Chapters 63-77 onwards deal with the theory of supposition.
			\|list-style-type=lower-roman
			\|On categorical syllogisms (1–19)
			\|On modal syllogisms (20–30)
			\|On mixed syllogisms (31–64)
			\|On syllogisms containing exponible propositions
			}}

	==~~Book~~ II: On ~~Propositions~~==		===Part II. On Demonstration===

			* These 41 chapters are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's ].
	(i) On categorical propositions (1-20)

			===Part III. On Consequences===
	(ii) On the conversion of propositions (21-9)

			* The first 37 chapters of Part II are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's ]. In Part III, Ockham deals with the definition and division of consequences, and provides a treatment of Aristotle's Topical rules.<ref>Boehner p.54</ref> According to Ockham a consequence is a ], composed of two categorical propositions by the terms 'if' and 'then'. For example, 'if a man runs, then God exists' (''Si homo currit, Deus est'').<ref>Boehner pp. 54–5</ref> A consequence is 'true' when the ] implies the ]. Ockham distinguishes between 'material' and 'formal' consequences, which are roughly equivalent to the modern ] and ] respectively. Similar accounts are given by ] and ].
	(iii) On hypothetical propositions (30-7)
			* Chapters 38 to 45 deal with the ].
			*Chapter 46 deals with the ]

			===Part VI. On Fallacies (in 18 chapters)===
	==Book III: On Syllogisms==
			Part IV, in eighteen chapters, deals with the different species of fallacy enumerated by Aristotle in ] (''De sophisticis elenchis'').

			*Chapters 2-4 deal with the three modes of ].
	Part I On Syllogisms
			*Chapters 5-7 deal with the three types of ].
			*Chapter 8 deals with the fallacies of ], and ].
			*Chapter 9 deals with the ].
			*Chapter 10 deals with the fallacy of 'figure of speech'.
			*Chapter 11 deals with the ].
			*Chapter 12 deals with the fallacy of ].
			*Chapter 13 deals with '']''.
			*Chapter 14 deals with ] or irrelevant thesis.
			*Chapter 15 deals with ] (''petitio principii'').
			*Chapter 16 deals with ] (''non-causam ut causam'')
			*Chapter 17 deals with the ] (''plures interrogationes ut unam facere'')>
			*Ockham ends (chapter 18) by showing how all these fallacies err against the syllogism.

			==See also==
	(i) On categorical syllogisms (1-19)
			* ] (wrote foreword to ''Sum of Logic'')
			* '']'' by ]
			* '']'' by ]

			==Notes==
	(ii) On modal syllogisms (20-30)
			{{reflist}}

			==References==
	(iii) On mixed syllogisms (31-64)
			* ''Ockham's Theory of Terms'' : Part I of the ''Summa Logicae'', translated and introduced by Michael J. Loux, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, 1974. Reprinted, St. Augustine's Press, South Bend, IN, 1998.
			* ''Ockham's Theory of Propositions'' : Part II of the ''Summa Logicae'', translated by Alfred J. Freddoso and Henry Schuurman and introduced by Alfred J. Freddoso, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, 1980. Reprinted, St. Augustine's Press, South Bend, IN, 1998.
			* Longeway, John Lee (2007), ''Demonstration and Scientific Knowledge in William of Ockham'', University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN. A translation of ''Summa Logicae III-II : De Syllogismo Demonstrativo'', with selections from the ''Prologue'' to the ''Ordinatio''.
			* ] (1952), ''Medieval Logic'', Manchester University Press.

			==External links==
	(iv) On syllogisms containing exponible propositions
			{{wikisource-lang\|la\|Summa logicae}}

			* ] (1869), , .
	Part II On Demonstration
			* .

			* .
	These 41 chapters are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's ].

	Part III On the Consequences

	These 37 chapters are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's ].

	Part IV On Obligation (7 chapters)

	Part V On the Liar Antinomy (1 chapter)

	Part VI On fallacies (in 18 chapters)

	== See also ==
	* ] by ]
	* ] by ]
	* ] by ]

	==Links and Reference==
	*
	*
	*
	* ''Ockham's Theory of Propositions'': Part II of the Summa Logicae, translated by Alfred J. Freddoso and Henry Schuurman and introduced by Alfred J. Freddoso (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980), Reprinted: South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press, 1998
	* Parallel of chapters 1, 3, 12 and 13 of the ''Summa Logicae '' by Edward Buckner, in the ].
	* (Latin only)
	* now at ]

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Sum Of Logic}}
			]
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
			]

			]
	]
			]
	]

Latest revision as of 17:00, 4 July 2024

Textbook on logic (1323) by William of Ockham

The Summa Logicae ("Sum of Logic") is a textbook on logic by William of Ockham. It was written around 1323.

Scholasticism
Part of a series on

Schools Thomism Scotism Occamism
Major works Summa Theologica Cur Deus Homo Summa Grammatica Summa logicae Opus Oxoniense Libri Quattuor Sententiarum
Precursors Augustine of Hippo Boethius Pope Gregory I Alcuin of York John Scotus Eriugena
Philosophers Anselm of Canterbury ("Doctor Marianus") Peter Abelard ("Doctor Scholasticus") Peter Lombard ("The Master") Averroes ("The Commentator") Maimonides ("Rabbi Moses") Albertus Magnus ("Doctor Universalis") Thomas Aquinas ("Doctor Angelicus") Bonaventure ("Doctor Seraphicus") Duns Scotus ("Doctor Subtilis") William of Ockham ("Doctor Invincibilis") Francisco Suárez ("Doctor Eximius")
Related Aristotelianism Averroism Avicennism Dominican Order Franciscan Order Catholic theology Islamic philosophy Empiricism Neoplatonism Neo-scholasticism Protestant scholasticism Problem of universals Protoscholastic writing
Philosophy portal Catholicism portal
v t e

Systematically, it resembles other works of medieval logic, organised under the basic headings of the Aristotelian Predicables, Categories, terms, propositions, and syllogisms. These headings, though often given in a different order, represent the basic arrangement of scholastic works on logic.

This work is important in that it contains the main account of Ockham's nominalism, a position related to the problem of universals.

Book I. On Terms

Chapters 1–17 deal with terms: what they are, and how they are divide into categorematic, abstract and concrete, absolute and connotative, first intention, and second intention. Ockham also introduces the issue of universals here.
Chapters 18–25 deal with the five predicables of Porphyry.
Chapters 26–62 deal with the Categories of Aristotle, known to the medieval philosophers as the Praedicamenta in the latin translation of Boethius. The first chapters of this section concern definition and description, the notions of subject and predicate, the meaning of terms like whole, being and so on. The later chapters deal with the ten Categories themselves, as follows: Substance (42–43), Quantity (44–49), Relation (50–54), Quality (55–56), Action (57), Passion (58), Time (59), Place (60), Position (61), Habit (62).
Chapters 63–77 onwards deal with the theory of supposition.

Book II. On Propositions

On categorical propositions (1–20)
On the conversion of propositions (21–9)
On hypothetical propositions (30–7)

Book III. On Syllogisms

Part I. On Syllogisms

On categorical syllogisms (1–19)
On modal syllogisms (20–30)
On mixed syllogisms (31–64)
On syllogisms containing exponible propositions

Part II. On Demonstration

These 41 chapters are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics.

Part III. On Consequences

The first 37 chapters of Part II are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's Topics. In Part III, Ockham deals with the definition and division of consequences, and provides a treatment of Aristotle's Topical rules. According to Ockham a consequence is a conditional proposition, composed of two categorical propositions by the terms 'if' and 'then'. For example, 'if a man runs, then God exists' (Si homo currit, Deus est). A consequence is 'true' when the antecedent implies the consequent. Ockham distinguishes between 'material' and 'formal' consequences, which are roughly equivalent to the modern material implication and logical implication respectively. Similar accounts are given by Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony.
Chapters 38 to 45 deal with the Theory of obligationes.
Chapter 46 deals with the Liar Paradox

Part VI. On Fallacies (in 18 chapters)

Part IV, in eighteen chapters, deals with the different species of fallacy enumerated by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations (De sophisticis elenchis).

Chapters 2-4 deal with the three modes of equivocation.
Chapters 5-7 deal with the three types of amphiboly.
Chapter 8 deals with the fallacies of composition, and division.
Chapter 9 deals with the fallacy of accent.
Chapter 10 deals with the fallacy of 'figure of speech'.
Chapter 11 deals with the fallacy of accident.
Chapter 12 deals with the fallacy of affirming the consequent.
Chapter 13 deals with secundum quid et simpliciter.
Chapter 14 deals with Ignoratio elenchi or irrelevant thesis.
Chapter 15 deals with begging the question (petitio principii).
Chapter 16 deals with false cause (non-causam ut causam)
Chapter 17 deals with the fallacy of many questions (plures interrogationes ut unam facere)>
Ockham ends (chapter 18) by showing how all these fallacies err against the syllogism.

Notes

Boehner p.54
Boehner pp. 54–5

References

Ockham's Theory of Terms : Part I of the Summa Logicae, translated and introduced by Michael J. Loux, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, 1974. Reprinted, St. Augustine's Press, South Bend, IN, 1998.
Ockham's Theory of Propositions : Part II of the Summa Logicae, translated by Alfred J. Freddoso and Henry Schuurman and introduced by Alfred J. Freddoso, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, 1980. Reprinted, St. Augustine's Press, South Bend, IN, 1998.
Longeway, John Lee (2007), Demonstration and Scientific Knowledge in William of Ockham, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN. A translation of Summa Logicae III-II : De Syllogismo Demonstrativo, with selections from the Prologue to the Ordinatio.
Boehner, P. (1952), Medieval Logic, Manchester University Press.

External links

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